go-micro/internal/website/docs/hosting.md

layout, title

layout	title
default	Hosting

Hosting Go Micro Services

This document outlines what hosting looks like for go-micro services, the options available today, and what an ideal hosting platform would provide.

Overview

Go Micro services are compiled Go binaries that communicate via RPC and event-driven messaging. Hosting them requires infrastructure that supports service discovery, inter-service communication, persistent storage, and configuration management. Because go-micro uses a pluggable architecture, the hosting environment can range from a single VPS to a fully orchestrated cluster.

Current Hosting Options

Single VPS or Bare Metal

The simplest approach. Deploy compiled binaries to a Linux server and manage them with systemd. This is the model described in the Deployment Guide.

Good for: Small teams, early-stage projects, predictable workloads.

Server
├── micro@users.service
├── micro@posts.service
├── micro@web.service
└── mdns for discovery

• Use micro deploy to push binaries over SSH
• systemd handles process supervision and restarts
• mDNS provides zero-configuration service discovery on the local host
• Environment files supply per-service configuration

Multiple Servers

Run services across several machines. This requires replacing mDNS with a network-aware registry like Consul or Etcd so services can discover each other across hosts.

# Point all services at a shared registry
MICRO_REGISTRY=consul MICRO_REGISTRY_ADDRESS=consul.internal:8500

• Deploy with micro deploy to each target server
• Use a central registry (Consul, Etcd, or NATS) for cross-host discovery
• Place a load balancer or API gateway in front of public-facing services

Containers and Kubernetes

Package each service as a Docker image and deploy to a Kubernetes cluster or a simpler container runtime like Docker Compose.

Dockerfile example:

FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN go build -o service ./cmd/service

FROM alpine:3.19
COPY --from=build /app/service /service
ENTRYPOINT ["/service"]

Kubernetes considerations:

• Use the Kubernetes registry plugin or run Consul/Etcd as a StatefulSet
• ConfigMaps and Secrets replace environment files
• Kubernetes Services and Ingress handle external traffic
• Horizontal Pod Autoscaler manages scaling
• Liveness and readiness probes map to go-micro health checks

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Deploy to managed platforms like Railway, Render, or Fly.io. Each service runs as a separate application.

• Configuration via platform-provided environment variables
• Managed TLS and load balancing out of the box
• Use NATS or a hosted registry for service discovery between apps
• Limited control over networking and co-location

What a Hosting Platform Needs

A purpose-built platform for go-micro services would integrate with the framework's core abstractions rather than treating services as generic containers.

Service Discovery

The platform must run or integrate with a supported registry so services find each other automatically.

Environment	Recommended Registry
Single host	mDNS (default, zero config)
Multi-host / cloud	Consul, Etcd, or NATS
Kubernetes	Kubernetes registry plugin

RPC and Messaging

Services communicate over RPC (request/response) and asynchronous messaging (pub/sub). The platform must allow direct service-to-service communication on the configured transport.

• Transport: HTTP (default), gRPC, or NATS
• Broker: HTTP event broker (default), NATS, or RabbitMQ
• Internal traffic should stay on a private network
• External traffic flows through a gateway or load balancer

Configuration Management

Each service loads configuration from environment variables, files, or remote sources. The platform should provide:

• Per-service environment variables or config files
• Secret management with restricted access
• Hot-reload support for dynamic configuration changes

Data Storage

go-micro's store interface supports multiple backends. The platform should provide or connect to durable storage.

• Development: In-memory store (default)
• Production: Postgres, MySQL, Redis, or other supported backends
• Persistent volumes or managed database services for stateful data

Health Checks and Observability

The platform should monitor service health and provide visibility into behavior.

• Health endpoints for liveness and readiness
• Structured logs collected and searchable
• Metrics (request rates, latencies, error rates) scraped or pushed
• Distributed tracing across service boundaries

See Observability for details on logs, metrics, and traces.

Security

• TLS for all inter-service communication
• Service-level authentication and authorization via go-micro's auth interface
• Network isolation between services and the public internet
• Secret rotation and audit logging

Scaling

• Horizontal scaling: run multiple instances of a service behind the client-side load balancer
• The registry tracks all instances; the selector distributes requests
• Auto-scaling based on resource usage or request volume

Ideal Platform Architecture

A hosting platform tailored for go-micro would look like this:

                    ┌──────────────┐
    Internet ──────▶│   Gateway    │
                    └──────┬───────┘
                           │
              ┌────────────┼────────────┐
              │            │            │
        ┌─────▼────┐ ┌────▼─────┐ ┌───▼──────┐
        │ Service A │ │ Service B│ │ Service C │
        │ (n inst.) │ │ (n inst.)│ │ (n inst.) │
        └─────┬────┘ └────┬─────┘ └───┬──────┘
              │            │            │
    ┌─────────▼────────────▼────────────▼─────────┐
    │              Private Network                 │
    │  ┌──────────┐  ┌───────┐  ┌──────────────┐  │
    │  │ Registry │  │ Broker│  │   Store      │  │
    │  │(Consul/  │  │(NATS/ │  │(Postgres/    │  │
    │  │ Etcd)    │  │ Redis)│  │ MySQL/Redis) │  │
    │  └──────────┘  └───────┘  └──────────────┘  │
    └─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Platform Capabilities

1. Deploy — Push binaries or container images; the platform registers them with the registry
2. Discover — Built-in registry so services find each other without manual configuration
3. Route — Gateway for external traffic; direct RPC for internal traffic
4. Scale — Add or remove instances; the registry and selector handle rebalancing
5. Configure — Environment variables, secrets, and dynamic config per service
6. Observe — Centralized logs, metrics dashboards, and trace visualization
7. Secure — Automatic TLS, service identity, and network policies

Deployment Workflow

Developer                        Platform
────────                        ────────
micro build           ─────▶   Receive binary/image
micro deploy prod     ─────▶   Place on compute
                               Register with discovery
                               Start health checks
                               Route traffic

Choosing a Hosting Strategy

Factor	Single VPS	Multi-Server	Kubernetes	PaaS
Complexity	Low	Medium	High	Low
Cost	Low	Medium	High	Variable
Scaling	Manual	Manual	Automatic	Automatic
Service discovery	mDNS	Consul/Etcd/NATS	Plugin or Consul	External
Ops overhead	Minimal	Moderate	Significant	Minimal
Best for	Prototypes, small apps	Growing teams	Large-scale production	Quick launches

Getting Started

1. Start simple — Deploy to a single server with micro deploy and mDNS
2. Add a registry — When you need multiple servers, switch to Consul or Etcd
3. Containerize — When you need reproducible environments, add Docker
4. Orchestrate — When you need auto-scaling and self-healing, move to Kubernetes or a PaaS

Related

• Deployment — Deploy services to a Linux server with systemd
• Registry — Service discovery backends
• Architecture — Go Micro design and components
• Observability — Logs, metrics, and tracing
• Performance — Performance characteristics and tuning