diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3a46d2fa4..ee35cf426 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - Add `WithInstrumentationAttributeSet` option to `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log`, `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric`, and `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace` packages.
   This provides a concurrent-safe and performant alternative to `WithInstrumentationAttributes` by accepting a pre-constructed `attribute.Set`. (#7287)
 - Greatly reduce the cost of recording metrics in `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric` using hashing for map keys. (#7175)
+- Add experimental observability for the prometheus exporter in `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus`.
+  Check the `go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/x` package documentation for more information. (#7345)
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/exporter.go b/exporters/prometheus/exporter.go
index 0f29c0abb..c4c1c8789 100644
--- a/exporters/prometheus/exporter.go
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/exporter.go
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import (
 
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/internal/global"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric/metricdata"
@@ -92,6 +94,8 @@ type collector struct {
 	metricNamer       otlptranslator.MetricNamer
 	labelNamer        otlptranslator.LabelNamer
 	unitNamer         otlptranslator.UnitNamer
+
+	inst *observ.Instrumentation
 }
 
 // New returns a Prometheus Exporter.
@@ -137,7 +141,10 @@ func New(opts ...Option) (*Exporter, error) {
 		Reader: reader,
 	}
 
-	return e, nil
+	var err error
+	collector.inst, err = observ.NewInstrumentation(counter.NextExporterID())
+
+	return e, err
 }
 
 // Describe implements prometheus.Collector.
@@ -153,9 +160,26 @@ func (*collector) Describe(chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
 //
 // This method is safe to call concurrently.
 func (c *collector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
+	var err error
+	// Blocked by this issue: Propagate context.Context through Gather and Collect (#1538)
+	// https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/issues/1538.
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+
+	if c.inst != nil {
+		endOp := c.inst.RecordOperationDuration(ctx)
+		defer func() { endOp(err) }()
+	}
+
 	metrics := metricsPool.Get().(*metricdata.ResourceMetrics)
 	defer metricsPool.Put(metrics)
-	err := c.reader.Collect(context.TODO(), metrics)
+
+	endCollection := func(error) {}
+	if c.inst != nil {
+		endCollection = c.inst.RecordCollectionDuration(ctx)
+	}
+	err = c.reader.Collect(ctx, metrics)
+	endCollection(err)
+
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, metric.ErrReaderShutdown) {
 			return
@@ -174,15 +198,16 @@ func (c *collector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
 		defer c.mu.Unlock()
 
 		if c.targetInfo == nil && !c.disableTargetInfo {
-			targetInfo, err := c.createInfoMetric(
+			targetInfo, e := c.createInfoMetric(
 				otlptranslator.TargetInfoMetricName,
 				targetInfoDescription,
 				metrics.Resource,
 			)
-			if err != nil {
+			if e != nil {
 				// If the target info metric is invalid, disable sending it.
 				c.disableTargetInfo = true
-				otel.Handle(err)
+				otel.Handle(e)
+				err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to createInfoMetric: %w", e))
 				return
 			}
 
@@ -195,14 +220,15 @@ func (c *collector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
 	}
 
 	if c.resourceAttributesFilter != nil && len(c.resourceKeyVals.keys) == 0 {
-		err := c.createResourceAttributes(metrics.Resource)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+		e := c.createResourceAttributes(metrics.Resource)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to createResourceAttributes: %w", e))
 			return
 		}
 	}
 
-	for _, scopeMetrics := range metrics.ScopeMetrics {
+	for j, scopeMetrics := range metrics.ScopeMetrics {
 		n := len(c.resourceKeyVals.keys) + 2 // resource attrs + scope name + scope version
 		kv := keyVals{
 			keys: make([]string, 0, n),
@@ -213,9 +239,10 @@ func (c *collector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
 			kv.keys = append(kv.keys, scopeNameLabel, scopeVersionLabel, scopeSchemaLabel)
 			kv.vals = append(kv.vals, scopeMetrics.Scope.Name, scopeMetrics.Scope.Version, scopeMetrics.Scope.SchemaURL)
 
-			attrKeys, attrVals, err := getAttrs(scopeMetrics.Scope.Attributes, c.labelNamer)
-			if err != nil {
-				otel.Handle(err)
+			attrKeys, attrVals, e := getAttrs(scopeMetrics.Scope.Attributes, c.labelNamer)
+			if e != nil {
+				otel.Handle(e)
+				err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to getAttrs for ScopeMetrics %d: %w", j, e))
 				continue
 			}
 			for i := range attrKeys {
@@ -228,16 +255,17 @@ func (c *collector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
 		kv.keys = append(kv.keys, c.resourceKeyVals.keys...)
 		kv.vals = append(kv.vals, c.resourceKeyVals.vals...)
 
-		for _, m := range scopeMetrics.Metrics {
+		for k, m := range scopeMetrics.Metrics {
 			typ := c.metricType(m)
 			if typ == nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			name, err := c.getName(m)
-			if err != nil {
+			name, e := c.getName(m)
+			if e != nil {
 				// TODO(#7066): Handle this error better. It's not clear this can be
 				// reached, bad metric names should / will be caught at creation time.
-				otel.Handle(err)
+				otel.Handle(e)
+				err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to getAttrs for ScopeMetrics %d, Metrics %d: %w", j, k, e))
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -252,21 +280,21 @@ func (c *collector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
 
 			switch v := m.Data.(type) {
 			case metricdata.Histogram[int64]:
-				addHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			case metricdata.Histogram[float64]:
-				addHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			case metricdata.ExponentialHistogram[int64]:
-				addExponentialHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addExponentialHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			case metricdata.ExponentialHistogram[float64]:
-				addExponentialHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addExponentialHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			case metricdata.Sum[int64]:
-				addSumMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addSumMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			case metricdata.Sum[float64]:
-				addSumMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addSumMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			case metricdata.Gauge[int64]:
-				addGaugeMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addGaugeMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			case metricdata.Gauge[float64]:
-				addGaugeMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer)
+				addGaugeMetric(ch, v, m, name, kv, c.labelNamer, c.inst, ctx)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -332,11 +360,21 @@ func addExponentialHistogramMetric[N int64 | float64](
 	name string,
 	kv keyVals,
 	labelNamer otlptranslator.LabelNamer,
+	inst *observ.Instrumentation,
+	ctx context.Context,
 ) {
-	for _, dp := range histogram.DataPoints {
-		keys, values, err := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+	var err error
+	var success int64
+	if inst != nil {
+		end := inst.ExportMetrics(ctx, int64(len(histogram.DataPoints)))
+		defer func() { end(success, err) }()
+	}
+
+	for j, dp := range histogram.DataPoints {
+		keys, values, e := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to getAttrs for histogram.DataPoints %d: %w", j, e))
 			continue
 		}
 		keys = append(keys, kv.keys...)
@@ -348,9 +386,12 @@ func addExponentialHistogramMetric[N int64 | float64](
 		scale := dp.Scale
 		if scale < -4 {
 			// Reject scales below -4 as they cannot be represented in Prometheus
-			otel.Handle(fmt.Errorf(
+			e := fmt.Errorf(
 				"exponential histogram scale %d is below minimum supported scale -4, skipping data point",
-				scale))
+				scale,
+			)
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, e)
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -368,7 +409,9 @@ func addExponentialHistogramMetric[N int64 | float64](
 		positiveBuckets := make(map[int]int64)
 		for i, c := range positiveBucket.Counts {
 			if c > math.MaxInt64 {
-				otel.Handle(fmt.Errorf("positive count %d is too large to be represented as int64", c))
+				e := fmt.Errorf("positive count %d is too large to be represented as int64", c)
+				otel.Handle(e)
+				err = errors.Join(err, e)
 				continue
 			}
 			positiveBuckets[int(positiveBucket.Offset)+i+1] = int64(c) // nolint: gosec  // Size check above.
@@ -377,13 +420,15 @@ func addExponentialHistogramMetric[N int64 | float64](
 		negativeBuckets := make(map[int]int64)
 		for i, c := range negativeBucket.Counts {
 			if c > math.MaxInt64 {
-				otel.Handle(fmt.Errorf("negative count %d is too large to be represented as int64", c))
+				e := fmt.Errorf("negative count %d is too large to be represented as int64", c)
+				otel.Handle(e)
+				err = errors.Join(err, e)
 				continue
 			}
 			negativeBuckets[int(negativeBucket.Offset)+i+1] = int64(c) // nolint: gosec  // Size check above.
 		}
 
