msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-03-03T20:37:57+05:30\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: \n"
"Last-Translator: Abhik Banerjee <abhik@abhikbanerjee.com>\n"
"Language-Team: abhik-99<abhikbanerjee.com>, noob_rasel<raselm@duck.com>\n"
"Language: bn\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n==0 || n==1);\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 3.4.2\n"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/index.md
msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
msgstr "Comprehensive Rust 🦀 এ আপনাকে স্বাগতম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course.md
msgid "Running the Course"
msgstr "কোর্স চালানো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Course Structure"
msgstr "কোর্স এর গঠন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
msgstr "কিবোর্ড শর্টকাট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid "Translations"
msgstr "অনুবাদ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/cargo.md
msgid "Using Cargo"
msgstr "Cargo ব্যবহার"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
msgstr "রাস্ট ইকোসিস্টেম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Code Samples"
msgstr "কোড নমুনা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
msgstr "Cargo Locally চালানো হচ্ছে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 1: Morning"
msgstr "প্রথম দিনঃ সকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Welcome"
msgstr "স্বাগতম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "Hello, World"
msgstr "হ্যালো ওয়ার্ল্ড"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "What is Rust?"
msgstr "রাস্ট কি?"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Benefits of Rust"
msgstr "রাস্ট এর সুবিধা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/playground.md
msgid "Playground"
msgstr "প্লেগ্রাউন্ড"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md
msgid "Types and Values"
msgstr "টাইপ এবং মান"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/variables.md
msgid "Variables"
msgstr "ভেরিয়েবল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "Values"
msgstr "মান"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
msgid "Arithmetic"
msgstr "অঙ্কশাস্ত্র"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "Strings"
msgstr "Strings"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/inference.md
msgid "Type Inference"
msgstr "টাইপ অনুমান"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: ফিবোনাচ্চি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/solution.md
#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md
#: src/references/solution.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md
#: src/generics/solution.md src/std-types/solution.md
#: src/std-traits/solution.md src/memory-management/solution.md
#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/borrowing/solution.md
#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md src/iterators/solution.md
#: src/modules/solution.md src/testing/solution.md
#: src/error-handling/solution.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "Solution"
msgstr "সমাধান"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid "Control Flow Basics"
msgstr "প্রোগ্রামের প্রবাহ নিয়ন্ত্রণের মৌলিক বিষয়"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`if` Expressions"
msgstr "if অভিব্যক্তি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md
msgid "Loops"
msgstr "লুপ্স"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md
msgid "`for`"
msgstr "`for`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md
msgid "`loop`"
msgstr "`loop`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md
msgid "`break` and `continue`"
msgstr "`break` এবং  `continue`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md
msgid "Labels"
msgstr "লেবেল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
msgid "Blocks and Scopes"
msgstr "ব্লক এবং  স্কোপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
msgstr "প্রসার এবং  প্রতিচ্ছায়া করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
msgid "Functions"
msgstr "ফাংশন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid "Macros"
msgstr "ম্যাক্রো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: কল্যাটজ এর ক্রম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
msgstr "প্রথম দিনঃ বিকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md
#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Tuples and Arrays"
msgstr "টিউপল এবং অ্যারে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md
msgid "Array Iteration"
msgstr "অ্যারে এর পুনরাবৃত্তি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid "Patterns and Destructuring"
msgstr "ঢক-এ ফেলা এবং ডিস্ট্রাকচার করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: নেস্টেড অ্যারে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md
msgid "References"
msgstr "রেফারেন্স"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/shared.md
msgid "Shared References"
msgstr "ভাগ করা রেফারেন্স"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exclusive.md
msgid "Exclusive References"
msgstr "একচেটিয়া রেফারেন্স"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Geometry"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: জ্যামিতি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md
msgid "User-Defined Types"
msgstr "ব্যবহারকারী দ্বারা বর্ণিত টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "Named Structs"
msgstr "অভিহিত Structs (গঠন)"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid "Tuple Structs"
