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task/docs/usage.md
Andrey Nering 1bdf7e3192 v3: Post-release improvements to the documentation 
Closes #367
2020-08-24 21:43:08 -03:00

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# Usage
## Getting started
Create a file called `Taskfile.yml` in the root of your project.
The `cmds` attribute should contain the commands of a task.
The example below allows compiling a Go app and uses [Minify][minify] to concat
and minify multiple CSS files into a single one.
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
build:
cmds:
- go build -v -i main.go
assets:
cmds:
- minify -o public/style.css src/css
```
Running the tasks is as simple as running:
```bash
task assets build
```
Task uses [github.com/mvdan/sh](https://github.com/mvdan/sh), a native Go sh
interpreter. So you can write sh/bash commands and it will work even on
Windows, where `sh` or `bash` are usually not available. Just remember any
executable called must be available by the OS or in PATH.
If you omit a task name, "default" will be assumed.
## Environment variables
### Task
You can use `env` to set custom environment variables for a specific task:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
greet:
cmds:
- echo $GREETING
env:
GREETING: Hey, there!
```
Additionally, you can set globally environment variables, that'll be available
to all tasks:
```yaml
version: '3'
env:
GREETING: Hey, there!
tasks:
greet:
cmds:
- echo $GREETING
```
> NOTE: `env` supports expansion and retrieving output from a shell command
> just like variables, as you can see on the [Variables](#variables) section.
### .env files
You can also ask Task to include `.env` like files by using the `dotenv:`
setting:
```
# .env
KEYNAME=VALUE
```
```yaml
# Taskfile.yml
version: '3'
dotenv: ['.env']
tasks:
greet:
cmds:
- echo "Using $KEYNAME"
```
## Including other Taskfiles
If you want to share tasks between different projects (Taskfiles), you can use
the importing mechanism to include other Taskfiles using the `includes` keyword:
```yaml
version: '3'
includes:
docs: ./documentation # will look for ./documentation/Taskfile.yml
docker: ./DockerTasks.yml
```
The tasks described in the given Taskfiles will be available with the informed
namespace. So, you'd call `task docs:serve` to run the `serve` task from
`documentation/Taskfile.yml` or `task docker:build` to run the `build` task
from the `DockerTasks.yml` file.
### OS-specific Taskfiles
With `version: '2'`, task automatically includes any `Taskfile_{{OS}}.yml`
if it exists (for example: `Taskfile_windows.yml`, `Taskfile_linux.yml` or
`Taskfile_darwin.yml`). Since this behavior was a bit too implicit, it
was removed on version 3, but you still can have a similar behavior by
explicitly importing these files:
```yaml
version: '3'
includes:
build: ./Taskfile_{{OS}}.yml
```
### Directory of included Taskfile
By default, included Taskfile's tasks are ran in the current directory, even
if the Taskfile is in another directory, but you can force its tasks to run
in another directory by using this alternative syntax:
```yaml
version: '3'
includes:
docs:
taskfile: ./docs/Taskfile.yml
dir: ./docs
```
> The included Taskfiles must be using the same schema version the main
> Taskfile uses.
> Also, for now included Taskfiles can't include other Taskfiles.
> This was a deliberate decision to keep use and implementation simple.
> If you disagree, open an GitHub issue and explain your use case. =)
## Task directory
By default, tasks will be executed in the directory where the Taskfile is
located. But you can easily make the task run in another folder informing
`dir`:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
serve:
dir: public/www
cmds:
# run http server
- caddy
```
If the directory doesn't exist, `task` creates it.
## Task dependencies
> Dependencies run in parallel, so dependencies of a task shouldn't depend one
> another. If you want to force tasks to run serially take a look at the
> [Calling Another Task](#calling-another-task) section below.
You may have tasks that depend on others. Just pointing them on `deps` will
make them run automatically before running the parent task:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
build:
deps: [assets]
cmds:
- go build -v -i main.go
assets:
cmds:
- minify -o public/style.css src/css
```
In the above example, `assets` will always run right before `build` if you run
`task build`.
A task can have only dependencies and no commands to group tasks together:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
assets:
deps: [js, css]
js:
cmds:
- minify -o public/script.js src/js
css:
cmds:
- minify -o public/style.css src/css
```
If there is more than one dependency, they always run in parallel for better
performance.
> You can also make the tasks given by the command line run in parallel by
> using the `--parallel` flag (alias `-p`). Example: `task --parallel js css`.
