Correct SDK trace Exporter interface (#1078)

* Update trace export interface Move to conforming to the specification. * Update documentation in export trace * Update sdk trace provider to support new trace exporter * Update SpanProcessors Support the Provider changes and new trace exporter. * Update the SDK to support the changes * Update trace Provider to not return an error * Update sdk with new Provider return Also fix the testExporter ExportSpans method * Update exporters with changes * Update examples with changes * Update Changelog * Move error handling to end of shutdown * Update exporter interface Rename to SpanExporter to match specification. Add an error return value to the Shutdown method based on feedback. Propagate these changes. Remove the Stop method from the OTLP exporter to avoid confusion and redundancy. * Add test to check OTLP Shutdown honors context * Add Jaeger exporter test for shutdown * Fix race in Jaeger test * Unify shutdown behavior and testing * Update sdk/trace/simple_span_processor.go Co-authored-by: Anthony Mirabella <a9@aneurysm9.com> Co-authored-by: Anthony Mirabella <a9@aneurysm9.com>
2025-01-30 04:40:41 +02:00 · 2020-09-09 10:19:03 -07:00 · 2020-09-09 10:19:03 -07:00 · 422188a85f
commit 422188a85f
parent da96fd0c5e
27 changed files with 745 additions and 387 deletions
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -35,11 +35,12 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm

 ### Added

- `Noop` and `InMemory` `SpanBatcher` implementations to help with testing integrations. (#994)
- Integration tests for more OTel Collector Attribute types. (#1062)
- A dimensionality-reducing metric Processor. (#1057)
- Support for filtering metric label sets. (#1047)
 - Support for exporting array-valued attributes via OTLP. (#992)
+- `Noop` and `InMemory` `SpanBatcher` implementations to help with testing integrations. (#994)
+- Support for filtering metric label sets. (#1047)
+- A dimensionality-reducing metric Processor. (#1057)
+- Integration tests for more OTel Collector Attribute types. (#1062)
+- A new `WithSpanProcessor` `ProviderOption` is added to the `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace` package to create a `Provider` and automatically register the `SpanProcessor`. (#1078)

 ### Changed

@ -58,6 +59,13 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - Unify Callback Function Naming.
   Rename `*Callback` with `*Func`. (#1061)
 - CI builds validate against last two versions of Go, dropping 1.13 and adding 1.15. (#1064)
+- The `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace` interfaces `SpanSyncer` and `SpanBatcher` have been replaced with a specification compliant `Exporter` interface.
+   This interface still supports the export of `SpanData`, but only as a slice.
+   Implementation are also required now to return any error from `ExportSpans` if one occurs as well as implement a `Shutdown` method for exporter clean-up. (#1078)
+- The `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace` `NewBatchSpanProcessor` function no longer returns an error.
+   If a `nil` exporter is passed as an argument to this function, instead of it returning an error, it now returns a `BatchSpanProcessor` that handles the export of `SpanData` by not taking any action. (#1078)
+- The `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace` `NewProvider` function to create a `Provider` no longer returns an error, instead only a `*Provider`.
+   This change is related to `NewBatchSpanProcessor` not returning an error which was the only error this function would return. (#1078)

 ### Removed

--- a/example/namedtracer/main.go
+++ b/example/namedtracer/main.go
@ -43,11 +43,14 @@ func initTracer() {
 		log.Panicf("failed to initialize stdout exporter %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	tp, err = sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp),
-		sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}))
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Panicf("failed to initialize trace provider %v\n", err)
-	}
+	tp = sdktrace.NewProvider(
+		sdktrace.WithConfig(
+			sdktrace.Config{
+				DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample(),
+			},
+		),
+		sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp),
+	)
 	global.SetTracerProvider(tp)
 }

--- a/example/otel-collector/main.go
+++ b/example/otel-collector/main.go
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func initProvider() (*otlp.Exporter, *push.Controller) {
 	)
 	handleErr(err, "failed to create exporter")

-	tracerProvider, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(
+	tracerProvider := sdktrace.NewProvider(
 		sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}),
 		sdktrace.WithResource(resource.New(
 			// the service name used to display traces in backends
@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ func initProvider() (*otlp.Exporter, *push.Controller) {
 		)),
 		sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp),
 	)
-	handleErr(err, "failed to create trace provider")

 	pusher := push.New(
 		basic.New(
@ -84,7 +83,9 @@ func main() {
 	log.Printf("Waiting for connection...")

 	exp, pusher := initProvider()
-	defer func() { handleErr(exp.Stop(), "failed to stop exporter") }()
+	defer func() {
+		handleErr(exp.Shutdown(context.Background()), "failed to stop exporter")
+	}()
 	defer pusher.Stop() // pushes any last exports to the receiver

 	tracer := global.Tracer("test-tracer")
--- a/exporters/otlp/README.md
+++ b/exporters/otlp/README.md
@ -41,17 +41,13 @@ func main() {
 	}()

 	// Note: The exporter can also be used as a Batcher. E.g.
-	//   tracerProvider, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(
+	//   tracerProvider := sdktrace.NewProvider(
 	//   	sdktrace.WithBatcher(exporter,
 	//   		sdktrace.WithBatchTimeout(time.Second*15),
 	//   		sdktrace.WithMaxExportBatchSize(100),
 	//   	),
 	//   )
-	tracerProvider, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithBatcher(exporter))
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal("failed to create trace provider: %v", err)
-	}
-
+	tracerProvider := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithBatcher(exporter))
 	pusher := push.New(simple.NewWithExactDistribution(), exporter)
 	pusher.Start()
 	metricProvider := pusher.Provider()
--- a/exporters/otlp/example_test.go
+++ b/exporters/otlp/example_test.go
@ -33,19 +33,22 @@ func Example_insecure() {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to create the collector exporter: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := exp.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+			global.Handle(err)
+		}
 	}()

-	tp, _ := sdktrace.NewProvider(
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(
 		sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}),
-		sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp, // add following two options to ensure flush
+		sdktrace.WithBatcher(
+			exp,
+			// add following two options to ensure flush
 			sdktrace.WithBatchTimeout(5),
 			sdktrace.WithMaxExportBatchSize(10),
-		))
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("error creating trace provider: %v\n", err)
-	}
-
+		),
+	)
 	global.SetTracerProvider(tp)

 	tracer := global.Tracer("test-tracer")
@ -74,19 +77,22 @@ func Example_withTLS() {
 		log.Fatalf("failed to create the collector exporter: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := exp.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+			global.Handle(err)
+		}
 	}()

-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(
 		sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}),
-		sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp, // add following two options to ensure flush
+		sdktrace.WithBatcher(
+			exp,
+			// add following two options to ensure flush
 			sdktrace.WithBatchTimeout(5),
 			sdktrace.WithMaxExportBatchSize(10),
-		))
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("error creating trace provider: %v\n", err)
-	}
-
+		),
+	)
 	global.SetTracerProvider(tp)

 	tracer := global.Tracer("test-tracer")
--- a/exporters/otlp/otlp.go
+++ b/exporters/otlp/otlp.go
@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import (
 	colmetricpb "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/opentelemetry-proto-gen/collector/metrics/v1"
 	coltracepb "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/opentelemetry-proto-gen/collector/trace/v1"

-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/api/global"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/api/metric"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/transform"
 	metricsdk "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric"
@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ type Exporter struct {
 	metadata metadata.MD
 }

-var _ tracesdk.SpanBatcher = (*Exporter)(nil)
+var _ tracesdk.SpanExporter = (*Exporter)(nil)
 var _ metricsdk.Exporter = (*Exporter)(nil)

 func configureOptions(cfg *Config, opts ...ExporterOption) {
@ -195,10 +194,14 @@ func (e *Exporter) dialToCollector() (*grpc.ClientConn, error) {
 	return grpc.DialContext(ctx, addr, dialOpts...)
 }

-// Stop shuts down all the connections and resources
-// related to the exporter.
-// If the exporter is not started then this func does nothing.
-func (e *Exporter) Stop() error {
+// closeStopCh is used to wrap the exporters stopCh channel closing for testing.
+var closeStopCh = func(stopCh chan bool) {
+	close(stopCh)
+}
+
+// Shutdown closes all connections and releases resources currently being used
+// by the exporter. If the exporter is not started this does nothing.
+func (e *Exporter) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) error {
 	e.mu.RLock()
 	cc := e.grpcClientConn
 	started := e.started
@ -208,9 +211,9 @@ func (e *Exporter) Stop() error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	// Now close the underlying gRPC connection.
 	var err error
 	if cc != nil {
+		// Clean things up before checking this error.
 		err = cc.Close()
 	}