msgstr "Tuple Structs"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "Enums"
msgstr "Enums"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Static and Const"
msgstr "Static এবং Const"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/aliases.md
msgid "Type Aliases"
msgstr "টাইপ এর উপনাম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: লিফট এর ঘটনাবলী"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 2: Morning"
msgstr "দ্বিতীয় দিনঃ সকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md
msgid "Pattern Matching"
msgstr "প্যাটার্ন মিলানো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "Matching Values"
msgstr "মান মেলানো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "Destructuring"
msgstr "ডিস্ট্রাকচার করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "Let Control Flow"
msgstr "Let এর প্রবাহ নিয়ন্ত্রণ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: অভিব্যক্তি মূল্যায়ন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md
msgid "Methods and Traits"
msgstr "মেথড এবং ট্রেইট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "Methods"
msgstr "মেথডস"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits.md
msgid "Traits"
msgstr "ট্রেইট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Implmementing Traits"
msgstr "ট্রেইট বাস্তবায়ন করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md
msgid "Associated Types"
msgstr "যুক্ত টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid "Deriving"
msgstr "আহরণ করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Generic Logger"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: জেনেরিক তথ্য নির্মাতা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md
msgid "Generics"
msgstr "জেনেরিকস"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid "Generic Functions"
msgstr "জেনেরিক পদ্ধতি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid "Generic Data Types"
msgstr "জেনেরিক ডেটা টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "Trait Bounds"
msgstr "ট্রেইট এর সীমানা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid "`impl Trait`"
msgstr "`impl Trait`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: জেনেরিক `min`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
msgstr "দ্বিতীয় দিনঃ বিকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md
msgid "Standard Library Types"
msgstr "স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরির টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/std.md
msgid "Standard Library"
msgstr "স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/docs.md
msgid "Documentation"
msgstr "দলিল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`Option`"
msgstr "`Option`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`Result`"
msgstr "`Result`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`String`"
msgstr "`String`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/vec.md
msgid "`Vec`"
msgstr "`Vec`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/hashmap.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`HashMap`"
msgstr "`HashMap`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Counter"
msgstr "অনুশীলন: সংখ্যায়ক"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md
msgid "Standard Library Traits"
msgstr "স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরির ট্রেইট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/comparisons.md src/async.md
msgid "Comparisons"
msgstr "তুলনাসমূহ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid "Operators"
msgstr "কার্যকারক"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md
msgid "`From` and `Into`"
msgstr "`From` এবং `Into`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid "Casting"
msgstr "নিক্ষেপণ করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid "`Read` and `Write`"
msgstr "`Read` এবং `Write`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax"
msgstr "`Default`, স্ট্রাক্টের হালনাগাদ করবার বাক্য গঠন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid "Closures"
msgstr "ক্লোজারেস (Closures)"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: ROT13"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: রো.ও.t ১৩ (ROT 13)"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 3: Morning"
msgstr "তৃতীয় দিনঃ সকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md
msgid "Memory Management"
msgstr "মেমোরি ব্যবস্থাপনা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Review of Program Memory"
msgstr "প্রোগ্রামের স্মৃতির (Memory) ব্যাপারে পর্যালোচনা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid "Approaches to Memory Management"
msgstr "মেমরি ব্যবস্থাপনার বিভিন্ন পদ্ধতি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/ownership.md
msgid "Ownership"
msgstr "মালিকানা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "Move Semantics"
msgstr "মুভ এর শব্দার্থবিদ্যা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`Clone`"
msgstr "`Clone`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "Copy Types"
msgstr "অনুলিপি টাইপগুলি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`Drop`"
msgstr "`Drop`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Builder Type"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: রচনাকারী টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md
msgid "Smart Pointers"
msgstr "বুদ্ধিমান ইঙ্গিতকারী (স্মার্ট পয়েন্টার)"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/box.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`Box<T>`"