-		m, err := prometheus.NewConstNativeHistogram(
+		m, e := prometheus.NewConstNativeHistogram(
 			desc,
 			dp.Count,
 			float64(dp.Sum),
@@ -394,12 +439,18 @@ func addExponentialHistogramMetric[N int64 | float64](
 			dp.ZeroThreshold,
 			dp.StartTime,
 			values...)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(
+				err,
+				fmt.Errorf("failed to NewConstNativeHistogram for histogram.DataPoints %d: %w", j, e),
+			)
 			continue
 		}
 		m = addExemplars(m, dp.Exemplars, labelNamer)
 		ch <- m
+
+		success++
 	}
 }
 
@@ -410,11 +461,21 @@ func addHistogramMetric[N int64 | float64](
 	name string,
 	kv keyVals,
 	labelNamer otlptranslator.LabelNamer,
+	inst *observ.Instrumentation,
+	ctx context.Context,
 ) {
-	for _, dp := range histogram.DataPoints {
-		keys, values, err := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+	var err error
+	var success int64
+	if inst != nil {
+		end := inst.ExportMetrics(ctx, int64(len(histogram.DataPoints)))
+		defer func() { end(success, err) }()
+	}
+
+	for j, dp := range histogram.DataPoints {
+		keys, values, e := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to getAttrs for histogram.DataPoints %d: %w", j, e))
 			continue
 		}
 		keys = append(keys, kv.keys...)
@@ -428,13 +489,16 @@ func addHistogramMetric[N int64 | float64](
 			cumulativeCount += dp.BucketCounts[i]
 			buckets[bound] = cumulativeCount
 		}
-		m, err := prometheus.NewConstHistogram(desc, dp.Count, float64(dp.Sum), buckets, values...)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+		m, e := prometheus.NewConstHistogram(desc, dp.Count, float64(dp.Sum), buckets, values...)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to NewConstMetric for histogram.DataPoints %d: %w", j, e))
 			continue
 		}
 		m = addExemplars(m, dp.Exemplars, labelNamer)
 		ch <- m
+
+		success++
 	}
 }
 
@@ -445,25 +509,36 @@ func addSumMetric[N int64 | float64](
 	name string,
 	kv keyVals,
 	labelNamer otlptranslator.LabelNamer,
+	inst *observ.Instrumentation,
+	ctx context.Context,
 ) {
+	var err error
+	var success int64
+	if inst != nil {
+		end := inst.ExportMetrics(ctx, int64(len(sum.DataPoints)))
+		defer func() { end(success, err) }()
+	}
+
 	valueType := prometheus.CounterValue
 	if !sum.IsMonotonic {
 		valueType = prometheus.GaugeValue
 	}
 
-	for _, dp := range sum.DataPoints {
-		keys, values, err := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+	for i, dp := range sum.DataPoints {
+		keys, values, e := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to getAttrs for sum.DataPoints %d: %w", i, e))
 			continue
 		}
 		keys = append(keys, kv.keys...)
 		values = append(values, kv.vals...)
 
 		desc := prometheus.NewDesc(name, m.Description, keys, nil)
-		m, err := prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, valueType, float64(dp.Value), values...)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+		m, e := prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, valueType, float64(dp.Value), values...)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to NewConstMetric for sum.DataPoints %d: %w", i, e))
 			continue
 		}
 		// GaugeValues don't support Exemplars at this time
@@ -472,6 +547,8 @@ func addSumMetric[N int64 | float64](
 			m = addExemplars(m, dp.Exemplars, labelNamer)
 		}
 		ch <- m
+
+		success++
 	}
 }
 
@@ -482,23 +559,36 @@ func addGaugeMetric[N int64 | float64](
 	name string,
 	kv keyVals,
 	labelNamer otlptranslator.LabelNamer,
+	inst *observ.Instrumentation,
+	ctx context.Context,
 ) {
-	for _, dp := range gauge.DataPoints {
-		keys, values, err := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+	var err error
+	var success int64
+	if inst != nil {
+		end := inst.ExportMetrics(ctx, int64(len(gauge.DataPoints)))
+		defer func() { end(success, err) }()
+	}
+
+	for i, dp := range gauge.DataPoints {
+		keys, values, e := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, labelNamer)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to getAttrs for gauge.DataPoints %d: %w", i, e))
 			continue
 		}
 		keys = append(keys, kv.keys...)
 		values = append(values, kv.vals...)
 
 		desc := prometheus.NewDesc(name, m.Description, keys, nil)
-		m, err := prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, prometheus.GaugeValue, float64(dp.Value), values...)
-		if err != nil {
-			otel.Handle(err)
+		m, e := prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, prometheus.GaugeValue, float64(dp.Value), values...)
+		if e != nil {
+			otel.Handle(e)
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("failed to NewConstMetric for gauge.DataPoints %d: %w", i, e))
 			continue
 		}
 		ch <- m
+
+		success++
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/exporter_test.go b/exporters/prometheus/exporter_test.go
index 139431d00..e745ead01 100644
--- a/exporters/prometheus/exporter_test.go
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/exporter_test.go
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ import (
 
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ"
 	otelmetric "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/instrumentation"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric/metricdata"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
@@ -1349,6 +1351,8 @@ func TestExponentialHistogramScaleValidation(t *testing.T) {
 			"test_histogram",
 			keyVals{},
 			otlptranslator.LabelNamer{},
+			nil,
+			context.Background(),
 		)
 		assert.Error(t, capturedError)
 		assert.Contains(t, capturedError.Error(), "scale -5 is below minimum")
@@ -1513,6 +1517,8 @@ func TestExponentialHistogramHighScaleDownscaling(t *testing.T) {
 			"test_high_scale_histogram",
 			keyVals{},
 			otlptranslator.LabelNamer{},
+			nil,
+			context.Background(),
 		)
 