@ -218,10 +221,14 @@ func (e *Exporter) Stop() error {
 	e.mu.Lock()
 	e.started = false
 	e.mu.Unlock()
-	close(e.stopCh)
+	closeStopCh(e.stopCh)

 	// Ensure that the backgroundConnector returns
-	<-e.backgroundConnectionDoneCh
+	select {
+	case <-e.backgroundConnectionDoneCh:
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	}

 	return err
 }
@ -272,27 +279,22 @@ func (e *Exporter) ExportKindFor(*metric.Descriptor, aggregation.Kind) metricsdk
 	return metricsdk.PassThroughExporter
 }

-func (e *Exporter) ExportSpan(ctx context.Context, sd *tracesdk.SpanData) {
-	e.uploadTraces(ctx, []*tracesdk.SpanData{sd})
+func (e *Exporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, sds []*tracesdk.SpanData) error {
+	return e.uploadTraces(ctx, sds)
 }

-func (e *Exporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, sds []*tracesdk.SpanData) {
-	e.uploadTraces(ctx, sds)
-}
-
-func (e *Exporter) uploadTraces(ctx context.Context, sdl []*tracesdk.SpanData) {
+func (e *Exporter) uploadTraces(ctx context.Context, sdl []*tracesdk.SpanData) error {
 	select {
 	case <-e.stopCh:
-		return
-
+		return nil
 	default:
 		if !e.connected() {
-			return
+			return nil
 		}

 		protoSpans := transform.SpanData(sdl)
 		if len(protoSpans) == 0 {
-			return
+			return nil
 		}

 		e.senderMu.Lock()
@ -302,7 +304,8 @@ func (e *Exporter) uploadTraces(ctx context.Context, sdl []*tracesdk.SpanData) {
 		e.senderMu.Unlock()
 		if err != nil {
 			e.setStateDisconnected(err)
-			global.Handle(err)
+			return err
 		}
 	}
+	return nil
 }
--- a/exporters/otlp/otlp_integration_test.go
+++ b/exporters/otlp/otlp_integration_test.go
@ -79,29 +79,33 @@ func newExporterEndToEndTest(t *testing.T, additionalOpts []otlp.ExporterOption)
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create a new collector exporter: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := exp.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
 	}()

 	pOpts := []sdktrace.ProviderOption{
 		sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}),
-		sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp, // add following two options to ensure flush
-			sdktrace.WithBatchTimeout(15),
+		sdktrace.WithBatcher(
+			exp,
+			// add following two options to ensure flush
+			sdktrace.WithBatchTimeout(5),
 			sdktrace.WithMaxExportBatchSize(10),
 		),
 	}
-	tp1, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(append(pOpts,
+	tp1 := sdktrace.NewProvider(append(pOpts,
 		sdktrace.WithResource(resource.New(
 			label.String("rk1", "rv11)"),
 			label.Int64("rk2", 5),
 		)))...)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	tp2, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(append(pOpts,
+	tp2 := sdktrace.NewProvider(append(pOpts,
 		sdktrace.WithResource(resource.New(
 			label.String("rk1", "rv12)"),
 			label.Float32("rk3", 6.5),
 		)))...)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	tr1 := tp1.Tracer("test-tracer1")
 	tr2 := tp2.Tracer("test-tracer2")
@ -186,7 +190,9 @@ func newExporterEndToEndTest(t *testing.T, additionalOpts []otlp.ExporterOption)
 	<-time.After(40 * time.Millisecond)

 	// Now shutdown the exporter
-	if err := exp.Stop(); err != nil {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+	if err := exp.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to stop the exporter: %v", err)
 	}

@ -287,7 +293,9 @@ func TestNewExporter_invokeStartThenStopManyTimes(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("error creating exporter: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		if err := exp.Shutdown(context.Background()); err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
 	}()

 	// Invoke Start numerous times, should return errAlreadyStarted
@ -297,10 +305,12 @@ func TestNewExporter_invokeStartThenStopManyTimes(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}

-	_ = exp.Stop()
-	// Invoke Stop numerous times
+	if err := exp.Shutdown(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to Shutdown the exporter: %v", err)
+	}
+	// Invoke Shutdown numerous times
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		if err := exp.Stop(); err != nil {
+		if err := exp.Shutdown(context.Background()); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf(`#%d got error (%v) expected none`, i, err)
 		}
 	}
@ -317,7 +327,7 @@ func TestNewExporter_collectorConnectionDiesThenReconnects(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		_ = exp.Shutdown(context.Background())
 	}()

 	// We'll now stop the collector right away to simulate a connection
@ -329,7 +339,13 @@ func TestNewExporter_collectorConnectionDiesThenReconnects(t *testing.T) {
 	// reconnect.
 	for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {

-		exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*exporttrace.SpanData{{Name: "in the midst"}})
+		// No endpoint up.
+		require.Error(
+			t,
+			exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*exporttrace.SpanData{{Name: "in the midst"}}),
+			"transport: Error while dialing dial tcp %s: connect: connection refused",
+			mc.address,
+		)

 		// Now resurrect the collector by making a new one but reusing the
 		// old address, and the collector should reconnect automatically.
@ -340,7 +356,7 @@ func TestNewExporter_collectorConnectionDiesThenReconnects(t *testing.T) {

 		n := 10
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*exporttrace.SpanData{{Name: "Resurrected"}})
+			require.NoError(t, exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*exporttrace.SpanData{{Name: "Resurrected"}}))
 		}

 		nmaSpans := nmc.getSpans()
@ -381,7 +397,7 @@ func TestNewExporter_collectorOnBadConnection(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Despite an indefinite background reconnection, got error: %v", err)
 	}
-	_ = exp.Stop()
+	_ = exp.Shutdown(context.Background())
 }

 func TestNewExporter_withAddress(t *testing.T) {
@ -396,7 +412,7 @@ func TestNewExporter_withAddress(t *testing.T) {
 		otlp.WithAddress(mc.address))

 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		_ = exp.Shutdown(context.Background())
 	}()

 	if err := exp.Start(); err != nil {
@ -416,10 +432,10 @@ func TestNewExporter_withHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 		otlp.WithAddress(mc.address),
 		otlp.WithHeaders(map[string]string{"header1": "value1"}),
 	)
-	exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*exporttrace.SpanData{{Name: "in the midst"}})
+	require.NoError(t, exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*exporttrace.SpanData{{Name: "in the midst"}}))

 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		_ = exp.Shutdown(context.Background())
 	}()

 	headers := mc.getHeaders()
@ -443,16 +459,18 @@ func TestNewExporter_withMultipleAttributeTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	)

 	defer func() {
-		_ = exp.Stop()
+		_ = exp.Shutdown(context.Background())
 	}()

-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(
 		sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}),
-		sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp, // add following two options to ensure flush
-			sdktrace.WithBatchTimeout(15*time.Millisecond),
+		sdktrace.WithBatcher(
+			exp,
+			// add following two options to ensure flush
+			sdktrace.WithBatchTimeout(5),
 			sdktrace.WithMaxExportBatchSize(10),
-		))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+		),
+	)

 	tr := tp.Tracer("test-tracer")
 	testKvs := []label.KeyValue{
@ -480,7 +498,9 @@ func TestNewExporter_withMultipleAttributeTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	<-time.After(40 * time.Millisecond)

 	// Now shutdown the exporter
-	if err := exp.Stop(); err != nil {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+	if err := exp.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to stop the exporter: %v", err)
 	}

--- a/exporters/otlp/otlp_span_test.go
+++ b/exporters/otlp/otlp_span_test.go
@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ func TestExportSpans(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	} {
 		tsc.Reset()
-		exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), test.sd)
+		assert.NoError(t, exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), test.sd))
 		assert.ElementsMatch(t, test.want, tsc.ResourceSpans())
 	}
 }
--- a/exporters/otlp/otlp_test.go
+++ b/exporters/otlp/otlp_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package otlp
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	orig := closeStopCh
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
+	defer func() {
+		cancel()
+		closeStopCh = orig
+	}()
+	closeStopCh = func(stopCh chan bool) {
+		go func() {
+			<-ctx.Done()
+			close(stopCh)
+		}()
+	}
+
+	e := NewUnstartedExporter()
+	if err := e.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to start exporter: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	innerCtx, innerCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Microsecond)
+	if err := e.Shutdown(innerCtx); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected context DeadlineExceeded error, got nil")
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+		t.Errorf("expected context DeadlineExceeded error, got %v", err)
+	}
+	innerCancel()
+}
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsCancel(t *testing.T) {
+	orig := closeStopCh
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
+	defer func() {
+		cancel()
+		closeStopCh = orig
+	}()
+	closeStopCh = func(stopCh chan bool) {
+		go func() {
+			<-ctx.Done()
+			close(stopCh)
+		}()
+	}
+
+	e := NewUnstartedExporter()
+	if err := e.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to start exporter: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var innerCancel context.CancelFunc
+	ctx, innerCancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	innerCancel()
+	if err := e.Shutdown(ctx); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected context canceled error, got nil")
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		t.Errorf("expected context canceled error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExporterShutdownNoError(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	e := NewUnstartedExporter()
+	if err := e.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to start exporter: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := e.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("shutdown errored: expected nil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
--- a/exporters/stdout/exporter.go
+++ b/exporters/stdout/exporter.go
@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ type Exporter struct {

 var (
 	_ metric.Exporter    = &Exporter{}
-	_ trace.SpanSyncer  = &Exporter{}
-	_ trace.SpanBatcher = &Exporter{}
+	_ trace.SpanExporter = &Exporter{}
 )

