OpenCensus metric exporter bridge (#1444)

* add OpenCensus metric exporter bridge

* Update bridge/opencensus/README.md

Co-authored-by: Eric Sirianni <sirianni@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Eric Sirianni <sirianni@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Tyler Yahn <MrAlias@users.noreply.github.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - Added codeql worfklow to GitHub Actions (#1428)
 - Added Gosec workflow to GitHub Actions (#1429)
 - Add new HTTP driver for OTLP exporter in `exporters/otlp/otlphttp`. Currently it only supports the binary protobuf payloads. (#1420)
+- Add an OpenCensus exporter bridge. (#1444)
 
 ### Changed
 

bridge/opencensus/README.md

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 The OpenCensus Bridge helps facilitate the migration of an application from OpenCensus to OpenTelemetry.
 
-## The Problem: Mixing OpenCensus and OpenTelemetry libraries
+## Tracing
+
+### The Problem: Mixing OpenCensus and OpenTelemetry libraries
 
 In a perfect world, one would simply migrate their entire go application --including custom instrumentation, libraries, and exporters-- from OpenCensus to OpenTelemetry all at once.  In the real world, dependency constraints, third-party ownership of libraries, or other reasons may require mixing OpenCensus and OpenTelemetry libraries in a single application.
 
@@ -44,10 +46,12 @@ The bridge implements the OpenCensus trace API using OpenTelemetry.  This would
 
 ### User Journey
 
+Starting from an application using entirely OpenCensus APIs:
+
 1. Instantiate OpenTelemetry SDK and Exporters
 2. Override OpenCensus' DefaultTracer with the bridge
-3. Migrate libraries from OpenCensus to OpenTelemetry
-4. Remove OpenCensus Exporters
+3. Migrate libraries individually from OpenCensus to OpenTelemetry
+4. Remove OpenCensus exporters and configuration
 
 To override OpenCensus' DefaultTracer with the bridge:
 ```golang
@@ -63,10 +67,56 @@ octrace.DefaultTracer = opencensus.NewTracer(tracer)
 
 Be sure to set the `Tracer` name to your instrumentation package name instead of `"bridge"`.
 
-### Incompatibilities
+#### Incompatibilities
 
 OpenCensus and OpenTelemetry APIs are not entirely compatible.  If the bridge finds any incompatibilities, it will log them.  Incompatibilities include:
 
 * Custom OpenCensus Samplers specified during StartSpan are ignored.
 * Links cannot be added to OpenCensus spans.
 * OpenTelemetry Debug or Deferred trace flags are dropped after an OpenCensus span is created.
+
+## Metrics
+
+### The problem: mixing libraries without mixing pipelines
+
+The problem for monitoring is simpler than the problem for tracing, since there
+are no context propagation issues to deal with. However, it still is difficult
+for users to migrate an entire applications' monitoring at once. It
+should be possible to send metrics generated by OpenCensus libraries to an 
+OpenTelemetry pipeline so that migrating a metric does not require maintaining
+separate export pipelines for OpenCensus and OpenTelemetry.
+
+### The Exporter "wrapper" solution
+
+The solution we use here is to allow wrapping an OpenTelemetry exporter such
+that it implements the OpenCensus exporter interfaces. This allows a single
+exporter to be used for metrics from *both* OpenCensus and OpenTelemetry.
+
+### User Journey
+
+Starting from an application using entirely OpenCensus APIs:
+
+1. Instantiate OpenTelemetry SDK and Exporters.
+2. Replace OpenCensus exporters with a wrapped OpenTelemetry exporter from step 1.
+3. Migrate libraries individually from OpenCensus to OpenTelemetry
+4. Remove OpenCensus Exporters and configuration.
+
+For example, to swap out the OpenCensus logging exporter for the OpenTelemetry stdout exporter:
+```golang
+import (
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricexport"
+    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/bridge/opencensus"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout" 
+    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+)
+// With OpenCensus, you could have previously configured the logging exporter like this:
+//       import logexporter "go.opencensus.io/examples/exporter"
+//       exporter, _ := logexporter.NewLogExporter(logexporter.Options{})
+// Instead, we can create an equivalent using the OpenTelemetry stdout exporter:
+openTelemetryExporter, _ := stdout.NewExporter(stdout.WithPrettyPrint())
+exporter := opencensus.NewMetricExporter(openTelemetryExporter)
+
+// Use the wrapped OpenTelemetry exporter like you normally would with OpenCensus
+intervalReader, _ := metricexport.NewIntervalReader(&metricexport.Reader{}, exporter)
+intervalReader.Start()
+```

bridge/opencensus/aggregation.go

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package opencensus
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricdata"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/number"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric/aggregation"
+)
+
+var (
+	errIncompatibleType = errors.New("incompatible type for aggregation")
+	errEmpty            = errors.New("points may not be empty")
+	errBadPoint         = errors.New("point cannot be converted")
+)
+
+// aggregationWithEndTime is an aggregation that can also provide the timestamp
+// of the last recorded point.