 		// Verify a metric was produced
@@ -1575,6 +1581,8 @@ func TestExponentialHistogramHighScaleDownscaling(t *testing.T) {
 			"test_very_high_scale_histogram",
 			keyVals{},
 			otlptranslator.LabelNamer{},
+			nil,
+			context.Background(),
 		)
 
 		// Verify a metric was produced
@@ -1637,6 +1645,8 @@ func TestExponentialHistogramHighScaleDownscaling(t *testing.T) {
 			"test_histogram_with_negative_buckets",
 			keyVals{},
 			otlptranslator.LabelNamer{},
+			nil,
+			context.Background(),
 		)
 
 		// Verify a metric was produced
@@ -1693,6 +1703,8 @@ func TestExponentialHistogramHighScaleDownscaling(t *testing.T) {
 			"test_int64_exponential_histogram",
 			keyVals{},
 			otlptranslator.LabelNamer{},
+			nil,
+			context.Background(),
 		)
 
 		// Verify a metric was produced
@@ -1895,3 +1907,544 @@ func TestEscapingErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestExporterSelfInstrumentation(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name                  string
+		enableObservability   bool
+		recordMetrics         func(ctx context.Context, meter otelmetric.Meter)
+		expectedObservMetrics []string
+		expectedMainMetrics   int
+		checkMetrics          func(t *testing.T, mainMetrics []*dto.MetricFamily, observMetrics metricdata.ScopeMetrics)
+	}{
+		{
+			name:                "self instrumentation disabled",
+			enableObservability: false,
+			recordMetrics: func(ctx context.Context, meter otelmetric.Meter) {
+				counter, err := meter.Int64Counter("test_counter")
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				counter.Add(ctx, 1)
+			},
+			expectedObservMetrics: []string{}, // No observability metrics expected
+			expectedMainMetrics:   2,          // test counter + target_info
+		},
+		{
+			name:                "self instrumentation enabled with counter",
+			enableObservability: true,
+			recordMetrics: func(ctx context.Context, meter otelmetric.Meter) {
+				counter, err := meter.Int64Counter("test_counter", otelmetric.WithDescription("test counter"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				counter.Add(ctx, 1, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("key", "value")))
+			},
+			expectedObservMetrics: []string{
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration",
+				"otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration",
+			},
+			expectedMainMetrics: 2, // test counter + target_info
+			checkMetrics: func(t *testing.T, _ []*dto.MetricFamily, observMetrics metricdata.ScopeMetrics) {
+				// Check that exported metrics include success count
+				for _, m := range observMetrics.Metrics {
+					if m.Name == "otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported" {
+						sum, ok := m.Data.(metricdata.Sum[int64])
+						require.True(t, ok)
+						require.Len(t, sum.DataPoints, 1)
+						require.Equal(t, int64(1), sum.DataPoints[0].Value)
+					}
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:                "self instrumentation enabled with gauge",
+			enableObservability: true,
+			recordMetrics: func(ctx context.Context, meter otelmetric.Meter) {
+				gauge, err := meter.Float64Gauge("test_gauge", otelmetric.WithDescription("test gauge"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				gauge.Record(ctx, 42.5, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("key", "value")))
+			},
+			expectedObservMetrics: []string{
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration",
+				"otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration",
+			},
+			expectedMainMetrics: 2,
+		},
+		{
+			name:                "self instrumentation enabled with histogram",
+			enableObservability: true,
+			recordMetrics: func(ctx context.Context, meter otelmetric.Meter) {
+				histogram, err := meter.Float64Histogram("test_histogram", otelmetric.WithDescription("test histogram"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				histogram.Record(ctx, 1.5, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("key", "value")))
+				histogram.Record(ctx, 2.5, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("key", "value")))
+			},
+			expectedObservMetrics: []string{
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration",
+				"otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration",
+			},
+			expectedMainMetrics: 2,
+		},
+		{
+			name:                "self instrumentation with multiple metrics",
+			enableObservability: true,
+			recordMetrics: func(ctx context.Context, meter otelmetric.Meter) {
+				counter, err := meter.Int64Counter("test_counter")
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				counter.Add(ctx, 5, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("type", "requests")))
+				counter.Add(ctx, 3, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("type", "errors")))
+
+				gauge, err := meter.Float64Gauge("test_gauge")
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				gauge.Record(ctx, 100.0, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("status", "active")))
+
+				histogram, err := meter.Float64Histogram("test_histogram")
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				histogram.Record(ctx, 0.1)
+				histogram.Record(ctx, 0.2)
+				histogram.Record(ctx, 0.3)
+			},
+			expectedObservMetrics: []string{
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration",
+				"otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration",
+			},
+			expectedMainMetrics: 4, // 3 test metrics + target_info
+			checkMetrics: func(t *testing.T, _ []*dto.MetricFamily, observMetrics metricdata.ScopeMetrics) {
+				// Check that exported metrics track multiple data points
+				for _, m := range observMetrics.Metrics {
+					if m.Name == "otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported" {
+						sum, ok := m.Data.(metricdata.Sum[int64])
+						require.True(t, ok)
+						require.Len(t, sum.DataPoints, 1)
+						// Counter: 2 data points, Gauge: 1 data point, Histogram: 1 data point = 4 total
+						require.Equal(t, int64(4), sum.DataPoints[0].Value)
+					}
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:                "self instrumentation enabled with up-down counter",
+			enableObservability: true,
+			recordMetrics: func(ctx context.Context, meter otelmetric.Meter) {
+				upDownCounter, err := meter.Int64UpDownCounter(
+					"test_updown_counter",
+					otelmetric.WithDescription("test up-down counter"),
+				)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				upDownCounter.Add(ctx, 10, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("direction", "up")))
+				upDownCounter.Add(ctx, -5, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("direction", "down")))
+			},
+			expectedObservMetrics: []string{
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration",
+				"otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration",
+			},
+			expectedMainMetrics: 2,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if tc.enableObservability {
+				t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+			} else {
+				t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "")
+			}
+
+			// Setup observability metric collection
+			var observReader *metric.ManualReader
+			var observMetricsFunc func() metricdata.ScopeMetrics
+
+			if tc.enableObservability {
+				originalMP := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+				defer otel.SetMeterProvider(originalMP)
+
+				observReader = metric.NewManualReader()
+				observMP := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(observReader))
+				otel.SetMeterProvider(observMP)
+
+				observMetricsFunc = func() metricdata.ScopeMetrics {
+					var rm metricdata.ResourceMetrics
+					err := observReader.Collect(context.Background(), &rm)
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					if len(rm.ScopeMetrics) == 0 {
+						return metricdata.ScopeMetrics{}
+					}
+					return rm.ScopeMetrics[0]
+				}
+			}
+
+			ctx := context.Background()
+			registry := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+
+			exporter, err := New(WithRegisterer(registry))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			provider := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(exporter))