If you want to pass information to dependencies, you can do that the same
manner as you would to [call another task](#calling-another-task):
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
default:
deps:
- task: echo_sth
vars: {TEXT: "before 1"}
- task: echo_sth
vars: {TEXT: "before 2"}
cmds:
- echo "after"
echo_sth:
cmds:
- echo {{.TEXT}}
```
## Calling another task
When a task has many dependencies, they are executed concurrently. This will
often result in a faster build pipeline. But in some situations you may need
to call other tasks serially. In this case, just use the following syntax:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
main-task:
cmds:
- task: task-to-be-called
- task: another-task
- echo "Both done"
task-to-be-called:
cmds:
- echo "Task to be called"
another-task:
cmds:
- echo "Another task"
```
Overriding variables in the called task is as simple as informing `vars`
attribute:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
main-task:
cmds:
- task: write-file
vars: {FILE: "hello.txt", CONTENT: "Hello!"}
- task: write-file
vars: {FILE: "world.txt", CONTENT: "World!"}
write-file:
cmds:
- echo "{{.CONTENT}}" > {{.FILE}}
```
The above syntax is also supported in `deps`.
> NOTE: If you want to call a task declared in the root Taskfile from within an
> [included Taskfile](#including-other-taskfiles), add a leading `:` like this:
> `task: :task-name`.
## Prevent unnecessary work
### By fingerprinting locally generated files and their sources
If a task generates something, you can inform Task the source and generated
files, so Task will prevent to run them if not necessary.
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
build:
deps: [js, css]
cmds:
- go build -v -i main.go
js:
cmds:
- minify -o public/script.js src/js
sources:
- src/js/**/*.js
generates:
- public/script.js
css:
cmds:
- minify -o public/style.css src/css
sources:
- src/css/**/*.css
generates:
- public/style.css
```
`sources` and `generates` can be files or file patterns. When given,
Task will compare the checksum of the source files to determine if it's
necessary to run the task. If not, it will just print a message like
`Task "js" is up to date`.
You will probably want to ignore the `.task` folder in your `.gitignore` file
(It's there that Task stores the last checksum).
If you prefer this check to be made by the modification timestamp of the files,
instead of its checksum (content), just set the `method` property to `timestamp`.
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
build:
cmds:
- go build .
sources:
- ./*.go
generates:
- app{{exeExt}}
method: checksum
```
> TIP: method `none` skips any validation and always run the task.
> NOTE: for the `checksum` (default) method to work, it's only necessary to
> inform the source files, but if you want to use the `timestamp` method, you
> also need to inform the generated files with `generates`.
### Using programmatic checks to indicate a task is up to date.
Alternatively, you can inform a sequence of tests as `status`. If no error
is returned (exit status 0), the task is considered up-to-date:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
generate-files:
cmds:
- mkdir directory
- touch directory/file1.txt
- touch directory/file2.txt
# test existence of files
status:
- test -d directory
- test -f directory/file1.txt
- test -f directory/file2.txt
```
Normally, you would use `sources` in combination with
`generates` - but for tasks that generate remote artifacts (Docker images,
deploys, CD releases) the checksum source and timestamps require either
access to the artifact or for an out-of-band refresh of the `.checksum`
fingerprint file.
Two special variables `{{.CHECKSUM}}` and `{{.TIMESTAMP}}` are available
for interpolation within `status` commands, depending on the method assigned
to fingerprint the sources. Only `source` globs are fingerprinted.
Note that the `{{.TIMESTAMP}}` variable is a "live" Go `time.Time` struct, and
can be formatted using any of the methods that `time.Time` responds to.
See [the Go Time documentation](https://golang.org/pkg/time/) for more information.
You can use `--force` or `-f` if you want to force a task to run even when
up-to-date.
Also, `task --status [tasks]...` will exit with a non-zero exit code if any of
the tasks are not up-to-date.
### Using programmatic checks to cancel execution of an task and it's dependencies
In addition to `status` checks, there are also `preconditions` checks, which are
the logical inverse of `status` checks. That is, if you need a certain set of
conditions to be _true_ you can use the `preconditions` stanza.
`preconditions` are similar to `status` lines except they support `sh`
expansion and they SHOULD all return 0.
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
generate-files:
cmds:
- mkdir directory
- touch directory/file1.txt
- touch directory/file2.txt
# test existence of files
preconditions:
- test -f .env
- sh: "[ 1 = 0 ]"
msg: "One doesn't equal Zero, Halting"
```
Preconditions can set specific failure messages that can tell
a user what steps to take using the `msg` field.