+type aggregationWithEndTime interface {
+	aggregation.Aggregation
+	end() time.Time
+}
+
+// newAggregationFromPoints creates an OpenTelemetry aggregation from
+// OpenCensus points.  Points may not be empty and must be either
+// all (int|float)64 or all *metricdata.Distribution.
+func newAggregationFromPoints(points []metricdata.Point) (aggregationWithEndTime, error) {
+	if len(points) == 0 {
+		return nil, errEmpty
+	}
+	switch t := points[0].Value.(type) {
+	case int64:
+		return newExactAggregator(points)
+	case float64:
+		return newExactAggregator(points)
+	case *metricdata.Distribution:
+		return newDistributionAggregator(points)
+	default:
+		// TODO add *metricdata.Summary support
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", errIncompatibleType, t)
+	}
+}
+
+var _ aggregation.Aggregation = &ocExactAggregator{}
+var _ aggregation.LastValue = &ocExactAggregator{}
+var _ aggregation.Points = &ocExactAggregator{}
+
+// newExactAggregator creates an OpenTelemetry aggreation from OpenCensus points.
+// Points may not be empty, and must only contain integers or floats.
+func newExactAggregator(pts []metricdata.Point) (aggregationWithEndTime, error) {
+	points := make([]aggregation.Point, len(pts))
+	for i, pt := range pts {
+		switch t := pt.Value.(type) {
+		case int64:
+			points[i] = aggregation.Point{
+				Number: number.NewInt64Number(pt.Value.(int64)),
+				Time:   pt.Time,
+			}
+		case float64:
+			points[i] = aggregation.Point{
+				Number: number.NewFloat64Number(pt.Value.(float64)),
+				Time:   pt.Time,
+			}
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", errIncompatibleType, t)
+		}
+	}
+	return &ocExactAggregator{
+		points: points,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type ocExactAggregator struct {
+	points []aggregation.Point
+}
+
+// Kind returns the kind of aggregation this is.
+func (o *ocExactAggregator) Kind() aggregation.Kind {
+	return aggregation.ExactKind
+}
+
+// Points returns access to the raw data set.
+func (o *ocExactAggregator) Points() ([]aggregation.Point, error) {
+	return o.points, nil
+}
+
+// LastValue returns the last point.
+func (o *ocExactAggregator) LastValue() (number.Number, time.Time, error) {
+	last := o.points[len(o.points)-1]
+	return last.Number, last.Time, nil
+}
+
+// end returns the timestamp of the last point
+func (o *ocExactAggregator) end() time.Time {
+	_, t, _ := o.LastValue()
+	return t
+}
+
+var _ aggregation.Aggregation = &ocDistAggregator{}
+var _ aggregation.Histogram = &ocDistAggregator{}
+
+// newDistributionAggregator creates an OpenTelemetry aggreation from
+// OpenCensus points. Points may not be empty, and must only contain
+// Distributions.  The most recent disribution will be used in the aggregation.
+func newDistributionAggregator(pts []metricdata.Point) (aggregationWithEndTime, error) {
+	// only use the most recent datapoint for now.
+	pt := pts[len(pts)-1]
+	val, ok := pt.Value.(*metricdata.Distribution)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", errBadPoint, pt.Value)
+	}
+	bucketCounts := make([]uint64, len(val.Buckets))
+	for i, bucket := range val.Buckets {
+		if bucket.Count < 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: bucket count may not be negative", errBadPoint)
+		}
+		bucketCounts[i] = uint64(bucket.Count)
+	}
+	if val.Count < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: count may not be negative", errBadPoint)
+	}
+	return &ocDistAggregator{
+		sum:   number.NewFloat64Number(val.Sum),
+		count: uint64(val.Count),
+		buckets: aggregation.Buckets{
+			Boundaries: val.BucketOptions.Bounds,
+			Counts:     bucketCounts,
+		},
+		endTime: pts[len(pts)-1].Time,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type ocDistAggregator struct {
+	sum     number.Number
+	count   uint64
+	buckets aggregation.Buckets
+	endTime time.Time
+}
+
+// Kind returns the kind of aggregation this is.
+func (o *ocDistAggregator) Kind() aggregation.Kind {
+	return aggregation.HistogramKind
+}
+
+// Sum returns the sum of values.
+func (o *ocDistAggregator) Sum() (number.Number, error) {
+	return o.sum, nil
+}
+
+// Count returns the number of values.
+func (o *ocDistAggregator) Count() (uint64, error) {
+	return o.count, nil
+}
+
+// Histogram returns the count of events in pre-determined buckets.
+func (o *ocDistAggregator) Histogram() (aggregation.Buckets, error) {
+	return o.buckets, nil
+}
+
+// end returns the time the histogram was measured.
