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update
2020-08-23 17:52:53 +02:00
<p align="center"><img src="images/devops_exercises.png"/></p>
Add jenkins questions
2019-10-03 19:48:59 +02:00
Add a couple of AWS exercises Questions as well :)
2021-11-13 20:57:18 +02:00
:information_source: &nbsp;This repo contains questions and exercises on various technical topics, sometimes related to DevOps and SRE
Add a couple of devops and linux questions Also trying a new format and added answers to some git questions.
2019-10-08 15:20:40 +02:00
Add CKA page
2022-10-09 22:05:52 +02:00
:bar_chart: &nbsp;There are currently **2477** exercises and questions
Add a couple of Kubernetes questions
2021-01-23 16:48:19 +02:00
:books: &nbsp;To learn more about DevOps and SRE, check the resources in [devops-resources](https://github.com/bregman-arie/devops-resources) repository
Add reference to devops-notebook
2019-10-27 21:58:33 +02:00
MORE questions Don't stop learning.
2021-11-09 23:09:46 +02:00
:warning: &nbsp;You can use these for preparing for an interview but most of the questions and exercises don't represent an actual interview. Please read [FAQ page](faq.md) for more details
Add SRE questions
2019-10-23 18:54:45 +02:00
Add containers questions and exercises Added also a couple of storage questions.
2022-07-11 00:33:26 +02:00
:stop_sign: &nbsp;If you are interested in pursuing a career as DevOps engineer, learning some of the concepts mentioned here would be useful, but you should know it's not about learning all the topics and technologies mentioned in this repository
Extend prepare_for_interview file
2019-12-09 01:06:05 +02:00
Add a couple of AWS questions and exercises EBS & ELB mainly.
2021-11-20 22:59:23 +02:00
:pencil: &nbsp;You can add more exercises by submitting pull requests :) Read about contribution guidelines [here](CONTRIBUTING.md)
Add a couple of Kubernetes questions
2021-01-23 16:48:19 +02:00
Add a couple of devops and linux questions Also trying a new format and added answers to some git questions.
2019-10-08 15:20:40 +02:00
****
Add jenkins questions
2019-10-03 19:48:59 +02:00
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
<!-- ALL-TOPICS-LIST:START -->
<!-- prettier-ignore-start -->
<!-- markdownlint-disable -->
<center>
<table>
<tr>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/devops/README.md"><img src="images/devops.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="DevOps" /><br /><b>DevOps</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="topics/cicd/README.md"><img src="images/cicd.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="cicd"/><br /><b>CI/CD</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="topics/git/README.md"><img src="images/git.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Git"/><br /><b>Git</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="topics/ansible/README.md"><img src="images/ansible.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="ansible"/><br /><b>Ansible</b></a></td>
Update
2022-08-25 08:17:29 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#network"><img src="images/network.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Network"/><br /><b>Network</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/linux/README.md"><img src="images/logos/linux.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Linux"/><br /><b>Linux</b></a></td>
Modify the structure of README.md Instead of having exercises in their own separate section, they are now part of the main topics sections. This should make the learning process easier to follow where users have both exercises and questions in the same place. In addition, added a couple of new questions & exercises and modified existing scripts accordingly.
2021-07-12 01:02:57 +02:00
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
</tr>
<tr>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/software_development/README.md"><img src="images/programming.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="programming"/><br /><b>Software Development</b></a></td>
Update README.md / Added imgs without white background. (#238) * style: icons size changed, img without white bg * Update README.md
2022-05-10 07:26:42 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/bregman-arie/python-exercises"><img src="images/python.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Python"/><br /><b>Python</b></a></td>
Add questions on ArgoCD
2022-09-15 00:12:17 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/bregman-arie/go-exercises"><img src="images/Go.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="go"/><br /><b>Go</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/shell/README.md"><img src="images/bash.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Bash"/><br /><b>Shell Scripting</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="topics/kubernetes/README.md"><img src="images/kubernetes.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="kubernetes"/><br /><b>Kubernetes</b></a></td>
Remove levels from subjects There is no need to distinguish between beginner and advanced questions as they gradually harder and it's not always conclusive what their level as it very much depends on your own personal knowledge
2020-07-03 22:48:12 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#prometheus"><img src="images/prometheus.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Prometheus"/><br /><b>Prometheus</b></a></td>
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
</tr>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
<tr>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/cloud/README.md"><img src="images/cloud.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Cloud"/><br /><b>Cloud</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="topics/aws/README.md"><img src="images/aws.png" width="100px;" height="75px;" alt="aws"/><br /><b>AWS</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="topics/azure/README.md"><img src="images/azure.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="azure"/><br /><b>Azure</b></a></td>
Update README.md / Added imgs without white background. (#238) * style: icons size changed, img without white bg * Update README.md
2022-05-10 07:26:42 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#gcp"><img src="images/googlecloud.png" width="70px;" height="70px;" alt="Google Cloud Platform"/><br /><b>Google Cloud Platform</b></a></td>
Remove levels from subjects There is no need to distinguish between beginner and advanced questions as they gradually harder and it's not always conclusive what their level as it very much depends on your own personal knowledge
2020-07-03 22:48:12 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#openstack"><img src="images/openstack.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="openstack"/><br /><b>OpenStack</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/security/README.md"><img src="images/security.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="security"/><br /><b>Security</b></a></td>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
</tr>
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-25 01:33:16 +02:00
<tr>
Modify the structure of README.md Instead of having exercises in their own separate section, they are now part of the main topics sections. This should make the learning process easier to follow where users have both exercises and questions in the same place. In addition, added a couple of new questions & exercises and modified existing scripts accordingly.
2021-07-12 01:02:57 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#operating-system"><img src="images/os.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Operating System"/><br /><b>Operating System</b></a></td>
Remove levels from subjects There is no need to distinguish between beginner and advanced questions as they gradually harder and it's not always conclusive what their level as it very much depends on your own personal knowledge
2020-07-03 22:48:12 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#monitoring"><img src="images/monitoring.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Monitoring"/><br /><b>Monitoring</b></a></td>
Update README.md / Added imgs without white background. (#238) * style: icons size changed, img without white bg * Update README.md
2022-05-10 07:26:42 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#elastic"><img src="images/elastic.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Elastic"/><br /><b>Elastic</b></a></td>
Remove levels from subjects There is no need to distinguish between beginner and advanced questions as they gradually harder and it's not always conclusive what their level as it very much depends on your own personal knowledge
2020-07-03 22:48:12 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#virtualization"><img src="images/virtualization.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Virtualization"/><br /><b>Virtualization</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/dns/README.md"><img src="images/dns.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="DNS"/><br /><b>DNS</b></a></td>
Update README.md / Added imgs without white background. (#238) * style: icons size changed, img without white bg * Update README.md
2022-05-10 07:26:42 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#Misc"><img src="images/general.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Misc"/><br /><b>Misc</b></a></td>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 12:47:55 +02:00
</tr>
<tr>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#testing"><img src="images/testing.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Testing"/><br /><b>Testing</b></a></td>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-12 20:18:40 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#databases"><img src="images/databases.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Databases"/><br /><b>Databases</b></a></td>
Update README.md / Added imgs without white background. (#238) * style: icons size changed, img without white bg * Update README.md
2022-05-10 07:26:42 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#regex"><img src="images/regex.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="RegEx"/><br /><b>Regex</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#system-design"><img src="images/design.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Design"/><br /><b>System Design</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#hardware"><img src="images/hardware.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Hardware"/><br /><b>Hardware</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#big-data"><img src="images/big-data.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Big Data"/><br /><b>Big Data</b></a></td>
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-25 01:33:16 +02:00
</tr>
Add certificates icon and a couple of questions
2020-05-06 07:12:33 +02:00
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="#certificates"><img src="images/certificates.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Certificates"/><br /><b>Certificates</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/containers/README.md"><img src="images/containers.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Containers"/><br /><b>Containers</b></a></td>
Remove levels from subjects There is no need to distinguish between beginner and advanced questions as they gradually harder and it's not always conclusive what their level as it very much depends on your own personal knowledge
2020-07-03 22:48:12 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#sql"><img src="images/sql.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="sql"/><br /><b>SQL</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/openshift/README.md"><img src="images/openshift.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="OpenShift"/><br /><b>OpenShift</b></a></td>
Add a couple of questions
2020-08-16 20:11:13 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#storage"><img src="images/storage.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Storage"/><br /><b>Storage</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/soft_skills/README.md"><img src="images/HR.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="HR"/><br /><b>Soft Skills</b></a></td>
Modify the structure of README.md Instead of having exercises in their own separate section, they are now part of the main topics sections. This should make the learning process easier to follow where users have both exercises and questions in the same place. In addition, added a couple of new questions & exercises and modified existing scripts accordingly.
2021-07-12 01:02:57 +02:00
</tr>
<tr>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/terraform/README.md"><img src="images/terraform.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Terraform"/><br /><b>Terraform</b></a></td>
Modify the structure of README.md Instead of having exercises in their own separate section, they are now part of the main topics sections. This should make the learning process easier to follow where users have both exercises and questions in the same place. In addition, added a couple of new questions & exercises and modified existing scripts accordingly.
2021-07-12 01:02:57 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#mongo"><img src="images/mongo.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Mongo"/><br /><b>Mongo</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#puppet"><img src="images/puppet.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="puppet"/><br /><b>Puppet</b></a></td>
Update README.md / Added imgs without white background. (#238) * style: icons size changed, img without white bg * Update README.md
2022-05-10 07:26:42 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="#distributed"><img src="images/distributed.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="Distributed"/><br /><b>Distributed</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="#questions-you-ask"><img src="images/you.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="you"/><br /><b>Questions you can ask</b></a></td>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/perl/README.md"><img src="images/perl.png" width="75px;" height="75px;" alt="perl"/><br /><b>Perl</b></a></td>
Add certificates icon and a couple of questions
2020-05-06 07:12:33 +02:00
</tr>
Add new exercises Also added indexes for AWS and Linux.
2022-07-08 15:14:35 +02:00
<tr>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/kafka/README.md"><img src="images/logos/kafka.png" width="70px;" height="80px;" alt="Kafka"/><br /><b>Kafka</b></a></td>
Add questions on ArgoCD As well as on other topics.
2022-09-14 20:39:47 +02:00
<td align="center"><a href="topics/argo/README.md"><img src="images/logos/argo.png" width="80px;" height="80px;" alt="Argo"/><br /><b>Argo</b></a></td>
Add new exercises Also added indexes for AWS and Linux.
2022-07-08 15:14:35 +02:00
</tr>
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
</table>
</center>
<!-- markdownlint-enable -->
<!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
<!-- ALL-TOPICS-LIST:END -->
Add table of contents
2019-10-03 21:09:40 +02:00
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
## Network
Add devops and terraform questions
2019-10-08 13:56:19 +02:00
300 questions milestone Added a couple of new questions.
2019-10-21 01:07:35 +02:00
<details>
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
<summary>What do you need in order to communicate?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of answers and one new question
2021-01-20 14:15:20 +02:00
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
- A common language (for the two ends to understand)
- A way to address who do you want to communicate with
Update README.md. There is "of" twice. (#284)
2022-09-07 03:32:13 +02:00
- A Connection (so the content of the communication can reach the recipients)
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-25 01:33:16 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
<summary>What is TCP/IP?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-25 01:33:16 +02:00
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
A set of protocols that define how two or more devices can communicate with each other.
To learn more about TCP/IP, read [here](http://www.penguintutor.com/linux/basic-network-reference)
300 questions milestone Added a couple of new questions.
2019-10-21 01:07:35 +02:00
</b></details>
Added information about APIPA (#206) * Added explanation and example of public IP address * Removed the IP and ISP bit * Added information about APIPA
2022-04-06 20:44:27 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is APIPA?</summary><br><b>
APIPA is a set of it addresses that devices are allocated
when the main DHCP server is not reachable
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What ip range does APIPA use?</summary><br><b>
APIPA uses the ip range: 169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254.
</b></details>
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
2019-10-21 22:23:58 +02:00
<details>
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
<summary>What is Ethernet?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
Ethernet simply refers to the most common type of Local Area Network (LAN) used today. A LAN—in contrast to a WAN (Wide Area Network), which spans a larger geographical area—is a connected network of computers in a small area, like your office, college campus, or even home.
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
<details>
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
<summary>What is a MAC address? What is it used for?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
A MAC address is a unique identification number or code used to identify individual devices on the network.
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
Packets that are sent on the ethernet are always coming from a MAC address and sent to a MAC address. If a network adapter is receiving a packet, it is comparing the packet’s destination MAC address to the adapter’s own MAC address.
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
<summary>When is this MAC address used?: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
Correct purpose of "When is this MAC address used" (#179) * Correct purpose of "When is this MAC address used" Second sentense was a tautology in fact, without disclosing the purpose of use * Missed phrase added to broadcast
2021-11-16 15:42:01 +02:00
When a device sends a packet to the broadcast MAC address (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF​), it is delivered to all stations on the local network. Ethernet broadcasts are used to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses (by ARP) at the datalink layer .
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
<summary>What is an IP address?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
The end of one long README Apparently we've reached the limit of GitHub rendering (512K). Time to change the structure accordingly - exercises and questions will move to sub-directories in the exercises directory. This is the first patch in performing this transition.
2021-11-10 00:55:03 +02:00
<summary>Explain subnet mask and given an example</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2021-06-27 04:28:58 +02:00
Update README.md (#300) updated subnet mask definition and example
2022-10-04 12:38:50 +02:00
A Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host address. Subnet Mask is made by setting network bits to all "1"s and setting host bits to all "0"s. Within a given network, out of the total usable host addresses, two are always reserved for specific purposes and cannot be allocated to any host. These are the first address, which is reserved as a network address (a.k.a network ID) and the last address used for network broadcast.
[Example](https://github.com/philemonnwanne/o0o0o/tree/main/exes/exe-09)
Add a couple of AWS questions
2020-05-09 15:40:51 +02:00
</b></details>
Kubernetes deployment question (#97)
2020-08-23 14:17:15 +02:00
<details>
Add new exercises Also added indexes for AWS and Linux.
2022-07-08 15:14:35 +02:00
<summary>What is a private IP address? In which scenarios/system designs, one should use it?</summary><br><b>
Update README.md : fix private ip typo (#274)
2022-08-15 07:32:41 +02:00
Private IP addresses are assigned to the hosts in the same network to communicate among one another. As the name "private" suggests, the devices having the private IP addresses assigned can't be reached by the devices from any external network. For example, if I am living in a hostel and I want my hostelmates to join the game server I have hosted, I will ask them to join via my server's private IP address, since the network is local to the hostel.
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<summary>What is a public IP address? In which scenarios/system designs, one should use it?</summary><br><b>
A public IP address is the public facing IP address. In the event that you was hosting a game server that you want your friends to join, you will give your friends your public IP address to allow their computers to identify and locate your network and server in order for the connection to take place. One time that you would not need to use a public facing IP address is in the event that you was playing with friends who was connected to the same network as you, in that case, you would use a private ip address. In order for someone to be able to connect to your server that is located internally, you will have to setup a port forward to tell your router to allow traffic from the public domain into your network and vice versa.
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<summary>Explain the OSI model. What layers there are? What each layer is responsible for?</summary><br><b>
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- Application: user end (HTTP is here)
- Presentation: establishes context between application-layer entities (Encryption is here)
- Session: establishes, manages and terminates the connections
- Transport: transfers variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host (TCP & UDP are here)
- Network: transfers datagrams from one network to another (IP is here)
- Data link: provides a link between two directly connected nodes (MAC is here)
- Physical: the electrical and physical spec the data connection (Bits are here)
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You can read more about the OSI model in [penguintutor.com](http://www.penguintutor.com/linux/basic-network-reference)
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<summary>For each of the following determines to which OSI layer it belongs:
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* Error correction
* Packets routing
* Cables and electrical signals
* MAC address
* IP address
* Terminate connections
* 3 way handshake</summary><br><b>
* Error correction - Data link
* Packets routing - Network
* Cables and electrical signals - Physical
* MAC address - Data link
* IP address - Network
* Terminate connections - Session
* 3 way handshake - Transport
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<summary>What delivery schemes are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
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Unitcast: One to one communication where there is one sender and one receiver.
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Broadcast: Sending a message to everyone in the network. The address ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff is used for broadcasting.
Two common protocols which use broadcast are ARP and DHCP.
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Multicast: Sending a message to a group of subscribers. It can be one-to-many or many-to-many.
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<summary>What is CSMA/CD? Is it used in modern ethernet networks?</summary><br><b>
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CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection.
Its primarily focus it to manage access to shared medium/bus where only one host can transmit at a given point of time.
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CSMA/CD algorithm:
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1. Before sending a frame, it checks whether another host already transmitting a frame.
2. If no one transmitting, it starts transmitting the frame.
3. If two hosts transmitted at the same time, we have a collision.
4. Both hosts stop sending the frame and they send to everyone a 'jam signal' notifying everyone that a collision occurred
5. They are waiting for a random time before sending again
6. Once each host waited for a random time, they try to send the frame again and so the
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<summary>Describe the following network devices and the difference between them:
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* router
* switch
* hub</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is a "Collision Domain"?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is a "Broadcast Domain"?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>three computers connected to a switch. How many collision domains are there? How many broadcast domains?</summary><br><b>
Three collision domains and one broadcast domain
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<summary>How does a router works?</summary><br><b>
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A router is a physical or virtual appliance that passes information between two or more packet-switched computer networks. A router inspects a given data packet's destination Internet Protocol address (IP address), calculates the best way for it to reach its destination and then forwards it accordingly.
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<summary>What is NAT?</summary><br><b>
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Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process in which one or more local IP address is translated into one or more Global IP address and vice versa in order to provide Internet access to the local hosts.
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<summary>What is a proxy? How does it works? What do we need it for?</summary><br><b>
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A proxy server acts as a gateway between you and the internet. It’s an intermediary server separating end users from the websites they browse.
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If you’re using a proxy server, internet traffic flows through the proxy server on its way to the address you requested. The request then comes back through that same proxy server (there are exceptions to this rule), and then the proxy server forwards the data received from the website to you.
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Proxy servers provide varying levels of functionality, security, and privacy depending on your use case, needs, or company policy.
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<summary>What is TCP? How does it works? What is the 3 way handshake?</summary><br><b>
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TCP 3-way handshake or three-way handshake is a process which is used in a TCP/IP network to make a connection between server and client.
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A three-way handshake is primarily used to create a TCP socket connection. It works when:
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- A client node sends a SYN data packet over an IP network to a server on the same or an external network. The objective of this packet is to ask/infer if the server is open for new connections.
- The target server must have open ports that can accept and initiate new connections. When the server receives the SYN packet from the client node, it responds and returns a confirmation receipt – the ACK packet or SYN/ACK packet.
- The client node receives the SYN/ACK from the server and responds with an ACK packet.
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<summary>What is round-trip delay or round-trip time?</summary><br><b>
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From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-trip_delay): "the length of time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the length of time it takes for an acknowledgement of that signal to be received"
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Bonus question: what is the RTT of LAN?
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<summary>How does SSL handshake work?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is the difference between TCP and UDP?</summary><br><b>
TCP establishes a connection between the client and the server to guarantee the order of the packages, on the other hand, UDP does not establish a connection between client and server and doesn't handle package order. This makes UDP more lightweight than TCP and a perfect candidate for services like streaming.
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[Penguintutor.com](http://www.penguintutor.com/linux/basic-network-reference) provides a good explanation.
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<summary>What TCP/IP protocols are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>Explain "default gateway"</summary><br><b>
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A default gateway serves as an access point or IP router that a networked computer uses to send information to a computer in another network or the internet.
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<summary>What is ARP? How does it works?</summary><br><b>
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ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. When you try to ping an IP address on your local network, say 192.168.1.1, your system has to turn the IP address 192.168.1.1 into a MAC address. This involves using ARP to resolve the address, hence its name.
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Systems keep an ARP look-up table where they store information about what IP addresses are associated with what MAC addresses. When trying to send a packet to an IP address, the system will first consult this table to see if it already knows the MAC address. If there is a value cached, ARP is not used.
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<summary>What is TTL? What does it helps to prevent?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is DHCP? How does it works?</summary><br><b>
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It stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, and allocates IP addresses, subnet masks and gateways to hosts. This is how it works:
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* A host upon entering a network, broadcasts a message in search of a DHCP server (DHCP DISCOVER)
* An offer message is sent back by the DHCP server as a packet containing lease time, subnet mask, IP addresses, etc (DHCP OFFER)
* Depending on which offer accepted, the client sends back a reply broadcast letting all DHCP servers know (DHCP REQUEST)
* Server sends an acknowledgment (DHCP ACK)
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Read more [here](https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/dhcp-overview)
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<summary>Can you have two DHCP servers in the same network? How it works?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is SSL tunneling? How does it works?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is a socket? Where can you see the list of sockets in your system?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is IPv6? Why should we consider using it if we have IPv4?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is VLAN?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is MTU?</summary><br><b>
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MTU stands for Maximum Transmission Unit. It's the size of the largest PDU (protocol Data Unit) that can be sent in a single transaction.
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<summary>What happens if you send a packet that is bigger than the MTU?</summary><br><b>
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With IPv4 protocol, router can fragment the PDU then sending all the fragmented PDU through the transaction.
With IPv6 protocol, it issues a error to the user's computer.
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<summary>True or False?. Ping is using UDP because it doesn't care about reliable connection</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is SDN?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is ICMP? What is it used for?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is NAT? How does it work?</summary><br><b>
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NAT stands for network address translation. It’s a way to map multiple local private addresses to a public one before transferring the information. Organizations that want multiple devices to employ a single IP address use NAT, as do most home routers.
For example, your computer's private IP could be 192.168.1.100, but your router maps the traffic to it's public IP (e.g. 1.1.1.1). Any device on the internet would see the traffic coming from your public IP (1.1.1.1) instead of your private IP (192.168.1.100).