 // NewExporter creates an Exporter with the passed options.
@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ func NewExporter(options ...Option) (*Exporter, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &Exporter{
-		traceExporter:  traceExporter{config},
+		traceExporter:  traceExporter{config: config},
 		metricExporter: metricExporter{config},
 	}, nil
 }
@ -57,11 +56,7 @@ func NewExportPipeline(exportOpts []Option, pushOpts []push.Option) (apitrace.Pr
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithSyncer(exporter))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithBatcher(exporter))
 	pusher := push.New(
 		basic.New(
 			simple.NewWithExactDistribution(),
--- a/exporters/stdout/trace.go
+++ b/exporters/stdout/trace.go
@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"sync"

 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace"
 )
@ -25,28 +26,43 @@ import (
 // Exporter is an implementation of trace.SpanSyncer that writes spans to stdout.
 type traceExporter struct {
 	config Config
-}

-// ExportSpan writes a SpanData in json format to stdout.
-func (e *traceExporter) ExportSpan(ctx context.Context, data *trace.SpanData) {
-	if e.config.DisableTraceExport {
-		return
-	}
-	e.ExportSpans(ctx, []*trace.SpanData{data})
+	stoppedMu sync.RWMutex
+	stopped   bool
 }

 // ExportSpans writes SpanData in json format to stdout.
-func (e *traceExporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, data []*trace.SpanData) {
+func (e *traceExporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, data []*trace.SpanData) error {
+	e.stoppedMu.RLock()
+	stopped := e.stopped
+	e.stoppedMu.RUnlock()
+	if stopped {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	if e.config.DisableTraceExport || len(data) == 0 {
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	out, err := e.marshal(data)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Fprintf(e.config.Writer, "error converting spanData to json: %v", err)
-		return
-
+		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintln(e.config.Writer, string(out))
+	_, err = fmt.Fprintln(e.config.Writer, string(out))
+	return err
+}
+
+// Shutdown is called to stop the exporter, it preforms no action.
+func (e *traceExporter) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) error {
+	e.stoppedMu.Lock()
+	e.stopped = true
+	e.stoppedMu.Unlock()
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 // marshal v with approriate indentation.
--- a/exporters/stdout/trace_test.go
+++ b/exporters/stdout/trace_test.go
@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@ -67,7 +68,9 @@ func TestExporter_ExportSpan(t *testing.T) {
 		StatusMessage: "interesting",
 		Resource:      resource,
 	}
-	ex.ExportSpan(context.Background(), testSpan)
+	if err := ex.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*export.SpanData{testSpan}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}

 	expectedSerializedNow, _ := json.Marshal(now)

@ -133,3 +136,51 @@ func TestExporter_ExportSpan(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Want: %v but got: %v", expectedOutput, got)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	e, err := stdout.NewExporter()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create exporter: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	innerCtx, innerCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Nanosecond)
+	defer innerCancel()
+	<-innerCtx.Done()
+	if err := e.Shutdown(innerCtx); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected context DeadlineExceeded error, got nil")
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+		t.Errorf("expected context DeadlineExceeded error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsCancel(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	e, err := stdout.NewExporter()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create exporter: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	innerCtx, innerCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	innerCancel()
+	if err := e.Shutdown(innerCtx); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected context canceled error, got nil")
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		t.Errorf("expected context canceled error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExporterShutdownNoError(t *testing.T) {
+	e, err := stdout.NewExporter()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create exporter: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := e.Shutdown(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("shutdown errored: expected nil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
--- a/exporters/trace/jaeger/jaeger.go
+++ b/exporters/trace/jaeger/jaeger.go
@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ package jaeger
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"

 	"google.golang.org/api/support/bundler"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
@ -163,15 +165,12 @@ func NewExportPipeline(endpointOption EndpointOption, opts ...Option) (apitrace.
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	syncer := sdktrace.WithSyncer(exporter)
-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(syncer)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	if exporter.o.Config != nil {
-		tp.ApplyConfig(*exporter.o.Config)
-	}

+	pOpts := []sdktrace.ProviderOption{sdktrace.WithSyncer(exporter)}
+	if exporter.o.Config != nil {
+		pOpts = append(pOpts, sdktrace.WithConfig(*exporter.o.Config))
+	}
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(pOpts...)
 	return tp, exporter.Flush, nil
 }

@ -203,14 +202,61 @@ type Exporter struct {
 	bundler  *bundler.Bundler
 	uploader batchUploader
 	o        options
+
+	stoppedMu sync.RWMutex
+	stopped   bool
 }

-var _ export.SpanSyncer = (*Exporter)(nil)
+var _ export.SpanExporter = (*Exporter)(nil)

-// ExportSpan exports a SpanData to Jaeger.
-func (e *Exporter) ExportSpan(ctx context.Context, d *export.SpanData) {
-	_ = e.bundler.Add(spanDataToThrift(d), 1)
+// ExportSpans exports SpanData to Jaeger.
+func (e *Exporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, spans []*export.SpanData) error {
+	e.stoppedMu.RLock()
+	stopped := e.stopped
+	e.stoppedMu.RUnlock()
+	if stopped {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for _, span := range spans {
 		// TODO(jbd): Handle oversized bundlers.
+		err := e.bundler.Add(spanDataToThrift(span), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to bundle %q: %w", span.Name, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// flush is used to wrap the bundler's Flush method for testing.
+var flush = func(e *Exporter) {
+	e.bundler.Flush()
+}
+
+// Shutdown stops the exporter flushing any pending exports.
+func (e *Exporter) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) error {
+	e.stoppedMu.Lock()
+	e.stopped = true
+	e.stoppedMu.Unlock()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	// Shadow so if the goroutine is leaked in testing it doesn't cause a race
+	// condition when the file level var is reset.
+	go func(FlushFunc func(*Exporter)) {
+		// The OpenTelemetry specification is explicit in not having this
+		// method block so the preference here is to orphan this goroutine if
+		// the context is canceled or times out while this flushing is
+		// occurring. This is a consequence of the bundler Flush method not
+		// supporting a context.
+		FlushFunc(e)
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}(flush)
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	case <-done:
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 func spanDataToThrift(data *export.SpanData) *gen.Span {
@ -388,7 +434,7 @@ func getBoolTag(k string, b bool) *gen.Tag {
 //
 // This is useful if your program is ending and you do not want to lose recent spans.
 func (e *Exporter) Flush() {
-	e.bundler.Flush()
+	flush(e)
 }

 func (e *Exporter) upload(spans []*gen.Span) error {
--- a/exporters/trace/jaeger/jaeger_test.go
+++ b/exporters/trace/jaeger/jaeger_test.go
@ -339,12 +339,10 @@ func TestExporter_ExportSpan(t *testing.T) {

 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(
 		sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}),
-		sdktrace.WithSyncer(exp))
-
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
+		sdktrace.WithSyncer(exp),
+	)
 	global.SetTracerProvider(tp)
 	_, span := global.Tracer("test-tracer").Start(context.Background(), "test-span")
 	span.End()
@ -481,3 +479,50 @@ func Test_spanDataToThrift(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsCancel(t *testing.T) {
+	orig := flush
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Second)
+	// Do this after the parent context is canceled to avoid a race.
+	defer func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		flush = orig
+	}()
+	defer cancel()
+	flush = func(e *Exporter) {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+	}
+
+	e, err := NewRawExporter(withTestCollectorEndpoint())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	innerCtx, innerCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	go innerCancel()
+	assert.Errorf(t, e.Shutdown(innerCtx), context.Canceled.Error())
+}
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	orig := flush
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Second)
+	// Do this after the parent context is canceled to avoid a race.
+	defer func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		flush = orig
+	}()
+	defer cancel()
+	flush = func(e *Exporter) {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+	}
+
+	e, err := NewRawExporter(withTestCollectorEndpoint())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	innerCtx, innerCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Microsecond*10)
+	assert.Errorf(t, e.Shutdown(innerCtx), context.DeadlineExceeded.Error())
+	innerCancel()
+}
+
+func TestErrorOnExportShutdownExporter(t *testing.T) {
+	e, err := NewRawExporter(withTestCollectorEndpoint())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, e.Shutdown(context.Background()))
+	assert.NoError(t, e.ExportSpans(context.Background(), nil))
+}
--- a/exporters/trace/zipkin/zipkin.go
+++ b/exporters/trace/zipkin/zipkin.go
@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"sync"