+			meter := provider.Meter("test", otelmetric.WithInstrumentationVersion("v1.0.0"))
+
+			// Record the test metrics
+			tc.recordMetrics(ctx, meter)
+
+			// Collect main metrics
+			mainMetrics, err := registry.Gather()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Verify the number of main metric families
+			assert.Len(t, mainMetrics, tc.expectedMainMetrics)
+
+			// Collect and check observability metrics if enabled
+			if tc.enableObservability {
+				observMetrics := observMetricsFunc()
+
+				// Check that expected observability metrics are present
+				observedMetrics := make(map[string]bool)
+				for _, m := range observMetrics.Metrics {
+					observedMetrics[m.Name] = true
+				}
+
+				for _, expectedMetric := range tc.expectedObservMetrics {
+					assert.True(
+						t,
+						observedMetrics[expectedMetric],
+						"Expected observability metric %s not found",
+						expectedMetric,
+					)
+				}
+
+				// Verify observability metrics have expected structure
+				expectedScope := instrumentation.Scope{
+					Name:      observ.ScopeName,
+					Version:   observ.Version,
+					SchemaURL: observ.SchemaURL,
+				}
+				assert.Equal(t, expectedScope, observMetrics.Scope, "Expected observability scope")
+				assert.Len(
+					t,
+					observMetrics.Metrics,
+					len(tc.expectedObservMetrics),
+					"Expected number of observability metrics",
+				)
+
+				// Run custom metric checks if provided
+				if tc.checkMetrics != nil {
+					tc.checkMetrics(t, mainMetrics, observMetrics)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExporterSelfInstrumentationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name                 string
+		setupError           func() (metric.Reader, func())
+		expectedMinMetrics   int // Minimum expected metrics in error scenarios
+		checkErrorAttributes func(t *testing.T, observMetrics metricdata.ScopeMetrics)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "reader shutdown error",
+			setupError: func() (metric.Reader, func()) {
+				reader := metric.NewManualReader()
+				return reader, func() { _ = reader.Shutdown(context.Background()) }
+			},
+			expectedMinMetrics: 1, // At least some metrics should be present
+		},
+		{
+			name: "reader not registered error",
+			setupError: func() (metric.Reader, func()) {
+				reader := metric.NewManualReader()
+				// Don't register the reader with a provider
+				return reader, func() {}
+			},
+			expectedMinMetrics: 1, // At least some metrics should be present
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Enable observability
+			t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+
+			// Setup observability metric collection
+			originalMP := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+			defer otel.SetMeterProvider(originalMP)
+
+			observReader := metric.NewManualReader()
+			observMP := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(observReader))
+			otel.SetMeterProvider(observMP)
+
+			registry := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+
+			reader, cleanup := tc.setupError()
+			defer cleanup()
+
+			// Create exporter with the error-prone reader
+			cfg := newConfig()
+			cfg.registerer = registry
+
+			collector := &collector{
+				reader:                   reader,
+				disableTargetInfo:        cfg.disableTargetInfo,
+				withoutUnits:             cfg.withoutUnits,
+				withoutCounterSuffixes:   cfg.withoutCounterSuffixes,
+				disableScopeInfo:         cfg.disableScopeInfo,
+				metricFamilies:           make(map[string]*dto.MetricFamily),
+				namespace:                cfg.namespace,
+				resourceAttributesFilter: cfg.resourceAttributesFilter,
+				metricNamer:              otlptranslator.NewMetricNamer(cfg.namespace, cfg.translationStrategy),
+			}
+
+			var err error
+			collector.inst, err = observ.NewInstrumentation(0)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			err = registry.Register(collector)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Trigger collection which should encounter the error
+			_, err = registry.Gather()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Collect observability metrics
+			var observMetrics metricdata.ResourceMetrics
+			err = observReader.Collect(context.Background(), &observMetrics)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			if len(observMetrics.ScopeMetrics) > 0 {
+				// Verify observability metrics are still present (at least some)
+				scopeMetrics := observMetrics.ScopeMetrics[0]
+				foundObservMetrics := 0
+				for _, m := range scopeMetrics.Metrics {
+					switch m.Name {
+					case "otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight",
+						"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported",
+						"otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration",
+						"otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration":
+						foundObservMetrics++
+					}
+				}
+				assert.GreaterOrEqual(
+					t,
+					foundObservMetrics,
+					tc.expectedMinMetrics,
+					"Should have at least some observability metrics even with errors",
+				)
+
+				if tc.checkErrorAttributes != nil {
+					tc.checkErrorAttributes(t, scopeMetrics)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExporterSelfInstrumentationConcurrency(t *testing.T) {
+	// Enable observability
+	t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+
+	// Setup observability metric collection
+	originalMP := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+	defer otel.SetMeterProvider(originalMP)
+
+	observReader := metric.NewManualReader()
+	observMP := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(observReader))
+	otel.SetMeterProvider(observMP)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	registry := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+
+	exporter, err := New(WithRegisterer(registry))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	provider := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(exporter))
+	meter := provider.Meter("concurrent_test", otelmetric.WithInstrumentationVersion("v1.0.0"))
+
+	counter, err := meter.Int64Counter("concurrent_counter")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Run concurrent operations
+	const numGoroutines = 10
+	const numOperations = 100
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(id int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for j := 0; j < numOperations; j++ {
+				counter.Add(ctx, 1, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.Int("goroutine", id)))
+
+				// Occasionally trigger collection
+				if j%10 == 0 {
+					_, _ = registry.Gather()
+				}
+			}
+		}(i)
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	// Final collection
+	_, err = registry.Gather()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Collect observability metrics
+	var observMetrics metricdata.ResourceMetrics
+	err = observReader.Collect(context.Background(), &observMetrics)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if len(observMetrics.ScopeMetrics) > 0 {
+		scopeMetrics := observMetrics.ScopeMetrics[0]
+		// Verify observability metrics are present and have reasonable values
+		for _, m := range scopeMetrics.Metrics {
+			switch m.Name {
+			case "otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported":
+				sum, ok := m.Data.(metricdata.Sum[int64])
+				require.True(t, ok)
+				require.NotEmpty(t, sum.DataPoints)
+				// Should have exported many data points
+				assert.Positive(t, sum.DataPoints[0].Value)
+			case "otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration":
+				hist, ok := m.Data.(metricdata.Histogram[float64])
+				require.True(t, ok)
+				require.NotEmpty(t, hist.DataPoints)
+				// Should have recorded operation durations
+				assert.Positive(t, hist.DataPoints[0].Count)
+			case "otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration":
+				hist, ok := m.Data.(metricdata.Histogram[float64])
+				require.True(t, ok)
+				require.NotEmpty(t, hist.DataPoints)
+				// Should have recorded collection durations
+				assert.Positive(t, hist.DataPoints[0].Count)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExporterSelfInstrumentationExemplarHandling(t *testing.T) {