If a task has a dependency on a sub-task with a precondition, and that
precondition is not met - the calling task will fail. Note that a task
executed with a failing precondition will not run unless `--force` is
given.
Unlike `status` which will skip a task if it is up to date, and continue
executing tasks that depend on it, a `precondition` will fail a task, along
with any other tasks that depend on it.
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
task-will-fail:
preconditions:
- sh: "exit 1"
task-will-also-fail:
deps:
- task-will-fail
task-will-still-fail:
cmds:
- task: task-will-fail
- echo "I will not run"
```
## Variables
When doing interpolation of variables, Task will look for the below.
They are listed below in order of importance (e.g. most important first):
- Variables declared in the task definition
- Variables given while calling a task from another
(See [Calling another task](#calling-another-task) above)
- Global variables (those declared in the `vars:` option in the Taskfile)
- Environment variables
Example of sending parameters with environment variables:
```bash
$ TASK_VARIABLE=a-value task do-something
```
> TIP: A special variable `.TASK` is always available containing the task name.
Since some shells don't support above syntax to set environment variables
(Windows) tasks also accepts a similar style when not in the beginning of
the command.
```bash
$ task write-file FILE=file.txt "CONTENT=Hello, World!" print "MESSAGE=All done!"
```
Example of locally declared vars:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
print-var:
cmds:
- echo "{{.VAR}}"
vars:
VAR: Hello!
```
Example of global vars in a `Taskfile.yml`:
```yaml
version: '3'
vars:
GREETING: Hello from Taskfile!
tasks:
greet:
cmds:
- echo "{{.GREETING}}"
```
### Dynamic variables
The below syntax (`sh:` prop in a variable) is considered a dynamic variable.
The value will be treated as a command and the output assigned. If there is one
or more trailing newlines, the last newline will be trimmed.
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
build:
cmds:
- go build -ldflags="-X main.Version={{.GIT_COMMIT}}" main.go
vars:
GIT_COMMIT:
sh: git log -n 1 --format=%h
```
This works for all types of variables.
## Go's template engine
Task parse commands as [Go's template engine][gotemplate] before executing
them. Variables are accessible through dot syntax (`.VARNAME`).
All functions by the Go's [slim-sprig lib](https://go-task.github.io/slim-sprig/)
are available. The following example gets the current date in a given format:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
print-date:
cmds:
- echo {{now | date "2006-01-02"}}
```
Task also adds the following functions:
- `OS`: Returns operating system. Possible values are "windows", "linux",
"darwin" (macOS) and "freebsd".
- `ARCH`: return the architecture Task was compiled to: "386", "amd64", "arm"
or "s390x".
- `splitLines`: Splits Unix (\n) and Windows (\r\n) styled newlines.
- `catLines`: Replaces Unix (\n) and Windows (\r\n) styled newlines with a space.
- `toSlash`: Does nothing on Unix, but on Windows converts a string from `\`
path format to `/`.
- `fromSlash`: Opposite of `toSlash`. Does nothing on Unix, but on Windows
converts a string from `\` path format to `/`.
- `exeExt`: Returns the right executable extension for the current OS
(`".exe"` for Windows, `""` for others).
Example:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
print-os:
cmds:
- echo '{{OS}} {{ARCH}}'
- echo '{{if eq OS "windows"}}windows-command{{else}}unix-command{{end}}'
# This will be path/to/file on Unix but path\to\file on Windows
- echo '{{fromSlash "path/to/file"}}'
enumerated-file:
vars:
CONTENT: |
foo
bar
cmds:
- |
cat << EOF > output.txt
{{range $i, $line := .CONTENT | splitLines -}}
{{printf "%3d" $i}}: {{$line}}
{{end}}EOF
```
## Help
Running `task --list` (or `task -l`) lists all tasks with a description.
The following Taskfile:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
build:
desc: Build the go binary.
cmds:
- go build -v -i main.go
test:
desc: Run all the go tests.
cmds:
- go test -race ./...
js:
cmds:
- minify -o public/script.js src/js
css:
cmds:
- minify -o public/style.css src/css
```
would print the following output:
```bash
* build: Build the go binary.
* test: Run all the go tests.
```
## Display summary of task
Running `task --summary task-name` will show a summary of a task.
