sap-jenkins-library/documentation/docs/extensibility.md

# Extensibility

When using one of the ready-made pipelines of project "Piper", you don't have to write custom pipeline code.
The pipelines are centrally maintained and can be used with only a small amount of declarative configuration as documented [here](configuration.md).

For the vast majority of _standard_ projects, the features of the ready-made pipelines should be enough to implement [Continuous Delivery](https://martinfowler.com/bliki/ContinuousDelivery.html) with little effort in a best-practice compliant way.
If you miss a feature or discover a bug in one of our pipelines, please see if there is already an [open issue in our GitHub repository](https://github.com/SAP/jenkins-library/issues) and if not, open a new one.

In some cases, it's not desirable to include specialized features in the ready-made pipelines.
However, you can still benefit from their qualities, if you address your requirements through an **extension**.
Extensions are custom bits of pipeline coding, which you can use to implement special requirements.

This page explains extensibility options in project "Piper".
For a high level overview of available options and how to interface with them, see this figure:

![Library Setup](images/levels-of-extensibility.png "Extensibility Options")

Before building extensions, please make sure that there is no alternative that works better for you.

Options for extensibility, in the order in which we recommend considering them:

## 1. Extend individual stages

In this option, you use the centrally maintained pipeline but can change individual stages, if required.

To do so, create a file called `<StageName>.groovy` (for example, `Acceptance.groovy` or `lint.groovy`) in `.pipeline/extensions/` in the source code repository of your application.

For this, you need to know the technical identifiers for stage names.

* For the general purpose pipeline, you can find them in [the pipeline source file](https://github.com/SAP/jenkins-library/blob/master/vars/piperPipeline.groovy).
* For the SAP Cloud SDK pipeline, you can find them in [this GitHub search query](https://github.com/SAP/cloud-s4-sdk-pipeline-lib/search?q=%22def+stageName+%3D%22).

The centrally maintained pipeline checks if such a file exists and if it does, executes it.
A parameter of type `Map` that contains the following keys is passed to the extension:

* `script`: Defines the global script environment of the `Jenkinsfile` run. This makes sure that the correct configuration environment can be passed to project "Piper" steps and allows access to the `commonPipelineEnvironment`, for example.
* `originalStage`: Allows you to execute the "original" stage at any place in your script. If omitting a call to `originalStage()`, only your code is executed.
* `stageName`: Name of the current stage
* `config`: Configuration of the stage and general config (including all defaults)

Here is a simple example for such an extension, which you can use as a starting point:

```groovy
void call(Map params) {
  //access stage name
  echo "Start - Extension for stage: ${params.stageName}"

  //access config
  echo "Current stage config: ${params.config}"

  //execute original stage as defined in the template
  params.originalStage()

  //access overall pipeline script object
  echo "Branch: ${params.script.commonPipelineEnvironment.gitBranch}"

  echo "End - Extension for stage: ${params.stageName}"
}
return this
```

!!! note "`return this`"
    Don't forget the `return this`, which is required at the end of _all_ extension scripts.
    This is due to how Groovy loads scripts internally.

!!! note "Init stage cannot be extended"
    Please note that the `Init` stage also checks out your current repository including your extensions.<br />
    Therefore, it is not possible to use extensions on this stage.

### Practical example

For a more practical example, you can use extensions in the SAP Cloud SDK pipeline to add custom linters to your pipeline.

A linter is a tool that can check the source code for certain stylistic criteria. Many teams choose to use a linter to ensure a common programming style.

For example, if you want to use [Checkstyle](https://checkstyle.sourceforge.io/) in your codebase, you might use an extension similar to this one in a file called `.pipeline/extensions/lint.groovy` in your project:

```groovy
def call(Map parameters) {

    parameters.originalStage() // Runs the built-in linters

    mavenExecute(
        script: parameters.script,
        flags: '--batch-mode',
        pomPath: 'application/pom.xml',
        m2Path: s4SdkGlobals.m2Directory,
        goals: 'checkstyle:checkstyle',
    )

    recordIssues blameDisabled: true,
        enabledForFailure: true,
        aggregatingResults: false,
        tool: checkStyle()
}

return this
```

This code snippet has three components, let's see what is happening here:

Firstly, we run the original stage.
This runs the SAP UI5 Best Practices linter as this is a standard feature of SAP Cloud SDK pipeline.

Secondly, we run the checkstyle maven plugin using the `mavenExecute` Jenkins library step as provided by project "Piper".
This serves as an example for how flexible you can re-use what project "Piper" already provides in your extension.

Finally, we use the Jenkins [Warnings NG plugin](https://plugins.jenkins.io/warnings-ng/) and its step `recordIssues` to make the findings visible in the Jenkins user interface.

This example can be adapted for other linters of your choice.
Be sure to checkout the _Library steps_ section of this documentation if you want to do this.
Project "Piper" provides some basic building blocks such as `dockerExecute` and the already mentioned `mavenExecute` which might be helpful.

## 2. Modified Ready-Made Pipeline

This option describes how you can copy and paste one of the centrally maintained pipelines to make changes to it that are not possible otherwise.
For example, you can't change the order of stages and the stages that run in parallel or add new stages to a centrally maintained pipeline.

A _modified Ready-Made Pipeline_ allows you to modify your [declarative pipeline based on the syntax Jenkins provides](https://jenkins.io/doc/book/pipeline/syntax/#declarative-pipeline).

This might be done for an individual project (in the `Jenkinsfile`), or in a separate Git repository so it can be used for multiple projects.