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<summary>Which factors affect network performances</summary><br><b>
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<summary>Which port number is used in each of the following protocols?:
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* SSH
* SMTP
* HTTP
* DNS
* HTTPS
* FTP
* SFTP
</summary><br><b>
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* SSH - 22
* SMTP - 25
* HTTP - 80
* DNS - 53
* HTTPS - 443
* FTP - 21
* SFTP - 22
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<summary>Which factors affect network performances</summary><br><b>
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#### Network - Data and Control planes
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<summary>What "control plane" refers to?</summary><br><b>
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The control plane is the part of the network that decides how to route and forward packets to a different location.
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<summary>What "data plane" refers to?</summary><br><b>
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The data plane is the part of the network that actually forwards the data/packets.
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<summary>What "management plane" refers to?</summary><br><b>
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Refers to monitoring and management functions.
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</b></details>
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<summary>To which plane (data, control, ...) is creating routing tables belongs to?</summary><br><b>
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Control Plane.
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<summary>Explain Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is link aggregation? Why is it used?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is Asymmetric Routing? How do deal with it?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What overlay (tunnel) protocols are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is GRE? How does it works?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is VXLAN? How does it works?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is SNAT?</summary><br><b>
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<summary>Explain OSPF</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is latency?</summary><br><b>
Latency is the time taken for an information to reach its destination from the source.
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<summary>What is bandwidth?</summary><br><b>
Bandwidth is the capacity of a communication channel to measure how much data the latter can handle over a specific time period. More bandwidth would imply more traffic handling and thus more data transfer.
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</b></details>
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<summary>What is throughput?</summary><br><b>
Throughput refers to the measurement of the real amount of data transferred over a certain period of time across any transmission channel.
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</b></details>
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<summary>When performing a search query, what is more important, latency or throughput? And how to assure that what managing global infrastructure?</summary><br><b>
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Latency. To have a good latency, a search query should be forwarded to the closest datacenter.
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<summary>When uploading a video, what is more important, latency or throughput? And how to assure that?</summary><br><b>
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Throughput. To have a good throughput, the upload stream should be routed to an underutilized link.
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</b></details>
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<summary>What other considerations (except latency and throughput) are there when forwarding requests?</summary><br><b>
* Keep caches updated (which means the request could be forwarded not to the closest datacenter)
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<summary>Explain Spine & Leaf</summary><br><b>
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<summary>What is Network Congestion? What can cause it?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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<summary>What can you tell me about UDP packet format? What about TCP packet format? How is it different?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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<summary>What is the exponential backoff algorithm? Where is it used?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
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<summary>Using Hamming code, what would be the code word for the following data word 100111010001101?</summary><br><b>
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00110011110100011101
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</b></details>
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<summary>Give examples of protocols found in the application layer</summary><br><b>
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* Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - used for the webpages on the internet
* Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - email transmission
* Telecommunications Network - (TELNET) - terminal emulation to allow client access to telnet server
* File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - facilitates transfer of files between any two machines
* Domain Name System (DNS) - domain name translation
* Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - allocates IP addresses, subnet masks and gateways to hosts
* Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) - gathers data of devices on the network
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</b></details>
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<summary>Give examples of protocols found in the network Layer</summary><br><b>
* Internet Protocol (IP) - assists in routing packets from one machine to another
* Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) - lets one know what is going such as error messages and debugging information
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</b></details>
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<summary>What is HSTS?</summary><br><b>
HTTP Strict Transport Security is a web server directive that informs user agents and web browsers how to handle its connection through a response header sent at the very beginning and back to the browser. This forces connections over HTTPS encryption, disregarding any script's call to load any resource in that domain over HTTP.
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Read more [here](https://www.globalsign.com/en/blog/what-is-hsts-and-how-do-i-use-it#:~:text=HTTP%20Strict%20Transport%20Security%20(HSTS,and%20back%20to%20the%20browser.)
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</b></details>
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#### Network - Misc
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<summary>What is the Internet? Is it the same as the World Wide Web?</summary><br><b>
The internet refers to network of networks, transferring huge amounts of data around the globe.<br>
The World Wide Web is an application running on millions of server, on top of the internet, accessed through what is know as the web browser
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<summary>What is the ISP?</summary><br><b>
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ISP (Internet Service Provider) is the local internet company provider.
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</b></details>
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## Operating System
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### Operating System Exercises
|Name|Topic|Objective & Instructions|Solution|Comments|
|--------|--------|------|----|----|
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|Fork 101|Fork|[Link](topics/os/fork_101.md)|[Link](topics/os/solutions/fork_101_solution.md)
|Fork 102|Fork|[Link](topics/os/fork_102.md)|[Link](topics/os/solutions/fork_102_solution.md)
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### Operating System - Self Assessment
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<details>
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<summary>What is an operating system?</summary><br><b>
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From the book "Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces":
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"responsible for making it easy to run programs (even allowing you to seemingly run many at the same time), allowing programs to share memory, enabling programs to interact with devices, and other fun stuff like that".
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</b></details>
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#### Operating System - Process
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<details>
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<summary>Can you explain what is a process?</summary><br><b>
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A process is a running program. A program is one or more instructions and the program (or process) is executed by the operating system.
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>If you had to design an API for processes in an operating system, what would this API look like?</summary><br><b>
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It would support the following:
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* Create - allow to create new processes
* Delete - allow to remove/destroy processes
* State - allow to check the state of the process, whether it's running, stopped, waiting, etc.
* Stop - allow to stop a running process
700 questions :D
2019-12-22 23:53:52 +02:00
</b></details>
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<summary>How a process is created?</summary><br><b>
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* The OS is reading program's code and any additional relevant data
* Program's code is loaded into the memory or more specifically, into the address space of the process.
* Memory is allocated for program's stack (aka run-time stack). The stack also initialized by the OS with data like argv, argc and parameters to main()
* Memory is allocated for program's heap which is required for dynamically allocated data like the data structures linked lists and hash tables
* I/O initialization tasks are performed, like in Unix/Linux based systems where each process has 3 file descriptors (input, output and error)
* OS is running the program, starting from main()
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>True or False? The loading of the program into the memory is done eagerly (all at once)</summary><br><b>
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False. It was true in the past but today's operating systems perform lazy loading which means only the relevant pieces required for the process to run are loaded first.
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>What are different states of a process?</summary><br><b>
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* Running - it's executing instructions
* Ready - it's ready to run but for different reasons it's on hold
* Blocked - it's waiting for some operation to complete. For example I/O disk request
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>What are some reasons for a process to become blocked?</summary><br><b>
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- I/O operations (e.g. Reading from a disk)
- Waiting for a packet from a network
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is Inter Process Communication (IPC)?</summary><br><b>
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<details>
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<summary>What is "time sharing"?</summary><br><b>
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Even when using a system with one physical CPU, it's possible to allow multiple users to work on it and run programs. This is possible with time sharing where computing resources are shared in a way it seems to the user the system has multiple CPUs but in fact it's simply one CPU shared by applying multiprogramming and multi-tasking.
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<details>
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<summary>What is "space sharing"?</summary><br><b>
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Somewhat the opposite of time sharing. While in time sharing a resource is used for a while by one entity and then the same resource can be used by another resource, in space sharing the space is shared by multiple entities but in a way where it's not being transferred between them.<br>
It's used by one entity until this entity decides to get rid of it. Take for example storage. In storage, a file is yours until you decide to delete it.
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<details>
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<summary>What component determines which process runs at a given moment in time?</summary><br><b>
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CPU scheduler
</b></details>
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#### Operating System - Memory
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<details>
<summary>What is "virtual memory" and what purpose it serves?</summary><br><b>
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Virtual memory combines your computer's RAM with temporary space on your hard disk. When RAM runs low, virtual memory helps to move data from RAM to a space called a paging file. Moving data to paging file can free up the RAM so your computer can complete its work. In general, the more RAM your computer has, the faster the programs run.
https://www.minitool.com/lib/virtual-memory.html
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>What is demand paging?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>What is copy-on-write or shadowing?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>What is a kernel, and what does it do?</summary><br><b>
The kernel is part of the operating system and is responsible for tasks like:
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* Allocating memory
* Schedule processes
* Control CPU
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>True or False? Some pieces of the code in the kernel are loaded into protected areas of the memory so applications can't overwritten them</summary><br><b>
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True
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is POSIX?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Explain what is Semaphore and what its role in operating systems</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>What is cache? What is buffer?</summary><br><b>
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Buffer: Reserved place in RAM which is used to hold data for temporary purposes
Cache: Cache is usually used when processes reading and writing to the disk to make the process faster by making similar data used by different programs easily accessible.
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</b></details>
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## Virtualization
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<details>
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<summary>What is Virtualization?</summary><br><b>
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Virtualization uses software to create an abstraction layer over computer hardware that allows the hardware elements of a single computer—processors, memory, storage and more - to be divided into multiple virtual computers, commonly called virtual machines (VMs).
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is a hypervisor?</summary><br><b>
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Red Hat: "A hypervisor is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor, sometimes called a virtual machine monitor (VMM), isolates the hypervisor operating system and resources from the virtual machines and enables the creation and management of those VMs."
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Read more [here](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-a-hypervisor)
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>What types of hypervisors are there?</summary><br><b>
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Hosted hypervisors and bare-metal hypervisors.
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What are the advantages and disadvantges of bare-metal hypervisor over a hosted hypervisor?</summary><br><b>
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Due to having its own drivers and a direct access to hardware components, a baremetal hypervisor will often have better performances along with stability and scalability.
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On the other hand, there will probably be some limitation regarding loading (any) drivers so a hosted hypervisor will usually benefit from having a better hardware compatibility.
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>What types of virtualization are there?</summary><br><b>
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Operating system virtualization
Network functions virtualization
Desktop virtualization
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</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Is containerization is a type of Virtualization?</summary><br><b>
Yes, it's a operating-system-level virtualization, where the kernel is shared and allows to use multiple isolated user-spaces instances.
</b></details>
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<summary>How the introduction of virtual machines changed the industry and the way applications were deployed?</summary><br><b>
The introduction of virtual machines allowed companies to deploy multiple business applications on the same hardware while each application is separated from each other in secured way, where each is running on its own separate operating system.
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</b></details>
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#### Virtual Machines
<details>
<summary>Do we need virtual machines in the age of containers? Are they still relevant?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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#### Python - OOP
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<details>
<summary>Explain inheritance and how to use it in Python</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
fix format
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<details>
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<summary>Explain and demonstrate class attributes & instance attributes</summary><br><b>
In the following block of code `x` is a class attribute while `self.y` is a instance attribute
```
class MyClass(object):
x = 1
def __init__(self, y):
self.y = y
```
</b></details>
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#### Python - Exceptions
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<details>
<summary>What is an error? What is an exception? What types of exceptions are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
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```
# Note that you generally don't need to know the compiling process but knowing where everything comes from
# and giving complete answers shows that you truly know what you are talking about.
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Generally, every compiling process have a two steps.
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- Analysis
- Code Generation.
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Analysis can be broken into:
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1. Lexical analysis (Tokenizes source code)
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2. Syntactic analysis (Check whether the tokens are legal or not, tldr, if syntax is correct)
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for i in 'foo'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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We missed ':'
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3. Semantic analysis (Contextual analysis, legal syntax can still trigger errors, did you try to divide by 0,
hash a mutable object or use an undeclared function?)
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1/0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
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These three analysis steps are the responsible for error handlings.
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The second step would be responsible for errors, mostly syntax errors, the most common error.
The third step would be responsible for Exceptions.
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As we have seen, Exceptions are semantic errors, there are many builtin Exceptions:
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ImportError
ValueError
KeyError
FileNotFoundError
IndentationError
IndexError
...
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You can also have user defined Exceptions that have to inherit from the `Exception` class, directly or indirectly.
Basic example:
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class DividedBy2Error(Exception):
def __init__(self, message):
self.message = message
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def division(dividend,divisor):
if divisor == 2:
raise DividedBy2Error('I dont want you to divide by 2!')
return dividend / divisor
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division(100, 2)
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>>> __main__.DividedBy2Error: I dont want you to divide by 2!
```
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</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Exception Handling and how to use it in Python</summary><br><b>
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**Exceptions:** Errors detected during execution are called Exceptions.
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**Handling Exception:** When an error occurs, or exception as we call it, Python will normally stop and generate an error message.</br>
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Exceptions can be handled using `try` and `except` statement in python.
**Example:** Following example asks the user for input until a valid integer has been entered. </br>
If user enter a non-integer value it will raise exception and using except it will catch that exception and ask the user to enter valid integer again.
```py
while True:
try:
a = int(input("please enter an integer value: "))
break
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except ValueError:
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print("Ops! Please enter a valid integer value.")
```
For more details about errors and exceptions follow this [https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html)
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</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>What is the result of running the following function?
```
def true_or_false():
try:
return True
finally:
return False
```
</summary><br><b>
False
</b></details>
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#### Python Built-in functions
<details>
<summary>Explain the following built-in functions (their purpose + use case example):
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* repr
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* any
* all</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between repr function and str?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>What is the __call__ method?</summary><br><b>
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It is used to emulate callable objects. It allows a class instance to be called as a function.
- Example code:
```
class Foo:
def __init__(self: object) -> None:
pass
def __call__(self: object) -> None:
print("Called!")
f = Foo()
f()
```
- Result:
```
Called!
```
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</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Do classes has the __call__ method as well? What for?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What _ is used for in Python?</summary><br><b>
1. Translation lookup in i18n
2. Hold the result of the last executed expression or statement in the interactive interpreter.
3. As a general purpose "throwaway" variable name. For example: x, y, _ = get_data() (x and y are used but since we don't care about third variable, we "threw it away").
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>Explain what is GIL</summary><br><b>
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Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a type of process lock which is used by python whenever it deals with processes. Generally, Python only uses only one thread to execute the set of written statements. This means that in python only one thread will be executed at a time
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</b></details>
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<details>
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<summary>What is Lambda? How is it used?</summary><br><b>
Python Question: Lambda
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A <code>lambda</code> expression is an 'anonymous' function, the difference from a normal defined function using the keyword `def`` is the syntax and usage.
Python Question: Lambda
2020-01-21 22:01:23 +02:00
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The syntax is:
```lambda[parameters]: [expresion]```
**Examples:**
* A lambda function add 10 with any argument passed.
```py
x = lambda a: a + 10
print(x(10))
```
* An addition function
```py
addition = lambda x, y: x + y
print(addition(10, 20))
Python Question: Lambda
2020-01-21 22:01:23 +02:00
```
update answer under Python/lambda
2020-01-22 10:43:32 +02:00
* Squaring function
```py
square = lambda x : x ** 2
print(square(5))
Python Question: Lambda
2020-01-21 22:01:23 +02:00
```
Add Subject Icons (again) + credits + fixed typos (#81) * Add files via upload * Update README.md * Delete vbox.png * Add files via upload * Update README.md * Update README.md * Add files via upload * Update README.md * Add files via upload * Update README.md * Update README.md * Update README.md * Delete googlecloud.png * Add files via upload * Update README.md * Update README.md * Update README.md * Add files via upload * Update README.md * Update README.md * Update README.md * Update credits.md * Add files via upload * Update README.md * Add files via upload * Update README.md i don't know how to make "merge commit" i hate github
2020-02-27 02:03:32 +02:00
Generally it is considered a bad practice under PEP 8 to assign a lambda expresion, they are meant to be used as parameters and inside of other defined functions.
Python Question: Lambda
2020-01-21 22:01:23 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
</b></details>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
#### Properties
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-29 22:25:12 +02:00
<details>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
<summary>Are there private variables in Python? How would you make an attribute of a class, private?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following:
* getter
* setter
* deleter</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is @property</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-29 22:25:12 +02:00
</b></details>
Add python answers
2019-10-22 09:58:47 +02:00
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
<summary>How do you swap values between two variables?</summary><br><b>
Add python answers
2019-10-22 09:58:47 +02:00
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
```
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
x, y = y, x
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
```
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
</b></details>
Add devops and terraform questions
2019-10-08 13:56:19 +02:00
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain the following object's magic variables:
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2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
* __dict__
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2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
Fix format
2019-10-22 23:16:15 +02:00
<summary>Write a function to return the sum of one or more numbers. The user will decide how many numbers to use</summary><br><b>
Answered 8th beginner python question
2019-10-22 18:17:21 +02:00
First you ask the user for the amount of numbers that will be use. Use a while loop that runs until amount_of_numbers becomes 0 through subtracting amount_of_numbers by one each loop. In the while loop you want ask the user for a number which will be added a variable each time the loop runs.
Fix format
2019-10-22 23:16:15 +02:00
```
For the glory of PEP 8
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def return_sum():
Answered 8th beginner python question
2019-10-22 18:17:21 +02:00
amount_of_numbers = int(input("How many numbers? "))
total_sum = 0
while amount_of_numbers != 0:
num = int(input("Input a number. "))
total_sum += num
amount_of_numbers -= 1
return total_sum
```
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-31 17:58:19 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Print the average of [2, 5, 6]. It should be rounded to 3 decimal places</summary><br><b>
```
li = [2, 5, 6]
print("{0:.3f}".format(sum(li)/len(li)))
```
</b></details>
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
#### Python - Lists
<details>
<summary>What is a tuple in Python? What is it used for?</summary><br><b>
A tuple is a built-in data type in Python. It's used for storing multiple items in a single variable.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>List, like a tuple, is also used for storing multiple items. What is then, the difference between a tuple and a list?</summary><br><b>
List, as opposed to a tuple, is a mutable data type. It means we can modify it and at items to it.
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to add the number 2 to the list <code>x = [1, 2, 3]</code></summary><br><b>
`x.append(2)`
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to get the last element of a list?</summary><br><b>
`some_list[-1]`
</b></details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to add the items of [1, 2, 3] to the list [4, 5, 6]?</summary><br><b>
x = [4, 5, 6]
x.extend([1, 2, 3])
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
Don't use `append` unless you would like the list as one item.
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to remove the first 3 items from a list?</summary><br><b>
`my_list[0:3] = []`
</b></details>
update
2020-07-28 13:53:44 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to insert an item to the beginning of a list? What about two items?</summary><br><b>
Feature/new python answers (#191) * New questions and spell check (#181) Added new questions related with KVM, Libvirt and DNF * New answers * Adding a note about which way is faster: Union vs Bitwise * Add comment about slicing vs reversed
2021-11-24 21:12:25 +02:00
- One item:
```
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers.insert(0, 0)
print(numbers)
```
- Multiple items or list:
```
numbers_1 = [2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers_2 = [0, 1]
numbers_1 = numbers_2 + numbers_1
print(numbers_1)
```
update
2020-07-28 13:53:44 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-08 23:42:40 +02:00
<summary>How to sort list by the length of items?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
```
sorted_li = sorted(li, key=len)
```
Or without creating a new list:
```
li.sort(key=len)
```
</b></details>
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Do you know what is the difference between list.sort() and sorted(list)?</summary><br><b>
* sorted(list) will return a new list (original list doesn't change)
* list.sort() will return None but the list is change in-place
* sorted() works on any iterable (Dictionaries, Strings, ...)
* list.sort() is faster than sorted(list) in case of Lists
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-31 17:58:19 +02:00
</b></details>
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Convert every string to an integer: <code>[['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]</code></summary><br><b>
```
nested_li = [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
[[int(x) for x in li] for li in nested_li]
```
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
<summary>How to merge two sorted lists into one sorted list?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
```
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
sorted(li1 + li2)
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
```
Another way:
```
i, j = 0
merged_li = []
while i < len(li1) and j < len(li2):
if li1[i] < li2[j]:
merged_li.append(li1[i])
i += 1
else:
merged_li.append(li2[j])
j += 1
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
merged_li = merged_li + merged_li[i:] + merged_li[j:]
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
```
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add new python 'unique elementes in list' answer
2019-11-28 12:01:35 +02:00
<summary>How to check if all the elements in a given lists are unique? so [1, 2, 3] is unique but [1, 1, 2, 3] is not unique because 1 exists twice</summary><br><b>
</b>
styling
2019-11-28 12:04:10 +02:00
There are many ways of solving this problem:<br>
styling
2019-11-28 12:03:38 +02:00
<code># Note: :list and -> bool are just python typings, they are not needed for the correct execution of the algorithm. </code>
Add new python 'unique elementes in list' answer
2019-11-28 12:01:35 +02:00
Taking advantage of sets and len:
```
def is_unique(l:list) -> bool:
return len(set(l)) == len(l)
```
This one is can be seen used in other programming languages.
```
def is_unique2(l:list) -> bool:
seen = []
for i in l:
if i in seen:
return False
seen.append(i)
return True
```
Here we just count and make sure every element is just repeated once.
```
def is_unique3(l:list) -> bool:
for i in l:
if l.count(i) > 1:
return False
return True
```
This one might look more convulated but hey, one liners.
```
def is_unique4(l:list) -> bool:
return all(map(lambda x: l.count(x) < 2, l))
```
</details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
change page format I got the feedback that people don't want to see the answer right below the question in visible state.
2019-10-10 23:57:21 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
<summary>You have the following function
Add Docker and Python questions
2019-10-04 18:00:34 +02:00
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
```
def my_func(li = []):
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
li.append("hmm")
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
print(li)
```
If we call it 3 times, what would be the result each call?
</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
```
['hmm']
['hmm', 'hmm']
['hmm', 'hmm', 'hmm']
```
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
</b></details>
Add Docker and Python questions
2019-10-04 18:00:34 +02:00
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to iterate over a list?</summary><br><b>
```
for item in some_list:
print(item)
```
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to iterate over a list with indexes?</summary><br><b>
```
for i, item in enumerate(some_list):
print(i)
```
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to start list iteration from 2nd index?</summary><br><b>
Using range like this
```
for i in range(1, len(some_list)):
some_list[i]
```
Another way is using slicing
```
for i in some_list[1:]:
```
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
<summary>How to iterate over a list in reverse order?</summary><br><b>
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
Method 1
```
for i in reversed(li):
...