msgstr "`Box<T>`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid "`Rc`"
msgstr "`Rc`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "Trait Objects"
msgstr "Trait Objects"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: দুই চলবিশিষ্ট তরূ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
msgstr "তৃতীয় দিনঃ বিকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md
msgid "Borrowing"
msgstr "ধার নেওয়া"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid "Borrowing a Value"
msgstr "একটি ম্যান ধার নেওয়া"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid "Borrow Checking"
msgstr "ধার নেওয়া ম্যান পরীক্ষা করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid "Interior Mutability"
msgstr "আন্তঃকার্যক্ষমতা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: স্বাস্থ্য পরিসংখ্যান"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid "Slices and Lifetimes"
msgstr "টুকরা এবং জীবনকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Slices: `&[T]`"
msgstr "টুকরা: `&[T]`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "String References"
msgstr "স্ট্রিং রেফারেন্স"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid "Lifetime Annotations"
msgstr "জীবনকালের টীকা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Lifetime Elision"
msgstr "জীবনকালের লোপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Struct Lifetimes"
msgstr "স্ট্রাক্টের জীবনকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: প্রোটোবাফ পদান্বয় করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 4: Morning"
msgstr "চথুর্ত দিন: সকালবেলা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators.md
msgid "Iterators"
msgstr "পুনরাবৃত্তিকারী"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/iterator.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Iterator`"
msgstr "`Iterator`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid "`IntoIterator`"
msgstr "`IntoIterator`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`FromIterator`"
msgstr "`FromIterator`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: পুনরাবৃত্তিকারী মালাবন্ধন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/modules.md
msgid "Modules"
msgstr "Modules"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
msgstr "Filesystem Hierarchy"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "Visibility"
msgstr "দৃশ্যমানতা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`"
msgstr "`use`, `super`, `self`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: একটি জি.ইউ.আই লাইব্রেরি বানাবার মডিউল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/chromium/testing.md
msgid "Testing"
msgstr "টেস্টিং"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Test Modules"
msgstr "টেস্ট মডিউল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/other.md
msgid "Other Types of Tests"
msgstr "অন্যান্য টাইপের পরীক্ষা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/useful-crates.md
msgid "Useful Crates"
msgstr "উপকারী ক্রেটসমূহ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "GoogleTest"
msgstr "GoogleTest"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/mocking.md
msgid "Mocking"
msgstr "উপহাস করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/lints.md
msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy"
msgstr "সংকলনকারী (কম্পাইলার) এর লিন্টগুলি এবং ক্লিপি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: লুন এর গাণিতিক পরিভাষা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Day 4: Afternoon"
msgstr "চতুর্থ দিন: দুপুরবেলা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md
msgid "Error Handling"
msgstr "ত্রুটি সামলানো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Panics"
msgstr "Panics-প্যানিক"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try.md
msgid "Try Operator"
msgstr "Try কার্যকারক"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid "Try Conversions"
msgstr "Try রূপান্তর"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`Error` Trait"
msgstr "`Error` ট্রেইট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`"
msgstr "`thiserror` এবং `anyhow`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: `Result` ব্যবহার করে আবার লেখা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "Unsafe Rust"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ রাস্ট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Unsafe"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
msgstr "র পয়েন্টার ডি-রেফারেন্স করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
msgstr "পরিবর্তনযোগ্য স্ট্যাটিক ভেরিয়েবলস"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unions.md
msgid "Unions"
msgstr "Unions"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "Unsafe Functions"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ কাজকর্ম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Unsafe Traits"
msgstr "নানান  অনিরাপদ ট্রেইট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী: এফ . এফ . আই মোড়ক"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/android.md
msgid "Android"
msgstr "Android"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/setup.md src/chromium/setup.md
msgid "Setup"
msgstr "সেটআপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Build Rules"
msgstr "গঠনের নিয়ম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Binary"
msgstr "বাইনারি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Library"
msgstr "লাইব্রেরি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl.md
msgid "AIDL"