+	// Enable observability
+	t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+
+	// Setup observability metric collection
+	originalMP := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+	defer otel.SetMeterProvider(originalMP)
+
+	observReader := metric.NewManualReader()
+	observMP := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(observReader))
+	otel.SetMeterProvider(observMP)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	registry := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+
+	exporter, err := New(WithRegisterer(registry))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	provider := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(exporter))
+	meter := provider.Meter("exemplar_test", otelmetric.WithInstrumentationVersion("v1.0.0"))
+
+	// Create trace context for exemplars
+	sc := trace.NewSpanContext(trace.SpanContextConfig{
+		TraceID:    [16]byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16},
+		SpanID:     [8]byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8},
+		TraceFlags: trace.FlagsSampled,
+	})
+	ctx = trace.ContextWithSpanContext(ctx, sc)
+
+	histogram, err := meter.Float64Histogram("test_histogram_with_exemplars")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Record values that should generate exemplars
+	histogram.Record(ctx, 1.0, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("key", "value1")))
+	histogram.Record(ctx, 2.0, otelmetric.WithAttributes(attribute.String("key", "value2")))
+
+	// Collect metrics
+	got, err := registry.Gather()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify that metrics are collected without errors even when exemplars are present
+	foundTestHistogram := false
+
+	for _, mf := range got {
+		if *mf.Name == "test_histogram_with_exemplars" {
+			foundTestHistogram = true
+			assert.Equal(t, dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM, *mf.Type)
+		}
+	}
+
+	assert.True(t, foundTestHistogram, "Test histogram should be present")
+
+	// Collect observability metrics
+	var observMetrics metricdata.ResourceMetrics
+	err = observReader.Collect(context.Background(), &observMetrics)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if len(observMetrics.ScopeMetrics) > 0 {
+		scopeMetrics := observMetrics.ScopeMetrics[0]
+		foundObservabilityMetrics := 0
+		for _, m := range scopeMetrics.Metrics {
+			switch m.Name {
+			case "otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported",
+				"otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration",
+				"otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration":
+				foundObservabilityMetrics++
+			}
+		}
+		assert.Equal(t, 4, foundObservabilityMetrics, "All observability metrics should be present")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExporterSelfInstrumentationInitErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test when NewInstrumentation returns an error
+	t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+
+	// Set up a meter provider that will cause NewInstrumentation to fail
+	original := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+	defer otel.SetMeterProvider(original)
+
+	errMP := &errMeterProvider{err: assert.AnError}
+	otel.SetMeterProvider(errMP)
+
+	registry := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+
+	// This should fail during exporter creation due to instrumentation init error
+	_, err := New(WithRegisterer(registry))
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, assert.AnError, "Expected NewInstrumentation error to be propagated")
+}
+
+// Helper types for testing NewInstrumentation errors.
+type errMeterProvider struct {
+	otelmetric.MeterProvider
+	err error
+}
+
+func (m *errMeterProvider) Meter(string, ...otelmetric.MeterOption) otelmetric.Meter {
+	return &errMeter{err: m.err}
+}
+
+type errMeter struct {
+	otelmetric.Meter
+	err error
+}
+
+func (m *errMeter) Int64UpDownCounter(
+	string,
+	...otelmetric.Int64UpDownCounterOption,
+) (otelmetric.Int64UpDownCounter, error) {
+	return nil, m.err
+}
+
+func (m *errMeter) Int64Counter(string, ...otelmetric.Int64CounterOption) (otelmetric.Int64Counter, error) {
+	return nil, m.err
+}
+
+func (m *errMeter) Float64Histogram(string, ...otelmetric.Float64HistogramOption) (otelmetric.Float64Histogram, error) {
+	return nil, m.err
+}
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter/counter.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter/counter.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87808d548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter/counter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Code generated by gotmpl. DO NOT MODIFY.
+// source: internal/shared/counter/counter.go.tmpl
+
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Package counter provides a simple counter for generating unique IDs.
+//
+// This package is used to generate unique IDs while allowing testing packages
+// to reset the counter.
+package counter // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter"
+
+import "sync/atomic"
+
+// exporterN is a global 0-based count of the number of exporters created.
+var exporterN atomic.Int64
+
+// NextExporterID returns the next unique ID for an exporter.
+func NextExporterID() int64 {
+	const inc = 1
+	return exporterN.Add(inc) - inc
+}
+
+// SetExporterID sets the exporter ID counter to v and returns the previous
+// value.
+//
+// This function is useful for testing purposes, allowing you to reset the
+// counter. It should not be used in production code.
+func SetExporterID(v int64) int64 {
+	return exporterN.Swap(v)
+}
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter/counter_test.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter/counter_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3e380d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter/counter_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Code generated by gotmpl. DO NOT MODIFY.
+// source: internal/shared/counter/counter_test.go.tmpl
+
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package counter
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestNextExporterID(t *testing.T) {
+	SetExporterID(0)
+
+	var expected int64
+	for range 10 {
+		id := NextExporterID()
+		if id != expected {
+			t.Errorf("NextExporterID() = %d; want %d", id, expected)
+		}
+		expected++
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetExporterID(t *testing.T) {
+	SetExporterID(0)
+
+	prev := SetExporterID(42)
+	if prev != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("SetExporterID(42) returned %d; want 0", prev)
+	}
+
+	id := NextExporterID()
+	if id != 42 {
+		t.Errorf("NextExporterID() = %d; want 42", id)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNextExporterIDConcurrentSafe(t *testing.T) {
+	SetExporterID(0)
+
+	const goroutines = 100
+	const increments = 10
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(goroutines)
+
+	for range goroutines {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for range increments {
+				NextExporterID()
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	expected := int64(goroutines * increments)
+	if id := NextExporterID(); id != expected {
+		t.Errorf("NextExporterID() = %d; want %d", id, expected)
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/gen.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cde0168a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Package internal provides internal functionality for the prometheus
+// package.
+package internal // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal"
+
+//go:generate gotmpl --body=../../../internal/shared/counter/counter.go.tmpl "--data={ \"pkg\": \"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/counter\" }" --out=counter/counter.go
+//go:generate gotmpl --body=../../../internal/shared/counter/counter_test.go.tmpl "--data={}" --out=counter/counter_test.go
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ/instrumentation.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ/instrumentation.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df1bdaa4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ/instrumentation.go
