feat: improve tracing

`--trace` now outputs a JSON structure with tracing information, eg.

```
{"lexer":"markdown","state":"root","rule":15,"pos":0,"elapsedMs":0.022875}
{"lexer":"markdown","state":"root","rule":15,"pos":1,"elapsedMs":0.002667}
{"lexer":"markdown","state":"root","rule":15,"pos":2,"elapsedMs":0.001833}
{"lexer":"markdown","state":"root","rule":15,"pos":3,"elapsedMs":0.002166}
{"lexer":"markdown","state":"root","rule":15,"pos":4,"elapsedMs":0.002125}
```

This should generally be much more amenable to analysis, eg. convenient
filtering using jq to help track down hotspots:

```
chroma --trace docs.md 2>&1 > /dev/null | jq 'select(. | .elapsedMs > 0.1)' | less
```

cmd/chroma/main.go

@@ -346,8 +346,8 @@ func listAll() {
 }
 
 func lex(ctx *kong.Context, lexer chroma.Lexer, contents string) chroma.Iterator {
-	if rel, ok := lexer.(*chroma.RegexLexer); ok {
-		rel.Trace(cli.Trace)
+	if rel, ok := lexer.(chroma.TracingLexer); ok {
+		rel.SetTracing(cli.Trace)
 	}
 	lexer = chroma.Coalesce(lexer)
 	it, err := lexer.Tokenise(nil, contents)

delegate.go

@@ -24,6 +24,15 @@ func DelegatingLexer(root Lexer, language Lexer) Lexer {
 	}
 }
 
+func (d *delegatingLexer) SetTracing(enable bool) {
+	if l, ok := d.language.(TracingLexer); ok {
+		l.SetTracing(enable)
+	}
+	if l, ok := d.root.(TracingLexer); ok {
+		l.SetTracing(enable)
+	}
+}
+
 func (d *delegatingLexer) AnalyseText(text string) float32 {
 	return d.root.AnalyseText(text)
 }

lexer.go

@@ -130,6 +130,23 @@ type Lexer interface {
 	AnalyseText(text string) float32
 }
 
+// Trace is the trace of a tokenisation process.
+type Trace struct {
+	Lexer   string  `json:"lexer"`
+	State   string  `json:"state"`
+	Rule    int     `json:"rule"`
+	Pattern string  `json:"pattern"`
+	Pos     int     `json:"pos"`
+	Length  int     `json:"length"`
+	Elapsed float64 `json:"elapsedMs"` // Elapsed time spent matching for this rule.
+}
+
+// TracingLexer is a Lexer that can trace its tokenisation process.
+type TracingLexer interface {
+	Lexer
+	SetTracing(enable bool)
+}
+
 // Lexers is a slice of lexers sortable by name.
 type Lexers []Lexer
 

regexp.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package chroma
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -135,11 +136,20 @@ func NewLexer(config *Config, rulesFunc func() Rules) (*RegexLexer, error) {
 }
 
 // Trace enables debug tracing.
+//
+// Deprecated: Use SetTracing instead.
 func (r *RegexLexer) Trace(trace bool) *RegexLexer {
 	r.trace = trace
 	return r
 }
 
+// SetTracing enables debug tracing.
+//
+// This complies with the [TracingLexer] interface.
+func (r *RegexLexer) SetTracing(trace bool) {
+	r.trace = trace
+}
+
 // A CompiledRule is a Rule with a pre-compiled regex.
 //
 // Note that regular expressions are lazily compiled on first use of the lexer.
@@ -185,6 +195,7 @@ func (l *LexerState) Get(key interface{}) interface{} {
 
 // Iterator returns the next Token from the lexer.
 func (l *LexerState) Iterator() Token { // nolint: gocognit
+	trace := json.NewEncoder(os.Stderr)
 	end := len(l.Text)
 	if l.newlineAdded {
 		end--
@@ -205,14 +216,33 @@ func (l *LexerState) Iterator() Token { // nolint: gocognit
 		}
 
 		l.State = l.Stack[len(l.Stack)-1]
-		if l.Lexer.trace {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: pos=%d, text=%q\n", l.State, l.Pos, string(l.Text[l.Pos:]))
-		}
 		selectedRule, ok := l.Rules[l.State]
 		if !ok {
 			panic("unknown state " + l.State)
 		}
+		var start time.Time
+		if l.Lexer.trace {
+			start = time.Now()
+		}
 		ruleIndex, rule, groups, namedGroups := matchRules(l.Text, l.Pos, selectedRule)
+		if l.Lexer.trace {
+			var length int
+			if groups != nil {
+				length = len(groups[0])
+			} else {
+				length = -1
+			}
+			_ = trace.Encode(Trace{ //nolint
+				Lexer:   l.Lexer.config.Name,
+				State:   l.State,
+				Rule:    ruleIndex,
+				Pattern: rule.Pattern,
+				Pos:     l.Pos,
+				Length:  length,
+				Elapsed: float64(time.Since(start)) / float64(time.Millisecond),
+			})
+			// fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: pos=%d, text=%q, elapsed=%s\n", l.State, l.Pos, string(l.Text[l.Pos:]), time.Since(start))
+		}
 		// No match.
 		if groups == nil {
 			// From Pygments :\