```
Method 2
```
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
n = len(li) - 1
while n > 0:
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
...
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
n -= 1
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
```
</b></details>
minor order changes
2020-01-12 00:39:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Sort a list of lists by the second item of each nested list</summary><br><b>
```
li = [[1, 4], [2, 1], [3, 9], [4, 2], [4, 5]]
sorted(li, key=lambda l: l[1])
```
or
```
li.sort(key=lambda l: l[1)
```
</b></details>
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Combine [1, 2, 3] and ['x', 'y', 'z'] so the result is [(1, 'x'), (2, 'y'), (3, 'z')]</summary><br><b>
```
nums = [1, 2, 3]
letters = ['x', 'y', 'z']
list(zip(nums, letters))
```
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
</b></details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is List Comprehension? Is it better than a typical loop? Why? Can you demonstrate how to use it?</summary><br><b>
Feature/new python answers (#191) * New questions and spell check (#181) Added new questions related with KVM, Libvirt and DNF * New answers * Adding a note about which way is faster: Union vs Bitwise * Add comment about slicing vs reversed
2021-11-24 21:12:25 +02:00
From [Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions): "List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Common applications are to make new lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to each member of another sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain condition.".
It's better because they're compact, faster and have better readability.
- For loop:
```
number_lists = [[1, 7, 3, 1], [13, 93, 23, 12], [123, 423, 456, 653, 124]]
odd_numbers = []
for number_list in number_lists:
for number in number_list:
if number % 2 == 0:
odd_numbers.append(number)
print(odd_numbers)
```
- List comprehesion:
```
number_lists = [[1, 7, 3, 1], [13, 93, 23, 12], [123, 423, 456, 653, 124]]
odd_numbers = [number for number_list in number_lists for number in number_list if number % 2 == 0]
print(odd_numbers)
```
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
Move list comp example to lists section from regex
2020-07-19 00:35:22 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You have the following list: <code>[{'name': 'Mario', 'food': ['mushrooms', 'goombas']}, {'name': 'Luigi', 'food': ['mushrooms', 'turtles']}]</code>
Extract all type of foods. Final output should be: {'mushrooms', 'goombas', 'turtles'}</summary><br><b>
```
brothers_menu = \
[{'name': 'Mario', 'food': ['mushrooms', 'goombas']}, {'name': 'Luigi', 'food': ['mushrooms', 'turtles']}]
# "Classic" Way
def get_food(brothers_menu) -> set:
temp = []
for brother in brothers_menu:
for food in brother['food']:
temp.append(food)
return set(temp)
# One liner way (Using list comprehension)
set([food for bro in x for food in bro['food']])
```
</b></details>
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
#### Python - Dictionaries
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to create a dictionary?</summary><br><b>
my_dict = dict(x=1, y=2)
OR
my_dict = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
OR
my_dict = dict([('x', 1), ('y', 2)])
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-11-24 10:31:26 +02:00
<summary>How to remove a key from a dictionary?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
del my_dict['some_key']
you can also use `my_dict.pop('some_key')` which returns the value of the key.
</b></details>
Add 2 python questions
2019-12-03 12:05:47 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
<summary>How to sort a dictionary by values?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
```
{k: v for k, v in sorted(x.items(), key=lambda item: item[1])}
```
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to sort a dictionary by keys?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
```
dict(sorted(some_dictionary.items()))
```
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to merge two dictionaries?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
```
some_dict1.update(some_dict2)
```
Add 2 python questions
2019-12-03 12:05:47 +02:00
</b></details>
update
2020-12-10 08:56:48 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Convert the string "a.b.c" to the dictionary <code>{'a': {'b': {'c': 1}}}</code></summary><br><b>
```
output = {}
string = "a.b.c"
path = string.split('.')
target = reduce(lambda d, k: d.setdefault(k, {}), path[:-1], output)
target[path[-1]] = 1
print(output)
```
</b></details>
Add binary search solution
2019-12-02 20:54:31 +02:00
##### Common Algorithms Implementation
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-21 17:05:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Can you implement "binary search" in Python?</summary><br><b>
Add binary search solution
2019-12-02 20:54:31 +02:00
[Solution](coding/python/binary_search.py)
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-21 17:05:32 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2020-01-31 23:37:43 +02:00
#### Python Files
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 22:17:27 +02:00
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to write to a file?</summary><br><b>
Add python answers
2019-10-22 09:58:47 +02:00
Add Python begginner question 'Python characteristics' answer
2019-10-22 09:53:10 +02:00
```
with open('file.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write("My insightful comment")
```
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
</b></details>
Add 2 python questions
2019-12-03 12:05:47 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Sum all the integers in a given file</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2020-01-31 23:37:43 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Print a random line of a given file</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Print every 3rd line of a given file</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Print the number of lines in a given file</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Print the number of of words in a given file</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-29 22:25:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Can you write a function which will print all the file in a given directory? including sub-directories</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Update
2021-06-27 02:15:34 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Write a dictionary (variable) to a file</summary><br><b>
```
import json
with open('file.json', 'w') as f:
f.write(json.dumps(dict_var))
```
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2020-01-31 23:37:43 +02:00
#### Python OS
<details>
<summary>How to print current working directory?</summary><br><b>
Changes in section "Python OS" (#124) * Added answer in Python OS
2021-01-23 00:43:07 +02:00
import os
print(os.getcwd())
Add a couple of Python questions
2020-01-31 23:37:43 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Given the path <code>/dir1/dir2/file1</code> print the file name (file1)</summary><br><b>
Changes in section "Python OS" (#124) * Added answer in Python OS
2021-01-23 00:43:07 +02:00
import os
print(os.path.basename('/dir1/dir2/file1'))
# Another way
print(os.path.split('/dir1/dir2/file1')[1])
Add a couple of Python questions
2020-01-31 23:37:43 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Changes in section "Python OS" (#124) * Added answer in Python OS
2021-01-23 00:43:07 +02:00
<summary>Given the path <code>/dir1/dir2/file1</code>
1. Print the path without the file name (/dir1/dir2)
2. Print the name of the directory where the file resides (dir2)
</summary><br><b>
import os
## Part 1.
# os.path.dirname gives path removing the end component
dirpath = os.path.dirname('/dir1/dir2/file1')
print(dirpath)
## Part 2.
print(os.path.basename(dirpath))
Add a couple of Python questions
2020-01-31 23:37:43 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How do you execute shell commands using Python?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add more questions And links to other DevOps projects.
2021-02-17 00:27:52 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you join path components? for example <code>/home</code> and <code>luig</code> will result in <code>/home/luigi</code> </summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How do you remove non-empty directory?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add Ansible and Regex questions
2020-01-26 13:46:43 +02:00
#### Python Regex
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you perform regular expressions related operations in Python? (match patterns, substitute strings, etc.)</summary><br><b>
Using the re module
</b></details>
<details>
Minor fixes
2019-10-27 12:55:14 +02:00
<summary>How to find all the IP addresses in a variable? How to find them in a file?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
</b></details>
Update prepare_for_interview
2020-01-02 18:33:11 +02:00
#### Python Strings
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
Add a couple of questions and a new exercise
2021-01-03 11:54:31 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Find the first repeated character in a string</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
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While you iterate through the characters, store them in a dictionary and check for every character whether it's already in the dictionary.
```
def firstRepeatedCharacter(str):
chars = {}
for ch in str:
if ch in chars:
return ch
else:
chars[ch] = 0
```
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2021-01-03 11:54:31 +02:00
</b></details>
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2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to extract the unique characters from a string? for example given the input "itssssssameeeemarioooooo" the output will be "mrtisaoe"</summary><br><b>
```
x = "itssssssameeeemarioooooo"
y = ''.join(set(x))
```
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Find all the permutations of a given string</summary><br><b>
Add Python questions and answers
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```
def permute_string(string):
if len(string) == 1:
return [string]
permutations = []
for i in range(len(string)):
swaps = permute_string(string[:i] + string[(i+1):])
for swap in swaps:
permutations.append(string[i] + swap)
return permutations
print(permute_string("abc"))
```
Short way (but probably not acceptable in interviews):
```
from itertools import permutations
[''.join(p) for p in permutations("abc")]
```
Detailed answer can be found here: http://codingshell.com/python-all-string-permutations
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2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to check if a string contains a sub string?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Find the frequency of each character in string</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-29 22:25:12 +02:00
Update prepare_for_interview
2020-01-02 18:33:11 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Count the number of spaces in a string</summary><br><b>
solving question "count number of spaces in a string" (#201)
2022-01-23 22:19:24 +02:00
You can use the "count" method like this:
```python
ImAString.count(" ")
```
Update prepare_for_interview
2020-01-02 18:33:11 +02:00
</b></details>
800 questions milestone
2020-01-10 02:11:02 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Given a string, find the N most repeated words</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Given the string (which represents a matrix) "1 2 3\n4 5 6\n7 8 9" create rows and colums variables (should contain integers, not strings)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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2019-12-31 17:58:19 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the result of each of the following?
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Add a couple of questions
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```
>> ', '.join(["One", "Two", "Three"])
>> " ".join("welladsadgadoneadsadga".split("adsadga")[:2])
>> "".join(["c", "t", "o", "a", "o", "q", "l"])[0::2]
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```
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</summary><br><b>
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Add a couple of questions
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```
>>> 'One, Two, Three'
>>> 'well done'
>>> 'cool'
```
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions Beginner + Advanced.
2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
<details>
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
<summary>If <code>x = "pizza"</code>, what would be the result of <code>x[::-1]</code>?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-29 22:25:12 +02:00
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
It will reverse the string, so x would be equal to `azzip`.
formating fixed
2019-10-22 09:22:34 +02:00
</b></details>
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2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
Add a couple of questions and a new exercise
2021-01-03 11:54:31 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Reverse each word in a string (while keeping the order)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add another coding practice site
2019-12-30 22:51:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the output of the following code: <code>"".join(["a", "h", "m", "a", "h", "a", "n", "q", "r", "l", "o", "i", "f", "o", "o"])[2::3]</code></summary><br><b>
mario
</b></details>
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
#### Python Iterators
<details>
<summary>What is an iterator?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### Python Misc
300 questions milestone Added a couple of new questions.
2019-10-21 01:07:35 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain data serialization and how do you perform it with Python</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you handle argument parsing in Python?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add 5 python interview questions
2019-12-05 00:54:25 +02:00
<details>
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
<summary>What is a generator? Why using generators?</summary><br><b>
Add 5 python interview questions
2019-12-05 00:54:25 +02:00
</b></details>
Add 20 new questions
2019-10-20 00:25:34 +02:00
<details>
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
<summary>What would be the output of the following block?
```
for i in range(3, 3):
print(i)
```
</summary><br><b>
No output :)
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2019-10-21 17:05:32 +02:00
</b></details>
Update prepare_for_interview
2020-01-02 18:33:11 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is <code>yeild</code>? When would you use it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-21 17:05:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain the following types of methods and how to use them:
* Static method
* Class method
* instance method</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to reverse a list?</summary><br><b>
Add 20 new questions
2019-10-20 00:25:34 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to combine list of strings into one string with spaces between the strings</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-29 22:25:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You have the following list of nested lists: <code>[['Mario', 90], ['Geralt', 82], ['Gordon', 88]]</code> How to sort the list by the numbers in the nested lists?</code></summary><br><b>
One way is:
the_list.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Explain the following:
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Add 5 python interview questions
2019-12-05 00:54:25 +02:00
* zip()
* map()
* filter()</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
#### Python - Slicing
For the following slicing exercises, assume you have the following list: `my_list = [8, 2, 1, 10, 5, 4, 3, 9]`
<details>
<summary>What is the result of `my_list[0:4]`?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the result of `my_list[5:6]`?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the result of `my_list[5:5]`?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the result of `my_list[::-1]`?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the result of `my_list[::3]`?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the result of `my_list[2:]`?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the result of `my_list[:3]`?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### Python Debugging
Add a couple of Python questions
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Add a couple of questions
2019-12-06 14:49:46 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you debug Python code?</summary><br><b>
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2019-12-29 22:25:12 +02:00
pdb :D
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2019-12-06 14:49:46 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-12-30 15:53:51 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to check how much time it took to execute a certain script or block of code?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What empty <code>return</code> returns?</summary><br><b>
add python 'empty return' answer
2019-11-28 11:33:07 +02:00
</b>
Short answer is: It returns a None object.
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2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
We could go a bit deeper and explain the difference between
add python 'empty return' answer
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```
def a ():
return
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>>> None
```
And
```
def a ():
pass
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>>> None
```
Or we could be asked this as a following question, since they both give the same result.
We could use the dis module to see what's going on:
```
2 0 LOAD_CONST 0 (<code object a at 0x0000029C4D3C2DB0, file "<dis>", line 2>)
2 LOAD_CONST 1 ('a')
4 MAKE_FUNCTION 0
6 STORE_NAME 0 (a)
5 8 LOAD_CONST 2 (<code object b at 0x0000029C4D3C2ED0, file "<dis>", line 5>)
10 LOAD_CONST 3 ('b')
12 MAKE_FUNCTION 0
14 STORE_NAME 1 (b)
16 LOAD_CONST 4 (None)
18 RETURN_VALUE
Disassembly of <code object a at 0x0000029C4D3C2DB0, file "<dis>", line 2>:
3 0 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
2 RETURN_VALUE
Disassembly of <code object b at 0x0000029C4D3C2ED0, file "<dis>", line 5>:
6 0 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
2 RETURN_VALUE
```
styling
2019-11-28 11:48:26 +02:00
An empty <code> return</code> is exactly the same as <code>return None</code> and functions without any explicit return
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will always return None regardless of the operations, therefore
add python 'empty return' answer
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```
def sum(a, b):
Add new python 'unique elementes in list' answer
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global c
add python 'empty return' answer
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c = a + b
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>>> None
```
New Python questions
2019-12-20 23:45:29 +02:00
</b></details>
add python 'empty return' answer
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New Python questions
2019-12-20 23:45:29 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to improve the following block of code?
```
li = []
Add Python questions and answers
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for i in range(1, 10):
New Python questions
2019-12-20 23:45:29 +02:00
li.append(i)
```
</summary><br><b>
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
```
fix typo in python list comprehension code (#120)
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[i for i in range(1, 10)]
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
```
New Python questions
2019-12-20 23:45:29 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Given the following function
```
def is_int(num):
if isinstance(num, int):
print('Yes')
else:
print('No')
```
What would be the result of is_int(2) and is_int(False)?
</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
Add a couple of answers
2021-02-20 02:25:40 +02:00
#### Python - Linked List
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
Add a couple of questions and answers
2021-02-17 21:58:58 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of answers
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<summary>Can you implement a linked list in Python?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions and answers
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The reason we need to implement in the first place, it's because a linked list isn't part of Python standard library.<br>
Add a couple of answers
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To implement a linked list, we have to implement two structures: The linked list itself and a node which is used by the linked list.
Add a couple of questions and answers
2021-02-17 21:58:58 +02:00
Add a couple of answers
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Let's start with a node. A node has some value (the data it holds) and a pointer to the next node
Add a couple of questions and answers
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```
class Node(object):
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None
```
Now the linked list. An empty linked list has nothing but an empty head.
```
class LinkedList(object):
def __init__(self):
self.head = None
```
Now we can start using the linked list
```
ll = Linkedlist()
ll.head = Node(1)
ll.head.next = Node(2)
ll.head.next.next = Node(3)
```
What we have is:
---- ----- ----
| 1 | -> | 2 | -> | 3 |
---- ----- -----
Add a couple of answers
2021-02-20 02:25:40 +02:00
Usually, more methods are implemented, like a push_head() method where you insert a node at the beginning of the linked list
```
def push_head(self, value):
new_node = Node(value)
new_node.next = self.head
self.head = new_node
```
Add a couple of questions and answers
2021-02-17 21:58:58 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of answers
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<summary>Add a method to the Linked List class to traverse (print every node's data) the linked list</summary><br><b>
def print_list(self):
node = self.head
while(node):
print(node.data)
node = node.next
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of answers
2021-02-20 02:25:40 +02:00
<summary>Write a method to that will return a boolean based on whether there is a loop in a linked list or not</summary><br><b>
Let's use the Floyd's Cycle-Finding algorithm:
```
def loop_exists(self):
one_step_p = self.head
two_steps_p = self.head
while(one_step_p and two_steps_p and two_steps_p.next):
one_step_p = self.head.next
two_step_p = self.head.next.next
if (one_step_p == two_steps_p):
return True
return False
```
</b></details>
#### Python - Stack
<details>
<summary>Implement Stack in Python</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
</b></details>
update
2020-12-10 08:56:48 +02:00
#### Python Testing
Add 5 python interview questions
2019-12-05 00:54:25 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is your experience with writing tests in Python?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
minor order changes
2020-01-12 00:39:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is PEP8? Give an example of 3 style guidelines</summary><br><b>
PEP8 is a list of coding conventions and style guidelines for Python
5 style guidelines:
1. Limit all lines to a maximum of 79 characters.
2. Surround top-level function and class definitions with two blank lines.
3. Use commas when making a tuple of one element
4. Use spaces (and not tabs) for indentation
5. Use 4 spaces per indentation level
</b></details>
800 questions milestone
2020-01-10 02:11:02 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to test if an exception was raised?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
New Python questions
2019-12-20 23:45:29 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What <code>assert</code> does in Python?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add 5 python interview questions
2019-12-05 00:54:25 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain mocks</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 17:47:17 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you measure execution time of small code snippets?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
New Python questions
2019-12-20 23:45:29 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Why one shouldn't use <code>assert</code> in non-test/production code?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
#### Flask
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
<details>
New questions and spell check (#181) Added new questions related with KVM, Libvirt and DNF Co-authored-by: Adrian Fusco Arnejo <afuscoar@afuscoar.remote.csb>
2021-11-17 09:06:35 +02:00
<summary>Can you describe what is Django/Flask and how you have used it? Why Flask and not Django? (or vice versa)</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a route?</summary><br><b>
New questions and spell check (#181) Added new questions related with KVM, Libvirt and DNF Co-authored-by: Adrian Fusco Arnejo <afuscoar@afuscoar.remote.csb>
2021-11-17 09:06:35 +02:00
As every web framework, Flask provides a route functionality that lets you serve a content of a given URL.
There are multiple ways to map a URL with a function in Python.
- Decorator: you can use python decorators. In this case we're using `app`. This `app` decorator is the instance of the `Flask` class. And route it's a method of this class.
```
@app.route('/')
def home():
return 'main website'
```
- `add_url_rule` method: This is a method of the Flask class. We can also use it for map the URL with a function.
```
def home():
return 'main website'
app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=home)
```
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-11-24 10:31:26 +02:00
<summary>What is a blueprint in Flask?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a template?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
</b></details>
Add Python questions and answers
2020-01-01 19:18:44 +02:00
#### zip
<details>
<summary>Given <code>x = [1, 2, 3]</code>, what is the result of list(zip(x))?</summary><br><b>
```
[(1,), (2,), (3,)]
```
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the result of each of the following:
```
list(zip(range(5), range(50), range(50)))
list(zip(range(5), range(50), range(-2)))
```
</summary><br><b>
```
[(0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 4, 4)]
[]
```
</b></details>
update
2020-12-10 08:56:48 +02:00
#### Python Descriptors
<details>
<summary>Explain Descriptors</summary><br><b>
Read about descriptors [here](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/descriptor.html)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What would be the result of running <code>a.num2</code> assuming the following code
```
class B:
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
reuturn 10
class A:
num1 = 2
num2 = Five()
```
</summary><br><b>
10
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What would be the result of running <code>some_car = Car("Red", 4)</code> assuming the following code
```
class Print:
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
value = obj._color
print("Color was set to {}".format(valie))
return value
def __set__(self, obj, value):
print("The color of the car is {}".format(value))
obj._color = value
class Car:
color = Print()
def __ini__(self, color, age):
self.color = color
self.age = age
```
</summary><br><b>
An instance of Car class will be created and the following will be printed: "The color of the car is Red"
</b></details>
#### Python Misc
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
update
2020-12-10 08:56:48 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How can you spawn multiple processes with Python?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of answers
2020-01-02 00:17:47 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Implement simple calculator for two numbers</summary><br><b>
```
def add(num1, num2):
return num1 + num2
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def sub(num1, num2):
return num1 - num2
def mul(num1, num2):
return num1*num2
def div(num1, num2):
return num1 / num2
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operators = {
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'+': add,
'-': sub,
'*': mul,
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'/': div
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}
if __name__ == '__main__':
operator = str(input("Operator: "))
num1 = int(input("1st number: "))
num2 = int(input("2nd number: "))
print(operators[operator](num1, num2))
```
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 17:47:17 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What data types are you familiar with that are not Python built-in types but still provided by modules which are part of the standard library?</summary><br><b>
This is a good reference https://docs.python.org/3/library/datatypes.html
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions Beginner + Advanced.
2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain what is a decorator</summary><br><b>
Add python decorator answer
2019-12-02 11:36:18 +02:00
</b>
<b>In python, everything is an object, even functions themselves. Therefore you could pass functions as arguments
for another function eg;
```
def wee(word):
return word
def oh(f):
return f + "Ohh"
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Add python decorator answer
2019-12-02 11:36:18 +02:00
>>> oh(wee("Wee"))
<<< Wee Ohh
```
This allows us to control the before execution of any given function and if we added another function as wrapper,
(a function receiving another function that receives a function as parameter) we could also control the after execution.
Sometimes we want to control the before-after execution of many functions and it would get tedious to write
<code> f = function(function_1())</code>
<code> f = function(function_1(function_2(*args)))</code>
every time, that's what decorators do, they introduce syntax to write all of this on the go, using the keyword '@'.