+func (o *ocDistAggregator) end() time.Time {
+	return o.endTime
+}

bridge/opencensus/aggregation_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package opencensus
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricdata"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric/aggregation"
+)
+
+func TestNewAggregationFromPoints(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		desc         string
+		input        []metricdata.Point
+		expectedKind aggregation.Kind
+		expectedErr  error
+	}{
+		{
+			desc:        "no points",
+			expectedErr: errEmpty,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "int point",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time:  now,
+					Value: int64(23),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedKind: aggregation.ExactKind,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "float point",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time:  now,
+					Value: float64(23),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedKind: aggregation.ExactKind,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "distribution point",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time: now,
+					Value: &metricdata.Distribution{
+						Count: 2,
+						Sum:   55,
+						BucketOptions: &metricdata.BucketOptions{
+							Bounds: []float64{20, 30},
+						},
+						Buckets: []metricdata.Bucket{
+							{Count: 1},
+							{Count: 1},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedKind: aggregation.HistogramKind,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "bad distribution bucket count",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time: now,
+					Value: &metricdata.Distribution{
+						Count: 2,
+						Sum:   55,
+						BucketOptions: &metricdata.BucketOptions{
+							Bounds: []float64{20, 30},
+						},
+						Buckets: []metricdata.Bucket{
+							// negative bucket
+							{Count: -1},
+							{Count: 1},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedErr: errBadPoint,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "bad distribution count",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time: now,
+					Value: &metricdata.Distribution{
+						// negative count
+						Count: -2,
+						Sum:   55,
+						BucketOptions: &metricdata.BucketOptions{
+							Bounds: []float64{20, 30},
+						},
+						Buckets: []metricdata.Bucket{
+							{Count: 1},
+							{Count: 1},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedErr: errBadPoint,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "incompatible point type bool",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time:  now,
+					Value: true,
+				},
+			},
+			expectedErr: errIncompatibleType,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "dist is incompatible with exact",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time:  now,
+					Value: int64(23),
+				},
+				{
+					Time: now,
+					Value: &metricdata.Distribution{
+						Count: 2,
+						Sum:   55,
+						BucketOptions: &metricdata.BucketOptions{
+							Bounds: []float64{20, 30},
+						},
+						Buckets: []metricdata.Bucket{
+							{Count: 1},
+							{Count: 1},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedErr: errIncompatibleType,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "int point is incompatible with dist",
+			input: []metricdata.Point{
+				{
+					Time: now,
+					Value: &metricdata.Distribution{
+						Count: 2,
+						Sum:   55,
+						BucketOptions: &metricdata.BucketOptions{
+							Bounds: []float64{20, 30},
+						},
+						Buckets: []metricdata.Bucket{
+							{Count: 1},
+							{Count: 1},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					Time:  now,
+					Value: int64(23),
+				},
+			},
+			expectedErr: errBadPoint,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			output, err := newAggregationFromPoints(tc.input)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tc.expectedErr) {
+				t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = err(%v), want err(%v)", tc.input, err, tc.expectedErr)
+			}
+			if tc.expectedErr == nil && output.Kind() != tc.expectedKind {
+				t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = %v, want %v", tc.input, output.Kind(), tc.expectedKind)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPointsAggregation(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	input := []metricdata.Point{
+		{Value: int64(15)},
+		{Value: int64(-23), Time: now},
+	}
+	output, err := newAggregationFromPoints(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = err(%v), want <nil>", input, err)
+	}
+	if output.Kind() != aggregation.ExactKind {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = %v, want %v", input, output.Kind(), aggregation.ExactKind)
+	}
+	if output.end() != now {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).end() = %v, want %v", input, output.end(), now)
+	}
+	pointsAgg, ok := output.(aggregation.Points)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = %v does not implement the aggregation.Points interface", input, output)
+	}
+	points, err := pointsAgg.Points()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(points) != len(input) {
+		t.Fatalf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) resulted in %d points, want %d points", input, len(points), len(input))
+	}
+	for i := range points {
+		inputPoint := input[i]
+		outputPoint := points[i]
+		if inputPoint.Value != outputPoint.AsInt64() {
+			t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v)[%d] = %v, want %v", input, i, outputPoint.AsInt64(), inputPoint.Value)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLastValueAggregation(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	input := []metricdata.Point{
+		{Value: int64(15)},
+		{Value: int64(-23), Time: now},
+	}
+	output, err := newAggregationFromPoints(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = err(%v), want <nil>", input, err)
+	}
+	if output.Kind() != aggregation.ExactKind {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = %v, want %v", input, output.Kind(), aggregation.ExactKind)
+	}
+	if output.end() != now {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).end() = %v, want %v", input, output.end(), now)
+	}
+	lvAgg, ok := output.(aggregation.LastValue)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = %v does not implement the aggregation.Points interface", input, output)
+	}
+	num, endTime, err := lvAgg.LastValue()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if endTime != now {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).LastValue() = endTime: %v, want %v", input, endTime, now)