msgstr "AIDL"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md
msgid "Birthday Service Tutorial"
msgstr "জন্মদিনের সেবার টিউটোরিয়াল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Interface"
msgstr "ইন্টারফেস"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Service API"
msgstr "সার্ভিস এ . পি . আই"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Service"
msgstr "সার্ভিস"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Server"
msgstr "সার্ভার"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md
msgid "Deploy"
msgstr "স্থাপন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Client"
msgstr "ক্লায়েন্ট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid "Changing API"
msgstr "API পরিবর্তন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Updating Implementations"
msgstr "বাস্তবায়নগুলির হাল নাগাদ করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "AIDL Types"
msgstr "এ.আই.দি.এল টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "Primitive Types"
msgstr "বনিয়াদি টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid "Array Types"
msgstr "অ্যারে এর টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid "Sending Objects"
msgstr "অবজেক্ট পাঠানো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md
msgid "Parcelables"
msgstr "পার্সেলবলেস  (পুলিন্দা বানানো যায় যাকে)"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "Sending Files"
msgstr "একাধিক ফাইল পাঠানো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/logging.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md
msgid "Logging"
msgstr "Logging"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability.md
msgid "Interoperability"
msgstr "আন্তঃকার্যক্ষমতা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "With C"
msgstr "C এর সাথে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
msgstr "Bindgen এর মাধ্যমে C কে ডাকা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
msgstr "C থেকে রাস্ট কে ডাকা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp.md
msgid "With C++"
msgstr "C++এর সাথে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid "The Bridge Module"
msgstr "Bridge মডিউল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Rust Bridge"
msgstr "রাস্ট Bridge"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md
msgid "Generated C++"
msgstr "উত্পন্ন হওয়া C++ কোড"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "C++ Bridge"
msgstr "C++ Bridge"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md
msgid "Shared Types"
msgstr "অংশে মালিকানাধীন টাইপগুলি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md
msgid "Shared Enums"
msgstr "অংশে মালিকানাধীন গণনাকারী (শেয়ার্ড ইনুম্স)"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md
msgid "Rust Error Handling"
msgstr "রাস্ট এর ত্রুটি পরিচালনা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md
msgid "C++ Error Handling"
msgstr "C++ এর ত্রুটি পরিচালনা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "Additional Types"
msgstr "আরো কিছু টাইপ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Building for Android: C++"
msgstr "এন্ড্রোইড এর জন্যে বানানো: C++"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Building for Android: Genrules"
msgstr "এন্ড্রোইড এর জন্যে বানানো: Genrules"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Building for Android: Rust"
msgstr "এন্ড্রোইড এর জন্যে বানানো: রাস্ট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "With Java"
msgstr "Java এর সাথে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/android/morning.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md
msgid "Exercises"
msgstr "অনুশীলন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Chromium"
msgstr "Chromium"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "Comparing Chromium and Cargo Ecosystems"
msgstr "Chromium এবং Cargo এর বাস্তুতন্ত্রগুলির মধ্যে তুলনা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Policy"
msgstr "কর্মপন্থা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Unsafe Code"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ কোড"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md
msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++"
msgstr "ক্রোমিয়ম C++ এর থেকে আসা রাস্ট কোড এর ওপরে নির্ভর করছে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid "Visual Studio Code"
msgstr "Visual Studio Code"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "Exercise"
msgstr "অনুশীলনী"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md
msgid "`rust_gtest_interop` Library"
msgstr "`rust_gtest_interop` কোড সংগ্রহ বা লাইব্রেরি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md
msgid "GN Rules for Rust Tests"
msgstr "রাস্ট এ পরীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা করবার জন্যে জি . এন নিয়মাবলী"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md
msgid "`chromium::import!` Macro"
msgstr "`chromium::import!` ম্যাক্রো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Interoperability with C++"
msgstr "সি++ এর সাথে আন্তঃকার্যক্ষমতা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "Example Bindings"
msgstr "উদাহরণ বাইন্ডিং"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid "Limitations of CXX"
msgstr "সি.এক্স.এক্স এর সীমাবদ্ধতা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid "CXX Error Handling"
msgstr "সি.এক্স.এক্স ত্রুটি পরিচালনা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Error Handling: QR Example"
msgstr "ত্রুটি পরিচালনা: কিউ.আর উদাহরণ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Error Handling: PNG Example"