 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/api/global"
 	export "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace"
@ -39,10 +40,13 @@ type Exporter struct {
 	client      *http.Client
 	logger      *log.Logger
 	o           options
+
+	stoppedMu sync.RWMutex
+	stopped   bool
 }

 var (
-	_ export.SpanBatcher = &Exporter{}
+	_ export.SpanExporter = &Exporter{}
 )

 // Options contains configuration for the exporter.
@ -113,11 +117,7 @@ func NewExportPipeline(collectorURL, serviceName string, opts ...Option) (*sdktr
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	batcher := sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp)
-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(batcher)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithBatcher(exp))
 	if exp.o.config != nil {
 		tp.ApplyConfig(*exp.o.config)
 	}
@ -137,42 +137,63 @@ func InstallNewPipeline(collectorURL, serviceName string, opts ...Option) error
 	return nil
 }

-// ExportSpans is a part of an implementation of the SpanBatcher
-// interface.
-func (e *Exporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, batch []*export.SpanData) {
+// ExportSpans exports SpanData to a Zipkin receiver.
+func (e *Exporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, batch []*export.SpanData) error {
+	e.stoppedMu.RLock()
+	stopped := e.stopped
+	e.stoppedMu.RUnlock()
+	if stopped {
+		e.logf("exporter stopped, not exporting span batch")
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	if len(batch) == 0 {
 		e.logf("no spans to export")
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	models := toZipkinSpanModels(batch, e.serviceName)
 	body, err := json.Marshal(models)
 	if err != nil {
-		e.logf("failed to serialize zipkin models to JSON: %v", err)
-		return
+		return e.errf("failed to serialize zipkin models to JSON: %v", err)
 	}
 	e.logf("about to send a POST request to %s with body %s", e.url, body)
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, e.url, bytes.NewBuffer(body))
 	if err != nil {
-		e.logf("failed to create request to %s: %v", e.url, err)
-		return
+		return e.errf("failed to create request to %s: %v", e.url, err)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	resp, err := e.client.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
-		e.logf("request to %s failed: %v", e.url, err)
-		return
+		return e.errf("request to %s failed: %v", e.url, err)
 	}
 	e.logf("zipkin responded with status %d", resp.StatusCode)

 	_, err = ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
-		e.logf("failed to read response body: %v", err)
+		// Best effort to clean up here.
+		resp.Body.Close()
+		return e.errf("failed to read response body: %v", err)
 	}

 	err = resp.Body.Close()
 	if err != nil {
-		e.logf("failed to close response body: %v", err)
+		return e.errf("failed to close response body: %v", err)
 	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Shutdown stops the exporter flushing any pending exports.
+func (e *Exporter) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) error {
+	e.stoppedMu.Lock()
+	e.stopped = true
+	e.stoppedMu.Unlock()
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 func (e *Exporter) logf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
@ -180,3 +201,8 @@ func (e *Exporter) logf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
 		e.logger.Printf(format, args...)
 	}
 }
+
+func (e *Exporter) errf(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	e.logf(format, args...)
+	return fmt.Errorf(format, args...)
+}
--- a/exporters/trace/zipkin/zipkin_test.go
+++ b/exporters/trace/zipkin/zipkin_test.go
@ -339,16 +339,16 @@ func TestExportSpans(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	require.Len(t, ls.Messages, 0)
-	exporter.ExportSpans(ctx, spans[0:1])
+	require.NoError(t, exporter.ExportSpans(ctx, spans[0:1]))
 	require.Len(t, ls.Messages, 2)
 	require.Contains(t, ls.Messages[0], "send a POST request")
 	require.Contains(t, ls.Messages[1], "zipkin responded")
 	ls.Messages = nil
-	exporter.ExportSpans(ctx, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, exporter.ExportSpans(ctx, nil))
 	require.Len(t, ls.Messages, 1)
 	require.Contains(t, ls.Messages[0], "no spans to export")
 	ls.Messages = nil
-	exporter.ExportSpans(ctx, spans[1:2])
+	require.NoError(t, exporter.ExportSpans(ctx, spans[1:2]))
 	require.Contains(t, ls.Messages[0], "send a POST request")
 	require.Contains(t, ls.Messages[1], "zipkin responded")
 	checkFunc := func() bool {
@ -357,3 +357,35 @@ func TestExportSpans(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Eventually(t, checkFunc, time.Second, 10*time.Millisecond)
 	require.Equal(t, models, collector.StealModels())
 }
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	exp, err := NewRawExporter(collectorURL, serviceName)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	innerCtx, innerCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Nanosecond)
+	defer innerCancel()
+	<-innerCtx.Done()
+	assert.Errorf(t, exp.Shutdown(innerCtx), context.DeadlineExceeded.Error())
+}
+
+func TestExporterShutdownHonorsCancel(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	exp, err := NewRawExporter(collectorURL, serviceName)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	innerCtx, innerCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	innerCancel()
+	assert.Errorf(t, exp.Shutdown(innerCtx), context.Canceled.Error())
+}
+
+func TestErrorOnExportShutdownExporter(t *testing.T) {
+	exp, err := NewRawExporter(collectorURL, serviceName)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, exp.Shutdown(context.Background()))
+	assert.NoError(t, exp.ExportSpans(context.Background(), nil))
+}
--- a/sdk/export/trace/trace.go
+++ b/sdk/export/trace/trace.go
@ -26,28 +26,29 @@ import (
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
 )

-// SpanSyncer is a type for functions that receive a single sampled trace span.
+// SpanExporter handles the delivery of SpanData to external receivers. This is
+// the final component in the trace export pipeline.
+type SpanExporter interface {
+	// ExportSpans exports a batch of SpanData.
 	//
-// The ExportSpan method is called synchronously. Therefore, it should not take
-// forever to process the span.
+	// This function is called synchronously, so there is no concurrency
+	// safety requirement. However, due to the synchronous calling pattern,
+	// it is critical that all timeouts and cancellations contained in the
+	// passed context must be honored.
 	//
-// The SpanData should not be modified.
-type SpanSyncer interface {
-	ExportSpan(context.Context, *SpanData)
+	// Any retry logic must be contained in this function. The SDK that
+	// calls this function will not implement any retry logic. All errors
+	// returned by this function are considered unrecoverable and will be
+	// reported to a configured error Handler.
+	ExportSpans(context.Context, []*SpanData) error
+	// Shutdown notifies the exporter of a pending halt to operations. The
+	// exporter is expected to preform any cleanup or synchronization it
+	// requires while honoring all timeouts and cancellations contained in
+	// the passed context.
+	Shutdown(context.Context) error
 }

-// SpanBatcher is a type for functions that receive batched of sampled trace
-// spans.
-//
-// The ExportSpans method is called asynchronously. However its should not take
-// forever to process the spans.
-//
-// The SpanData should not be modified.
-type SpanBatcher interface {
-	ExportSpans(context.Context, []*SpanData)
-}
-
-// SpanData contains all the information collected by a span.
+// SpanData contains all the information collected by a completed span.
 type SpanData struct {
 	SpanContext  apitrace.SpanContext
 	ParentSpanID apitrace.SpanID
@ -74,17 +75,16 @@ type SpanData struct {
 	Resource *resource.Resource

 	// InstrumentationLibrary defines the instrumentation library used to
-	// providing instrumentation.
+	// provide instrumentation.
 	InstrumentationLibrary instrumentation.Library
 }

-// Event is used to describe an Event with a message string and set of
-// Attributes.
+// Event is thing that happened during a Span's lifetime.
 type Event struct {
 	// Name is the name of this event
 	Name string

-	// Attributes contains a list of key-value pairs.
+	// Attributes describe the aspects of the event.
 	Attributes []label.KeyValue

 	// Time is the time at which this event was recorded.
--- a/sdk/export/trace/tracetest/test.go
+++ b/sdk/export/trace/tracetest/test.go
@ -23,51 +23,48 @@ import (
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace"
 )

-var _ trace.SpanBatcher = (*NoopExporter)(nil)
-var _ trace.SpanSyncer = (*NoopExporter)(nil)
+var _ trace.SpanExporter = (*NoopExporter)(nil)

 // NewNoopExporter returns a new no-op exporter.
-// It implements both trace.SpanBatcher and trace.SpanSyncer.
 func NewNoopExporter() *NoopExporter {
 	return new(NoopExporter)
 }