+	}
+	if num.AsInt64() != int64(-23) {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).LastValue() = number: %v, want %v", input, num.AsInt64(), int64(-23))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHistogramAggregation(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	input := []metricdata.Point{
+		{
+			Value: &metricdata.Distribution{
+				Count: 0,
+				Sum:   0,
+				BucketOptions: &metricdata.BucketOptions{
+					Bounds: []float64{20, 30},
+				},
+				Buckets: []metricdata.Bucket{
+					{Count: 0},
+					{Count: 0},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Time: now,
+			Value: &metricdata.Distribution{
+				Count: 2,
+				Sum:   55,
+				BucketOptions: &metricdata.BucketOptions{
+					Bounds: []float64{20, 30},
+				},
+				Buckets: []metricdata.Bucket{
+					{Count: 1},
+					{Count: 1},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	output, err := newAggregationFromPoints(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = err(%v), want <nil>", input, err)
+	}
+	if output.Kind() != aggregation.HistogramKind {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = %v, want %v", input, output.Kind(), aggregation.HistogramKind)
+	}
+	if output.end() != now {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).end() = %v, want %v", input, output.end(), now)
+	}
+	distAgg, ok := output.(aggregation.Histogram)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v) = %v does not implement the aggregation.Points interface", input, output)
+	}
+	sum, err := distAgg.Sum()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if sum.AsFloat64() != float64(55) {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).Sum() = %v, want %v", input, sum.AsFloat64(), float64(55))
+	}
+	count, err := distAgg.Count()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if count != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).Count() = %v, want %v", input, count, 2)
+	}
+	hist, err := distAgg.Histogram()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected err: %v", err)
+	}
+	inputBucketBoundaries := []float64{20, 30}
+	if len(hist.Boundaries) != len(inputBucketBoundaries) {
+		t.Fatalf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).Histogram() produced %d boundaries, want %d boundaries", input, len(hist.Boundaries), len(inputBucketBoundaries))
+	}
+	for i, b := range hist.Boundaries {
+		if b != inputBucketBoundaries[i] {
+			t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).Histogram().Boundaries[%d] = %v, want %v", input, i, b, inputBucketBoundaries[i])
+		}
+	}
+	inputBucketCounts := []uint64{1, 1}
+	if len(hist.Counts) != len(inputBucketCounts) {
+		t.Fatalf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).Histogram() produced %d buckets, want %d buckets", input, len(hist.Counts), len(inputBucketCounts))
+	}
+	for i, c := range hist.Counts {
+		if c != inputBucketCounts[i] {
+			t.Errorf("newAggregationFromPoints(%v).Histogram().Counts[%d] = %d, want %d", input, i, c, inputBucketCounts[i])
+		}
+	}
+}

bridge/opencensus/exporter.go

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package opencensus
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricdata"
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricexport"
+	ocresource "go.opencensus.io/resource"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/number"
+	export "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric/aggregation"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/unit"
+)
+
+var errConversion = errors.New("Unable to convert from OpenCensus to OpenTelemetry")
+
+// NewMetricExporter returns an OpenCensus exporter that exports to an
+// OpenTelemetry exporter
+func NewMetricExporter(base export.Exporter) metricexport.Exporter {
+	return &exporter{base: base}
+}
+
+// exporter implements the OpenCensus metric Exporter interface using an
+// OpenTelemetry base exporter.
+type exporter struct {
+	base export.Exporter
+}
+
+// ExportMetrics implements the OpenCensus metric Exporter interface
+func (e *exporter) ExportMetrics(ctx context.Context, metrics []*metricdata.Metric) error {
+	return e.base.Export(ctx, &checkpointSet{metrics: metrics})
+}
+
+type checkpointSet struct {
+	// RWMutex implements locking for the `CheckpointSet` interface.
+	sync.RWMutex
+	metrics []*metricdata.Metric
+}
+
+// ForEach iterates through the CheckpointSet, passing an
+// export.Record with the appropriate aggregation to an exporter.
+func (d *checkpointSet) ForEach(exporter export.ExportKindSelector, f func(export.Record) error) error {
+	for _, m := range d.metrics {
+		descriptor, err := convertDescriptor(m.Descriptor)
+		if err != nil {
+			otel.Handle(err)
+			continue
+		}
+		res := convertResource(m.Resource)
+		for _, ts := range m.TimeSeries {
+			if len(ts.Points) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			ls, err := convertLabels(m.Descriptor.LabelKeys, ts.LabelValues)
+			if err != nil {
+				otel.Handle(err)
+				continue
+			}
+			agg, err := newAggregationFromPoints(ts.Points)
+			if err != nil {
+				otel.Handle(err)
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := f(export.NewRecord(
+				&descriptor,
+				&ls,
+				res,
+				agg,
+				ts.StartTime,
+				agg.end(),
+			)); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, aggregation.ErrNoData) {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// convertLabels converts from OpenCensus label keys and values to an
+// OpenTelemetry label Set.
+func convertLabels(keys []metricdata.LabelKey, values []metricdata.LabelValue) (attribute.Set, error) {
+	if len(keys) != len(values) {
+		return attribute.NewSet(), fmt.Errorf("%w different number of label keys (%d) and values (%d)", errConversion, len(keys), len(values))
+	}
+	labels := []attribute.KeyValue{}
+	for i, lv := range values {
+		if !lv.Present {
+			continue
+		}
+		labels = append(labels, attribute.KeyValue{
+			Key:   attribute.Key(keys[i].Key),
+			Value: attribute.StringValue(lv.Value),
+		})
+	}
+	return attribute.NewSet(labels...), nil
+}
+
+// convertResource converts an OpenCensus Resource to an OpenTelemetry Resource
+func convertResource(res *ocresource.Resource) *resource.Resource {
+	labels := []attribute.KeyValue{}
+	if res == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for k, v := range res.Labels {
+		labels = append(labels, attribute.KeyValue{Key: attribute.Key(k), Value: attribute.StringValue(v)})
+	}
+	return resource.NewWithAttributes(labels...)