msgstr "ত্রুটি পরিচালনা: পি.এন.জি উদাহরণ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Using CXX in Chromium"
msgstr "ক্রোমিয়ম এ সি.এক্স.এক্স ব্যবহার করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Adding Third Party Crates"
msgstr "তৃতীয় পক্ষের ক্রেট জোড়া"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Configuring Cargo.toml"
msgstr "Cargo.toml সজ্জিত করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md
msgid "Configuring `gnrt_config.toml`"
msgstr "`gnrt_config.toml` সজ্জিত করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid "Downloading Crates"
msgstr "ক্রেট ডাউনলোড করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid "Generating `gn` Build Rules"
msgstr "`gn` নির্মাণ নিয়মাবলী উত্পাদন করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Resolving Problems"
msgstr "সমস্যা সমাধান করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md
msgid "Build Scripts Which Generate Code"
msgstr "কোড উৎপাদন করে এমন নির্মাণ নিয়মসমূহ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md
msgid "Build Scripts Which Build C++ or Take Arbitrary Actions"
msgstr "নির্মাণ নিয়মসমূহ যা C++ নির্মাণ করে বা কোনো ইচ্ছামত কাজ করে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md
msgid "Depending on a Crate"
msgstr "ক্রেট এর ওপরে নির্ভর করে যে"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Reviews and Audits"
msgstr "পর্যালোচনা এবং নিরীক্ষা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Checking into Chromium Source Code"
msgstr "Chromium এর মূল কোড এ ঢোকা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md
msgid "Keeping Crates Up to Date"
msgstr "ক্রেটগুলি অবাধ রাখা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Bringing It Together - Exercise"
msgstr "সবকিছু একসাথে এনে কিছু বানানো - অনুশীলনী"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md
msgid "Exercise Solutions"
msgstr "অনুশীলনীর সমাধানসমূহ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Bare Metal: Morning"
msgstr "Bare Metal: সকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`no_std`"
msgstr "`no_std`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "A Minimal Example"
msgstr "একটি ন্যূনতম উদাহরণ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid "`alloc`"
msgstr "`alloc`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md
msgid "Microcontrollers"
msgstr "মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলার"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
msgid "Raw MMIO"
msgstr "অপক্ব এম . এম . আই . ও"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "PACs"
msgstr "পি . এ . সি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "HAL Crates"
msgstr "HAL Crates"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Board Support Crates"
msgstr "Board Support Crates"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "The Type State Pattern"
msgstr "টাইপ এর অবস্থা বিবেচনা করে এমন প্যাটার্ন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid "`embedded-hal`"
msgstr "`embedded-hal`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`"
msgstr "`probe-rs` এবং `cargo-embed`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md
msgid "Debugging"
msgstr "ডিবাগিং"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Other Projects"
msgstr "আরও প্রকল্পগুলি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "Compass"
msgstr "কম্পাস"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Solutions"
msgstr "সমাধানসমূহ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon"
msgstr "বেয়ার মেটাল: দুপুরবেলা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Application Processors"
msgstr "এপ্লিকেশন প্রসেসর"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid "Getting Ready to Rust"
msgstr "রাস্টের জন্যে প্রস্তুত হওয়া"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Inline Assembly"
msgstr "Inline Assembly"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "MMIO"
msgstr "MMIO"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver"
msgstr "চলুন একটি UART Driver লিখি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "More Traits"
msgstr "আরও Traits"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "A Better UART Driver"
msgstr "একটি উন্নতর UART ড্রাইভার"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "Bitflags"
msgstr "Bitflags"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Multiple Registers"
msgstr "একাধিক রেজিস্টারস"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "Driver"
msgstr "চালক বা ড্রাইভার"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Using It"
msgstr "ব্যবহার করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md
msgid "Exceptions"
msgstr "ব্যতিক্রম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md
msgid "`zerocopy`"
msgstr "`zerocopy`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid "`aarch64-paging`"
msgstr "`aarch64-paging`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md
msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`"
msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md
msgid "`tinyvec`"
msgstr "`tinyvec`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md
msgid "`spin`"
msgstr "`spin`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "`vmbase`"
msgstr "`vmbase`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "RTC Driver"
msgstr "RTC Driver"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Concurrency: Morning"
msgstr "Concurrency: সকাল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "Threads"