</b>
</details>
Add a couple of Python questions Beginner + Advanced.
2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Can you show how to write and use decorators?</summary><br><b>
Add python decorator answer
2019-12-02 11:36:18 +02:00
<code>
These two decorators (ntimes and timer) are usually used to display decorators functionalities, you can find them in lots of
tutorials/reviews. I first saw these examples two years ago in pyData 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lmCu8wz8ro&t=3731s</code>
```
Simple decorator:
def deco(f):
print(f"Hi I am the {f.__name__}() function!")
return f
@deco
def hello_world():
return "Hi, I'm in!"
a = hello_world()
print(a)
>>> Hi I am the hello_world() function!
Hi, I'm in!
```
This is the simplest decorator version, it basically saves us from writting <code>a = deco(hello_world())</code>.
But at this point we can only control the before execution, let's take on the after:
```
def deco(f):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print("Rick Sanchez!")
func = f(*args, **kwargs)
print("I'm in!")
return func
return wrapper
@deco
def f(word):
print(word)
a = f("************")
>>> Rick Sanchez!
************
I'm in!
```
deco receives a function -> f
wrapper receives the arguments -> *args, **kwargs
wrapper returns the function plus the arguments -> f(*args, **kwargs)
deco returns wrapper.
As you can see we conveniently do things before and after the execution of a given function.
For example, we could write a decorator that calculates the execution time of a function.
```
import time
def deco(f):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
before = time.time()
func = f(*args, **kwargs)
after = time.time()
print(after-before)
return func
return wrapper
@deco
def f():
time.sleep(2)
print("************")
a = f()
>>> 2.0008859634399414
```
Or create a decorator that executes a function n times.
```
def n_times(n):
def wrapper(f):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
for _ in range(n):
func = f(*args, **kwargs)
return func
return inner
return wrapper
@n_times(4)
def f():
print("************")
a = f()
>>>************
************
************
************
```
</b></details>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Write a decorator that calculates the execution time of a function</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Write a script which will determine if a given host is accessible on a given port</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions Beginner + Advanced.
2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-19 22:48:17 +02:00
<summary>Are you familiar with Dataclasses? Can you explain what are they used for?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of Python questions Beginner + Advanced.
2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
</b></details>
Add 5 python interview questions
2019-12-05 00:54:25 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You wrote a class to represent a car. How would you compare two cars instances if two cars are equal if they have the same model and color?</summary><br><b>
Add answer (#136) Co-authored-by: Vladimir <v@ao-sbk.ru>
2021-07-12 11:20:33 +02:00
```
class Car:
def __init__(self, model, color):
self.model = model
self.color = color
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Car):
return NotImplemented
return self.model == other.model and self.color == other.color
>> a = Car('model_1', 'red')
>> b = Car('model_2', 'green')
>> c = Car('model_1', 'red')
>> a == b
False
>> a == c
True
```
Add 5 python interview questions
2019-12-05 00:54:25 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions Beginner + Advanced.
2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Context Manager</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 17:47:17 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Tell me everything you know about concurrency in Python</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions Beginner + Advanced.
2019-10-19 21:16:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain the Buffer Protocol</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add 20 new questions
2019-10-20 00:25:34 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
<summary>Do you have experience with web scraping? Can you describe what have you used and for what?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add two questions - killing a zombie and tail implementation
2019-12-02 11:48:52 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Can you implement Linux's <code>tail</code> command in Python? Bonus: implement <code>head</code> as well</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-20 09:27:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You have created a web page where a user can upload a document. But the function which reads the uploaded files, runs for a long time, based on the document size and user has to wait for the read operation to complete before he/she can continue using the web site. How can you overcome this?</summary><br><b>
Add 20 new questions
2019-10-20 00:25:34 +02:00
</b></details>
Update prepare_for_interview
2020-01-02 18:33:11 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How yield works exactly?</summary><br><b>
Add certificates icon and a couple of questions
2020-05-06 07:12:33 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-25 15:01:43 +02:00
## Monitoring
<details>
<summary>Explain monitoring. What is it? What its goal?</summary><br><b>
Add a link to linux master application Also, added a couple of answers.
2021-03-30 09:45:15 +02:00
Google: "Monitoring is one of the primary means by which service owners keep track of a system’s health and availability".
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-25 15:01:43 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of Python questions
2019-10-25 23:22:22 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is wrong with the old approach of watching for a specific value and trigger an email/phone alert while value is exceeded?</summary><br><b>
This approach require from a human to always check why the value exceeded and how to handle it while today, it is more effective to notify people only when they need to take an actual action.
If the issue doesn't require any human intervention, then the problem can be fixed by some processes running in the relevant environment.
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-25 15:01:43 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What types of monitoring outputs are you familiar with and/or used in the past?</summary><br><b>
Add certificates icon and a couple of questions
2020-05-06 07:12:33 +02:00
Alerts<br>
Tickets<br>
Logging<br>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-25 15:01:43 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Update
2021-07-18 21:01:18 +02:00
<summary>What is the difference between infrastructure monitoring and application monitoring? (methods, tools, ...)</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-25 15:01:43 +02:00
</b></details>
Add prometheus questions And answers to two Docker questions.
2019-10-04 18:05:24 +02:00
## Prometheus
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
Add 3 promethues questions
2019-10-22 22:35:31 +02:00
<summary>What is Prometheus? What are some of Prometheus's main features?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
</b></details>
Update
2021-07-18 21:01:18 +02:00
<details>
<summary>In what scenarios it might be better to NOT use Prometheus?</summary><br><b>
From Prometheus documentation: "if you need 100% accuracy, such as for per-request billing".
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
Add 3 promethues questions
2019-10-22 22:35:31 +02:00
<summary>Describe Prometheus architecture and components</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add 3 promethues questions
2019-10-22 22:35:31 +02:00
<summary>Can you compare Prometheus to other solutions like InfluxDB for example?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is an Alert?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
</b></details>
change page format I got the feedback that people don't want to see the answer right below the question in visible state.
2019-10-10 23:57:21 +02:00
<details>
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
<summary>Describe the following Prometheus components:
Add 20 new questions
2019-10-20 00:25:34 +02:00
* Prometheus server
* Push Gateway
* Alert Manager</summary><br><b>
Add prometheus questions And answers to two Docker questions.
2019-10-04 18:05:24 +02:00
Fixed #125 Also added questions on Helm
2021-01-24 11:25:45 +02:00
Prometheus server is responsible for scraping and storing the data<br>
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
Push gateway is used for short-lived jobs<br>
Add prometheus questions And answers to two Docker questions.
2019-10-04 18:05:24 +02:00
Alert manager is responsible for alerts ;)
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
</b></details>
Add prometheus questions And answers to two Docker questions.
2019-10-04 18:05:24 +02:00
Add 3 promethues questions
2019-10-22 22:35:31 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is an Instance? What is a Job?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What core metrics types Prometheus supports?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
change page format I got the feedback that people don't want to see the answer right below the question in visible state.
2019-10-10 23:57:21 +02:00
<details>
change table of contents Long simple lists < colorful logos :D
2019-10-11 01:47:27 +02:00
<summary>What is an exporter? What is it used for?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add more questions :)
2019-10-04 22:08:24 +02:00
Add 3 promethues questions
2019-10-22 22:35:31 +02:00
<details>
Fixed some spelling errors
2019-10-28 08:18:26 +02:00
<summary>Which Prometheus best practices are you familiar with?. Name at least three</summary><br><b>
Add 3 promethues questions
2019-10-22 22:35:31 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How to get total requests in a given period of time?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add questions and answers
2019-12-12 00:00:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What HA in Prometheus means?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you join two metrics?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How to write a query that returns the value of a label?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How do you convert cpu_user_seconds to cpu usage in percentage?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-15 00:59:50 +02:00
## Go
<details>
<summary>What are some characteristics of the Go programming language?</summary><br><b>
* Strong and static typing - the type of the variables can't be changed over time and they have to be defined at compile time
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
* Simplicity
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-15 00:59:50 +02:00
* Fast compile times
* Built-in concurrency
* Garbage collected
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
* Platform independent
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
* Compile to standalone binary - anything you need to run your app will be compiled into one binary. Very useful for version management in run-time.
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-15 00:59:50 +02:00
Go also has good community.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between <code>var x int = 2</code> and <code>x := 2</code>?</summary><br><b>
Add security questions
2019-10-21 13:19:03 +02:00
The result is the same, a variable with the value 2.
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
Fixed some spelling errors
2019-10-28 08:18:26 +02:00
With <code>var x int = 2</code> we are setting the variable type to integer while with <code>x := 2</code> we are letting Go figure out by itself the type.
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-22 16:30:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>True or False? In Go we can redeclare variables and once declared we must use it.</summary>
False. We can't redeclare variables but yes, we must used declared variables.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-15 00:59:50 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What libraries of Go have you used?</summary><br><b>
This should be answered based on your usage but some examples are:
* fmt - formatted I/O
</b></details>
Fix python mutable vs. immutable answer Thanks to surister for explaining why using id() is not a valid answer. Also added a couple of questions.
2019-10-21 19:08:03 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the problem with the following block of code? How to fix it?
```
func main() {
var x float32 = 13.5
var y int
y = x
}
```
</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Docker questions
2019-10-21 21:58:41 +02:00
<details>
<summary>The following block of code tries to convert the integer 101 to a string but instead we get "e". Why is that? How to fix it?
```
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x int = 101
var y string
y = string(x)
fmt.Println(y)
}
```
</summary><br><b>
It looks what unicode value is set at 101 and uses it for converting the integer to a string.
add Python 'Error' question + answer + Exception ansers
2019-10-22 12:37:53 +02:00
If you want to get "101" you should use the package "strconv" and replace <code>y = string(x)</code> with <code>y = strconv.Itoa(x)</code>
Add a couple of Docker questions
2019-10-21 21:58:41 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of Go questions Also some contribution guidelines.
2019-10-23 09:27:02 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is wrong with the following code?:
```
package main
func main() {
var x = 2
var y = 3
const someConst = x + y
}
```
</summary><br><b>
Fixed Go questions Added answers for go questions
2020-02-12 07:20:30 +02:00
Constants in Go can only be declared using constant expressions.
But `x`, `y` and their sum is variable.
<br>
<code>const initializer x + y is not a constant</code>
Add a couple of Go questions Also some contribution guidelines.
2019-10-23 09:27:02 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What will be the output of the following block of code?:
```
package main
import "fmt"
const (
x = iota
y = iota
)
const z = iota
func main() {
fmt.Printf("%v\n", x)
fmt.Printf("%v\n", y)
fmt.Printf("%v\n", z)
}
```
</summary><br><b>
Fixed Go questions Added answers for go questions
2020-02-12 07:20:30 +02:00
Go's iota identifier is used in const declarations to simplify definitions of incrementing numbers. Because it can be used in expressions, it provides a generality beyond that of simple enumerations.
<br>
`x` and `y` in the first iota group, `z` in the second.
<br>
[Iota page in Go Wiki](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Iota)
Add a couple of Go questions Also some contribution guidelines.
2019-10-23 09:27:02 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What _ is used for in Go?</summary><br><b>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Fixed Go questions Added answers for go questions
2020-02-12 07:20:30 +02:00
It avoids having to declare all the variables for the returns values.
It is called the [blank identifier](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#blank).
<br>
[answer in SO](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27764421/what-is-underscore-comma-in-a-go-declaration#answer-27764432)
Add a couple of Go questions Also some contribution guidelines.
2019-10-23 09:27:02 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What will be the output of the following block of code?:
```
package main
import "fmt"
const (
_ = iota + 3
x
)
func main() {
fmt.Printf("%v\n", x)
}
```
</summary><br><b>
Fixed Go questions Added answers for go questions
2020-02-12 07:20:30 +02:00
Since the first iota is declared with the value `3` (` + 3`), the next one has the value `4`
Add a couple of Go questions Also some contribution guidelines.
2019-10-23 09:27:02 +02:00
</b></details>
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What will be the output of the following block of code?:
```
package main
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"time"
)
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
time.Sleep(time.Second * 2)
fmt.Println("1")
wg.Done()
}()
go func() {
fmt.Println("2")
}()
wg.Wait()
fmt.Println("3")
}
```
</summary><br><b>
Output: 2 1 3
[Aritcle about sync/waitgroup](https://tutorialedge.net/golang/go-waitgroup-tutorial/)
[Golang package sync](https://golang.org/pkg/sync/)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What will be the output of the following block of code?:
```
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func mod1(a []int) {
for i := range a {
a[i] = 5
}
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
fmt.Println("1:", a)
}
func mod2(a []int) {
a = append(a, 125) // !
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
for i := range a {
a[i] = 5
}
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
fmt.Println("2:", a)
}
func main() {
fix typo in go question (#163)
2021-09-30 17:00:40 +02:00
s1 := []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
mod1(s1)
fmt.Println("1:", s1)
s2 := []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
mod2(s2)
fmt.Println("2:", s2)
}
```
</summary><br><b>
Output: <code><br>
1 [5 5 5 5]<br>
1 [5 5 5 5]<br>
2 [5 5 5 5 5]<br>
2 [1 2 3 4]<br>
</code>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
In `mod1` a is link, and when we're using `a[i]`, we're changing `s1` value to.
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
But in `mod2`, `append` creats new slice, and we're changing only `a` value, not `s2`.
[Aritcle about arrays](https://golangbot.com/arrays-and-slices/),
[Blog post about `append`](https://blog.golang.org/slices)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What will be the output of the following block of code?:
```
package main
import (
"container/heap"
"fmt"
)
// An IntHeap is a min-heap of ints.
type IntHeap []int
func (h IntHeap) Len() int { return len(h) }
func (h IntHeap) Less(i, j int) bool { return h[i] < h[j] }
func (h IntHeap) Swap(i, j int) { h[i], h[j] = h[j], h[i] }
func (h *IntHeap) Push(x interface{}) {
// Push and Pop use pointer receivers because they modify the slice's length,
// not just its contents.
*h = append(*h, x.(int))
}
func (h *IntHeap) Pop() interface{} {
old := *h
n := len(old)
x := old[n-1]
*h = old[0 : n-1]
return x
}
func main() {
h := &IntHeap{4, 8, 3, 6}
heap.Init(h)
heap.Push(h, 7)
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Add golang questions about arrays, heap, sync Questions source: github.com/proghub-official/golang-interview
2020-02-14 17:08:23 +02:00
fmt.Println((*h)[0])
}
```
</summary><br><b>
Output: 3
[Golang container/heap package](https://golang.org/pkg/container/heap/)
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
Remove levels from subjects There is no need to distinguish between beginner and advanced questions as they gradually harder and it's not always conclusive what their level as it very much depends on your own personal knowledge
2020-07-03 22:48:12 +02:00
## Mongo
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
Fix python mutable vs. immutable answer Thanks to surister for explaining why using id() is not a valid answer. Also added a couple of questions.
2019-10-21 19:08:03 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What are the advantages of MongoDB? Or in other words, why choosing MongoDB and not other implementation of NoSQL?</summary><br><b>
ANSWERED: What are the advantages of MongoDB?
2020-01-21 23:37:51 +02:00
MongoDB advantages are as followings:
- Schemaless
- Easy to scale-out
- No complex joins
- Structure of a single object is clear
Fix python mutable vs. immutable answer Thanks to surister for explaining why using id() is not a valid answer. Also added a couple of questions.
2019-10-21 19:08:03 +02:00
</b></details>
300 questions milestone Added a couple of new questions.
2019-10-21 01:07:35 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL?</summary><br><b>
Add coding questions Also removed a couple of questions I added in the past but didn't really like.
2019-10-22 20:32:47 +02:00
The main difference is that SQL databases are structured (data is stored in the form of
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
tables with rows and columns - like an excel spreadsheet table) while NoSQL is
Add coding questions Also removed a couple of questions I added in the past but didn't really like.
2019-10-22 20:32:47 +02:00
unstructured, and the data storage can vary depending on how the NoSQL DB is set up, such
as key-value pair, document-oriented, etc.
300 questions milestone Added a couple of new questions.
2019-10-21 01:07:35 +02:00
</b></details>
Add basic shell scripting questions
2019-10-18 14:15:20 +02:00
<details>
<summary>In what scenarios would you prefer to use NoSQL/Mongo over SQL?</summary><br><b>
* Heterogeneous data which changes often
* Data consistency and integrity is not top priority
Add coding questions Also removed a couple of questions I added in the past but didn't really like.
2019-10-22 20:32:47 +02:00
* Best if the database needs to scale rapidly
Add basic shell scripting questions
2019-10-18 14:15:20 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a document? What is a collection?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is an aggregator?</summary><br><b>
Fix python mutable vs. immutable answer Thanks to surister for explaining why using id() is not a valid answer. Also added a couple of questions.
2019-10-21 19:08:03 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
700 questions :D
2019-12-22 23:53:52 +02:00
<summary>What is better? Embedded documents or referenced?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Have you performed data retrieval optimizations in Mongo? If not, can you think about ways to optimize a slow data retrieval?</summary><br><b>
Fix python mutable vs. immutable answer Thanks to surister for explaining why using id() is not a valid answer. Also added a couple of questions.
2019-10-21 19:08:03 +02:00
</b></details>
##### Queries
<details>
<summary>Explain this query: <code>db.books.find({"name": /abc/})</code></summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain this query: <code>db.books.find().sort({x:1})</code></summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions and answers
2019-10-16 21:19:57 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions and a new exercise
2021-01-03 11:54:31 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between find() and find_one()?</code></summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How can you export data from Mongo DB?</code></summary><br><b>
* mongoexport
* programming languages
</b></details>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
## SQL
Add 57 new questions and exercises
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### SQL Exercises
|Name|Topic|Objective & Instructions|Solution|Comments|
|--------|--------|------|----|----|
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
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| Functions vs. Comparisons | Query Improvements | [Exercise](topics/sql/improve_query.md) | [Solution](topics/sql/solutions/improve_query.md)
Add 57 new questions and exercises
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### SQL Self Assessment
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is SQL?</summary><br><b>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for relational databases (like MySQL, MariaDB, ...).<br>
It's used for reading, updating, removing and creating data in a relational database.
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How is SQL Different from NoSQL</summary><br><b>
The main difference is that SQL databases are structured (data is stored in the form of
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tables with rows and columns - like an excel spreadsheet table) while NoSQL is
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
unstructured, and the data storage can vary depending on how the NoSQL DB is set up, such
as key-value pair, document-oriented, etc.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>When is it best to use SQL? NoSQL?</summary><br><b>
SQL - Best used when data integrity is crucial. SQL is typically implemented with many
businesses and areas within the finance field due to it's ACID compliance.
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NoSQL - Great if you need to scale things quickly. NoSQL was designed with web applications
in mind, so it works great if you need to quickly spread the same information around to
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
multiple servers
Additionally, since NoSQL does not adhere to the strict table with columns and rows structure
that Relational Databases require, you can store different data types together.
</b></details>
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
##### Practical SQL - Basics
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
For these questions, we will be using the Customers and Orders tables shown below:
**Customers**
Customer_ID | Customer_Name | Items_in_cart | Cash_spent_to_Date
------------ | ------------- | ------------- | -------------
100204 | John Smith | 0 | 20.00
100205 | Jane Smith | 3 | 40.00
100206 | Bobby Frank | 1 | 100.20
**ORDERS**
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
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Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
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Customer_ID | Order_ID | Item | Price | Date_sold
------------ | ------------- | ------------- | ------------- | -------------
100206 | A123 | Rubber Ducky | 2.20 | 2019-09-18
100206 | A123 | Bubble Bath | 8.00 | 2019-09-18
100206 | Q987 | 80-Pack TP | 90.00 | 2019-09-20
100205 | Z001 | Cat Food - Tuna Fish | 10.00 | 2019-08-05
100205 | Z001 | Cat Food - Chicken | 10.00 | 2019-08-05
100205 | Z001 | Cat Food - Beef | 10.00 | 2019-08-05
100205 | Z001 | Cat Food - Kitty quesadilla | 10.00 | 2019-08-05
100204 | X202 | Coffee | 20.00 | 2019-04-29
<details>
<summary>How would I select all fields from this table?</summary><br><b>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
Select * <br>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
From Customers;
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How many items are in John's cart?</summary><br><b>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
Select Items_in_cart <br>
From Customers <br>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
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Where Customer_Name = "John Smith";
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the sum of all the cash spent across all customers?</summary><br><b>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
Select SUM(Cash_spent_to_Date) as SUM_CASH <br>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
From Customers;
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How many people have items in their cart?</summary><br><b>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
Select count(1) as Number_of_People_w_items <br>
From Customers <br>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
where Items_in_cart > 0;
</b></details>
<details>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
<summary>How would you join the customer table to the order table?</summary><br><b>
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
You would join them on the unique key. In this case, the unique key is Customer_ID in
both the Customers table and Orders table
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
<summary>How would you show which customer ordered which items?</summary><br><b>
Select c.Customer_Name, o.Item <br>
From Customers c <br>
Left Join Orders o <br>
On c.Customer_ID = o.Customer_ID;
Added SQL questions, as well as SQL Icon for top section of README
2019-10-21 05:17:42 +02:00
</b></details>
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Using a with statement, how would you show who ordered cat food, and the total amount of money spent?</summary><br><b>
with cat_food as ( <br>
Select Customer_ID, SUM(Price) as TOTAL_PRICE <br>
From Orders <br>
Where Item like "%Cat Food%" <br>
Group by Customer_ID <br>
) <br>
Select Customer_name, TOTAL_PRICE <br>
From Customers c <br>
Inner JOIN cat_food f <br>
ON c.Customer_ID = f.Customer_ID <br>
where c.Customer_ID in (Select Customer_ID from cat_food);
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
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Although this was a simple statement, the "with" clause really shines when
a complex query needs to be run on a table before joining to another. With statements are nice,
Added extra question, addressed some formatting issues
2019-10-21 05:47:24 +02:00
because you create a pseudo temp when running your query, instead of creating a whole new table.