+}
+
+// convertDescriptor converts an OpenCensus Descriptor to an OpenTelemetry Descriptor
+func convertDescriptor(ocDescriptor metricdata.Descriptor) (metric.Descriptor, error) {
+	var (
+		nkind number.Kind
+		ikind metric.InstrumentKind
+	)
+	switch ocDescriptor.Type {
+	case metricdata.TypeGaugeInt64:
+		nkind = number.Int64Kind
+		ikind = metric.ValueObserverInstrumentKind
+	case metricdata.TypeGaugeFloat64:
+		nkind = number.Float64Kind
+		ikind = metric.ValueObserverInstrumentKind
+	case metricdata.TypeCumulativeInt64:
+		nkind = number.Int64Kind
+		ikind = metric.SumObserverInstrumentKind
+	case metricdata.TypeCumulativeFloat64:
+		nkind = number.Float64Kind
+		ikind = metric.SumObserverInstrumentKind
+	default:
+		// Includes TypeGaugeDistribution, TypeCumulativeDistribution, TypeSummary
+		return metric.Descriptor{}, fmt.Errorf("%w; descriptor type: %v", errConversion, ocDescriptor.Type)
+	}
+	opts := []metric.InstrumentOption{
+		metric.WithDescription(ocDescriptor.Description),
+		metric.WithInstrumentationName("OpenCensus Bridge"),
+	}
+	switch ocDescriptor.Unit {
+	case metricdata.UnitDimensionless:
+		opts = append(opts, metric.WithUnit(unit.Dimensionless))
+	case metricdata.UnitBytes:
+		opts = append(opts, metric.WithUnit(unit.Bytes))
+	case metricdata.UnitMilliseconds:
+		opts = append(opts, metric.WithUnit(unit.Milliseconds))
+	}
+	return metric.NewDescriptor(ocDescriptor.Name, ikind, nkind, opts...), nil
+}

bridge/opencensus/exporter_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package opencensus
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricdata"
+	ocresource "go.opencensus.io/resource"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/number"
+	export "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric"
+	exportmetric "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric/aggregation"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/unit"
+)
+
+type fakeExporter struct {
+	export.Exporter
+	records []export.Record
+	err     error
+}
+
+func (f *fakeExporter) Export(ctx context.Context, cps exportmetric.CheckpointSet) error {
+	return cps.ForEach(f, func(record exportmetric.Record) error {
+		f.records = append(f.records, record)
+		return f.err
+	})
+}
+
+type fakeErrorHandler struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (f *fakeErrorHandler) Handle(err error) {
+	f.err = err
+}
+
+func (f *fakeErrorHandler) matches(err error) error {
+	// make sure err is cleared for the next test
+	defer func() { f.err = nil }()
+	if !errors.Is(f.err, err) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("err(%v), want err(%v)", f.err, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestExportMetrics(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	basicDesc := metric.NewDescriptor(
+		"",
+		metric.ValueObserverInstrumentKind,
+		number.Int64Kind,
+		metric.WithInstrumentationName("OpenCensus Bridge"),
+	)
+	fakeErrorHandler := &fakeErrorHandler{}
+	otel.SetErrorHandler(fakeErrorHandler)
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		desc                 string
+		input                []*metricdata.Metric
+		exportErr            error
+		expected             []export.Record
+		expectedHandledError error
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "no metrics",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "metric without points is dropped",
+			input: []*metricdata.Metric{
+				{
+					TimeSeries: []*metricdata.TimeSeries{
+						{},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "descriptor conversion error",
+			input: []*metricdata.Metric{
+				// TypeGaugeDistribution isn't supported
+				{Descriptor: metricdata.Descriptor{Type: metricdata.TypeGaugeDistribution}},
+			},
+			expectedHandledError: errConversion,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "labels conversion error",
+			input: []*metricdata.Metric{
+				{
+					// No descriptor with label keys.
+					TimeSeries: []*metricdata.TimeSeries{
+						// 1 label value, which doens't exist in keys.