-// NoopExporter is an exporter that does nothing.
+// NoopExporter is an exporter that drops all received SpanData and performs
+// no action.
 type NoopExporter struct{}

-// ExportSpans implements the trace.SpanBatcher interface.
-func (nsb *NoopExporter) ExportSpans(context.Context, []*trace.SpanData) {}
+// ExportSpans handles export of SpanData by dropping it.
+func (nsb *NoopExporter) ExportSpans(context.Context, []*trace.SpanData) error { return nil }

-// ExportSpan implements the trace.SpanSyncer interface.
-func (nsb *NoopExporter) ExportSpan(context.Context, *trace.SpanData) {}
+// Shutdown stops the exporter by doing nothing.
+func (nsb *NoopExporter) Shutdown(context.Context) error { return nil }

-var _ trace.SpanBatcher = (*InMemoryExporter)(nil)
-var _ trace.SpanSyncer = (*InMemoryExporter)(nil)
+var _ trace.SpanExporter = (*InMemoryExporter)(nil)

-// NewInMemoryExporter returns a new trace.SpanBatcher that stores in-memory all exported spans.
-// It implements both trace.SpanBatcher and trace.SpanSyncer.
+// NewInMemoryExporter returns a new InMemoryExporter.
 func NewInMemoryExporter() *InMemoryExporter {
 	return new(InMemoryExporter)
 }

-// InMemoryExporter is an exporter that stores in-memory all exported spans.
+// InMemoryExporter is an exporter that stores all received spans in-memory.
 type InMemoryExporter struct {
 	mu  sync.Mutex
 	sds []*trace.SpanData
 }

-// ExportSpans implements the trace.SpanBatcher interface.
-func (imsb *InMemoryExporter) ExportSpans(_ context.Context, sds []*trace.SpanData) {
+// ExportSpans handles export of SpanData by storing it in memory.
+func (imsb *InMemoryExporter) ExportSpans(_ context.Context, sds []*trace.SpanData) error {
 	imsb.mu.Lock()
 	defer imsb.mu.Unlock()
 	imsb.sds = append(imsb.sds, sds...)
+	return nil
 }

-// ExportSpan implements the trace.SpanSyncer interface.
-func (imsb *InMemoryExporter) ExportSpan(_ context.Context, sd *trace.SpanData) {
-	imsb.mu.Lock()
-	defer imsb.mu.Unlock()
-	imsb.sds = append(imsb.sds, sd)
+// Shutdown stops the exporter by clearing SpanData held in memory.
+func (imsb *InMemoryExporter) Shutdown(context.Context) error {
+	imsb.Reset()
+	return nil
 }

 // Reset the current in-memory storage.
--- a/sdk/export/trace/tracetest/test_test.go
+++ b/sdk/export/trace/tracetest/test_test.go
@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"

 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace"
 )
@ -27,23 +28,22 @@ import (
 func TestNoop(t *testing.T) {
 	nsb := NewNoopExporter()

-	nsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), nil)
-	nsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), make([]*trace.SpanData, 10))
-	nsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), make([]*trace.SpanData, 0, 10))
-	nsb.ExportSpan(context.Background(), nil)
+	require.NoError(t, nsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), nil))
+	require.NoError(t, nsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), make([]*trace.SpanData, 10)))
+	require.NoError(t, nsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), make([]*trace.SpanData, 0, 10)))
 }

 func TestNewInMemoryExporter(t *testing.T) {
 	imsb := NewInMemoryExporter()

-	imsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), nil)
+	require.NoError(t, imsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), nil))
 	assert.Len(t, imsb.GetSpans(), 0)

 	input := make([]*trace.SpanData, 10)
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		input[i] = new(trace.SpanData)
 	}
-	imsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), input)
+	require.NoError(t, imsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), input))
 	sds := imsb.GetSpans()
 	assert.Len(t, sds, 10)
 	for i, sd := range sds {
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func TestNewInMemoryExporter(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Len(t, sds, 10)
 	assert.Len(t, imsb.GetSpans(), 0)

-	imsb.ExportSpan(context.Background(), input[0])
+	require.NoError(t, imsb.ExportSpans(context.Background(), input[0:1]))
 	sds = imsb.GetSpans()
 	assert.Len(t, sds, 1)
 	assert.Same(t, input[0], sds[0])
--- a/sdk/trace/batch_span_processor.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/batch_span_processor.go
@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ package trace

 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/api/global"
 	export "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace"
 )

@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ const (
 	DefaultMaxExportBatchSize = 512
 )

-var (
-	errNilExporter = errors.New("exporter is nil")
-)
-
 type BatchSpanProcessorOption func(o *BatchSpanProcessorOptions)

 type BatchSpanProcessorOptions struct {
@ -61,11 +57,10 @@ type BatchSpanProcessorOptions struct {
 	BlockOnQueueFull bool
 }

-// BatchSpanProcessor implements SpanProcessor interfaces. It is used by
-// exporters to receive export.SpanData asynchronously.
-// Use BatchSpanProcessorOptions to change the behavior of the processor.
+// BatchSpanProcessor is a SpanProcessor that batches asynchronously received
+// SpanData and sends it to a trace.Exporter when complete.
 type BatchSpanProcessor struct {
-	e export.SpanBatcher
+	e export.SpanExporter
 	o BatchSpanProcessorOptions

 	queue   chan *export.SpanData
@ -80,25 +75,24 @@ type BatchSpanProcessor struct {

 var _ SpanProcessor = (*BatchSpanProcessor)(nil)

-// NewBatchSpanProcessor creates a new instance of BatchSpanProcessor
-// for a given export. It returns an error if exporter is nil.
-// The newly created BatchSpanProcessor should then be registered with sdk
-// using RegisterSpanProcessor.
-func NewBatchSpanProcessor(e export.SpanBatcher, opts ...BatchSpanProcessorOption) (*BatchSpanProcessor, error) {
-	if e == nil {
-		return nil, errNilExporter
-	}
-
+// NewBatchSpanProcessor creates a new BatchSpanProcessor that will send
+// SpanData batches to the exporters with the supplied options.
+//
+// The returned BatchSpanProcessor needs to be registered with the SDK using
+// the RegisterSpanProcessor method for it to process spans.
+//
+// If the exporter is nil, the span processor will preform no action.
+func NewBatchSpanProcessor(exporter export.SpanExporter, options ...BatchSpanProcessorOption) *BatchSpanProcessor {
 	o := BatchSpanProcessorOptions{
 		BatchTimeout:       DefaultBatchTimeout,
 		MaxQueueSize:       DefaultMaxQueueSize,
 		MaxExportBatchSize: DefaultMaxExportBatchSize,
 	}
-	for _, opt := range opts {
+	for _, opt := range options {
 		opt(&o)
 	}
 	bsp := &BatchSpanProcessor{
-		e:      e,
+		e:      exporter,
 		o:      o,
 		batch:  make([]*export.SpanData, 0, o.MaxExportBatchSize),
 		timer:  time.NewTimer(o.BatchTimeout),
@ -113,15 +107,18 @@ func NewBatchSpanProcessor(e export.SpanBatcher, opts ...BatchSpanProcessorOptio
 		bsp.drainQueue()
 	}()

-	return bsp, nil
+	return bsp
 }

 // OnStart method does nothing.
-func (bsp *BatchSpanProcessor) OnStart(sd *export.SpanData) {
-}
+func (bsp *BatchSpanProcessor) OnStart(sd *export.SpanData) {}

 // OnEnd method enqueues export.SpanData for later processing.
 func (bsp *BatchSpanProcessor) OnEnd(sd *export.SpanData) {
+	// Do not enqueue spans if we are just going to drop them.
+	if bsp.e == nil {
+		return
+	}
 	bsp.enqueue(sd)
 }

@ -163,7 +160,9 @@ func (bsp *BatchSpanProcessor) exportSpans() {
 	bsp.timer.Reset(bsp.o.BatchTimeout)

 	if len(bsp.batch) > 0 {
-		bsp.e.ExportSpans(context.Background(), bsp.batch)
+		if err := bsp.e.ExportSpans(context.Background(), bsp.batch); err != nil {
+			global.Handle(err)
+		}
 		bsp.batch = bsp.batch[:0]
 	}
 }
--- a/sdk/trace/batch_span_processor_test.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/batch_span_processor_test.go
@ -33,15 +33,18 @@ type testBatchExporter struct {
 	batchCount int
 }

-func (t *testBatchExporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, sds []*export.SpanData) {
+func (t *testBatchExporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, sds []*export.SpanData) error {
 	t.mu.Lock()
 	defer t.mu.Unlock()

 	t.spans = append(t.spans, sds...)
 	t.sizes = append(t.sizes, len(sds))
 	t.batchCount++
+	return nil
 }