The following Taskfile:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
release:
deps: [build]
summary: |
Release your project to github
It will build your project before starting the release.
Please make sure that you have set GITHUB_TOKEN before starting.
cmds:
- your-release-tool
build:
cmds:
- your-build-tool
```
with running ``task --summary release`` would print the following output:
```
task: release
Release your project to github
It will build your project before starting the release.
Please make sure that you have set GITHUB_TOKEN before starting.
dependencies:
- build
commands:
- your-release-tool
```
If a summary is missing, the description will be printed.
If the task does not have a summary or a description, a warning is printed.
Please note: *showing the summary will not execute the command*.
## Overriding task name
Sometimes you may want to override the task name print on summary, up-to-date
messages to STDOUT, etc. In this case you can just set `label:`, which can also
be interpolated with variables:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
default:
- task: print
vars:
MESSAGE: hello
- task: print
vars:
MESSAGE: world
print:
label: 'print-{{.MESSAGE}}'
cmds:
- echo "{{.MESSAGE}}"
```
## Silent mode
Silent mode disables echoing of commands before Task runs it.
For the following Taskfile:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
echo:
cmds:
- echo "Print something"
```
Normally this will be print:
```sh
echo "Print something"
Print something
```
With silent mode on, the below will be print instead:
```sh
Print something
```
There are four ways to enable silent mode:
* At command level:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
echo:
cmds:
- cmd: echo "Print something"
silent: true
```
* At task level:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
echo:
cmds:
- echo "Print something"
silent: true
```
* Globally at Taskfile level:
```yaml
version: '3'
silent: true
tasks:
echo:
cmds:
- echo "Print something"
```
* Or globally with `--silent` or `-s` flag
If you want to suppress STDOUT instead, just redirect a command to `/dev/null`:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
echo:
cmds:
- echo "This will print nothing" > /dev/null
```
## Dry run mode
Dry run mode (`--dry`) compiles and steps through each task, printing the commands
that would be run without executing them. This is useful for debugging your Taskfiles.
## Ignore errors
You have the option to ignore errors during command execution.
Given the following Taskfile:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
echo:
cmds:
- exit 1
- echo "Hello World"
```
Task will abort the execution after running `exit 1` because the status code `1` stands for `EXIT_FAILURE`.
However it is possible to continue with execution using `ignore_error`:
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
echo:
cmds:
- cmd: exit 1
ignore_error: true
- echo "Hello World"
```
`ignore_error` can also be set for a task, which mean errors will be suppressed
for all commands. But keep in mind this option won't propagate to other tasks
called either by `deps` or `cmds`!
## Output syntax
By default, Task just redirect the STDOUT and STDERR of the running commands
to the shell in real time. This is good for having live feedback for log
printed by commands, but the output can become messy if you have multiple
commands running at the same time and printing lots of stuff.
To make this more customizable, there are currently three different output
options you can choose:
- `interleaved` (default)
- `group`
- `prefixed`
To choose another one, just set it to root in the Taskfile:
```yaml
version: '3'
output: 'group'
tasks:
# ...
```
The `group` output will print the entire output of a command once, after it
finishes, so you won't have live feedback for commands that take a long time
to run.
The `prefix` output will prefix every line printed by a command with
`[task-name] ` as the prefix, but you can customize the prefix for a command
with the `prefix:` attribute:
```yaml
version: '3'
output: prefixed
tasks:
default:
deps:
- task: print
vars: {TEXT: foo}
- task: print
vars: {TEXT: bar}
- task: print
vars: {TEXT: baz}
print:
cmds:
- echo "{{.TEXT}}"
prefix: "print-{{.TEXT}}"
silent: true
```
```bash
$ task default
[print-foo] foo
[print-bar] bar
[print-baz] baz
```
> The `output` option can also be specified by the `--output` or `-o` flags.
## Short task syntax
Starting on Task v3, you can now write tasks with a shorter syntax if they
have the default settings (e.g. no custom `env:`, `vars:`, `silent:` , etc):
```yaml
version: '3'
tasks:
build: go build -v -o ./app{{exeExt}} .
build:
- task: build
- ./app{{exeExt}} -h localhost -p 8080
```
## Watch tasks
With the flags `--watch` or `-w` task will watch for file changes
and run the task again. This requires the `sources` attribute to be given,
so task knows which files to watch.
[gotemplate]: https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/
[minify]: https://github.com/tdewolff/minify/tree/master/cmd/minify
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