+						{
+							LabelValues: []metricdata.LabelValue{{Value: "foo", Present: true}},
+							Points: []metricdata.Point{
+								{},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedHandledError: errConversion,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "unsupported summary point type",
+			input: []*metricdata.Metric{
+				{
+					TimeSeries: []*metricdata.TimeSeries{
+						{
+							Points: []metricdata.Point{
+								{Value: &metricdata.Summary{}},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedHandledError: errIncompatibleType,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "success",
+			input: []*metricdata.Metric{
+				{
+					TimeSeries: []*metricdata.TimeSeries{
+						{
+							StartTime: now,
+							Points: []metricdata.Point{
+								{Value: int64(123), Time: now},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expected: []export.Record{
+				export.NewRecord(
+					&basicDesc,
+					attribute.EmptySet(),
+					resource.NewWithAttributes(),
+					&ocExactAggregator{
+						points: []aggregation.Point{
+							{
+								Number: number.NewInt64Number(123),
+								Time:   now,
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					now,
+					now,
+				),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "export error after success",
+			input: []*metricdata.Metric{
+				{
+					TimeSeries: []*metricdata.TimeSeries{
+						{
+							StartTime: now,
+							Points: []metricdata.Point{
+								{Value: int64(123), Time: now},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expected: []export.Record{
+				export.NewRecord(
+					&basicDesc,
+					attribute.EmptySet(),
+					resource.NewWithAttributes(),
+					&ocExactAggregator{
+						points: []aggregation.Point{
+							{
+								Number: number.NewInt64Number(123),
+								Time:   now,
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					now,
+					now,
+				),
+			},
+			exportErr: errors.New("failed to export"),
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "partial success sends correct metrics and drops incorrect metrics with handled err",
+			input: []*metricdata.Metric{
+				{
+					TimeSeries: []*metricdata.TimeSeries{
+						{
+							StartTime: now,
+							Points: []metricdata.Point{
+								{Value: int64(123), Time: now},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				// TypeGaugeDistribution isn't supported
+				{Descriptor: metricdata.Descriptor{Type: metricdata.TypeGaugeDistribution}},
+			},
+			expected: []export.Record{
+				export.NewRecord(
+					&basicDesc,
+					attribute.EmptySet(),
+					resource.NewWithAttributes(),
+					&ocExactAggregator{
+						points: []aggregation.Point{
+							{
+								Number: number.NewInt64Number(123),
+								Time:   now,
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					now,
+					now,
+				),
+			},
+			expectedHandledError: errConversion,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fakeExporter := &fakeExporter{err: tc.exportErr}
+			err := NewMetricExporter(fakeExporter).ExportMetrics(context.Background(), tc.input)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tc.exportErr) {
+				t.Errorf("NewMetricExporter(%+v) = err(%v), want err(%v)", tc.input, err, tc.exportErr)
+			}
+			// Check the global error handler, since we don't return errors
+			// which occur during conversion.
+			err = fakeErrorHandler.matches(tc.expectedHandledError)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("ExportMetrics(%+v) = %v", tc.input, err)
+			}
+			output := fakeExporter.records
+			if len(tc.expected) != len(output) {
+				t.Fatalf("ExportMetrics(%+v) = %d records, want %d records", tc.input, len(output), len(tc.expected))
+			}
+			for i, expected := range tc.expected {
+				if output[i].StartTime() != expected.StartTime() {
+					t.Errorf("ExportMetrics(%+v)[i].StartTime() = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output[i].StartTime(), expected.StartTime())
+				}
+				if output[i].EndTime() != expected.EndTime() {
+					t.Errorf("ExportMetrics(%+v)[i].EndTime() = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output[i].EndTime(), expected.EndTime())
+				}
+				if output[i].Resource().String() != expected.Resource().String() {
+					t.Errorf("ExportMetrics(%+v)[i].Resource() = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output[i].Resource().String(), expected.Resource().String())
+				}
+				if output[i].Descriptor().Name() != expected.Descriptor().Name() {
+					t.Errorf("ExportMetrics(%+v)[i].Descriptor() = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output[i].Descriptor().Name(), expected.Descriptor().Name())
+				}
+				// Don't bother with a complete check of the descriptor.
+				// That is checked as part of descriptor conversion tests below.
+				if !output[i].Labels().Equals(expected.Labels()) {
+					t.Errorf("ExportMetrics(%+v)[i].Labels() = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output[i].Labels(), expected.Labels())
+				}
+				if output[i].Aggregation().Kind() != expected.Aggregation().Kind() {
+					t.Errorf("ExportMetrics(%+v)[i].Aggregation() = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output[i].Aggregation().Kind(), expected.Aggregation().Kind())
+				}
+				// Don't bother checking the contents of the points aggregation.