+func (t *testBatchExporter) Shutdown(context.Context) error { return nil }
+
 func (t *testBatchExporter) len() int {
 	t.mu.Lock()
 	defer t.mu.Unlock()
@ -54,13 +57,14 @@ func (t *testBatchExporter) getBatchCount() int {
 	return t.batchCount
 }

-var _ export.SpanBatcher = (*testBatchExporter)(nil)
+var _ export.SpanExporter = (*testBatchExporter)(nil)

 func TestNewBatchSpanProcessorWithNilExporter(t *testing.T) {
-	_, err := sdktrace.NewBatchSpanProcessor(nil)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Errorf("Expected error while creating processor with nil exporter")
-	}
+	bsp := sdktrace.NewBatchSpanProcessor(nil)
+	// These should not panic.
+	bsp.OnStart(&export.SpanData{})
+	bsp.OnEnd(&export.SpanData{})
+	bsp.Shutdown()
 }

 type testOption struct {
@ -149,7 +153,7 @@ func TestNewBatchSpanProcessorWithOptions(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(option.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			te := testBatchExporter{}
 			tp := basicProvider(t)
-			ssp := createAndRegisterBatchSP(t, option, &te)
+			ssp := createAndRegisterBatchSP(option, &te)
 			if ssp == nil {
 				t.Fatalf("%s: Error creating new instance of BatchSpanProcessor\n", option.name)
 			}
@ -176,14 +180,10 @@ func TestNewBatchSpanProcessorWithOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func createAndRegisterBatchSP(t *testing.T, option testOption, te *testBatchExporter) *sdktrace.BatchSpanProcessor {
+func createAndRegisterBatchSP(option testOption, te *testBatchExporter) *sdktrace.BatchSpanProcessor {
 	// Always use blocking queue to avoid flaky tests.
 	options := append(option.o, sdktrace.WithBlocking())
-	ssp, err := sdktrace.NewBatchSpanProcessor(te, options...)
-	if ssp == nil {
-		t.Errorf("%s: Error creating new instance of BatchSpanProcessor, error: %v\n", option.name, err)
-	}
-	return ssp
+	return sdktrace.NewBatchSpanProcessor(te, options...)
 }

 func generateSpan(t *testing.T, parallel bool, tr apitrace.Tracer, option testOption) {
@ -219,14 +219,7 @@ func getSpanContext() apitrace.SpanContext {
 }

 func TestBatchSpanProcessorShutdown(t *testing.T) {
-	bsp, err := sdktrace.NewBatchSpanProcessor(&testBatchExporter{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Unexpected error while creating processor\n")
-	}
-
-	if bsp == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Error creating new instance of BatchSpanProcessor\n")
-	}
+	bsp := sdktrace.NewBatchSpanProcessor(&testBatchExporter{})

 	bsp.Shutdown()

--- a/sdk/trace/benchmark_test.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/benchmark_test.go
@ -166,9 +166,6 @@ func traceBenchmark(b *testing.B, name string, fn func(*testing.B, apitrace.Trac
 }

 func tracer(b *testing.B, name string, sampler sdktrace.Sampler) apitrace.Tracer {
-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sampler}))
-	if err != nil {
-		b.Fatalf("Failed to create trace provider for test %s\n", name)
-	}
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithConfig(sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sampler}))
 	return tp.Tracer(name)
 }
--- a/sdk/trace/provider.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/provider.go
@ -29,16 +29,12 @@ const (
 	defaultTracerName = "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/tracer"
 )

-// batcher contains export.SpanBatcher and its options.
-type batcher struct {
-	b    export.SpanBatcher
-	opts []BatchSpanProcessorOption
-}
+// TODO (MrAlias): unify this API option design:
+// https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/issues/536

 // ProviderOptions
 type ProviderOptions struct {
-	syncers  []export.SpanSyncer
-	batchers []batcher
+	processors []SpanProcessor
 	config     Config
 }

@ -56,7 +52,7 @@ var _ apitrace.Provider = &Provider{}
 // NewProvider creates an instance of trace provider. Optional
 // parameter configures the provider with common options applicable
 // to all tracer instances that will be created by this provider.
-func NewProvider(opts ...ProviderOption) (*Provider, error) {
+func NewProvider(opts ...ProviderOption) *Provider {
 	o := &ProviderOptions{}

 	for _, opt := range opts {
@ -74,22 +70,13 @@ func NewProvider(opts ...ProviderOption) (*Provider, error) {
 		MaxLinksPerSpan:      DefaultMaxLinksPerSpan,
 	})

-	for _, syncer := range o.syncers {
-		ssp := NewSimpleSpanProcessor(syncer)
-		tp.RegisterSpanProcessor(ssp)
-	}
-
-	for _, batcher := range o.batchers {
-		bsp, err := NewBatchSpanProcessor(batcher.b, batcher.opts...)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		tp.RegisterSpanProcessor(bsp)
+	for _, sp := range o.processors {
+		tp.RegisterSpanProcessor(sp)
 	}

 	tp.ApplyConfig(o.config)

-	return tp, nil
+	return tp
 }

 // Tracer with the given name. If a tracer for the given name does not exist,
@ -176,23 +163,22 @@ func (p *Provider) ApplyConfig(cfg Config) {
 	p.config.Store(&c)
 }

-// WithSyncer options appends the syncer to the existing list of Syncers.
-// This option can be used multiple times.
-// The Syncers are wrapped into SimpleSpanProcessors and registered
-// with the provider.
-func WithSyncer(syncer export.SpanSyncer) ProviderOption {
-	return func(opts *ProviderOptions) {
-		opts.syncers = append(opts.syncers, syncer)
-	}
+// WithSyncer registers the exporter with the Provider using a
+// SimpleSpanProcessor.
+func WithSyncer(e export.SpanExporter) ProviderOption {
+	return WithSpanProcessor(NewSimpleSpanProcessor(e))
 }

-// WithBatcher options appends the batcher to the existing list of Batchers.
-// This option can be used multiple times.
-// The Batchers are wrapped into BatchedSpanProcessors and registered
-// with the provider.
-func WithBatcher(b export.SpanBatcher, bopts ...BatchSpanProcessorOption) ProviderOption {
+// WithBatcher registers the exporter with the Provider using a
+// BatchSpanProcessor configured with the passed opts.
+func WithBatcher(e export.SpanExporter, opts ...BatchSpanProcessorOption) ProviderOption {
+	return WithSpanProcessor(NewBatchSpanProcessor(e, opts...))
+}
+
+// WithSpanProcessor registers the SpanProcessor with a Provider.
+func WithSpanProcessor(sp SpanProcessor) ProviderOption {
 	return func(opts *ProviderOptions) {
-		opts.batchers = append(opts.batchers, batcher{b, bopts})
+		opts.processors = append(opts.processors, sp)
 	}
 }

--- a/sdk/trace/simple_span_processor.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/simple_span_processor.go
@ -17,22 +17,23 @@ package trace
 import (
 	"context"

+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/api/global"
 	export "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace"
 )

-// SimpleSpanProcessor implements SpanProcessor interfaces. It is used by
-// exporters to receive SpanData synchronously when span is finished.
+// SimpleSpanProcessor is a SpanProcessor that synchronously sends all
+// SpanData to a trace.Exporter when the span finishes.
 type SimpleSpanProcessor struct {
-	e export.SpanSyncer
+	e export.SpanExporter
 }

 var _ SpanProcessor = (*SimpleSpanProcessor)(nil)

-// NewSimpleSpanProcessor creates a new instance of SimpleSpanProcessor
-// for a given export.
-func NewSimpleSpanProcessor(e export.SpanSyncer) *SimpleSpanProcessor {
+// NewSimpleSpanProcessor returns a new SimpleSpanProcessor that will
+// synchronously send SpanData to the exporter.
+func NewSimpleSpanProcessor(exporter export.SpanExporter) *SimpleSpanProcessor {
 	ssp := &SimpleSpanProcessor{
-		e: e,
+		e: exporter,
 	}
 	return ssp
 }
@ -44,7 +45,9 @@ func (ssp *SimpleSpanProcessor) OnStart(sd *export.SpanData) {
 // OnEnd method exports SpanData using associated export.
 func (ssp *SimpleSpanProcessor) OnEnd(sd *export.SpanData) {
 	if ssp.e != nil && sd.SpanContext.IsSampled() {
-		ssp.e.ExportSpan(context.Background(), sd)
+		if err := ssp.e.ExportSpans(context.Background(), []*export.SpanData{sd}); err != nil {
+			global.Handle(err)
+		}
 	}
 }