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Package observ provides experimental observability instrumentation
+// for the prometheus exporter.
+package observ // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ"
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/x"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
+	semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.37.0"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.37.0/otelconv"
+)
+
+const (
+	// ComponentType uniquely identifies the OpenTelemetry Exporter component
+	// being instrumented.
+	ComponentType = "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/prometheus.Exporter"
+
+	// ScopeName is the unique name of the meter used for instrumentation.
+	ScopeName = "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ"
+
+	// SchemaURL is the schema URL of the metrics produced by this
+	// instrumentation.
+	SchemaURL = semconv.SchemaURL
+
+	// Version is the current version of this instrumentation.
+	//
+	// This matches the version of the exporter.
+	Version = internal.Version
+)
+
+var (
+	measureAttrsPool = &sync.Pool{
+		New: func() any {
+			// "component.name" + "component.type" + "error.type"
+			const n = 1 + 1 + 1
+			s := make([]attribute.KeyValue, 0, n)
+			// Return a pointer to a slice instead of a slice itself
+			// to avoid allocations on every call.
+			return &s
+		},
+	}
+
+	addOptPool = &sync.Pool{
+		New: func() any {
+			const n = 1 // WithAttributeSet
+			o := make([]metric.AddOption, 0, n)
+			return &o
+		},
+	}
+
+	recordOptPool = &sync.Pool{
+		New: func() any {
+			const n = 1 // WithAttributeSet
+			o := make([]metric.RecordOption, 0, n)
+			return &o
+		},
+	}
+)
+
+func get[T any](p *sync.Pool) *[]T { return p.Get().(*[]T) }
+
+func put[T any](p *sync.Pool, s *[]T) {
+	*s = (*s)[:0] // Reset.
+	p.Put(s)
+}
+
+func ComponentName(id int64) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", ComponentType, id)
+}
+
+type Instrumentation struct {
+	inflightMetric     metric.Int64UpDownCounter
+	exportedMetric     metric.Int64Counter
+	operationDuration  metric.Float64Histogram
+	collectionDuration metric.Float64Histogram
+
+	attrs  []attribute.KeyValue
+	setOpt metric.MeasurementOption
+}
+
+func NewInstrumentation(id int64) (*Instrumentation, error) {
+	if !x.Observability.Enabled() {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	i := &Instrumentation{
+		attrs: []attribute.KeyValue{
+			semconv.OTelComponentName(ComponentName(id)),
+			semconv.OTelComponentTypeKey.String(ComponentType),
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := attribute.NewSet(i.attrs...)
+	i.setOpt = metric.WithAttributeSet(s)
+
+	mp := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+	m := mp.Meter(
+		ScopeName,
+		metric.WithInstrumentationVersion(Version),
+		metric.WithSchemaURL(SchemaURL),
+	)
+
+	var err, e error
+
+	inflightMetric, e := otelconv.NewSDKExporterMetricDataPointInflight(m)
+	if e != nil {
+		e = fmt.Errorf("failed to create inflight metric: %w", e)
+		err = errors.Join(err, e)
+	}
+	i.inflightMetric = inflightMetric.Inst()
+
+	exportedMetric, e := otelconv.NewSDKExporterMetricDataPointExported(m)
+	if e != nil {
+		e = fmt.Errorf("failed to create exported metric: %w", e)
+		err = errors.Join(err, e)
+	}
+	i.exportedMetric = exportedMetric.Inst()
+
+	operationDuration, e := otelconv.NewSDKExporterOperationDuration(m)
+	if e != nil {
+		e = fmt.Errorf("failed to create operation duration metric: %w", e)
+		err = errors.Join(err, e)
+	}
+	i.operationDuration = operationDuration.Inst()
+
+	collectionDuration, e := otelconv.NewSDKMetricReaderCollectionDuration(m)
+	if e != nil {
+		e = fmt.Errorf("failed to create collection duration metric: %w", e)
+		err = errors.Join(err, e)
+	}
+	i.collectionDuration = collectionDuration.Inst()
+
+	return i, err
+}
+
+// RecordDurationDone is a function that is called when a call to an Exporters'
+// RecordOperationDuration or RecordCollectionDuration completes.
+//
+// Any error that is encountered is provided as err.
+type RecordDurationDone func(error)
+
+func (i *Instrumentation) RecordOperationDuration(ctx context.Context) RecordDurationDone {
+	return i.recordDuration(ctx, i.operationDuration)
+}
+
+func (i *Instrumentation) RecordCollectionDuration(ctx context.Context) RecordDurationDone {
+	return i.recordDuration(ctx, i.collectionDuration)
+}
+
+func (i *Instrumentation) recordDuration(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	h metric.Float64Histogram,
+) RecordDurationDone {
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	return func(err error) {
+		recordOpt := get[metric.RecordOption](recordOptPool)
+		defer put(recordOptPool, recordOpt)
+		*recordOpt = append(*recordOpt, i.setOpt)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			attrs := get[attribute.KeyValue](measureAttrsPool)
+			defer put(measureAttrsPool, attrs)
+			*attrs = append(*attrs, i.attrs...)
+			*attrs = append(*attrs, semconv.ErrorType(err))
+
+			set := attribute.NewSet(*attrs...)
+			*recordOpt = append((*recordOpt)[:0], metric.WithAttributeSet(set))
+		}
+
+		h.Record(ctx, time.Since(start).Seconds(), *recordOpt...)
+	}
+}
+
+// ExportMetricsDone is a function that is called when a call to an Exporter's
+// export methods completes.
+//
+// The number of successful exports is provided as success. Any error that is
+// encountered is provided as err.
+type ExportMetricsDone func(success int64, err error)
+
+func (i *Instrumentation) ExportMetrics(ctx context.Context, n int64) ExportMetricsDone {
+	addOpt := get[metric.AddOption](addOptPool)
+	defer put(addOptPool, addOpt)
+	*addOpt = append(*addOpt, i.setOpt)
+
+	i.inflightMetric.Add(ctx, n, *addOpt...)
+
+	return i.end(ctx, n)
+}
+
+func (i *Instrumentation) end(ctx context.Context, n int64) ExportMetricsDone {
+	return func(success int64, err error) {
+		addOpt := get[metric.AddOption](addOptPool)
+		defer put(addOptPool, addOpt)
+		*addOpt = append(*addOpt, i.setOpt)
+
+		i.inflightMetric.Add(ctx, -n, *addOpt...)
+		i.exportedMetric.Add(ctx, success, *addOpt...)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			attrs := get[attribute.KeyValue](measureAttrsPool)
+			defer put(measureAttrsPool, attrs)
+			*attrs = append(*attrs, i.attrs...)
+			*attrs = append(*attrs, semconv.ErrorType(err))
+
+			set := attribute.NewSet(*attrs...)
+
+			*addOpt = append((*addOpt)[:0], metric.WithAttributeSet(set))
+			i.exportedMetric.Add(ctx, n-success, *addOpt...)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ/instrumentation_test.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ/instrumentation_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ce906e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ/instrumentation_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package observ_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	observ "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/observ"
+	mapi "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/instrumentation"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric/metricdata"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric/metricdata/metricdatatest"
+	semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.37.0"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.37.0/otelconv"
+)
+
+const ID = 0
+
+var Scope = instrumentation.Scope{
+	Name:      observ.ScopeName,
+	Version:   observ.Version,
+	SchemaURL: observ.SchemaURL,
+}
+
+type errMeterProvider struct {
+	mapi.MeterProvider
+	err error
+}
+
+func (m *errMeterProvider) Meter(string, ...mapi.MeterOption) mapi.Meter {
+	return &errMeter{err: m.err}
+}
+
+type errMeter struct {
+	mapi.Meter
+	err error
+}
+
+func (m *errMeter) Int64UpDownCounter(string, ...mapi.Int64UpDownCounterOption) (mapi.Int64UpDownCounter, error) {
+	return nil, m.err
+}
+
+func (m *errMeter) Int64Counter(string, ...mapi.Int64CounterOption) (mapi.Int64Counter, error) {
+	return nil, m.err
+}
+
+func (m *errMeter) Float64Histogram(string, ...mapi.Float64HistogramOption) (mapi.Float64Histogram, error) {
+	return nil, m.err
+}
+
+func TestNewInstrumentationObservabilityErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	orig := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+	t.Cleanup(func() { otel.SetMeterProvider(orig) })
+	mp := &errMeterProvider{err: assert.AnError}
+	otel.SetMeterProvider(mp)
+
+	t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+
+	_, err := observ.NewInstrumentation(ID)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, assert.AnError, "new instrument errors should be joined")
+
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "inflight metric")
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "exported metric")
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "operation duration metric")
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "collection duration metric")
+}
+
+func TestNewInstrumentationObservabilityDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	// Do not set OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY.
+	got, err := observ.NewInstrumentation(ID)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, got)
+}
+
+// setup installs a ManualReader MeterProvider and returns an instantiated
+// Instrumentation plus a collector that returns the single ScopeMetrics group.
+func setup(t *testing.T) (*observ.Instrumentation, func() metricdata.ScopeMetrics) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	t.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+
+	original := otel.GetMeterProvider()
+	t.Cleanup(func() { otel.SetMeterProvider(original) })
+
+	r := metric.NewManualReader()
+	mp := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(r))
+	otel.SetMeterProvider(mp)
+
+	inst, err := observ.NewInstrumentation(ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, inst)
+
+	return inst, func() metricdata.ScopeMetrics {
+		var rm metricdata.ResourceMetrics
+		require.NoError(t, r.Collect(context.Background(), &rm))
+		require.Len(t, rm.ScopeMetrics, 1)
+		return rm.ScopeMetrics[0]
+	}
+}
+
+func set(err error) attribute.Set {
+	attrs := []attribute.KeyValue{
+		semconv.OTelComponentName(observ.ComponentName(ID)),
+		semconv.OTelComponentTypeKey.String(observ.ComponentType),
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		attrs = append(attrs, semconv.ErrorType(err))
+	}
+	return attribute.NewSet(attrs...)
+}
+
+func scrapeInflight() metricdata.Metrics {
+	return metricdata.Metrics{
+		Name:        otelconv.SDKExporterMetricDataPointInflight{}.Name(),
+		Description: otelconv.SDKExporterMetricDataPointInflight{}.Description(),
+		Unit:        otelconv.SDKExporterMetricDataPointInflight{}.Unit(),
+		Data: metricdata.Sum[int64]{
+			Temporality: metricdata.CumulativeTemporality,
+			DataPoints: []metricdata.DataPoint[int64]{
+				{Attributes: set(nil), Value: 0},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func scrapeExported(success, total int64, err error) metricdata.Metrics {
+	dps := []metricdata.DataPoint[int64]{
+		{Attributes: set(nil), Value: success},
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		dps = append(dps, metricdata.DataPoint[int64]{
+			Attributes: set(err),
+			Value:      total - success,
+		})
+	}
+	return metricdata.Metrics{
+		Name:        otelconv.SDKExporterMetricDataPointExported{}.Name(),
+		Description: otelconv.SDKExporterMetricDataPointExported{}.Description(),
+		Unit:        otelconv.SDKExporterMetricDataPointExported{}.Unit(),
+		Data: metricdata.Sum[int64]{
+			Temporality: metricdata.CumulativeTemporality,
+			IsMonotonic: true,
+			DataPoints:  dps,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func operationDuration(err error) metricdata.Metrics {
+	return metricdata.Metrics{
+		Name:        otelconv.SDKExporterOperationDuration{}.Name(),
+		Description: otelconv.SDKExporterOperationDuration{}.Description(),
+		Unit:        otelconv.SDKExporterOperationDuration{}.Unit(),
+		Data: metricdata.Histogram[float64]{
+			Temporality: metricdata.CumulativeTemporality,
+			DataPoints: []metricdata.HistogramDataPoint[float64]{
+				{Attributes: set(err)},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func collectionDuration(err error) metricdata.Metrics {
+	return metricdata.Metrics{
+		Name:        otelconv.SDKMetricReaderCollectionDuration{}.Name(),
+		Description: otelconv.SDKMetricReaderCollectionDuration{}.Description(),
+		Unit:        otelconv.SDKMetricReaderCollectionDuration{}.Unit(),
+		Data: metricdata.Histogram[float64]{
+			Temporality: metricdata.CumulativeTemporality,
+			DataPoints: []metricdata.HistogramDataPoint[float64]{
+				{Attributes: set(err)},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func assertExportMetricsMetrics(t *testing.T, got metricdata.ScopeMetrics, total, success int64, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Scope, got.Scope, "unexpected scope")
+
+	m := got.Metrics
+	require.Len(t, m, 3, "expected 3 metrics (inflight, exported, operationDuration)")
+
+	o := metricdatatest.IgnoreTimestamp()
+
+	want := scrapeInflight()
+	metricdatatest.AssertEqual(t, want, m[0], o)
+
+	want = scrapeExported(success, total, err)
+	metricdatatest.AssertEqual(t, want, m[1], o)
+
+	want = operationDuration(err)
+	metricdatatest.AssertEqual(t, want, m[2], o, metricdatatest.IgnoreValue())
+}
+
+func assertCollectionOnly(t *testing.T, got metricdata.ScopeMetrics, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Scope, got.Scope, "unexpected scope")
+
+	m := got.Metrics
+	require.Len(t, m, 1, "expected only collectionDuration metric")
+
+	o := metricdatatest.IgnoreTimestamp()
+	want := collectionDuration(err)
+	metricdatatest.AssertEqual(t, want, m[0], o, metricdatatest.IgnoreValue())
+}
+
+func TestInstrumentationExportMetricsSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	inst, collect := setup(t)
+
+	const n = 10
+	endOp := inst.RecordOperationDuration(context.Background())
+	end := inst.ExportMetrics(context.Background(), n)
+
+	end(n, nil)
+	endOp(nil)
+
+	assertExportMetricsMetrics(t, collect(), n, n, nil)
+}
+
+func TestInstrumentationExportMetricsAllErrored(t *testing.T) {
+	inst, collect := setup(t)
+
+	const n = 10
+	err := assert.AnError
+
+	endOp := inst.RecordOperationDuration(context.Background())
+	end := inst.ExportMetrics(context.Background(), n)
+
+	const success = 0
+	end(success, err)
+	endOp(err)
+
+	assertExportMetricsMetrics(t, collect(), n, success, err)
+}
+
+func TestInstrumentationExportMetricsPartialErrored(t *testing.T) {
+	inst, collect := setup(t)
+
+	const n = 10
+	err := assert.AnError
+
+	endOp := inst.RecordOperationDuration(context.Background())
+	end := inst.ExportMetrics(context.Background(), n)
+
+	const success = 5
+	end(success, err)
+	endOp(err)
+
+	assertExportMetricsMetrics(t, collect(), n, success, err)
+}
+
+func TestRecordCollectionDurationSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	inst, collect := setup(t)
+
+	endCollection := inst.RecordCollectionDuration(context.Background())
+	endCollection(nil)
+
+	assertCollectionOnly(t, collect(), nil)
+}
+
+func TestRecordCollectionDurationError(t *testing.T) {
+	inst, collect := setup(t)
+
+	wantErr := assert.AnError
+	endCollection := inst.RecordCollectionDuration(context.Background())
+	endCollection(wantErr)
+
+	assertCollectionOnly(t, collect(), wantErr)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkInstrumentationExportMetrics(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+	inst, err := observ.NewInstrumentation(ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("failed to create instrumentation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	benchErr := errors.New("benchmark error")
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for b.Loop() {
+		end := inst.ExportMetrics(ctx, 10)
+		end(4, benchErr)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkInstrumentationRecordOperationDuration(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+	inst, err := observ.NewInstrumentation(ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("failed to create instrumentation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	benchErr := errors.New("benchmark error")
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for b.Loop() {
+		done := inst.RecordOperationDuration(ctx)