+				// Those tests are done with the aggregations themselves
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertLabels(t *testing.T) {
+	setWithMultipleKeys := attribute.NewSet(
+		attribute.KeyValue{Key: attribute.Key("first"), Value: attribute.StringValue("1")},
+		attribute.KeyValue{Key: attribute.Key("second"), Value: attribute.StringValue("2")},
+	)
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		desc        string
+		inputKeys   []metricdata.LabelKey
+		inputValues []metricdata.LabelValue
+		expected    *attribute.Set
+		expectedErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			desc:     "no labels",
+			expected: attribute.EmptySet(),
+		},
+		{
+			desc:        "different numbers of keys and values",
+			inputKeys:   []metricdata.LabelKey{{Key: "foo"}},
+			expected:    attribute.EmptySet(),
+			expectedErr: errConversion,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "multiple keys and values",
+			inputKeys: []metricdata.LabelKey{{Key: "first"}, {Key: "second"}},
+			inputValues: []metricdata.LabelValue{
+				{Value: "1", Present: true},
+				{Value: "2", Present: true},
+			},
+			expected: &setWithMultipleKeys,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "multiple keys and values with some not present",
+			inputKeys: []metricdata.LabelKey{{Key: "first"}, {Key: "second"}, {Key: "third"}},
+			inputValues: []metricdata.LabelValue{
+				{Value: "1", Present: true},
+				{Value: "2", Present: true},
+				{Present: false},
+			},
+			expected: &setWithMultipleKeys,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			output, err := convertLabels(tc.inputKeys, tc.inputValues)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tc.expectedErr) {
+				t.Errorf("convertLabels(keys: %v, values: %v) = err(%v), want err(%v)", tc.inputKeys, tc.inputValues, err, tc.expectedErr)
+			}
+			if !output.Equals(tc.expected) {
+				t.Errorf("convertLabels(keys: %v, values: %v) = %+v, want %+v", tc.inputKeys, tc.inputValues, output.ToSlice(), tc.expected.ToSlice())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+func TestConvertResource(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		desc     string
+		input    *ocresource.Resource
+		expected *resource.Resource
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "nil resource",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "empty resource",
+			input: &ocresource.Resource{
+				Labels: map[string]string{},
+			},
+			expected: resource.NewWithAttributes(),
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "resource with labels",
+			input: &ocresource.Resource{
+				Labels: map[string]string{
+					"foo":  "bar",
+					"tick": "tock",
+				},
+			},
+			expected: resource.NewWithAttributes(
+				attribute.KeyValue{Key: attribute.Key("foo"), Value: attribute.StringValue("bar")},
+				attribute.KeyValue{Key: attribute.Key("tick"), Value: attribute.StringValue("tock")},
+			),
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			output := convertResource(tc.input)
+			if !output.Equal(tc.expected) {
+				t.Errorf("convertResource(%v) = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output, tc.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+func TestConvertDescriptor(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		desc        string
+		input       metricdata.Descriptor
+		expected    metric.Descriptor
+		expectedErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "empty descriptor",
+			expected: metric.NewDescriptor(
+				"",
+				metric.ValueObserverInstrumentKind,
+				number.Int64Kind,
+				metric.WithInstrumentationName("OpenCensus Bridge"),
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "gauge int64 bytes",
+			input: metricdata.Descriptor{
+				Name:        "foo",
+				Description: "bar",
+				Unit:        metricdata.UnitBytes,
+				Type:        metricdata.TypeGaugeInt64,
+			},
+			expected: metric.NewDescriptor(
+				"foo",
+				metric.ValueObserverInstrumentKind,
+				number.Int64Kind,
+				metric.WithInstrumentationName("OpenCensus Bridge"),
+				metric.WithDescription("bar"),
+				metric.WithUnit(unit.Bytes),
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "gauge float64 ms",
+			input: metricdata.Descriptor{
+				Name:        "foo",
+				Description: "bar",
+				Unit:        metricdata.UnitMilliseconds,
+				Type:        metricdata.TypeGaugeFloat64,
+			},
+			expected: metric.NewDescriptor(
+				"foo",
+				metric.ValueObserverInstrumentKind,
+				number.Float64Kind,
+				metric.WithInstrumentationName("OpenCensus Bridge"),
+				metric.WithDescription("bar"),
+				metric.WithUnit(unit.Milliseconds),
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "cumulative int64 dimensionless",
+			input: metricdata.Descriptor{
+				Name:        "foo",
+				Description: "bar",
+				Unit:        metricdata.UnitDimensionless,
+				Type:        metricdata.TypeCumulativeInt64,
+			},
+			expected: metric.NewDescriptor(
+				"foo",
+				metric.SumObserverInstrumentKind,
+				number.Int64Kind,
+				metric.WithInstrumentationName("OpenCensus Bridge"),
+				metric.WithDescription("bar"),
+				metric.WithUnit(unit.Dimensionless),
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "cumulative float64 dimensionless",
+			input: metricdata.Descriptor{
+				Name:        "foo",
+				Description: "bar",
+				Unit:        metricdata.UnitDimensionless,
+				Type:        metricdata.TypeCumulativeFloat64,
+			},
+			expected: metric.NewDescriptor(
+				"foo",
+				metric.SumObserverInstrumentKind,
+				number.Float64Kind,
+				metric.WithInstrumentationName("OpenCensus Bridge"),
+				metric.WithDescription("bar"),
+				metric.WithUnit(unit.Dimensionless),
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "incompatible TypeCumulativeDistribution",
+			input: metricdata.Descriptor{
+				Name:        "foo",
+				Description: "bar",
+				Type:        metricdata.TypeCumulativeDistribution,
+			},
+			expectedErr: errConversion,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			output, err := convertDescriptor(tc.input)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tc.expectedErr) {
+				t.Errorf("convertDescriptor(%v) = err(%v), want err(%v)", tc.input, err, tc.expectedErr)
+			}
+			if output != tc.expected {