### Single project

The default `Jenkinsfile` of centrally maintained pipelines does nothing else but loading the pipeline and running it.
This is convenient but limits the modifiable aspects of the pipeline.

If one of your projects uses the pipeline, the easiest way to do this modification is to copy the pipeline into your `Jenkinsfile`.

The basic structure of your `Jenkinsfile` should be the following:

```groovy
@Library(/* Shared library definition, see below */) _

call script: this

void call(parameters) {
  // Your pipeline code based on our ready-made pipelines
}
```

The actual pipeline code (the `call` method in the listing above) can be found here:

* [General purpose pipeline](https://github.com/SAP/jenkins-library/blob/master/vars/piperPipeline.groovy)
* [SAP Cloud SDK pipeline](https://github.com/SAP/cloud-s4-sdk-pipeline-lib/blob/master/vars/cloudSdkPipeline.groovy)

!!! note "Use the correct shared library definition"
    Which shared library you need depends on the pipeline you're using.<br />
    For the [general purpose pipeline](https://github.com/SAP/jenkins-library/blob/master/vars/piperPipeline.groovy), you need `'piper-lib-os'`.<br />
    For the [SAP Cloud SDK pipeline](https://github.com/SAP/cloud-s4-sdk-pipeline-lib/blob/master/vars/cloudSdkPipeline.groovy), you need `'s4sdk-pipeline-library'`.

For the version identifier, please see the section _How to stay up-to-date_ in this document.

### Multiple projects

If you have multiple projects that share a similar architecture, it might be desirable to share one modified pipeline amongst them.
Similar to what you can do in an individual `Jenkinsfile`, you can copy the pipeline to your own shared library and modify it.

To do this, create a new Git repository in your preferred Git hosting service.
It must be compliant to [how Jenkins shared libraries are built](https://jenkins.io/doc/book/pipeline/shared-libraries/).
In a nutshell, this means that you need a `vars` directory inside which you can place a copy of your preferred pipeline.

A minimal example of such a library could have the following directory structure:

```
./vars/myCustomPipeline.groovy
./README.md
```

`myCustomPipeline.groovy` contains the modified pipeline code of the [general purpose pipeline](https://github.com/SAP/jenkins-library/blob/master/vars/piperPipeline.groovy) or [SAP Cloud SDK Pipeline](https://github.com/SAP/cloud-s4-sdk-pipeline-lib/blob/master/vars/cloudSdkPipeline.groovy).

!!! note
    The name of your custom pipeline _must_ differ from the other pipelines provided by project "Piper" because Jenkins requires names across multiple libraries to be unique.

This library must be placed in a Git repository, which is available for Jenkins and must be configured in Jenkins [as documented here](https://jenkins.io/doc/book/pipeline/shared-libraries/#using-libraries).

The following screenshot shows an example of the configuration in Jenkins.
Note that the name (1) must be the same as the one you use in your `Jenkinsfile`.

![Library Setup](images/customPipelineLib.png "Library Setup")

The `Jenkinsfile` of your individual projects would look similar to the following:

```groovy
@Library(['piper-lib-os','my-own-pipeline']) _

myCustomPipeline script: this
```

Be sure to adapt the names and version identifiers accordingly, as described in _How to stay up-to-date_.

### How to stay up-to-date

Regardless of which of the above options you choose, one downside of this approach is that your pipeline will be out of sync with the centrally maintained pipelines at some point in time.
We strongly recommend doing _as little modification as possible_ to fulfil your requirements.
Please be aware that stages may have dependencies on each other.

!!! warning "Don't depend on stage implementation details"
    Your pipeline should treat _stages_ as a black box, the stage implementations are not a published API and may be subject to change at any time.

!!! tip "Avoid accidental breaking changes"
    By default, Jenkins uses the `master` branch of shared libraries.
    This way, you're always automatically using the latest and greatest version.
    The downside is that in rare cases, breaking changes might happen.
    Another potential issue is that your builds are not _repeatable_, that means building the same version of your application twice _might_ have a different result.
    For those reasons, you might want to consider to fix versions to a released version like in this example: `@Library('my-shared-library@v1.0') _`<br />
    Find the most recent release for the [jenkins-library](https://github.com/SAP/jenkins-library/releases) and for the [SAP Cloud SDK Pipeline](https://github.com/SAP/cloud-s4-sdk-pipeline/releases) on GitHub.
    To stay up to date with the latest releases, you can ["watch" releases for those repositories on GitHub](https://help.github.com/en/github/receiving-notifications-about-activity-on-github/watching-and-unwatching-releases-for-a-repository).

!!! note "When to go with a modified ready-made pipeline"
    This option is right for you if none of the provided ready-made pipelines serves your purpose, and individual stage extensions don't provide enough flexibility.

### Advanced tips and information

When you consider adding additional capabilities, your first stop should be the [Jenkins Pipeline Steps Reference](https://jenkins.io/doc/pipeline/steps/).
Here you get an overview of what kind of capabilities are already available and a list of related parameters, which you can use to customize the existing implementation.
The provided information should help you understand and extend the functionality of your pipeline.

## 3. New Pipeline from Scratch

Since project "Piper" fully builds on [Jenkins Pipelines as Code](https://jenkins.io/doc/book/pipeline-as-code/), you can also go with your own pipeline from scratch in a `Jenkinsfile`.

!!! danger "Decoupling"
    If you choose this option, you will be decoupled from the innovations provided with project "Piper", unless you re-use stages (as indicated above under [_2. Modified ready-made pipelines_](/extensibility.md#2-modified-ready-made-pipeline)), for example.

    **We recommend using this only when none of the other provided options suit your use case.**