The Sum of all the purchases of cat food weren't readily available, so we used a with statement to create
the pseudo table to retrieve the sum of the prices spent by each customer, then join the table normally.
</b></details>
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Which of the following queries would you use?
```
SELECT count(*) SELECT count(*)
FROM shawarma_purchases FROM shawarma_purchases
WHERE vs. WHERE
YEAR(purchased_at) == '2017' purchased_at >= '2017-01-01' AND
purchased_at <= '2017-31-12'
```
</summary><br><b>
```
SELECT count(*)
FROM shawarma_purchases
WHERE
purchased_at >= '2017-01-01' AND
purchased_at <= '2017-31-12'
```
When you use a function (`YEAR(purchased_at)`) it has to scan the whole database as opposed to using indexes and basically the column as it is, in its natural state.
</b></details>
Add a couple of cloud questions
2019-10-22 21:54:17 +02:00
## GCP
Add a couple of questions
2019-10-25 01:33:16 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain GCP's architecture</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of cloud questions
2019-10-22 21:54:17 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What are the main components and services of GCP?</summary><br><b>
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
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| Components | Services |
| ---------- | ----------------- |
| Compute | Compute Engine |
| | App Engine |
| | Kubernetes Engine |
| | Cloud Function |
| | Cloud Run |
| Storage & | Cloud Storage |
| Database | Cloud SQL |
| | Cloud BigTable |
| | Cloud Spanner |
| | Cloud Datastore |
| Networking | VPC |
| | Load Balancing |
| | Cloud Armor |
| | Cloud CDN |
| | Cloud DNS |
| | Cloud Interconnect|
| Big Data | Big Query |
| | Cloud Dataproc |
| | Cloud Datalab |
| | Data Studio |
| DevOps | Container Registry|
| | Cloud Build |
| | Source Repository |
| Identity & | Cloud Identity |
| Security | Cloud IAM |
| | Cloud KMS |
| Cloud AI | Cloud AutoML |
| | Cloud Vision API |
| | Natural Language |
| | Cloud Speech-to-Text|
| | Cloud Text-to-Speech|
| | Cloud Translation API|
| | Cloud Video Intelligence|
| API Platform | Maps Platform |
| | API Analytics |
| | Apigee Sense |
| | Cloud Endpoints|
Add a couple of cloud questions
2019-10-22 21:54:17 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What GCP management tools are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Tell me what do you know about GCP networking</summary><br><b>
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
2022-05-30 10:39:56 +02:00
Virtual Private Cloud(VPC) network is a virtual version of physical network, implemented in Google's internal Network. VPC is a gloabal resource in GCP.
Subnetworks(subnets) are regional resources, ie., subnets can be created withinin regions.
VPC are created in 2 modes,
1. Auto mode VPC - One subnet in each region is created automatically by GCP while creating VPC
2. Custom mode VPC - No subnets are automatically created. This type of network provides complete control over the subnets creation to the users.
Add a couple of cloud questions
2019-10-22 21:54:17 +02:00
</b></details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Cloud Functions</summary><br><b>
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
2022-05-30 10:39:56 +02:00
Google Cloud Functions is a serverless execution environment for building and connecting cloud services. With Cloud Functions you write simple, single-purpose functions that are attached to events emitted from your cloud infrastructure and services. Your function is triggered when an event being watched is fired.
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Cloud Datastore?</summary><br><b>
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
2022-05-30 10:39:56 +02:00
Cloud Datastore is a schemaless NoSQL datastore in Google's cloud. Applications can use Datastore to query your data with SQL-like queries that support filtering and sorting. Datastore replicates data across multiple datacenters, which provides a high level of read/write availability.
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What network tags are used for?</summary><br><b>
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
2022-05-30 10:39:56 +02:00
Network tags allow you to apply firewall rules and routes to a specific instance or set of instances: You make a firewall rule applicable to specific instances by using target tags and source tags.
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are flow logs? Where are they enabled?</summary><br><b>
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
2022-05-30 10:39:56 +02:00
VPC Flow Logs records a sample of network flows sent from and received by VM instances, including instances used as Google Kubernetes Engine nodes. These logs can be used for network monitoring, forensics, real-time security analysis, and expense optimization.
Enable Flow Logs
1. Open VPC Network in GCP Console
2. Click the name of the subnet
3. Click EDIT button
4. Set Flow Logs to On
5. Click Save
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How do you list buckets?</summary><br><b>
update gcp question (#225)
2022-04-27 06:43:20 +02:00
Two ways to do that:
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
2022-05-30 10:39:56 +02:00
$ gsutil ls
$ gcloud alpha storage ls
update gcp question (#225)
2022-04-27 06:43:20 +02:00
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
update gcp question (#225)
2022-04-27 06:43:20 +02:00
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What Compute metadata key allows you to run code at startup?</summary><br><b>
startap-script
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What the following commands does? `gcloud deployment-manager deployments create`</summary><br><b>
Update/gcp (#248) * added answer for GCP * Added answers to GCP topic * Added answers to GCP topic
2022-05-30 10:39:56 +02:00
Deployment Manager creates a new deployment.
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
Add more Anthos Questions (#107) Add Anthos questions
2020-09-11 17:50:48 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is Cloud Code?</summary><br><b>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
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It is a set of tools to help developers write, run and debug GCP kubernetes based applications. It provides built-in support for rapid iteration, debugging and running applications in development and production K8s environments.
Add more Anthos Questions (#107) Add Anthos questions
2020-09-11 17:50:48 +02:00
</b></details>
Adding Anthos on GCP and K8s questions (#104) * update commands * adding Anthos questions * spelling error change * add missing kubernetes commands * resolve missing doubles * add more k8s questions * add more anthos and GKE questions
2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
### Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)
<details>
<summary>What is GKE</summary><br><b>
* It is the managed kubernetes service on GCP for deploying, managing and scaling containerised applications using Google infrastructure.
</b></details>
### Anthos
<details>
<summary>What is Anthos</summary><br><b>
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2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
It is a managed application platform for organisations like enterprises that require quick modernisation and certain levels
Adding Anthos on GCP and K8s questions (#104) * update commands * adding Anthos questions * spelling error change * add missing kubernetes commands * resolve missing doubles * add more k8s questions * add more anthos and GKE questions
2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
of consistency for their legacy applications in a hybrid or multicloud world. From this explanation the core ideas can be drawn from these statements;
* Managed -> the customer does not need to worry about the underlying software intergrations, they just enable the API.
* application platform -> It consists of open source tools like K8s, Knative, Istio and Tekton
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* Enterprises -> these are usually organisations with complex needs
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2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
* Consistency -> to have the same policies declaratively initiated to be run anywhere securely e.g on-prem, GCP or other-clouds (AWS or Azure)
Update and answer devops questions (#108) * update questions
2020-09-14 16:44:47 +02:00
fun fact: Anthos is flower in greek, they grow in the ground (earth) but need rain from the clouds to flourish.
Adding Anthos on GCP and K8s questions (#104) * update commands * adding Anthos questions * spelling error change * add missing kubernetes commands * resolve missing doubles * add more k8s questions * add more anthos and GKE questions
2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>List the technical components that make up Anthos</summary><br><b>
* Infrastructure management - Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)
* Cluster management - GKE, Ingress for Anthos
* Service management - Anthos Service Mesh
* Policy enforcement - Anthos Config Management, Anthos Enterprise Data Protection, Policy Controller
* Application deployment - CI/CD tools like Cloud Build, GitLab
* Application development - Cloud Code
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the primary computing environment for Anthos to easily manage workload deployment?</summary><br><b>
* Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How does Anthos handle the control plane and node components for GKE?</summary><br><b>
On GCP the kubernetes api-server is the only control plane component exposed to customers whilst compute engine manages
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
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instances in the project.
Adding Anthos on GCP and K8s questions (#104) * update commands * adding Anthos questions * spelling error change * add missing kubernetes commands * resolve missing doubles * add more k8s questions * add more anthos and GKE questions
2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which load balancing options are available?</summary><br><b>
* Networking load balancing for L4 and HTTP(S) Load Balancing for L7 which are both managed services that do not require
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additional configuration.
* Ingress for Anthos which allows the ability to deploy a load balancer that serves an application across multiple clusters
Adding Anthos on GCP and K8s questions (#104) * update commands * adding Anthos questions * spelling error change * add missing kubernetes commands * resolve missing doubles * add more k8s questions * add more anthos and GKE questions
2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
on GKE
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can you deploy Anthos on AWS?</summary><br><b>
* Yes, Anthos on AWS is now GA. For more read [here](https://cloud.google.com/anthos/gke/docs/aws)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>List and explain the enterprise security capabilities provided by Anthos</summary><br><b>
* Control plane security - GCP manages and maintains the K8s control plane out of the box. The user can secure the api-server by using master authorized networks and private clusters. These allow the user to disable access on the public IP address by assigning a private IP address to the master.
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
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* Node security - By default workloads are provisioned on Compute engine instances that use Google's Container Optimised OS. This operating system implements a locked-down firewall, limited user accounts with root disabled and a read-only filesystem. There is a further option to enable GKE Sandbox for stronger isolation in multi-tenant deployment scenarios.
* Network security - Within a created cluster VPC, Anthos GKE leverages a powerful software-defined network that enables simple Pod-to-Pod communications. Network policies allow locking down ingress and egress connections in a given namespace. Filtering can also be implemented to incoming load-balanced traffic for services that require external access, by supplying whitelisted CIDR IP ranges.
Adding Anthos on GCP and K8s questions (#104) * update commands * adding Anthos questions * spelling error change * add missing kubernetes commands * resolve missing doubles * add more k8s questions * add more anthos and GKE questions
2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
* Workload security - Running workloads run with limited privileges, default Docker AppArmor security policies are applied to all Kubernetes Pods. Workload identity for Anthos GKE aligns with the open source kubernetes service accounts with GCP service account permissions.
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* Audit logging - Adminstrators are given a way to retain, query, process and alert on events of the deployed environments.
Adding Anthos on GCP and K8s questions (#104) * update commands * adding Anthos questions * spelling error change * add missing kubernetes commands * resolve missing doubles * add more k8s questions * add more anthos and GKE questions
2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How can workloads deployed on Anthos GKE on-prem clusters securely connect to Google Cloud services?</summary><br><b>
* Google Cloud Virtual Private Network (Cloud VPN) - this is for secure networking
* Google Cloud Key Management Service (Cloud KMS) - for key management
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Island Mode configuration with regards to networking in Anthos GKE deployed on-prem?</summary><br><b>
* This is when pods can directly talk to each other within a cluster, but cannot be reached from outside the cluster thus forming an "island" within the network that is not connected to the external network.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Anthos Config Management</summary><br><b>
It is a core component of the Anthos stack which provides platform, service and security operators with a single, unified approach to multi-cluster management that spans both on-premises and cloud environments. It closely follows K8s best practices, favoring declarative approaches over imperative operations, and actively monitors cluster state and applies the desired state as defined in Git. It includes three key components as follows:
1. An importer that reads from a central Git repository
2. A component that synchronises stored configuration data into K8s objects
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3. A component that monitors drift between desired and actual cluster configurations with a capability of reconciliation when need rises.
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2020-09-07 20:05:16 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How does Anthos Config Management help?</summary><br><b>
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It follows common modern software development practices which makes cluster configuration, management and policy changes auditable, revertable, and versionable easily enforcing IT governance and unifying resource management in an organisation.
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</b></details>
Adding Anthos service mesh questions (#105) * adding Anthos questions
2020-09-08 00:16:19 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is Anthos Service Mesh?</summary><br><b>
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* It is a suite of tools that assist in monitoring and managing deployed services on Anthos of all shapes and sizes whether running in cloud, hybrid or multi-cloud environments. It leverages the APIs and core components from Istio, a highly configurable and open-source service mesh platform.
Adding Anthos service mesh questions (#105) * adding Anthos questions
2020-09-08 00:16:19 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe the two main components of Anthos Service Mesh</summary><br><b>
1. Data plane - it consists of a set of distributed proxies that mediate all inbound and outbound network traffic between individual services which are configured using a centralised control plane and an open API
2. Control plane - is a fully managed offering outside of Anthos GKE clusters to simplify management overhead and ensure highest possible availability.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the components of the managed control plane of Anthos Service Mesh?</summary><br><b>
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1. Traffic Director - it is GCP's fully managed service mesh traffic control plane, responsible for translating Istio API objects into configuration information for the distributed proxies, as well as directing service mesh ingress and egress traffic
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2. Managed CA - is a centralised certificate authority responsible for providing SSL certificates to each of the distributed proxies, authentication information and distributing secrets
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3. Operations tooling - formerly stackdriver, provides a managed ingestion point for observability and telemetry, specifically monitoring, tracing and logging data generated by each of the proxies. This powers the observability dashboard for operators to visually inspect their services and service dependencies assisting in the implementation of SRE best practices for monitoring SLIs and establishing SLOs.
Adding Anthos service mesh questions (#105) * adding Anthos questions
2020-09-08 00:16:19 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How does Anthos Service Mesh help?</summary><br><b>
Tool and technology integration that makes up Anthos service mesh delivers signficant operational benefits to Anthos environments, with minimal additional overhead such as follows:
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* Uniform observability - the data plane reports service to service communication back to the control plane generating a service dependency graph. Traffic inspection by the proxy inserts headers to facilitate distributed tracing, capturing and reporting service logs together with service-level metrics (i.e latency, errors, availability).
Adding Anthos service mesh questions (#105) * adding Anthos questions
2020-09-08 00:16:19 +02:00
* Operational agility - fine-grained controls for managing the flow of inter-mesh (north-south) and intra-mesh (east-west) traffic are provided.
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* Policy-driven security - policies can be enforced consistently across diverse protocols and runtimes as service communications are secured by default.
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2020-09-08 00:16:19 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>List possible use cases of traffic controls that can be implemented within Anthos Service Mesh</summary><br><b>
* Traffic splitting across differing service versions for canary or A/B testing
* Circuit breaking to prevent cascading failures
* Fault injection to help build resilient and fault-tolerant deployments
* HTTP header-based traffic steering between individual services or versions
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>What is Cloud Run for Anthos?</summary><br><b>
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It is part of the Anthos stack that brings a serverless container experience to Anthos, offering a high-level platform experience on top of K8s clusters. It is built with Knative, an open-source operator for K8s that brings serverless application serving and eventing capabilities.
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</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How does Cloud Run for Anthos simplify operations?</summary><br><b>
Platform teams in organisations that wish to offer developers additional tools to test, deploy and run applications can use Knative to enhance this experience on Anthos as Cloud Run. Below are some of the benefits;
* Easy migration from K8s deployments - Without Cloud Run, platform engineers have to configure deployment, service, and HorizontalPodAutoscalers(HPA) objects to a loadbalancer and autoscaling. If application is already serving traffic it becomes hard to change configurations or roll back efficiently. Using Cloud Run all this is managed thus the Knative service manifest describes the application to be autoscaled and loadbalanced
* Autoscaling - a sudden traffic spike may cause application containers in K8s to crash due to overload thus an efficient automated autoscaling is executed to serve the high volume of traffic
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* Networking - it has built-in load balancing capabilities and policies for traffic splitting between multiple versions of an application.
* Releases and rollouts - supports the notion of the Knatibe API's revisions which describe new versions or different configurations of your application and canary deployments by splitting traffic.
* Monitoring - observing and recording metrics such as latency, error rate and requests per second.
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</b></details>
<details>
<summary>List and explain three high-level out of the box autoscaling primitives offered by Cloud Run for Anthos that do not exist in K8s natively</summary><br><b>
* Rapid, request-based autoscaling - default autoscalers monitor request metrics which allows Cloud Run for Anthos to handle spiky traffic patterns smoothly
* Concurrency controls - limits such as max in-flight requests per container are enforced to ensure the container does not become overloaded and crash. More containers are added to handle the spiky traffic, buffering the requests.
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* Scale to zero - if an application is inactive for a while Cloud Run scales it down to zero to reduce its footprint. Alternatively one can turn off scale-to-zero to prevent cold starts.
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2020-09-11 17:50:48 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>List some Cloud Run for Anthos use cases</summary><br><b>
More AWS questions Created also the file for Grafana questions.
2021-11-22 19:29:57 +02:00
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2020-09-11 17:50:48 +02:00
As it does not support stateful applications or sticky sessions, it is suitable for running stateless applications such as:
* Machine learning model predictions e.g Tensorflow serving containers
* API gateways, API middleware, web front ends and Microservices
* Event handlers, ETL
</b></details>
Add OpenStack and Azure questions
2019-10-21 11:05:06 +02:00
## OpenStack
<details>
<summary>What components/projects of OpenStack are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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2019-10-21 11:24:53 +02:00
<details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<summary>Can you tell me what each of the following services/projects is responsible for?:
Add a couple of OpenStack questions
2019-10-21 11:24:53 +02:00
Add Kubernetes questions
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- Nova
- Neutron
- Cinder
- Glance
- Keystone</summary><br><b>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* Nova - Manage virtual instances
* Cinder - Block Storage
* Keystone - Authentication service across the cloud
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Identify the service/project used for each of the following:
* Copy or snapshot instances
* GUI for viewing and modifying resources
* Block Storage
* Manage virtual instances
</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
* Glance - Images Service. Also used for copying or snapshot instances
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2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* Horizon - GUI for viewing and modifying resources
* Cinder - Block Storage
* Nova - Manage virtual instances
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a tenant/project?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Determine true or false:
* OpenStack is free to use
* The service responsible for networking is Glance
* The purpose of tenant/project is to share resources between different projects and users of OpenStack</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of OpenStack questions
2019-10-21 11:24:53 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<summary>Describe in detail how you bring up an instance with a floating IP</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of OpenStack questions
2019-10-21 11:24:53 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>You get a call from a customer saying: "I can ping my instance but can't connect (ssh) it". What might be the problem?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add OpenStack and Azure questions
2019-10-21 11:05:06 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What types of networks OpenStack supports?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of OpenStack questions
2019-10-21 11:24:53 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you debug OpenStack storage issues? (tools, logs, ...)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How do you debug OpenStack compute issues? (tools, logs, ...)</summary><br><b>
Add OpenStack and Azure questions
2019-10-21 11:05:06 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
#### OpenStack Deployment & TripleO
<details>
<summary>Have you deployed OpenStack in the past? If yes, can you describe how you did it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add OpenStack and Azure questions
2019-10-21 11:05:06 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
<summary>Are you familiar with TripleO? How is it different from Devstack or Packstack?</summary><br><b>
You can read about TripleO right [here](https://docs.openstack.org/tripleo-docs/latest)
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Compute
<details>
<summary>Can you describe Nova in detail?</summary><br><b>
* Used to provision and manage virtual instances
* It supports Multi-Tenancy in different levels - logging, end-user control, auditing, etc.
* Highly scalable
* Authentication can be done using internal system or LDAP
* Supports multiple types of block storage
* Tries to be hardware and hypervisor agnostice
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What do you know about Nova architecture and components?</summary><br><b>
* nova-api - the server which serves metadata and compute APIs
* the different Nova components communicate by using a queue (Rabbitmq usually) and a database
* a request for creating an instance is inspected by nova-scheduler which determines where the instance will be created and running
* nova-compute is the component responsible for communicating with the hypervisor for creating the instance and manage its lifecycle
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Networking (Neutron)
<details>
<summary>Explain Neutron in detail</summary><br><b>
* One of the core component of OpenStack and a standalone project
* Neutron focused on delivering networking as a service
* With Neutron, users can set up networks in the cloud and configure and manage a variety of network services
* Neutron interacts with:
* Keystone - authorize API calls
* Nova - nova communicates with neutron to plug NICs into a network
* Horizon - supports networking entities in the dashboard and also provides topology view which includes networking details
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</b></details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain each of the following components:
Add Kubernetes questions
2021-08-17 07:03:09 +02:00
- neutron-dhcp-agent
- neutron-l3-agent
- neutron-metering-agent
- neutron-*-agtent
- neutron-server</summary><br><b>
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999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* neutron-l3-agent - L3/NAT forwarding (provides external network access for VMs for example)
* neutron-dhcp-agent - DHCP services
* neutron-metering-agent - L3 traffic metering
* neutron-*-agtent - manages local vSwitch configuration on each compute (based on chosen plugin)
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* neutron-server - exposes networking API and passes requests to other plugins if required
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2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
2019-10-21 22:23:58 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain these network types:
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2021-08-17 07:03:09 +02:00
- Management Network
- Guest Network
- API Network
- External Network</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
* Management Network - used for internal communication between OpenStack components. Any IP address in this network is accessible only within the datacetner
* Guest Network - used for communication between instances/VMs
* API Network - used for services API communication. Any IP address in this network is publicly accessible
* External Network - used for public communication. Any IP address in this network is accessible by anyone on the internet
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>In which order should you remove the following entities:
Add Kubernetes questions
2021-08-17 07:03:09 +02:00
* Network
* Port
* Router
* Subnet</summary><br><b>
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- Port
- Subnet
- Router
- Network
There are many reasons for that. One for example: you can't remove router if there are active ports assigned to it.