msgstr "সম্পাদনার সুতো"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md
msgid "Scoped Threads"
msgstr "স্কোপড Threads"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md
msgid "Channels"
msgstr "নালা বা চ্যানেল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
msgstr "সীমাহীন চ্যানেল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid "Bounded Channels"
msgstr "আবদ্ধ চ্যানেল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md
msgid "`Send` and `Sync`"
msgstr "`Send` এবং `Sync`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md
msgid "`Send`"
msgstr "`Send`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md
msgid "`Sync`"
msgstr "`Sync`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "Examples"
msgstr "উদাহরণসমূহ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state.md
msgid "Shared State"
msgstr "অংশিদারী মালিকানা বিভাজিত অবস্থা বা স্টেট"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid "`Arc`"
msgstr "`Arc`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid "`Mutex`"
msgstr "`Mutex`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md
#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid "Example"
msgstr "উদাহরণ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
msgstr "Dining দার্শনিক"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
msgstr "মাল্টি থ্রেডেড লিঙ্ক চেকার"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon"
msgstr "সমবর্তীশীলতা: দুপুরবেলা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Async Basics"
msgstr "Async Basics"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/async-await.md
msgid "`async`/`await`"
msgstr "`async`/`await`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/futures.md
msgid "Futures"
msgstr "ভবিষ্যৎ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/runtimes.md
msgid "Runtimes"
msgstr "রানটাইম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "Tokio"
msgstr "Tokio"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md src/async/tasks.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "Tasks"
msgstr "Tasks-কর্ম"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/channels.md
msgid "Async Channels"
msgstr "অসমনিয়ত চ্যানেল"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Control Flow"
msgstr "প্রবাহ নিয়ন্ত্রণ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid "Join"
msgstr "জোড়া"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid "Select"
msgstr "নির্বাচন করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Pitfalls"
msgstr "ক্ষতি"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Blocking the Executor"
msgstr "এক্সিকিউটর ব্লক করা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "`Pin`"
msgstr "`Pin`"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid "Async Traits"
msgstr "Async Traits"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "Cancellation"
msgstr "বাতিলকরণ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "Broadcast Chat Application"
msgstr "সম্প্রচার করে কথোপকথন করার এপ্লিকেশন"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Final Words"
msgstr "চূড়ান্ত কিছু কথা"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/thanks.md
msgid "Thanks!"
msgstr "ধন্যবাদ!"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/glossary.md
msgid "Glossary"
msgstr "শব্দকোষ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md
msgid "Other Resources"
msgstr "অন্যান্য উৎসসমূহ"

#: src/SUMMARY.md src/credits.md
msgid "Credits"
msgstr "ক্রেডিটস"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields."
"io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github."
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
msgstr ""
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields."
"io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github."
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The "
"course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced "
"topics like generics and error handling."
msgstr ""
"এটি Google এর অ্যান্ড্রয়েড টিম দ্বারা তৈরি একটি চার দিনের রাস্টশিখবার কোর্স যা "
"রাস্ট-এর সম্পূর্ণ স্পেকট্রাম, মৌলিক সিনট্যাক্স থেকে শুরু করে জেনেরিক এবং ত্রুটি "
"পরিচালনার মতো উন্নত বিষয় শিখতে সাহায্য করতে পারে।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"The latest version of the course can be found at <https://google.github.io/"
"comprehensive-rust/>. If you are reading somewhere else, please check there "
"for updates."
msgstr ""
"এই কোর্স এর সবচেয়ে নতুন সংস্করণ <https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/> "
"- এখানে পাওয়া যাবে। যদি অন্য কোথাও থেকে আপনি পড়ছেন তাহলে এইখানে একবার দেখে "
"নেয়া ভালো।"

#: src/index.md
msgid "The course is also available [as a PDF](comprehensive-rust.pdf)."
msgstr "এই কোর্সটি পি.ডি.এফ মাধ্যমেও উপলব্ধ আছে (comprehensive-rust.pdf)।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know "
"anything about Rust and hope to:"
msgstr ""
"কোর্সের লক্ষ্য হল আপনাকে রাস্ট শেখানো। আমরা ধরে নিলাম আপনি কিছুই জানেন না রাস্ট "
"সম্পর্কে এবং আশা করি:"

#: src/index.md
msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language."
msgstr "আপনাকে রাস্ট সিনট্যাক্স এবং ভাষা সম্পর্কে একটি বিস্তারিত বোঝায়"

#: src/index.md
msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust."
msgstr ""
"আপনাকে বিদ্যমান প্রোগ্রামগুলি সংশোধন করতে এবং রাস্ট এ নতুন প্রোগ্রাম লিখতে সক্ষম করে।"

#: src/index.md
msgid "Show you common Rust idioms."
msgstr "আপনাকে সাধারণ রাস্ট ইডিয়মস দেখায়।"

#: src/index.md
msgid "We call the first four course days Rust Fundamentals."