+		done(benchErr)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkInstrumentationRecordCollectionDuration(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Setenv("OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY", "true")
+	inst, err := observ.NewInstrumentation(ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("failed to create instrumentation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	benchErr := errors.New("benchmark error")
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for b.Loop() {
+		endCollection := inst.RecordCollectionDuration(ctx)
+		endCollection(benchErr)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/version.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/version.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79b603c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Package internal provides internal utilities for the OpenTelemetry prometheus exporter.
+package internal // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal"
+
+// Version is the current release version of the OpenTelemetry prometheus
+// exporter in use.
+const Version = "0.60.0"
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/README.md b/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8c24eda2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Experimental Features
+
+The `prometheus` exporter contains features that have not yet stabilized in the OpenTelemetry specification.
+These features are added to the `prometheus` exporter prior to stabilization in the specification so that users can start experimenting with them and provide feedback.
+
+These features may change in backwards incompatible ways as feedback is applied.
+See the [Compatibility and Stability](#compatibility-and-stability) section for more information.
+
+## Features
+
+- [Observability](#observability)
+
+### Observability
+
+The `prometheus` exporter can be configured to provide observability about itself using OpenTelemetry metrics.
+
+To opt-in, set the environment variable `OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY` to `true`.
+
+When enabled, the SDK will create the following metrics using the global `MeterProvider`:
+
+- `otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.inflight`
+- `otel.sdk.exporter.metric_data_point.exported`
+- `otel.sdk.metric_reader.collection.duration`
+- `otel.sdk.exporter.operation.duration`
+
+Please see the [Semantic conventions for OpenTelemetry SDK metrics] documentation for more details on these metrics.
+
+[Semantic conventions for OpenTelemetry SDK metrics]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/semantic-conventions/blob/v1.36.0/docs/otel/sdk-metrics.md
+
+## Compatibility and Stability
+
+Experimental features do not fall within the scope of the OpenTelemetry Go versioning and stability [policy](../../../../VERSIONING.md).
+These features may be removed or modified in successive version releases, including patch versions.
+
+When an experimental feature is promoted to a stable feature, a migration path will be included in the changelog entry of the release.
+There is no guarantee that any environment variable feature flags that enabled the experimental feature will be supported by the stable version.
+If they are supported, they may be accompanied with a deprecation notice stating a timeline for the removal of that support.
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/x.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/x.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de4fd5b09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/x.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Package x documents experimental features for [go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus].
+package x // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus/internal/x"
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Observability is an experimental feature flag that determines if exporter
+// observability metrics are enabled.
+//
+// To enable this feature set the OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY environment variable
+// to the case-insensitive string value of "true" (i.e. "True" and "TRUE"
+// will also enable this).
+var Observability = newFeature(
+	[]string{"OBSERVABILITY"},
+	func(v string) (string, bool) {
+		if strings.EqualFold(v, "true") {
+			return v, true
+		}
+		return "", false
+	},
+)
+
+// Feature is an experimental feature control flag. It provides a uniform way
+// to interact with these feature flags and parse their values.
+type Feature[T any] struct {
+	keys  []string
+	parse func(v string) (T, bool)
+}
+
+func newFeature[T any](suffix []string, parse func(string) (T, bool)) Feature[T] {
+	const envKeyRoot = "OTEL_GO_X_"
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(suffix))
+	for _, s := range suffix {
+		keys = append(keys, envKeyRoot+s)
+	}
+	return Feature[T]{
+		keys:  keys,
+		parse: parse,
+	}
+}
+
+// Keys returns the environment variable keys that can be set to enable the
+// feature.
+func (f Feature[T]) Keys() []string { return f.keys }
+
+// Lookup returns the user configured value for the feature and true if the
+// user has enabled the feature. Otherwise, if the feature is not enabled, a
+// zero-value and false are returned.
+func (f Feature[T]) Lookup() (v T, ok bool) {
+	// https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/62effed618589a0bec416a87e559c0a9d96289bb/specification/configuration/sdk-environment-variables.md#parsing-empty-value
+	//
+	// > The SDK MUST interpret an empty value of an environment variable the
+	// > same way as when the variable is unset.
+	for _, key := range f.keys {
+		vRaw := os.Getenv(key)
+		if vRaw != "" {
+			return f.parse(vRaw)
+		}
+	}
+	return v, ok
+}
+
+// Enabled reports whether the feature is enabled.
+func (f Feature[T]) Enabled() bool {
+	_, ok := f.Lookup()
+	return ok
+}
diff --git a/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/x_test.go b/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/x_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c02cf3499
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exporters/prometheus/internal/x/x_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package x
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestObservability(t *testing.T) {
+	const key = "OTEL_GO_X_OBSERVABILITY"
+	require.Contains(t, Observability.Keys(), key)
+
+	t.Run("100", run(setenv(key, "100"), assertDisabled(Observability)))
+	t.Run("true", run(setenv(key, "true"), assertEnabled(Observability, "true")))
+	t.Run("True", run(setenv(key, "True"), assertEnabled(Observability, "True")))
+	t.Run("false", run(setenv(key, "false"), assertDisabled(Observability)))
+	t.Run("empty", run(assertDisabled(Observability)))
+}
+
+func run(steps ...func(*testing.T)) func(*testing.T) {
+	return func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Helper()
+		for _, step := range steps {
+			step(t)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func setenv(k, v string) func(t *testing.T) { //nolint:unparam // This is a reusable test utility function.
+	return func(t *testing.T) { t.Setenv(k, v) }
+}
+
+func assertEnabled[T any](f Feature[T], want T) func(*testing.T) {
+	return func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Helper()
+		assert.True(t, f.Enabled(), "not enabled")
+
+		v, ok := f.Lookup()
+		assert.True(t, ok, "Lookup state")
+		assert.Equal(t, want, v, "Lookup value")
+	}
+}
+
+func assertDisabled[T any](f Feature[T]) func(*testing.T) {
+	var zero T
+	return func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		assert.False(t, f.Enabled(), "enabled")
+
+		v, ok := f.Lookup()
+		assert.False(t, ok, "Lookup state")
+		assert.Equal(t, zero, v, "Lookup value")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/versions.yaml b/versions.yaml
index f8f3c0348..1c1a4f5a1 100644
--- a/versions.yaml
+++ b/versions.yaml
@@ -46,3 +46,6 @@ modules:
   go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace:
     version-refs:
       - ./exporters/stdout/stdouttrace/internal/version.go
+  go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus:
+    version-refs:
+      - ./exporters/prometheus/internal/version.go