</b></details>
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
2019-10-21 22:23:58 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a provider network?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-06 14:49:46 +02:00
<summary>What components and services exist for L2 and L3?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
2019-10-21 22:23:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the ML2 plug-in? Explain its architecture</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-03-06 10:57:43 +02:00
<summary>What is the L2 agent? How does it works and what is it responsible for?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
2019-10-21 22:23:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-03-06 10:57:43 +02:00
<summary>What is the L3 agent? How does it works and what is it responsible for?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
2019-10-21 22:23:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what the Metadata agent is responsible for</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-06 14:49:46 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What networking entities Neutron supports?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
2019-10-21 22:23:58 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How do you debug OpenStack networking issues? (tools, logs, ...)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
#### OpenStack - Glance
<details>
<summary>Explain Glance in detail</summary><br><b>
* Glance is the OpenStack image service
* It handles requests related to instances disks and images
* Glance also used for creating snapshots for quick instances backups
* Users can use Glance to create new images or upload existing ones
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe Glance architecture</summary><br><b>
* glance-api - responsible for handling image API calls such as retrieval and storage. It consists of two APIs: 1. registry-api - responsible for internal requests 2. user API - can be accessed publicly
* glance-registry - responsible for handling image metadata requests (e.g. size, type, etc). This component is private which means it's not available publicly
* metadata definition service - API for custom metadata
* database - for storing images metadata
* image repository - for storing images. This can be a filesystem, swift object storage, HTTP, etc.
</b></details>
#### OpenStack - Swift
<details>
<summary>Explain Swift in detail</summary><br><b>
* Swift is Object Store service and is an highly available, distributed and consistent store designed for storing a lot of data
* Swift is distributing data across multiple servers while writing it to multiple disks
* One can choose to add additional servers to scale the cluster. All while swift maintaining integrity of the information and data replications.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can users store by default an object of 100GB in size?</summary><br><b>
Not by default. Object Storage API limits the maximum to 5GB per object but it can be adjusted.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following in regards to Swift:
Add Kubernetes questions
2021-08-17 07:03:09 +02:00
* Container
* Account
* Object
</summary><br><b>
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2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
Add 57 new questions and exercises
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- Container - Defines a namespace for objects.
- Account - Defines a namespace for containers
- Object - Data content (e.g. image, document, ...)
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? there can be two objects with the same name in the same container but not in two different containers</summary><br><b>
False. Two objects can have the same name if they are in different containers.
</b></details>
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2021-02-17 00:27:52 +02:00
#### OpenStack - Cinder
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Cinder in detail</summary><br><b>
* Cinder is OpenStack Block Storage service
* It basically provides used with storage resources they can consume with other services such as Nova
* One of the most used implementations of storage supported by Cinder is LVM
* From user perspective this is transparent which means the user doesn't know where, behind the scenes, the storage is located or what type of storage is used
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe Cinder's components</summary><br><b>
* cinder-api - receives API requests
* cinder-volume - manages attached block devices
* cinder-scheduler - responsible for storing volumes
</b></details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
#### OpenStack - Keystone
<details>
<summary>Can you describe the following concepts in regards to Keystone?
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- Role
- Tenant/Project
- Service
- Endpoint
Add Kubernetes questions
2021-08-17 07:03:09 +02:00
- Token
</summary><br><b>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
Add 57 new questions and exercises
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- Role - A list of rights and privileges determining what a user or a project can perform
- Tenant/Project - Logical representation of a group of resources isolated from other groups of resources. It can be an account, organization, ...
- Service - An endpoint which the user can use for accessing different resources
- Endpoint - a network address which can be used to access a certain OpenStack service
- Token - Used for access resources while describing which resources can be accessed by using a scope
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the properties of a service? In other words, how a service is identified?</summary><br><b>
Using:
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
- Name
- ID number
- Type
- Description
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following:
Add 57 new questions and exercises
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- PublicURL
- InternalURL
- AdminURL</summary><br><b>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
Add 57 new questions and exercises
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- PublicURL - Publicly accessible through public internet
- InternalURL - Used for communication between services
- AdminURL - Used for administrative management
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions on Linux and k8s operators
2020-04-06 18:10:56 +02:00
<summary>What is a service catalog?</summary><br><b>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
A list of services and their endpoints
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Advanced - Services
<details>
<summary>Describe each of the following services
* Swift
* Sahara
* Ironic
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* Trove
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* Aodh
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* Ceilometer
</summary><br><b>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
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* Swift - highly available, distributed, eventually consistent object/blob store
* Sahara - Manage Hadoop Clusters
* Ironic - Bare Metal Provisioning
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* Trove - Database as a service that runs on OpenStack
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* Aodh - Alarms Service
* Ceilometer - Track and monitor usage
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Identify the service/project used for each of the following:
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* Database as a service which runs on OpenStack
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* Bare Metal Provisioning
* Track and monitor usage
* Alarms Service
* Manage Hadoop Clusters
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* highly available, distributed, eventually consistent object/blob store
</summary><br><b>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
* Database as a service which runs on OpenStack - Trove
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* Bare Metal Provisioning - Ironic
* Track and monitor usage - Ceilometer
* Alarms Service - Aodh
* Manage Hadoop Clusters
* Manage Hadoop Clusters - Sahara
* highly available, distributed, eventually consistent object/blob store - Swift
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Advanced - Keystone
Add a couple of OpenStack and Network questions
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<details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<summary>Can you describe Keystone service in detail?</summary><br><b>
* You can't have OpenStack deployed without Keystone
* It Provides identity, policy and token services
* The authentication provided is for both users and services
* The authorization supported is token-based and user-based.
* There is a policy defined based on RBAC stored in a JSON file and each line in that file defines the level of access to apply
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</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-06 14:49:46 +02:00
<details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<summary>Describe Keystone architecture</summary><br><b>
* There is a service API and admin API through which Keystone gets requests
* Keystone has four backends:
* Token Backend - Temporary Tokens for users and services
* Policy Backend - Rules management and authorization
* Identity Backend - users and groups (either standalone DB, LDAP, ...)
* Catalog Backend - Endpoints
* It has pluggable environment where you can integrate with:
* LDAP
* KVS (Key Value Store)
* SQL
* PAM
* Memcached
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</b></details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Describe the Keystone authentication process</summary><br><b>
* Keystone gets a call/request and checks whether it's from an authorized user, using username, password and authURL
* Once confirmed, Keystone provides a token.
* A token contains a list of user's projects so there is no to authenticate every time and a token can submitted instead
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Advanced - Compute (Nova)
<details>
<summary>What each of the following does?:
* nova-api
* nova-compuate
* nova-conductor
* nova-cert
* nova-consoleauth
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* nova-scheduler
</summary><br><b>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* nova-api - responsible for managing requests/calls
* nova-compute - responsible for managing instance lifecycle
* nova-conductor - Mediates between nova-compute and the database so nova-compute doesn't access it directly
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of Nova proxies are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
* Nova-novncproxy - Access through VNC connections
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
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* Nova-spicehtml5proxy - Access through SPICE
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
* Nova-xvpvncproxy - Access through a VNC connection
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Advanced - Networking (Neutron)
<details>
<summary>Explain BGP dynamic routing</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the role of network namespaces in OpenStack?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### OpenStack Advanced - Horizon
<details>
<summary>Can you describe Horizon in detail?</summary><br><b>
* Django-based project focusing on providing an OpenStack dashboard and the ability to create additional customized dashboards
* You can use it to access the different OpenStack services resources - instances, images, networks, ...
* By accessing the dashboard, users can use it to list, create, remove and modify the different resources
* It's also highly customizable and you can modify or add to it based on your needs
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What can you tell about Horizon architecture?</summary><br><b>
* API is backward compatible
* There are three type of dashboards: user, system and settings
* It provides core support for all OpenStack core projects such as Neutron, Nova, etc. (out of the box, no need to install extra packages or plugins)
* Anyone can extend the dashboards and add new components
* Horizon provides templates and core classes from which one can build its own dashboard
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-06 14:49:46 +02:00
Add puppet questions
2019-10-21 20:50:38 +02:00
## Puppet
<details>
Add a couple of questions
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<summary>What is Puppet? How does it works?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Puppet architecture</summary><br><b>
Minor fix
2019-10-22 10:39:22 +02:00
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Can you compare Puppet to other configuration management tools? Why did you chose to use Puppet?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following:
* Module
* Manifest
* Node</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Facter</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is MCollective?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Do you have experience with writing modules? Which module have you created and for what?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is Hiera</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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## Elastic
<details>
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<summary>What is the Elastic Stack?</summary><br><b>
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The Elastic Stack consists of:
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* Elasticsearch
* Kibana
* Logstash
* Beats
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* Elastic Hadoop
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* APM Server
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Elasticserach, Logstash and Kibana are also known as the ELK stack.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain what is Elasticsearch</summary><br><b>
From the official [docs](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/documents-indices.html):
"Elasticsearch is a distributed document store. Instead of storing information as rows of columnar data, Elasticsearch stores complex data structures that have been serialized as JSON documents"
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Logstash?</summary><br><b>
Update README.md (#167) Added an answer from a blog I wrote, I hope this is allowed, thank you for your consideration
2021-10-25 12:46:15 +02:00
From the [blog](https://logit.io/blog/post/the-top-50-elk-stack-and-elasticsearch-interview-questions):
"Logstash is a powerful, flexible pipeline that collects, enriches and transports data. It works as an extract, transform & load (ETL) tool for collecting log messages."
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</b></details>
<details>
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<summary>Explain what beats are</summary><br><b>
Beats are lightweight data shippers. These data shippers installed on the client where the data resides.
Examples of beats: Filebeat, Metricbeat, Auditbeat. There are much more.<br>
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>What is Kibana?</summary><br><b>
From the official docs:
"Kibana is an open source analytics and visualization platform designed to work with Elasticsearch. You use Kibana to search, view, and interact with data stored in Elasticsearch indices. You can easily perform advanced data analysis and visualize your data in a variety of charts, tables, and maps."
</b></details>
<details>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
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<summary>Describe what happens from the moment an app logged some information until it's displayed to the user in a dashboard when the Elastic stack is used</summary><br><b>
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The process may vary based on the chosen architecture and the processing you may want to apply to the logs. One possible workflow is:
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900 questions milestone
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1. The data logged by the application is picked by filebeat and sent to logstash
2. Logstash process the log based on the defined filters. Once done, the output is sent to Elasticsearch
2. Elasticsearch stores the document it got and the document is indexed for quick future access
4. The user creates visualizations in Kibana which based on the indexed data
5. The user creates a dashboard which composed out of the visualization created in the previous step
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</b></details>
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##### Elasticsearch
<details>
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<summary>What is a data node?</summary><br><b>
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This is where data is stored and also where different processing takes place (e.g. when you search for a data).
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>What is a master node?</summary><br><b>
Par of a master node responsibilites:
* Track the status of all the nodes in the cluster
* Verify replicas are working and the data is available from every data node.
* No hot nodes (no data node that works much harder than other nodes)
While there can be multiple master nodes in reality only of them is the elected master node.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is an ingest node?</summary><br><b>
A node which responsible for parsing the data. In case you don't use logstash then this node can recieve data from beats and parse it, similarly to how it can be parsed in Logstash.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Coordinating node?</summary><br><b>
A Coordinating node responsible for routing requests out and in to the cluser (data nodes).
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How data is stored in elasticsearch?</summary><br><b>
* Data is stored in an index
* The index is spread across the cluster using shards
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</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>What is an Index?</summary><br><b>
Index in Elastic is in most cases compared to a whole database from the SQL/NoSQL world.<br>
You can choose to have one index to hold all the data of your app or have multiple indices where each index holds different type of your app (e.g. index for each service your app is running).
600 questions milestone yay
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The official docs also offer a great explanation (in general, it's really good documentation, as every project should have):
"An index can be thought of as an optimized collection of documents and each document is a collection of fields, which are the key-value pairs that contain your data"
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Explain Shards</summary><br><b>
An index is split into shards and documents are hashed to a particular shard. Each shard may be on a different node in a cluster and each one of the shards is a self contained index.<br>
This allows Elasticsearch to scale to an entire cluster of servers.
</b></details>
600 questions milestone yay
2019-12-08 17:14:30 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is an Inverted Index?</summary><br><b>
From the official docs:
"An inverted index lists every unique word that appears in any document and identifies all of the documents each word occurs in."
Add Elastic questions
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</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a Document?</summary><br><b>
Continuing with the comparison to SQL/NoSQL a Document in Elastic is a row in table in the case of SQL or a document in a collection in the case of NoSQL.
As in NoSQL a Document is a JSON object which holds data on a unit in your app. What is this unit depends on the your app. If your app related to book then each document describes a book. If you are app is about shirts then each document is a shirt.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
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<details>
<summary>You check the health of your elasticsearch cluster and it's red. What does it mean? What can cause the status to be yellow instead of green?</summary><br><b>
Red means some data is unavailable.
Yellow can be caused by running single node cluster instead of multi-node.
</b></details>
600 questions milestone yay
2019-12-08 17:14:30 +02:00
<details>
<summary>True or False? Elasticsearch indexes all data in every field and each indexed field has the same data structure for unified and quick query ability</summary><br><b>
False.
From the official docs:
"Each indexed field has a dedicated, optimized data structure. For example, text fields are stored in inverted indices, and numeric and geo fields are stored in BKD trees."
</b></details>
Add Elastic questions
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<details>
<summary>What reserved fields a document has?</summary><br><b>
* _index
* _id
* _type
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Explain Mapping</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
600 questions milestone yay
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<details>
<summary>What are the advantages of defining your own mapping? (or: when would you use your own mapping?)</summary><br><b>
* You can optimize fields for partial matching
* You can define custom formats of known fields (e.g. date)
* You can perform language-specific analysis
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Explain Replicas</summary><br><b>
Added Answers to DNS and Security Questions
2020-01-20 00:54:25 +02:00
In a network/cloud environment where failures can be expected any time, it is very useful and highly recommended to have a failover mechanism in case a shard/node somehow goes offline or disappears for whatever reason.
To this end, Elasticsearch allows you to make one or more copies of your index’s shards into what are called replica shards, or replicas for short.
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</b></details>
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2019-12-23 18:37:33 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Can you explain Term Frequency & Document Frequency?</summary><br><b>
Term Frequency is how often a term appears in a given document and Document Frequency is how often a term appears in all documents. They both are used for determining the relevance of a term by calculating Term Frequency / Document Frequency.
</b></details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You check "Current Phase" under "Index lifecycle management" and you see it's set to "hot". What does it mean?</summary><br><b>
"The index is actively being written to".
More about the phases [here](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/7.6/ilm-policy-definition.html)
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
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<details>
<summary>What this command does? <code>curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/customer/_doc/1?pretty" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'{ "name": "John Doe" }'</code></summary><br><b>
It creates customer index if it doesn't exists and adds a new document with the field name which is set to "John Dow". Also, if it's the first document it will get the ID 1.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What will happen if you run the previous command twice? What about running it 100 times?</code></summary><br><b>
1. If name value was different then it would update "name" to the new value
2. In any case, it bumps version field by one
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the Bulk API? What would you use it for?</code></summary><br><b>
Bulk API is used when you need to index multiple documents. For high number of documents it would be significantly faster to use rather than individual requests since there are less network roundtrips.
</b></details>
Add elastic questions
2019-12-05 21:22:27 +02:00
##### Query DSL
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<details>
<summary>Explain Elasticsearch query syntax (Booleans, Fields, Ranges)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
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<details>
<summary>Explain what is Relevance Score</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Query Context and Filter Context</summary><br><b>
From the official docs:
"In the query context, a query clause answers the question “How well does this document match this query clause?” Besides deciding whether or not the document matches, the query clause also calculates a relevance score in the _score meta-field."
"In a filter context, a query clause answers the question “Does this document match this query clause?” The answer is a simple Yes or No — no scores are calculated. Filter context is mostly used for filtering structured data"
</b></details>
update
2020-09-02 01:01:08 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Describe how would an architecture of production environment with large amounts of data would be different from a small-scale environment</summary><br><b>
There are several possible answers for this question. One of them is as follows:
A small-scale architecture of elastic will consist of the elastic stack as it is. This means we will have beats, logstash, elastcsearch and kibana.<br>
A production environment with large amounts of data can include some kind of buffering component (e.g. Reddis or RabbitMQ) and also security component such as Nginx.
</b></details>
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##### Logstash
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<details>
<summary>What are Logstash plugins? What plugins types are there?</summary><br><b>
* Input Plugins - how to collect data from different sources
* Filter Plugins - processing data
* Output Plugins - push data to different outputs/services/platforms
</b></details>
<details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<summary>What is grok?</summary><br><b>
A logstash plugin which modifies information in one format and immerse it in another.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How grok works?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What grok patterns are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is `_grokparsefailure?`</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How do you test or debug grok patterns?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are Logstash Codecs? What codecs are there?</summary><br><b>
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</b></details>
##### Kibana
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<details>
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<summary>What can you find under "Discover" in Kibana?</summary><br><b>
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2020-03-26 04:52:12 +02:00
The raw data as it is stored in the index. You can search and filter it.
Add elastic questions
2019-12-05 21:22:27 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-03 23:25:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You see in Kibana, after clicking on Discover, "561 hits". What does it mean?</summary><br><b>
Total number of documents matching the search results. If not query used then simply the total number of documents.
</b></details>
Add ELK and Linux questions
2020-03-26 04:52:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What can you find under "Visualize"?</summary><br><b>
"Visualize" is where you can create visual representations for your data (pie charts, graphs, ...)
</b></details>
Add more Elastic questions
2019-12-01 17:19:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What visualization types are supported/included in Kibana?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
Add elastic questions
2019-12-05 21:22:27 +02:00
<summary>What visualization type would you use for statistical outliers</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe in detail how do you create a dashboard in Kibana</summary><br><b>
Add more Elastic questions
2019-12-01 17:19:12 +02:00
</b></details>
update
2020-09-02 01:01:08 +02:00
#### Filebeat
Add more Elastic questions
2019-12-01 17:19:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is Filebeat?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>If one is using ELK, is it a must to also use filebeat? In what scenarios it's useful to use filebeat?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-12 16:08:08 +02:00
<details>
update
2020-09-02 01:01:08 +02:00
<summary>What is a harvester?</summary><br><b>
Read [here](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/beats/filebeat/current/how-filebeat-works.html#harvester)
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-12 16:08:08 +02:00
</b></details>
Add elastic questions
2019-11-30 19:37:52 +02:00
<details>
update
2020-09-02 01:01:08 +02:00
<summary>True or False? a single harvester harvest multiple files, according to the limits set in filebeat.yml</summary><br><b>
Add elastic questions
2019-11-30 19:37:52 +02:00
update
2020-09-02 01:01:08 +02:00
False. One harvester harvests one file.
</b></details>
Add elastic questions
2019-11-30 19:37:52 +02:00
update
2020-09-02 01:01:08 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What are filebeat modules?</summary><br><b>
Add elastic questions
2019-11-30 19:37:52 +02:00
</b></details>
Add certificates icon and a couple of questions
2020-05-06 07:12:33 +02:00
#### Elastic Stack
<details>
<summary>How do you secure an Elastic Stack?</summary><br><b>
You can generate certificates with the provided elastic utils and change configuration to enable security using certificates model.
</b></details>
Add 5 new questions
2019-12-13 19:40:00 +02:00
## Distributed
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-23 18:37:33 +02:00
<summary>Explain Distributed Computing (or Distributed System)</summary><br><b>
According to Martin Kleppmann:
"Many processes running on many machines...only message-passing via an unreliable network with variable delays, and the system may suffer from partial failures, unreliable clocks, and process pauses."
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
Another definition: "Systems that are physically separated, but logically connected"
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What can cause a system to fail?</summary><br><b>
* Network
* CPU
* Memory
* Disk
Add 5 new questions
2019-12-13 19:40:00 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-23 18:37:33 +02:00
<summary>Do you know what is "CAP theorem"? (aka as Brewer's theorem)</summary><br><b>
Add 5 new questions
2019-12-13 19:40:00 +02:00
According to the CAP theorem, it's not possible for a distributed data store to provide more than two of the following at the same time:
* Availability: Every request receives a response (it doesn't has to be the most recent data)
* Consistency: Every request receives a response with the latest/most recent data
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
* Partition tolerance: Even if some the data is lost/dropped, the system keeps running
Add 5 new questions
2019-12-13 19:40:00 +02:00
</b></details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What are the problems with the following design? How to improve it?<br>
<img src="images/distributed/distributed_design_standby.png" width="500x;" height="350px;"/>
</summary><br><b>
1. The transition can take time. In other words, noticeable downtime.
2. Standby server is a waste of resources - if first application server is running then the standby does nothing
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the problems with the following design? How to improve it?<br>
<img src="images/distributed/distributed_design_lb.png" width="700x;" height="350px;"/>
</summary><br><b>
Issues:
If load balancer dies , we lose the ability to communicate with the application.
Ways to improve:
* Add another load balancer
* Use DNS A record for both load balancers
* Use message queue
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-23 18:37:33 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is "Shared-Nothing" architecture?</summary><br><b>
It's an architecture in which data is and retrieved from a single, non-shared, source usually exclusively connected to one node as opposed to architectures where the request can get to one of many nodes and the data will be retrieved from one shared location (storage, memory, ...).
</b></details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-03-06 10:57:43 +02:00
<summary>Explain the Sidecar Pattern (Or sidecar proxy)</summary><br><b>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
Modify the structure of README.md Instead of having exercises in their own separate section, they are now part of the main topics sections. This should make the learning process easier to follow where users have both exercises and questions in the same place. In addition, added a couple of new questions & exercises and modified existing scripts accordingly.
2021-07-12 01:02:57 +02:00
## Misc
Add a couple of new questions
2019-10-25 15:01:43 +02:00
Change Jenkins section to CI/CD CI/CD will include Jenkins and other CI/CD systems. In addition, added a couple of questions on various topics.
2021-10-31 08:32:18 +02:00
|Name|Topic|Objective & Instructions|Solution|Comments|
|--------|--------|------|----|----|
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
| Highly Available "Hello World" | [Exercise](topics/devops/ha_hello_world.md) | [Solution](topics/devops/solutions/ha_hello_world.md)
Change Jenkins section to CI/CD CI/CD will include Jenkins and other CI/CD systems. In addition, added a couple of questions on various topics.