msgstr "আমরা কোর্সের প্রথম চারটি দিনকে রাস্ট ফান্ডামেন্টাল বলি।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:"
msgstr ""
"এটির উপর ভিত্তি করে, আপনাকে এক বা একাধিক বিশেষ বিষয়গুলিতে ডুব দেওয়ার জন্য "
"আমন্ত্রিত।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform "
"development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
msgstr ""
"[Android](android.md): অ্যান্ড্রয়েড প্ল্যাটফর্মের ডেভেলপমেন্ট (AOSP) এর জন্য রাস্ট "
"ব্যবহার করার একটি অর্ধ-দিনের কোর্স। এর মধ্যে C, C++ এবং Java সহ আন্তঃকার্যযোগ্যতা "
"অন্তর্ভুক্ত রয়েছে।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"[Chromium](chromium.md): a half-day course on using Rust within Chromium "
"based browsers. This includes interoperability with C++ and how to include "
"third-party crates in Chromium."
msgstr ""
"[Chromium][chromium.md): একটি আধা দিনের কোর্স যেখানে কিভাবে Chromium যুক্ত "
"ব্রাউসার এ রাস্ট ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে এটা শেখানো হয়েছে। এতে C++ আন্তঃকার্যক্ষমতা "
"সহ তৃতীয় পক্ষের ক্রেট কিভাবে Chromium এ ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে এটাও দেখানো হয়েছে।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal "
"(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are "
"covered."
msgstr ""
"[বেয়ার-মেটাল](bare-metal.md): রাস্ট কিভাবে এমবেডেড ডেভেলপমেন্ট এ লাগতে পারে এই "
"বিষয়ের ওপরে একটা পুরো দিনের ক্লাস। মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলেরস এবং এপ্লিকেশন প্রসেসসর্স এই "
"দুটো বিষয়গুলির চর্চা করা হয়েছে এখানে।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We "
"cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and "
"mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using "
"futures)."
msgstr ""
"[সমবর্তী গণনা](concurrency.md): রাস্ট এ সমবর্তী গণনার ওপরে একটা পুরো দিনের ক্লাস "
"। এখানে ক্লাসিকাল সমবর্তী (থ্রেড এবং mutexes ব্যবহার করে অগ্রক্রয়াধিকার-সংক্রান্ত "
"সময়সূচী বানানো) গণনা এবং async/await সমবর্তী গণনা (ফিউচার ব্যবহার করে সমবায় "
"মাল্টিটাস্কিং)-এই দুই ধরণের নিয়ে চর্চা করা হয়েছে।"

#: src/index.md
msgid "Non-Goals"
msgstr "যা লক্ষ্যের মধ্যে পড়ে না"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few "
"days. Some non-goals of this course are:"
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট একটি বৃহৎ প্রোগ্রামিং ল্যাংগুয়েজ এবং আমরা কয়েক দিনের মধ্যে এটিকে কভার করতে "
"সক্ষম হব না। এই কোর্সের কিছু অ-লক্ষ্য হলঃ"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
msgstr ""
"ম্যাক্রো কিভাবে বানানো যেতে পারে: এর জন্যে [রাস্ট বই এর অধ্যায় ১৯.৫](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) এবং [উদাহরণ দ্বারা Rust](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) দেখুন।"

#: src/index.md
msgid "Assumptions"
msgstr "\\##ধৃষ্টতাসমূহ"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a "
"statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and "
"C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach."
msgstr ""
"কোর্সটি অনুমান করে যে আপনি ইতিমধ্যেই প্রোগ্রাম করতে জানেন। রাস্ট একটি স্ট্যাটিকালি "
"টাইপড প্রোগ্রামিং ল্যাংগুয়েজ এবং আমরা কখনও কখনও C এবং C++ এর সাথে তুলনা করব "
"ভালোভাব ব্যাখা করার জন্য অথবা বিপরীত রাস্ট পদ্ধতি।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or "
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
msgstr ""
"আপনি যদি জানেন কিভাবে একটি ডাইনামিক্যালি টাইপড ভাষায় প্রোগ্রাম করতে হয় যেমন "
"পাইথন বা জাভাস্ক্রিপ্ট, তাহলে আপনি খুব ভাল অনুসরণ করতে সক্ষম হবেন।"

#: src/index.md
msgid ""
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional "
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor "
"should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
msgstr ""
"এটি একটি  _speaker note_ এর উদাহরণ। আমরা অতিরিক্ত তথ্য স্লাইডে যোগ করতে এইগুলো "
"ব্যবহার করবো। এটি প্রধান পয়েন্ট হতে পারে যা প্রশিক্ষকের উচিত কভারের পাশাপাশি "
"ক্লাসে আসা সাধারণ প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেওয়া।"

#: src/running-the-course.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "This page is for the course instructor."