+				t.Errorf("convertDescriptor(%v) = %+v, want %+v", tc.input, output, tc.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

bridge/opencensus/go.mod

@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ go 1.14
 require (
 	go.opencensus.io v0.22.6-0.20201102222123-380f4078db9f
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v0.18.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.18.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/oteltest v0.18.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v0.18.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v0.18.0
 )
 

bridge/opencensus/go.sum

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20190702054246-869f871628b6 h1:ZgQEtGgCBiWRM
 github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20190702054246-869f871628b6/go.mod h1:cIg4eruTrX1D+g88fzRXU5OdNfaM+9IcxsU14FzY7Hc=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.1.1/go.mod h1:oTYuIxOrZwtPieC+H1uAHpcLFnEyAGVDL/k47Jfbm0A=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.1 h1:YF8+flBXS5eO826T4nzqPrxfhQThhXl0YzfuUPu4SBg=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.1/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5 h1:Khx7svrCpmxxtHBq5j2mp/xVjsi8hQMfNLvJFAlrGgU=

example/opencensus/go.mod

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/bridge/opencensus v0.18.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout v0.18.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v0.18.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric v0.18.0
 )
 
 replace go.opentelemetry.io/otel/bridge/opentracing => ../../bridge/opentracing

example/opencensus/main.go

@@ -17,26 +17,58 @@ package main
 import (
 	"context"
 	"log"
+	"time"
 
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricdata"
+
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric"
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricexport"
+	"go.opencensus.io/metric/metricproducer"
+	"go.opencensus.io/stats"
+	"go.opencensus.io/stats/view"
+	"go.opencensus.io/tag"
 	octrace "go.opencensus.io/trace"
 
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/bridge/opencensus"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout"
+	otmetricexport "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/metric"
+	ottraceexport "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/export/trace"
 	sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
 )
 
+var (
+	// instrumenttype differentiates between our gauge and view metrics.
+	keyType = tag.MustNewKey("instrumenttype")
+	// Counts the number of lines read in from standard input
+	countMeasure = stats.Int64("test_count", "A count of something", stats.UnitDimensionless)
+	countView    = &view.View{
+		Name:        "test_count",
+		Measure:     countMeasure,
+		Description: "A count of something",
+		Aggregation: view.Count(),
+		TagKeys:     []tag.Key{keyType},
+	}
+)
+
 func main() {
+	log.Println("Using OpenTelemetry stdout exporter.")
+	otExporter, err := stdout.NewExporter(stdout.WithPrettyPrint())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tracing(otExporter)
+	monitoring(otExporter)
+}
+
+// tracing demonstrates overriding the OpenCensus DefaultTracer to send spans
+// to the OpenTelemetry exporter by calling OpenCensus APIs.
+func tracing(otExporter ottraceexport.SpanExporter) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	log.Println("Configuring OpenCensus.  Not Registering any OpenCensus exporters.")
 	octrace.ApplyConfig(octrace.Config{DefaultSampler: octrace.AlwaysSample()})
 
-	log.Println("Registering OpenTelemetry stdout exporter.")
-	otExporter, err := stdout.NewExporter(stdout.WithPrettyPrint())
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
 	tp := sdktrace.NewTracerProvider(sdktrace.WithSyncer(otExporter))
 	otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
 
@@ -56,3 +88,56 @@ func main() {
 	_, innerOCSpan := octrace.StartSpan(ctx, "OpenCensusInnerSpan")
 	innerOCSpan.End()
 }
+
+// monitoring demonstrates creating an IntervalReader using the OpenTelemetry
+// exporter to send metrics to the exporter by using either an OpenCensus
+// registry or an OpenCensus view.
+func monitoring(otExporter otmetricexport.Exporter) {
+	log.Println("Using the OpenTelemetry stdout exporter to export OpenCensus metrics.  This allows routing telemetry from both OpenTelemetry and OpenCensus to a single exporter.")
+	ocExporter := opencensus.NewMetricExporter(otExporter)
+	intervalReader, err := metricexport.NewIntervalReader(&metricexport.Reader{}, ocExporter)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to create interval reader: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	intervalReader.ReportingInterval = 10 * time.Second
+	log.Println("Emitting metrics using OpenCensus APIs.  These should be printed out using the OpenTelemetry stdout exporter.")
+	err = intervalReader.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to start interval reader: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	defer intervalReader.Stop()
+
+	log.Println("Registering a gauge metric using an OpenCensus registry.")
+	r := metric.NewRegistry()
+	metricproducer.GlobalManager().AddProducer(r)
+	gauge, err := r.AddInt64Gauge(
+		"test_gauge",
+		metric.WithDescription("A gauge for testing"),
+		metric.WithConstLabel(map[metricdata.LabelKey]metricdata.LabelValue{
+			{Key: keyType.Name()}: metricdata.NewLabelValue("gauge"),
+		}),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to add gauge: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	entry, err := gauge.GetEntry()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to get gauge entry: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Println("Registering a cumulative metric using an OpenCensus view.")
+	if err := view.Register(countView); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to register views: %v", err)
+	}
+	ctx, err := tag.New(context.Background(), tag.Insert(keyType, "view"))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to set tag: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	for i := int64(1); true; i++ {
+		// update stats for our gauge
+		entry.Set(i)
+		// update stats for our view
+		stats.Record(ctx, countMeasure.M(1))
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+}