--- a/sdk/trace/simple_span_processor_test.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/simple_span_processor_test.go
@ -27,11 +27,14 @@ type testExporter struct {
 	spans []*export.SpanData
 }

-func (t *testExporter) ExportSpan(ctx context.Context, s *export.SpanData) {
-	t.spans = append(t.spans, s)
+func (t *testExporter) ExportSpans(ctx context.Context, spans []*export.SpanData) error {
+	t.spans = append(t.spans, spans...)
+	return nil
 }

-var _ export.SpanSyncer = (*testExporter)(nil)
+func (t *testExporter) Shutdown(context.Context) error { return nil }
+
+var _ export.SpanExporter = (*testExporter)(nil)

 func TestNewSimpleSpanProcessor(t *testing.T) {
 	ssp := sdktrace.NewSimpleSpanProcessor(&testExporter{})
--- a/sdk/trace/trace_test.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/trace_test.go
@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@ -59,10 +60,7 @@ func init() {
 }

 func TestTracerFollowsExpectedAPIBehaviour(t *testing.T) {
-	tp, err := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: TraceIDRatioBased(0)}))
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to create provider, err: %v\n", err)
-	}
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: TraceIDRatioBased(0)}))
 	harness := apitest.NewHarness(t)
 	subjectFactory := func() trace.Tracer {
 		return tp.Tracer("")
@ -72,11 +70,63 @@ func TestTracerFollowsExpectedAPIBehaviour(t *testing.T) {
 }

 type testExporter struct {
+	mu    sync.RWMutex
+	idx   map[string]int
 	spans []*export.SpanData
 }

-func (t *testExporter) ExportSpan(ctx context.Context, d *export.SpanData) {
-	t.spans = append(t.spans, d)
+func NewTestExporter() *testExporter {
+	return &testExporter{idx: make(map[string]int)}
+}
+
+func (te *testExporter) ExportSpans(_ context.Context, spans []*export.SpanData) error {
+	te.mu.Lock()
+	defer te.mu.Unlock()
+
+	i := len(te.spans)
+	for _, s := range spans {
+		te.idx[s.Name] = i
+		te.spans = append(te.spans, s)
+		i++
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (te *testExporter) Spans() []*export.SpanData {
+	te.mu.RLock()
+	defer te.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	cp := make([]*export.SpanData, len(te.spans))
+	copy(cp, te.spans)
+	return cp
+}
+
+func (te *testExporter) GetSpan(name string) (*export.SpanData, bool) {
+	te.mu.RLock()
+	defer te.mu.RUnlock()
+	i, ok := te.idx[name]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return te.spans[i], true
+}
+
+func (te *testExporter) Len() int {
+	te.mu.RLock()
+	defer te.mu.RUnlock()
+	return len(te.spans)
+}
+
+func (te *testExporter) Shutdown(context.Context) error {
+	te.Reset()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (te *testExporter) Reset() {
+	te.mu.Lock()
+	defer te.mu.Unlock()
+	te.idx = make(map[string]int)
+	te.spans = te.spans[:0]
 }

 type testSampler struct {
@ -101,7 +151,7 @@ func (ts testSampler) Description() string {

 func TestSetName(t *testing.T) {
 	fooSampler := &testSampler{prefix: "foo", t: t}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: fooSampler}))
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: fooSampler}))

 	type testCase struct {
 		name          string
@ -156,7 +206,7 @@ func TestSetName(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestRecordingIsOn(t *testing.T) {
-	tp, _ := NewProvider()
+	tp := NewProvider()
 	_, span := tp.Tracer("Recording on").Start(context.Background(), "StartSpan")
 	defer span.End()
 	if span.IsRecording() == false {
@ -209,10 +259,7 @@ func TestSampling(t *testing.T) {
 		tc := tc
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
-			p, err := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: tc.sampler}))
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal("unexpected error:", err)
-			}
+			p := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: tc.sampler}))
 			tr := p.Tracer("test")
 			var sampled int
 			for i := 0; i < total; i++ {
@ -250,7 +297,7 @@ func TestSampling(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestStartSpanWithParent(t *testing.T) {
-	tp, _ := NewProvider()
+	tp := NewProvider()
 	tr := tp.Tracer("SpanWithParent")
 	ctx := context.Background()

@ -293,8 +340,8 @@ func TestStartSpanWithParent(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestSetSpanAttributesOnStart(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
 	span := startSpan(tp,
 		"StartSpanAttribute",
 		apitrace.WithAttributes(label.String("key1", "value1")),
@ -326,8 +373,8 @@ func TestSetSpanAttributesOnStart(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestSetSpanAttributes(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
 	span := startSpan(tp, "SpanAttribute")
 	span.SetAttributes(label.String("key1", "value1"))
 	got, err := endSpan(te, span)
@ -355,9 +402,9 @@ func TestSetSpanAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestSetSpanAttributesOverLimit(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
+	te := NewTestExporter()
 	cfg := Config{MaxAttributesPerSpan: 2}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithConfig(cfg), WithSyncer(te))
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(cfg), WithSyncer(te))

 	span := startSpan(tp, "SpanAttributesOverLimit")
 	span.SetAttributes(
@ -393,8 +440,8 @@ func TestSetSpanAttributesOverLimit(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestEvents(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))

 	span := startSpan(tp, "Events")
 	k1v1 := label.String("key1", "value1")
@ -438,9 +485,9 @@ func TestEvents(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestEventsOverLimit(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
+	te := NewTestExporter()
 	cfg := Config{MaxEventsPerSpan: 2}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithConfig(cfg), WithSyncer(te))
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(cfg), WithSyncer(te))

 	span := startSpan(tp, "EventsOverLimit")
 	k1v1 := label.String("key1", "value1")
@ -490,8 +537,8 @@ func TestEventsOverLimit(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestLinks(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))

 	k1v1 := label.String("key1", "value1")
 	k2v2 := label.String("key2", "value2")
@ -529,14 +576,14 @@ func TestLinks(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestLinksOverLimit(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
+	te := NewTestExporter()
 	cfg := Config{MaxLinksPerSpan: 2}

 	sc1 := apitrace.SpanContext{TraceID: apitrace.ID([16]byte{1, 1}), SpanID: apitrace.SpanID{3}}
 	sc2 := apitrace.SpanContext{TraceID: apitrace.ID([16]byte{1, 1}), SpanID: apitrace.SpanID{3}}
 	sc3 := apitrace.SpanContext{TraceID: apitrace.ID([16]byte{1, 1}), SpanID: apitrace.SpanID{3}}

-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithConfig(cfg), WithSyncer(te))
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(cfg), WithSyncer(te))

 	span := startSpan(tp, "LinksOverLimit",
 		apitrace.WithLinks(
@ -576,8 +623,8 @@ func TestLinksOverLimit(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestSetSpanName(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
 	ctx := context.Background()

 	want := "SpanName-1"
@ -598,8 +645,8 @@ func TestSetSpanName(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestSetSpanStatus(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))

 	span := startSpan(tp, "SpanStatus")
 	span.SetStatus(otelcodes.Canceled, "canceled")
@ -702,10 +749,10 @@ func endSpan(te *testExporter, span apitrace.Span) (*export.SpanData, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("IsSampled: got false, want true")
 	}
 	span.End()
-	if len(te.spans) != 1 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("got exported spans %#v, want one span", te.spans)
+	if te.Len() != 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("got %d exported spans, want one span", te.Len())
 	}
-	got := te.spans[0]
+	got := te.Spans()[0]
 	if !got.SpanContext.SpanID.IsValid() {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("exporting span: expected nonzero SpanID")
 	}
@ -728,27 +775,21 @@ func checkTime(x *time.Time) bool {
 	return true
 }

-type fakeExporter map[string]*export.SpanData
-
-func (f fakeExporter) ExportSpan(ctx context.Context, s *export.SpanData) {
-	f[s.Name] = s
-}
-
 func TestEndSpanTwice(t *testing.T) {
-	spans := make(fakeExporter)
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(spans))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))

 	span := startSpan(tp, "EndSpanTwice")
 	span.End()
 	span.End()
-	if len(spans) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected only a single span, got %#v", spans)
+	if te.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected only a single span, got %#v", te.Spans())
 	}
 }

 func TestStartSpanAfterEnd(t *testing.T) {
-	spans := make(fakeExporter)
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}), WithSyncer(spans))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}), WithSyncer(te))
 	ctx := context.Background()

 	tr := tp.Tracer("SpanAfterEnd")
@ -760,19 +801,19 @@ func TestStartSpanAfterEnd(t *testing.T) {
 	_, span2 := tr.Start(ctx1, "span-2")
 	span2.End()
 	span0.End()
-	if got, want := len(spans), 3; got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("len(%#v) = %d; want %d", spans, got, want)
+	if got, want := te.Len(), 3; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("len(%#v) = %d; want %d", te.Spans(), got, want)
 	}