2021-10-31 08:32:18 +02:00
Add ELK and Linux questions
2020-03-26 04:52:12 +02:00
<details>
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
<summary>What happens when you type in a URL in an address bar in a browser?</summary><br><b>
1. The browser searches for the record of the domain name IP address in the DNS in the following order:
* Browser cache
* Operating system cache
* The DNS server configured on the user's system (can be ISP DNS, public DNS, ...)
2. If it couldn't find a DNS record locally, a full DNS resolution is started.
3. It connects to the server using the TCP protocol
4. The browser sends an HTTP request to the server
5. The server sends an HTTP response back to the browser
6. The browser renders the response (e.g. HTML)
7. The browser then sends subsequent requests as needed to the server to get the embedded links, javascript, images in the HTML and then steps 3 to 5 are repeated.
Add a couple of questions On various topics such as Containers, GitHub Actions, Azure and more. Enjoy :)
2021-11-01 01:20:42 +02:00
TODO: add more details!
Add ELK and Linux questions
2020-03-26 04:52:12 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions Mostly Kubernetes and containers.
2021-10-10 13:46:45 +02:00
#### API
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-03 23:25:45 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of questions Mostly Kubernetes and containers.
2021-10-10 13:46:45 +02:00
<summary>Explain what is an API</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-03 23:25:45 +02:00
Add a couple of questions Mostly Kubernetes and containers.
2021-10-10 13:46:45 +02:00
I like this definition from [blog.christianposta.com](https://blog.christianposta.com/microservices/api-gateways-are-going-through-an-identity-crisis):
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-03 23:25:45 +02:00
"An explicitly and purposefully defined interface designed to be invoked over a network that enables software developers to get programmatic access to data and functionality within an organization in a controlled and comfortable way."
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions Mostly Kubernetes and containers.
2021-10-10 13:46:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is an API specification?</summary><br><b>
From [swagger.io](https://swagger.io/resources/articles/difference-between-api-documentation-specification):
"An API specification provides a broad understanding of how an API behaves and how the API links with other APIs. It explains how the API functions and the results to expect when using the API"
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? API Definition is the same as API Specification</summary><br><b>
False. From [swagger.io](https://swagger.io/resources/articles/difference-between-api-documentation-specification):
"An API definition is similar to an API specification in that it provides an understanding of how an API is organized and how the API functions. But the API definition is aimed at machine consumption instead of human consumption of APIs."
</b></details>
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is an API gateway?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the advantages of using/implementing an API gateway?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions Mostly containers related questions.
2021-10-10 18:48:01 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a Payload in API?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Modify the structure of README.md Instead of having exercises in their own separate section, they are now part of the main topics sections. This should make the learning process easier to follow where users have both exercises and questions in the same place. In addition, added a couple of new questions & exercises and modified existing scripts accordingly.
2021-07-12 01:02:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is Automation? How it's related or different from Orchestration?</summary><br><b>
Automation is the act of automating tasks to reduce human intervention or interaction in regards to IT technology and systems.<br>
While automation focuses on a task level, Orchestration is the process of automating processes and/or workflows which consists of multiple tasks that usually across multiple systems.
</b></details>
update
2020-08-06 04:17:34 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Tell me about interesting bugs you've found and also fixed</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Update
2020-07-30 02:23:42 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a Debuggger and how it works?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions On various topics such as Containers, GitHub Actions, Azure and more. Enjoy :)
2021-11-01 01:20:42 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What services an application might have?</summary><br><b>
* Authorization
* Logging
* Authentication
* Ordering
* Front-end
* Back-end
...
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-12-16 22:05:01 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is Metadata?</summary><br><b>
Data about data. Basically, it describes the type of information that an underlying data will hold.
</b></details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
<summary>You can use one of the following formats: JSON, YAML, XML. Which one would you use? Why?</summary><br><b>
I can't answer this for you :)
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2021-09-28 22:33:38 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What's KPI?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What's OKR?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add AWS execrises and questions Mostly about VPC and Route 53.
2021-12-04 06:56:07 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What's DSL (Domain Specific Language)?</summary><br><b>
Domain Specific Language (DSLs) are used to create a customised language that represents the domain such that domain experts can easily interpret it.
</b></details>
Add a couple of new questions
2021-09-28 22:33:38 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What's the difference between KPI and OKR?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
#### YAML
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
<summary>What is YAML?</summary><br><b>
Data serialization language used by many technologies today like Kubernetes, Ansible, etc.
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
<summary>True or False? Any valid JSON file is also a valid YAML file</summary><br><b>
True. Because YAML is superset of JSON.
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
<summary>What is the format of the following data?
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
```
{
applications: [
{
name: "my_app",
language: "python",
version: 20.17
}
]
}
```
</summary><br><b>
JSON
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
<summary>What is the format of the following data?
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
```
applications:
- app: "my_app"
language: "python"
version: 20.17
```
</summary><br><b>
YAML
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
<summary>How to write a multi-line string with YAML? What use cases is it good for?</summary><br><b>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2021-01-24 02:05:01 +02:00
```
someMultiLineString: |
look mama
I can write a multi-line string
I love YAML
```
It's good for use cases like writing a shell script where each line of the script is a different command.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between <code>someMultiLineString: |</code> to <code>someMultiLineString: ></code>?</summary><br><b>
using `>` will make the multi-line string to fold into a single line
```
someMultiLineString: >
This is actually
a single line
do not let appearances fool you
```
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are placeholders in YAML?</summary><br><b>
They allow you reference values instead of directly writing them and it is used like this:
```
username: {{ my.user_name }}
```
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How can you define multiple YAML components in one file?</summary><br><b>
Using this: `---`
For Examples:
```
document_number: 1
---
document_number: 2
```
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2021-11-07 17:54:06 +02:00
#### Firmware
<details>
<summary>Explain what is a firmware</summary><br><b>
[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware): "In computing, firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-level control for a device's specific hardware. Firmware, such as the BIOS of a personal computer, may contain basic functions of a device, and may provide hardware abstraction services to higher-level software such as operating systems."
</b></details>
Update
2021-09-12 08:21:32 +02:00
#### Customers and Service Providers
<details>
<summary>What is SLO (service-level objective)?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is SLA (service-level agreement)?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
## Jira
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-03 23:25:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain/Demonstrate the following types in Jira:
* Epic
* Story
* Task</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a project in Jira?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Update
2021-09-12 08:21:32 +02:00
## Cassandra
update
2020-02-28 22:32:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>When running a cassandra cluster, how often do you need to run nodetool repair in order to keep the cluster consistent?
* Within the columnFamily GC-grace Once a week
* Less than the compacted partition minimum bytes
* Depended on the compaction strategy
</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Update
2021-09-12 08:21:32 +02:00
## HTTP
Minor fixes
2019-12-21 21:31:11 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 12:47:55 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is HTTP?</summary><br><b>
added answer to HTTP definition (#292)
2022-09-13 11:41:43 +02:00
[Avinetworks](https://avinetworks.com/glossary/layer-7/): HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP uses TCP port 80 to enable internet communication. It is part of the Application Layer (L7) in OSI Model.
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 12:47:55 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe HTTP request lifecycle</summary><br><b>
* Resolve host by request to DNS resolver
* Client SYN
* Server SYN+ACK
* Client SYN
* HTTP request
* HTTP response
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? HTTP is stateful</summary><br><b>
Add more questions And links to other DevOps projects.
2021-02-17 00:27:52 +02:00
False. It doesn't maintain state for incoming request.
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 12:47:55 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How HTTP request looks like?</summary><br><b>
Add more questions And links to other DevOps projects.
2021-02-17 00:27:52 +02:00
It consists of:
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 12:47:55 +02:00
* Request line - request type
* Headers - content info like length, enconding, etc.
* Body (not always included)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What HTTP method types are there?</summary><br><b>
* GET
* POST
* HEAD
* PUT
* DELETE
* CONNECT
* OPTIONS
* TRACE
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What HTTP response codes are there?</summary><br><b>
* 1xx - informational
* 2xx - Success
* 3xx - Redirect
* 4xx - Error, client fault
* 5xx - Error, server fault
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is HTTPS?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add Linux questions
2019-12-19 13:57:31 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain HTTP Cookies</summary><br><b>
HTTP is stateless. To share state, we can use Cookies.
TODO: explain what is actually a Cookie
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
<details>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
<summary>What is HTTP Pipelining?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
</b></details>
Add more questions And links to other DevOps projects.
2021-02-17 00:27:52 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You get "504 Gateway Timeout" error from an HTTP server. What does it mean?</summary><br><b>
The server didn't receive a response from another server it communicates with in a timely manner.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
<details>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
<summary>What is a proxy?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
<summary>What is a reverse proxy?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 15:59:58 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-19 12:47:55 +02:00
<details>
<summary>When you publish a project, you usually publish it with a license. What types of licenses are you familiar with and which one do you prefer to use?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of AWS exercises and questions MORE! :)
2021-11-28 22:17:06 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain what is "X-Forwarded-For"</summary><br><b>
[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Forwarded-For): "The X-Forwarded-For (XFF) HTTP header field is a common method for identifying the originating IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy or load balancer."
</b></details>
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
#### Load Balancers
700 questions :D
2019-12-22 23:53:52 +02:00
<details>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
<summary>What is a load balancer?</summary><br><b>
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
A load balancer accepts (or denies) incoming network traffic from a client, and based on some criteria (application related, network, etc.) it distributes those communications out to servers (at least one).
</b></details>
<details>
Add a couple of AWS questions and exercises EBS & ELB mainly.
2021-11-20 22:59:23 +02:00
<summary>Why to used a load balancer?</summary><br><b>
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
* Scalability - using a load balancer, you can possibly add more servers in the backend to handle more requests/traffic from the clients, as opposed to using one server.
* Redundancy - if one server in the backend dies, the load balancer will keep forwarding the traffic/requests to the second server so users won't even notice one of the servers in the backend is down.
700 questions :D
2019-12-22 23:53:52 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
Update
2021-02-28 23:10:06 +02:00
<summary>What load balancer techniques/algorithms are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
* Round Robin
* Weighted Round Robin
* Least Connection
* Weighted Least Connection
* Resource Based
* Fixed Weighting
* Weighted Response Time
* Source IP Hash
* URL Hash
700 questions :D
2019-12-22 23:53:52 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions And rearrange Linux section
2021-03-06 23:17:18 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What are the drawbacks of round robin algorithm in load balancing?</summary><br><b>
* A simple round robin algorithm knows nothing about the load and the spec of each server it forwards the requests to. It is possible, that multiple heavy workloads requests will get to the same server while other servers will got only lightweight requests which will result in one server doing most of the work, maybe even crashing at some point because it unable to handle all the heavy workloads requests by its own.
* Each request from the client creates a whole new session. This might be a problem for certain scenarios where you would like to perform multiple operations where the server has to know about the result of operation so basically, being sort of aware of the history it has with the client. In round robin, first request might hit server X, while second request might hit server Y and ask to continue processing the data that was processed on server X already.
</b></details>
700 questions :D
2019-12-22 23:53:52 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is an Application Load Balancer?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Update
2021-05-18 09:47:27 +02:00
<details>
<summary>In which scenarios would you use ALB?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of answers
2021-02-20 02:25:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>At what layers a load balancer can operate?</summary><br><b>
L4 and L7
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions And rearrange Linux section
2021-03-06 23:17:18 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Can you perform load balancing without using a dedicated load balancer instance?</summary><br><b>
Yes, you can use DNS for performing load balancing.
</b></details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is DNS load balancing? What its advantages? When would you use it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
More AWS questions Created also the file for Grafana questions.
2021-11-22 19:29:57 +02:00
#### Load Balancers - Sticky Sessions
Add certificates icon and a couple of questions
2020-05-06 07:12:33 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of answers
2021-02-20 02:25:40 +02:00
<summary>What are sticky sessions? What are their pros and cons?</summary><br><b>
Add certificates icon and a couple of questions
2020-05-06 07:12:33 +02:00
Recommended read:
* [Red Hat Article](https://access.redhat.com/solutions/900933)
Cons:
* Can cause uneven load on instance (since requests routed to the same instances)
Pros:
* Ensures in-proc sessions are not lost when a new request is created
</b></details>
More AWS questions Created also the file for Grafana questions.
2021-11-22 19:29:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Name one use case for using sticky sessions</summary><br><b>
You would like to make sure the user doesn't lose the current session data.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What sticky sessions use for enabling the "stickiness"?</summary><br><b>
Cookies. There are application based cookies and duration based cookies.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain application-based cookies</summary><br><b>
* Generated by the application and/or the load balancer
* Usually allows to include custom data
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain duration-based cookies</summary><br><b>
* Generated by the load balancer
* Session is not sticky anymore once the duration elapsed
</b></details>
#### Load Balancers - Load Balancing Algorithms
Update questions count and image
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<details>
Update
2021-02-28 23:10:06 +02:00
<summary>Explain each of the following load balancing techniques
Update questions count and image
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* Round Robin
Update
2021-02-28 23:10:06 +02:00
* Weighted Round Robin
Update questions count and image
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* Least Connection
Update
2021-02-28 23:10:06 +02:00
* Weighted Least Connection
* Resource Based
* Fixed Weighting
* Weighted Response Time
* Source IP Hash
* URL Hash
</summary><br><b>
Update questions count and image
2020-09-03 14:26:32 +02:00
</b></details>
LB Question (#122)
2020-12-12 11:46:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain use case for connection draining?</summary><br><b>
To ensure that a Classic Load Balancer stops sending requests to instances that are de-registering or unhealthy, while keeping the existing connections open, use connection draining. This enables the load balancer to complete in-flight requests made to instances that are de-registering or unhealthy.
The maximum timeout value can be set between 1 and 3,600 seconds on both GCP and AWS.
</b></details>
999 questions It's quite amazing to reach this number of questions. A project which started with just a few questions and the modest goal of helping others to learn, being able to assess their level of knowledge and prepare better for interviews. Thanks to all of our amazing contributors. To anyone who let us know how this project was helpful for them. It's good to hear how one tiny project can make positive impact on people's life. See you at 9999 questions ;)
2020-04-04 23:00:13 +02:00
#### Licenses
<details>
<summary>Are you familiar with "Creative Commons"? What do you know about it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Azure questions
2020-04-11 07:01:04 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain the differences between copyleft and permissive licenses</summary><br><b>
In Copyleft, any derivative work must use the same licensing while in permissive licensing there are no such condition. GPL-3 is an example of copyleft license while BSD is an example of permissive license.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-24 22:31:23 +02:00
#### Random
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-23 18:37:33 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How a search engine works?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-06-15 08:41:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How auto completion works?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-24 22:31:23 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is faster than RAM?</summary><br><b>
Question answers (#165) * Added answers for 3 questions
2021-10-21 06:16:30 +02:00
CPU cache.
[Source](https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/cache-memory/)
Add a couple of questions
2019-12-24 22:31:23 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-12 20:18:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a memory leak?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
800 questions milestone
2020-01-10 02:11:02 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is your favorite protocol?</summary><br><b>
SSH
HTTP
DHCP
DNS
...
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Cache API?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the C10K problem? Is it relevant today?</summary><br><b>
https://idiallo.com/blog/c10k-2016
</b></details>
Update
2021-10-24 10:06:32 +02:00
## Storage
Update
2021-10-28 07:50:35 +02:00
<details>
Add containers questions and exercises Added also a couple of storage questions.
2022-07-11 00:33:26 +02:00
<summary>What types of storage are there?</summary><br><b>
Update
2021-10-28 07:50:35 +02:00
* File
* Block
* Object
</b></details>
Add containers questions and exercises Added also a couple of storage questions.
2022-07-11 00:33:26 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Object Storage</summary><br><b>
- Data is divided to self-contained objects
- Objects can contain metadata
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the pros and cons of object storage?</summary><br><b>
Pros:
- Usually with object storage, you pay for what you use as opposed to other storage types where you pay for the storage space you allocate
- Scalable storage: Object storage mostly based on a model where what you use, is what you get and you can add storage as need
Cons:
- Usually performs slower than other types of storage
- No granular modification: to change an object, you have re-create it
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are some use cases for using object storage?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain File Storage</summary><br><b>
- File Storage used for storing data in files, in a hierarchical sturcture
- Some of the devices for file storage: hard drive, flash drive, cloud-based file storage
- Files usually organized in directories
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the pros and cons of File Storage?</summary><br><b>
Pros:
- Users have full control of their own files and can run variety of operations on the files: delete, read, write and move.
- Security mechanism allows for users to have a better control at things such as file locking
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are some examples of file storage?</summary><br><b>
Local filesystem
Dropbox
Google Drive
</b></details>
Update
2021-10-24 10:06:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What types of storage devices are there?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add two storage questions
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<details>
<summary>Explain IOPS</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain storage throughput</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Update
2021-10-24 10:06:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a filesystem?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Dark Data</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add Git exercises
2022-06-25 16:48:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain MBR</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add questions the candidate can ask And also add proper credits for the logo used in the project.
2019-11-12 13:57:51 +02:00
## Questions you CAN ask
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
<a name="questions-you-ask"></a>
Add questions the candidate can ask And also add proper credits for the logo used in the project.
2019-11-12 13:57:51 +02:00
A list of questions you as a candidate can ask the interviewer during or after the interview.
Add a couple of answers
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These are only a suggestion, use them carefully. Not every interviewer will be able to answer these (or happy to) which should be perhaps a red flag warning for your regarding working in such place but that's really up to you.
Add questions the candidate can ask And also add proper credits for the logo used in the project.
2019-11-12 13:57:51 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What do you like about working here?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How does the company promote personal growth?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Added questions to ask during the interview
2019-11-15 17:04:58 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the current level of technical debt you are dealing with?</summary><br><b>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
Be careful when asking this question - all companies, regardless of size, have some level of tech debt.
Added questions to ask during the interview
2019-11-15 17:04:58 +02:00
Phrase the question in the light that all companies have the deal with this, but you want to see the current
pain points they are dealing with <br>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
This is a great way to figure how managers deal with unplanned work, and how good they are at
Added questions to ask during the interview
2019-11-15 17:04:58 +02:00
setting expectations with projects.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-02-12 16:08:08 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Why I should NOT join you? (or 'what you don't like about working here?')</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Added questions to ask during the interview
2019-11-15 17:04:58 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What was your favorite project you've worked on?</summary><br><b>
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
This can give you insights in some of the cool projects a company is working on, and if
Added questions to ask during the interview
2019-11-15 17:04:58 +02:00
you would enjoy working on projects like these. This is also a good way to see if
the managers are allowing employees to learn and grow with projects outside of the
normal work you'd do.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>If you could change one thing about your day to day, what would it be?</summary><br><b>
Similar to the tech debt question, this helps you identify any pain points with the company.
Additionally, it can be a great way to show how you'd be an asset to the team.<br>
For Example, if they mention they have problem X, and you've solved that in the past,
you can show how you'd be able to mitigate that problem.
</b></details>
Add a couple of general questions
2019-12-04 23:28:55 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Let's say that we agree and you hire me to this position, after X months, what do you expect that I have achieved?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of answers
2019-12-11 08:50:33 +02:00
Not only this will tell you what is expected from you, it will also provide big hint on the type of work you are going to do in the first months of your job.
Add a couple of general questions
2019-12-04 23:28:55 +02:00
</b></details>
Add questions the candidate can ask And also add proper credits for the logo used in the project.
2019-11-12 13:57:51 +02:00
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
## Testing
update
2020-02-28 22:32:12 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain white-box testing</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain black-box testing</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
<details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<summary>What are unit tests?</summary><br><b>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<summary>What types of tests would you run to test a web application?</summary><br><b>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain test harness?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is A/B testing?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is network simulation and how do you perform it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of performances tests are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following types of tests:
* Load Testing
* Stress Testing
* Capacity Testing
* Volume Testing
* Endurance Testing
</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-12 20:18:40 +02:00
## Databases
Add a couple of questions On various topics such as Containers, GitHub Actions, Azure and more. Enjoy :)
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|Name|Topic|Objective & Instructions|Solution|Comments|
|--------|--------|------|----|----|
Rename exercises dir Name it instead "topics" so it won't be strange if some topics included "exercises" directory.
2022-08-02 00:51:39 +02:00
| Message Board Tables | Relational DB Tables | [Exercise](topics/databases/table_for_message_board_system.md) | [Solution](topics/databases/solutions/table_for_message_board_system.md)
Add a couple of questions On various topics such as Containers, GitHub Actions, Azure and more. Enjoy :)
2021-11-01 01:20:42 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a relational database?</summary><br><b>
* Data Storage: system to store data in tables
* SQL: programming language to manage relational databases
* Data Definition Language: a standard syntax to create, alter and delete tables
</b></details>
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What does it mean when a database is ACID compliant?</summary><br>
update (#192) updated much to must
2021-11-25 11:15:13 +02:00
ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. In order to be ACID compliant, the database must meet each of the four criteria
Add 57 new questions and exercises
2021-08-13 08:23:50 +02:00
**Atomicity** - When a change occurs to the database, it should either succeed or fail as a whole.
For example, if you were to update a table, the update should completely execute. If it only partially executes, the
update is considered failed as a whole, and will not go through - the DB will revert back to it's original
state before the update occurred. It should also be mentioned that Atomicity ensures that each
transaction is completed as it's own stand alone "unit" - if any part fails, the whole statement fails.
**Consistency** - any change made to the database should bring it from one valid state into the next.
For example, if you make a change to the DB, it shouldn't corrupt it. Consistency is upheld by checks and constraints that
are pre-defined in the DB. For example, if you tried to change a value from a string to an int when the column
should be of datatype string, a consistent DB would not allow this transaction to go through, and the action would
not be executed
**Isolation** - this ensures that a database will never be seen "mid-update" - as multiple transactions are running at
the same time, it should still leave the DB in the same state as if the transactions were being run sequentially.