-	gotParent, ok := spans["parent"]
+	gotParent, ok := te.GetSpan("parent")
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatal("parent not recorded")
 	}
-	gotSpan1, ok := spans["span-1"]
+	gotSpan1, ok := te.GetSpan("span-1")
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatal("span-1 not recorded")
 	}
-	gotSpan2, ok := spans["span-2"]
+	gotSpan2, ok := te.GetSpan("span-2")
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatal("span-2 not recorded")
 	}
@ -792,8 +833,8 @@ func TestStartSpanAfterEnd(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestChildSpanCount(t *testing.T) {
-	spans := make(fakeExporter)
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}), WithSyncer(spans))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}), WithSyncer(te))

 	tr := tp.Tracer("ChidSpanCount")
 	ctx, span0 := tr.Start(context.Background(), "parent")
@ -805,38 +846,38 @@ func TestChildSpanCount(t *testing.T) {
 	_, span3 := tr.Start(ctx, "span-3")
 	span3.End()
 	span0.End()
-	if got, want := len(spans), 4; got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("len(%#v) = %d; want %d", spans, got, want)
+	if got, want := te.Len(), 4; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("len(%#v) = %d; want %d", te.Spans(), got, want)
 	}

-	gotParent, ok := spans["parent"]
+	gotParent, ok := te.GetSpan("parent")
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatal("parent not recorded")
 	}
-	gotSpan1, ok := spans["span-1"]
+	gotSpan1, ok := te.GetSpan("span-1")
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatal("span-1 not recorded")
 	}
-	gotSpan2, ok := spans["span-2"]
+	gotSpan2, ok := te.GetSpan("span-2")
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatal("span-2 not recorded")
 	}
-	gotSpan3, ok := spans["span-3"]
+	gotSpan3, ok := te.GetSpan("span-3")
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatal("span-3 not recorded")
 	}

 	if got, want := gotSpan3.ChildSpanCount, 0; got != want {
-		t.Errorf("span-3.ChildSpanCount=%q; want %q", got, want)
+		t.Errorf("span-3.ChildSpanCount=%d; want %d", got, want)
 	}
 	if got, want := gotSpan2.ChildSpanCount, 0; got != want {
-		t.Errorf("span-2.ChildSpanCount=%q; want %q", got, want)
+		t.Errorf("span-2.ChildSpanCount=%d; want %d", got, want)
 	}
 	if got, want := gotSpan1.ChildSpanCount, 1; got != want {
-		t.Errorf("span-1.ChildSpanCount=%q; want %q", got, want)
+		t.Errorf("span-1.ChildSpanCount=%d; want %d", got, want)
 	}
 	if got, want := gotParent.ChildSpanCount, 2; got != want {
-		t.Errorf("parent.ChildSpanCount=%q; want %q", got, want)
+		t.Errorf("parent.ChildSpanCount=%d; want %d", got, want)
 	}
 }

@ -847,7 +888,7 @@ func TestNilSpanEnd(t *testing.T) {

 func TestExecutionTracerTaskEnd(t *testing.T) {
 	var n uint64
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: NeverSample()}))
+	tp := NewProvider(WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: NeverSample()}))
 	tr := tp.Tracer("Execution Tracer Task End")

 	executionTracerTaskEnd := func() {
@ -895,8 +936,8 @@ func TestExecutionTracerTaskEnd(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestCustomStartEndTime(t *testing.T) {
-	var te testExporter
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(&te), WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te), WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}))

 	startTime := time.Date(2019, time.August, 27, 14, 42, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	endTime := startTime.Add(time.Second * 20)
@ -907,10 +948,10 @@ func TestCustomStartEndTime(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	span.End(apitrace.WithTimestamp(endTime))

-	if len(te.spans) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("got exported spans %#v, want one span", te.spans)
+	if te.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("got %d exported spans, want one span", te.Len())
 	}
-	got := te.spans[0]
+	got := te.Spans()[0]
 	if got.StartTime != startTime {
 		t.Errorf("expected start time to be %s, got %s", startTime, got.StartTime)
 	}
@ -938,8 +979,8 @@ func TestRecordError(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	for _, s := range scenarios {
-		te := &testExporter{}
-		tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+		te := NewTestExporter()
+		tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
 		span := startSpan(tp, "RecordError")

 		errTime := time.Now()
@ -980,8 +1021,8 @@ func TestRecordError(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestRecordErrorWithStatus(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
 	span := startSpan(tp, "RecordErrorWithStatus")

 	testErr := ottest.NewTestError("test error")
@ -1026,8 +1067,8 @@ func TestRecordErrorWithStatus(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestRecordErrorNil(t *testing.T) {
-	te := &testExporter{}
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
 	span := startSpan(tp, "RecordErrorNil")

 	span.RecordError(context.Background(), nil)
@ -1056,12 +1097,12 @@ func TestRecordErrorNil(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestWithSpanKind(t *testing.T) {
-	var te testExporter
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(&te), WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te), WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}))
 	tr := tp.Tracer("withSpanKind")

 	_, span := tr.Start(context.Background(), "WithoutSpanKind")
-	spanData, err := endSpan(&te, span)
+	spanData, err := endSpan(te, span)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err.Error())
 	}
@ -1079,10 +1120,10 @@ func TestWithSpanKind(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	for _, sk := range sks {
-		te.spans = nil
+		te.Reset()

 		_, span := tr.Start(context.Background(), fmt.Sprintf("SpanKind-%v", sk), apitrace.WithSpanKind(sk))
-		spanData, err := endSpan(&te, span)
+		spanData, err := endSpan(te, span)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err.Error())
 		}
@ -1094,13 +1135,13 @@ func TestWithSpanKind(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestWithResource(t *testing.T) {
-	var te testExporter
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(&te),
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te),
 		WithConfig(Config{DefaultSampler: AlwaysSample()}),
 		WithResource(resource.New(label.String("rk1", "rv1"), label.Int64("rk2", 5))))
 	span := startSpan(tp, "WithResource")
 	span.SetAttributes(label.String("key1", "value1"))
-	got, err := endSpan(&te, span)
+	got, err := endSpan(te, span)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err.Error())
 	}
@ -1126,8 +1167,8 @@ func TestWithResource(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestWithInstrumentationVersion(t *testing.T) {
-	var te testExporter
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(&te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))

 	ctx := context.Background()
 	ctx = apitrace.ContextWithRemoteSpanContext(ctx, remoteSpanContext())
@ -1135,7 +1176,7 @@ func TestWithInstrumentationVersion(t *testing.T) {
 		"WithInstrumentationVersion",
 		apitrace.WithInstrumentationVersion("v0.1.0"),
 	).Start(ctx, "span0", apitrace.WithRecord())
-	got, err := endSpan(&te, span)
+	got, err := endSpan(te, span)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err.Error())
 	}
@ -1160,8 +1201,8 @@ func TestWithInstrumentationVersion(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestSpanCapturesPanic(t *testing.T) {
-	var te testExporter
-	tp, _ := NewProvider(WithSyncer(&te))
+	te := NewTestExporter()
+	tp := NewProvider(WithSyncer(te))
 	_, span := tp.Tracer("CatchPanic").Start(
 		context.Background(),
 		"span",
@ -1173,10 +1214,11 @@ func TestSpanCapturesPanic(t *testing.T) {
 		panic(errors.New("error message"))
 	}
 	require.PanicsWithError(t, "error message", f)
-	require.Len(t, te.spans, 1)
-	require.Len(t, te.spans[0].MessageEvents, 1)
-	assert.Equal(t, te.spans[0].MessageEvents[0].Name, errorEventName)
-	assert.Equal(t, te.spans[0].MessageEvents[0].Attributes, []label.KeyValue{
+	spans := te.Spans()
+	require.Len(t, spans, 1)
+	require.Len(t, spans[0].MessageEvents, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, spans[0].MessageEvents[0].Name, errorEventName)
+	assert.Equal(t, spans[0].MessageEvents[0].Attributes, []label.KeyValue{
 		errorTypeKey.String("*errors.errorString"),
 		errorMessageKey.String("error message"),
 	})
--- a/sdk/trace/util_test.go
+++ b/sdk/trace/util_test.go
@ -23,9 +23,6 @@ import (
 var testConfig = sdktrace.Config{DefaultSampler: sdktrace.AlwaysSample()}

 func basicProvider(t *testing.T) *sdktrace.Provider {
-	tp, err := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithConfig(testConfig))
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to create provider, err: %v\n", err)
-	}
+	tp := sdktrace.NewProvider(sdktrace.WithConfig(testConfig))
 	return tp
 }