For example, let's say that 20 other people were making changes to the database at the same time. At the
time you executed your query, 15 of the 20 changes had gone through, but 5 were still in progress. You should
only see the 15 changes that had completed - you wouldn't see the database mid-update as the change goes through.
**Durability** - Once a change is committed, it will remain committed regardless of what happens
(power failure, system crash, etc.). This means that all completed transactions
must be recorded in non-volatile memory.
Note that SQL is by nature ACID compliant. Certain NoSQL DB's can be ACID compliant depending on
how they operate, but as a general rule of thumb, NoSQL DB's are not considered ACID compliant
</details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-11-24 10:31:26 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is sharding?</summary><br><b>
Sharding is a horizontal partitioning.
Are you able to explain what is it good for?
</b></details>
Modify the structure of README.md Instead of having exercises in their own separate section, they are now part of the main topics sections. This should make the learning process easier to follow where users have both exercises and questions in the same place. In addition, added a couple of new questions & exercises and modified existing scripts accordingly.
2021-07-12 01:02:57 +02:00
<details>
<summary>You find out your database became a bottleneck and users experience issues accessing data. How can you deal with such situation?</summary><br><b>
Not much information provided as to why it became a bottleneck and what is current architecture, so one general approach could be<br>
to reduce the load on your database by moving frequently-accessed data to in-memory structure.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-12 20:18:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a connection pool?</summary><br><b>
Connection Pool is a cache of database connections and the reason it's used is to avoid an overhead of establishing a connection for every query done to a database.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a connection leak?</summary><br><b>
A connection leak is a situation where database connection isn't closed after being created and is no longer needed.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Table Lock?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Your database performs slowly than usual. More specifically, your queries are taking a lot of time. What would you do?</summary><br><b>
* Query for running queries and cancel the irrelevant queries
* Check for connection leaks (query for running connections and include their IP)
* Check for table locks and kill irrelevant locking sessions
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a Data Warehouse?</summary><br><b>
"A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant and non-volatile collection of data in support of organisation's decision-making process"
</b></details>
update
2020-08-06 04:17:34 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain what is a time-series database</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-12 20:18:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is OLTP (Online transaction processing)?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Added question "What is an index in a database?" (#88) * change AWS image extension from jpg to png * add index question in DB section Co-authored-by: Abdelrahman Badreldeen <abdelrahman.badreldeen@scratchpay.com>
2020-06-01 11:48:30 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is an index in a database?</summary><br><b>
A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of operations in a table. Indexes can be created using one or more columns, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient ordering of access to records.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions On various topics such as Containers, GitHub Actions, Azure and more. Enjoy :)
2021-11-01 01:20:42 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What data types are there in relational databases?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Normalization</summary><br><b>
Data that is used multiple times in a database should be stored once and referenced with a foreign key.<br>
This has the clear benefit of ease of maintenance where you need to change a value only in a single place to change it everywhere.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Primary Key and Foreign Key</summary><br><b>
Primary Key: each row in every table should a unique identifier that represents the row.<br>
Foreign Key: a reference to another table's primary key. This allows you to join table together to retrieve all the information you need without duplicating data.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of data tables have you used?</summary><br><b>
* Primary data table: main data you care about
* Details table: includes a foreign key and has one to many relationship
* Lookup values table: can be one table per lookup or a table containing all the lookups and has one to many relationship
* Multi reference table
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is ORM? What benefits it provides in regards to relational databases usage?</summary><br><b>
[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping): "is a programming technique for converting data between incompatible type systems using object-oriented programming languages"
In regards to the relational databases:
* Database as code
* Database abstraction
* Encapsulates SQL complexity
* Enables code review process
* Enables usage as a native OOP structure
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is DDL?</summary><br><b>
[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_definition_language): "In the context of SQL, data definition or data description language (DDL) is a syntax for creating and modifying database objects such as tables, indices, and users."
</b></details>
Add Ansible and Regex questions
2020-01-26 13:46:43 +02:00
## Regex
Given a text file, perform the following exercises
#### Extract
<details>
<summary>Extract all the numbers</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Extract the first word of each line</summary><br><b>
Bonus: extract the last word of each line
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Extract all the IP addresses</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Extract dates in the format of yyyy-mm-dd or yyyy-dd-mm</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Extract email addresses</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
#### Replace
<details>
<summary>Replace tabs with four spaces</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Replace 'red' with 'green'</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add system design notebook image As well as two Kubernetes basic exercises.
2021-07-12 03:26:03 +02:00
## System Design
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-08 23:42:40 +02:00
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-25 16:10:45 +02:00
<details>
Update
2021-09-12 08:21:32 +02:00
<summary>Explain what is a "Single point of failure"?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-25 16:10:45 +02:00
</b></details>
Update
2022-05-24 19:09:48 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is CDN?</summary><br><b>
CDN (Content Delivery Network) responsible for distributing content geographically. Part of it, is what is known as edge locations, aka cache proxies, that allows users to get their content quickly due to cache features and geographical distribution.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Multi-CDN</summary><br><b>
In single CDN, the whole content is originated from content delivery network.<br>
In multi-CDN, content is distributed across multiple different CDNs, each might be on a completely different provider/cloud.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are the benefits of Multi-CDN over a single CDN?</summary><br><b>
* Resiliency: Relying on one CDN means no redundancy. With multiple CDNs you don't need to worry about your CDN being down
* Flexibility in Costs: Using one CDN enforces you to specific rates of that CDN. With multiple CDNs you can take into consideration using less expensive CDNs to deliver the content.
* Performance: With Multi-CDN there is bigger potential in choosing better locations which more close to the client asking the content
* Scale: With multiple CDNs, you can scale services to support more extreme conditions
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-08 23:42:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain "3-Tier Architecture" (including pros and cons)</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of containers questions
2022-07-02 00:12:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Mono-repo vs. Multi-repo. What are the cons and pros of each approach?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-08 23:42:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What are the drawbacks of monolithic architecture?</summary><br><b>
* Not suitable for frequent code changes and the ability to deploy new features
* Not designed for today's infrastructure (like public clouds)
* Scaling a team to work monolithic architecture is more challenging
</b></details>
<details>
fix typo (#255)
2022-06-27 09:14:52 +02:00
<summary>What are the advantages of microservices architecture over a monolithic architecture?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-03-06 10:57:43 +02:00
* Each of the services individually fail without escalating into an application-wide outage.
* Each service can be developed and maintained by a separate team and this team can choose its own tools and coding language
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What's a service mesh?</summary><br><b>
[This article](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/microservices/what-is-a-service-mesh) provides a great explanation.
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-08 23:42:40 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-08-16 20:11:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain "Loose Coupling"</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a message queue? When is it used?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Minor fixes
2020-01-03 01:47:48 +02:00
#### Scalability
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-25 16:10:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Scalability</summary><br><b>
The ability easily grow in size and capacity based on demand and usage.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Elasticity</summary><br><b>
The ability to grow but also to reduce based on what is required
</b></details>
Change Jenkins section to CI/CD CI/CD will include Jenkins and other CI/CD systems. In addition, added a couple of questions on various topics.
2021-10-31 08:32:18 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Disaster Recovery</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-25 16:10:45 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Fault Tolerance and High Availability</summary><br><b>
Fault Tolerance - The ability to self-heal and return to normal capacity. Also the ability to withstand a failure and remain functional.
High Availability - Being able to access a resource (in some use cases, using different platforms)
</b></details>
Change Jenkins section to CI/CD CI/CD will include Jenkins and other CI/CD systems. In addition, added a couple of questions on various topics.
2021-10-31 08:32:18 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the difference between high availability and Disaster Recovery?</summary><br><b>
[wintellect.com](https://www.wintellect.com/high-availability-vs-disaster-recovery): "High availability, simply put, is eliminating single points of failure and disaster recovery is the process of getting a system back to an operational state when a system is rendered inoperative. In essence, disaster recovery picks up when high availability fails, so HA first."
</b></details>
Minor fixes
2020-01-03 01:47:48 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Vertical Scaling</summary><br><b>
Vertical Scaling is the process of adding resources to increase power of existing servers. For example, adding more CPUs, adding more RAM, etc.
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-08-16 20:11:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What are the disadvantages of Vertical Scaling?</summary><br><b>
With vertical scaling alone, the component still remains a single point of failure.
In addition, it has hardware limit where if you don't have more resources, you might not be able to scale vertically.
</b></details>
Add a couple of AWS questions and exercises EBS & ELB mainly.
2021-11-20 22:59:23 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Which type of cloud services usually support vertical scaling?</summary><br><b>
Databases, cache. It's common mostly for non-distributed systems.
</b></details>
Minor fixes
2020-01-03 01:47:48 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Horizontal Scaling</summary><br><b>
Horizontal Scaling is the process of adding more resources that will be able handle requests as one unit
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-08-16 20:11:13 +02:00
<details>
Add a couple of AWS questions and exercises EBS & ELB mainly.
2021-11-20 22:59:23 +02:00
<summary>What is the disadvantage of Horizontal Scaling? What is often required in order to perform Horizontal Scaling?</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-08-16 20:11:13 +02:00
A load balancer. You can add more resources, but if you would like them to be part of the process, you have to serve them the requests/responses.
Also, data inconsistency is a concern with horizontal scaling.
</b></details>
Add a couple of Virtualization questions
2021-04-11 22:07:25 +02:00
<details>
Update
2021-07-18 21:01:18 +02:00
<summary>Explain in which use cases will you use vertical scaling and in which use cases you will use horizontal scaling</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of Virtualization questions
2021-04-11 22:07:25 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-08-16 20:11:13 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain Resiliency and what ways are there to make a system more resilient</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain "Consistent Hashing"</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>How would you update each of the services in the following drawing without having app (foo.com) downtime?<br>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<img src="images/design/cdn-no-downtime.png" width="300x;" height="400px;"/>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-08 23:42:40 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is the problem with the following architecture and how would you fix it?<br>
900 questions milestone
2020-02-19 09:00:45 +02:00
<img src="images/design/producers_consumers_issue.png" width="400x;" height="300px;"/>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-08 23:42:40 +02:00
</summary><br><b>
The load on the producers or consumers may be high which will then cause them to hang or crash.<br>
Instead of working in "push mode", the consumers can pull tasks only when they are ready to handle them. It can be fixed by using a streaming platform like Kafka, Kinesis, etc. This platform will make sure to handle the high load/traffic and pass tasks/messages to consumers only when the ready to get them.
<img src="images/design/producers_consumers_fix.png" width="300x;" height="200px;"/>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-01-07 00:25:32 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Users report that there is huge spike in process time when adding little bit more data to process as an input. What might be the problem?<br>
<img src="images/design/input-process-output.png" width="300x;" height="200px;"/>
</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How would you scale the architecture from the previous question to hundreds of users?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
update
2020-09-07 20:06:46 +02:00
#### Cache
<details>
<summary>What is "cache"? In which cases would you use it?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is "distributed cache"?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a "cache replacement policy"?</summary><br><b>
Take a look [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies)
</b></details>
Update questions count and image
2020-09-03 14:26:32 +02:00
<details>
update
2020-09-07 20:06:46 +02:00
<summary>Which cache replacement policies are you familiar with?</summary><br><b>
You can find a list [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain the following cache policies:
* FIFO
* LIFO
* LRU</summary><br><b>
Read about it [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies)
Update questions count and image
2020-09-03 14:26:32 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
update
2020-09-07 20:06:46 +02:00
<summary>Why not writing everything to cache instead of a database/datastore?</summary><br><b>
Update questions count and image
2020-09-03 14:26:32 +02:00
</b></details>
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
#### Migrations
<details>
<summary>How you prepare for a migration? (or plan a migration)</summary><br><b>
You can mention:
roll-back & roll-forward
Ansible Questions (#118) * Blank Spaces Linted Vscode By default linting it, there is no way to overwrite Initially. * Add Ansible Question
2020-11-19 19:58:21 +02:00
cut over
dress rehearsals
Add testing questions
2020-01-14 11:35:25 +02:00
DNS redirection
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain "Branch by Abstraction" technique</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-06-15 08:41:32 +02:00
#### Design a system
<details>
<summary>Can you design a video streaming website?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can you design a photo upload website?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>How would you build a URL shortener?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Virtualization questions
2021-04-11 22:07:25 +02:00
#### More System Design Questions
Additional exercises can be found in [system-design-notebook repository](https://github.com/bregman-arie/system-design-notebook).
<p align="center"><a href="https://github.com/bregman-arie/system-design-notebook"><img src="images/system_design_notebook.png"/></a></p>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
## Hardware
<details>
Add a couple of Azure questions
2020-04-11 07:01:04 +02:00
<summary>What is a CPU?</summary><br><b>
Add more answers (#135) * Add more answers * Answer more questions * Answered some more
2021-07-01 19:23:50 +02:00
A central processing unit (CPU) performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs).
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is RAM?</summary><br><b>
Add more answers (#135) * Add more answers * Answer more questions * Answered some more
2021-07-01 19:23:50 +02:00
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor. RAM is the main memory in a computer. It is much faster to read from and write to than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive.
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is an embedded system?</summary><br><b>
Add more answers (#135) * Add more answers * Answer more questions * Answered some more
2021-07-01 19:23:50 +02:00
An embedded system is a computer system - a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electronic system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts.
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-08 17:35:28 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Can you give an example of an embedded system?</summary><br><b>
Raspberry Pi
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What types of storage are there?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
## Big Data
<details>
<summary>Explain what is exactly Big Data</summary><br><b>
As defined by Doug Laney:
* Volume: Extremely large volumes of data
* Velocity: Real time, batch, streams of data
* Variety: Various forms of data, structured, semi-structured and unstructured
* Veracity or Variability: Inconsistent, sometimes inaccurate, varying data
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions And switch some questions from docker to podman.
2021-01-02 06:29:31 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is DataOps? How is it related to DevOps?</summary><br><b>
Add more answers (#135) * Add more answers * Answer more questions * Answered some more
2021-07-01 19:23:50 +02:00
DataOps seeks to reduce the end-to-end cycle time of data analytics, from the origin of ideas to the literal creation of charts, graphs and models that create value.
DataOps combines Agile development, DevOps and statistical process controls and applies them to data analytics.
Add a couple of questions And switch some questions from docker to podman.
2021-01-02 06:29:31 +02:00
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Data Architecture?</summary><br><b>
An answer from [talend.com](https://www.talend.com/resources/what-is-data-architecture):
"Data architecture is the process of standardizing how organizations collect, store, transform, distribute, and use data. The goal is to deliver relevant data to people who need it, when they need it, and help them make sense of it."
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Explain the different formats of data</summary><br><b>
* Structured - data that has defined format and length (e.g. numbers, words)
* Semi-structured - Doesn't conform to a specific format but is self-describing (e.g. XML, SWIFT)
* Unstructured - does not follow a specific format (e.g. images, test messages)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is a Data Warehouse?</summary><br><b>
[Wikipedia's explanation on Data Warehouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse)
[Amazon's explanation on Data Warehouse](https://aws.amazon.com/data-warehouse)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is Data Lake?</summary><br><b>
[Data Lake - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_lake)
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions And switch some questions from docker to podman.
2021-01-02 06:29:31 +02:00
<details>
<summary>Can you explain the difference between a data lake and a data warehouse?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is "Data Versioning"? What models of "Data Versioning" are there?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of Virtualization questions
2021-04-11 22:07:25 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is ETL?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
#### Apache Hadoop
<details>
<summary>Explain what is Hadoop</summary><br><b>
[Apache Hadoop - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Hadoop YARN</summary><br><b>
Responsible for managing the compute resources in clusters and scheduling users' applications
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Hadoop MapReduce</summary><br><b>
A programming model for large-scale data processing
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Explain Hadoop Distributed File Systems (HDFS)</summary><br><b>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-25 16:10:45 +02:00
* Distributed file system providing high aggregate bandwidth across the cluster.
* For a user it looks like a regular file system structure but behind the scenes it's distributed across multiple machines in a cluster
* Typical file size is TB and it can scale and supports millions of files
* It's fault tolerant which means it provides automatic recovery from faults
* It's best suited for running long batch operations rather than live analysis
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What do you know about HDFS architecture?</summary><br><b>
[HDFS Architecture](http://hadoop.apache.org/docs/current/hadoop-project-dist/hadoop-hdfs/HdfsDesign.html)
* Master-slave architecture
* Namenode - master, Datanodes - slaves
* Files split into blocks
* Blocks stored on datanodes
* Namenode controls all metadata
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-12 18:25:24 +02:00
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions and a new exercise
2021-01-03 11:54:31 +02:00
## Ceph
<details>
<summary>Explain what is Ceph</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>True or False? Ceph favor consistency and correctness over performances</summary><br><b>
True
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Which services or types of storage Ceph supports?</summary><br><b>
* Object (RGW)
* Block (RBD)
* File (CephFS)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is RADOS?</summary><br><b>
* Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Storage
* Provides low-level data object storage service
* Strong Consistency
* Simplifies design and implementation of higher layers (block, file, object)
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe RADOS software components</summary><br><b>
* Monitor
* Central authority for authentication, data placement, policy
* Coordination point for all other cluster components
* Protect critical cluster state with Paxos
* Manager
* Aggregates real-time metrics (throughput, disk usage, etc.)
* Host for pluggable management functions
* 1 active, 1+ standby per cluster
* OSD (Object Storage Daemon)
* Stores data on an HDD or SSD
* Services client IO requests
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the workflow of retrieving data from Ceph?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is the workflow of retrieving data from Ceph?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What are "Placement Groups"?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Describe in the detail the following: Objects -> Pool -> Placement Groups -> OSDs</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>What is OMAP?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of security questions
2021-01-11 22:39:24 +02:00
<details>
<summary>What is a metadata server? How it works?</summary><br><b>
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions And switch some questions from docker to podman.
2021-01-02 06:29:31 +02:00
## Packer
<details>
<summary>What is Packer? What is it used for?</summary><br><b>
In general, Packer automates machine images creation.
It allows you to focus on configuration prior to deployment while making the images. This allows you start the instances much faster in most cases.
</b></details>
<details>
<summary>Packer follows a "configuration->deployment" model or "deployment->configuration"?</summary><br><b>
A configuration->deployment which has some advantages like:
1. Deployment Speed - you configure once prior to deployment instead of configuring every time you deploy. This allows you to start instances/services much quicker.
2. More immutable infrastructure - with configuration->deployment it's not likely to have very different deployments since most of the configuration is done prior to the deployment. Issues like dependencies errors are handled/discovered prior to deployment in this model.
</b></details>
Add questions on ArgoCD As well as on other topics.
2022-09-14 20:39:47 +02:00
## Release
<details>
<summary>Explain Semantic Versioning</summary><br><b>
[This](https://semver.org/) page explains it perfectly:
```
Given a version number MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH, increment the:
MAJOR version when you make incompatible API changes
MINOR version when you add functionality in a backwards compatible manner
PATCH version when you make backwards compatible bug fixes
Additional labels for pre-release and build metadata are available as extensions to the MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH format.
```
</b></details>
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-25 16:10:45 +02:00
## Certificates
If you are looking for a way to prepare for a certain exam this is the section for you. Here you'll find a list of certificates, each references to a separate file with focused questions that will help you to prepare to the exam. Good luck :)
#### AWS
updating broken link to AWS Cloud Practitioner page. (#174) Co-authored-by: Coin Graham <coin.graham@cleardata.com>
2021-11-10 21:20:27 +02:00
* [Cloud Practitioner](certificates/aws-cloud-practitioner.md) (Latest update: 2020)
Add a couple of questions
2021-11-07 17:54:06 +02:00
* [Solutions Architect Associate](certificates/aws-solutions-architect-associate.md) (Latest update: 2021)
Adding certificates/aws-cloud-sysops-associate.md (#302) * Adding AWS SysOps Associate certification learning resources * Adding certificates/aws-cloud-sysops-associate.md * Update README
2022-10-13 08:57:59 +02:00
* [Cloud SysOps Administration Associate](certificates/aws-cloud-sysops-associate.md) (Latest update: Oct 2022)
Add a couple of questions
2020-04-25 16:10:45 +02:00
Change Jenkins section to CI/CD CI/CD will include Jenkins and other CI/CD systems. In addition, added a couple of questions on various topics.
2021-10-31 08:32:18 +02:00
#### Azure
* [AZ-900](certificates/azure-fundamentals-az-900.md) (Latest update: 2021)
Add a couple of AWS questions
2020-05-11 00:36:32 +02:00
#### Kubernetes
* [Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA)](certificates/cka.md) (Latest update: 2020)
Add more questions And links to other DevOps projects.
2021-02-17 00:27:52 +02:00
## Other DevOps Projects
<p align="center"><a href="https://github.com/bregman-arie/howtheydevops"><img src="images/how_they_devops.png"/></a></p>
<p align="center"><a href="https://github.com/bregman-arie/devops-resources"><img src="images/devops_resources.png"/></a></p>
Add a couple of answers
2021-02-20 02:25:40 +02:00
<p align="center"><a href="https://github.com/bregman-arie/infraverse"><img src="images/infraverse.png"/></a></p>
Add more questions And links to other DevOps projects.
2021-02-17 00:27:52 +02:00
Add questions the candidate can ask And also add proper credits for the logo used in the project.
2019-11-12 13:57:51 +02:00
## Credits
Add another flask exercise
2020-01-16 23:50:49 +02:00
Thanks to all of our amazing [contributors](https://github.com/bregman-arie/devops-exercises/graphs/contributors) who make it easy for everyone to learn new things :)
Add elastic questions
2019-11-30 19:37:52 +02:00
Add questions the candidate can ask And also add proper credits for the logo used in the project.
2019-11-12 13:57:51 +02:00
Logos credits can be found [here](credits.md)
Add new questions And change license due to content being copied without providing credit.
2019-11-07 18:42:52 +02:00
## License
[![License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC%20BY--NC--ND%203.0-lightgrey.svg)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/)
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