msgstr "এই পৃষ্ঠাটি কোর্স প্রশিক্ষকের জন্য।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the "
"course internally at Google."
msgstr ""
"আমরা কীভাবে কোর্সটি চালাচ্ছি সে সম্পর্কে এখানে কিছু পটভূমির গুগলে অভ্যন্তরীণভাবে  তথ্য "
"রয়েছে।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"We typically run classes from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break "
"in the middle. This leaves 3 hours for the morning class and 3 hours for the "
"afternoon class. Both sessions contain multiple breaks and time for students "
"to work on exercises."
msgstr ""
"সাধারণত আমরা সকাল ৯.০০ থেকে বিকেল ৪.০০ (মাঝে ১ ঘন্টার বিরতিসহ) পর্যন্ত ক্লাস করে "
"থাকি। এই জন্যে সকালে ৩ ঘন্টা এবং দুপুরে ৩ ঘন্টা সময়ে থাকে ক্লাস এর জন্যে। দুটি ভাগেই "
"শিক্ষার্থী দের জন্যে বিরতি এবং অনুশীলনীর কাজের সময়ে যুক্ত থাকে।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:"
msgstr "আপনি কোর্স চালানোর আগে, আপনি চাইবেন:"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker "
"notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more "
"speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker "
"notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker "
"Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class."
msgstr ""
"কোর্সের উপাদানের সাথে নিজেকে পরিচিত করুন। আমরা স্পিকার নোট অন্তর্ভুক্ত করেছি মূল "
"পয়েন্টগুলি হাইলাইট করতে সাহায্য করার জন্য (অনুগ্রহ করে আরও স্পিকার নোট অবদান রেখে "
"আমাদের সাহায্য করুন !)। উপস্থাপন করার সময়, আপনি একটি স্পিকার নোট পপআপ এ খুলতে "
"ভুলবেন না (\"স্পীকার নোটস\" এর পাশে একটি ছোট তীর সহ লিঙ্কে ক্লিক করুন)। এই পথে "
"ক্লাসে উপস্থাপন করার জন্য আপনার কাছে একটি পরিষ্কার পর্দা রয়েছে।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes four days, we recommend that you "
"schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that they "
"find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process all "
"the information we give them."
msgstr ""
"তিথির ওপরে আগে থেকে সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়ে নেয়া ভালো। যেহেতু এই কোর্সটি ৪-দিন এর সেহেতু "
"আমাদের তরফ থেকে পরামর্শ থাকবে যে তিথিগুলি দুই সপ্তা ধরে ছড়িয়ে রাখবা। আগের "
"অংশগ্রহণকারীদের প্রতিক্রিয়া থেকে এই পাওয়া গেছে যে এরম করে একাধিক সপ্তা ধরে "
"কোর্সটি করালে তারা আরও ভালো বোঝে।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a "
"class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable "
"asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have "
"time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself "
"and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your "
"laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an "
"instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you."
msgstr ""
"আপনার ব্যক্তিগত অংশগ্রহনের জন্য যথেষ্ট বড় একটি রুম খুঁজুন। আমরা সুপারিশ করি 15-25 জনের "
"সাইজের ক্লাস। এটি যথেষ্ট ছোট যে মানুষ আরামদায়ক অনুভব করে প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করতে--- "
"এটি যথেষ্ট ছোট যে একজন প্রশিক্ষক এর সময় থাকবে প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেওয়ার জন্য। নিশ্চিত "
"করুন যে ঘরে আপনার জন্য এবং ছাত্রদের জন্য _desks_ আছে : আপনা্দের সকলকে আপনাদের "
"ল্যাপটপের সাথে বসে কাজ করতে সক্ষম হতে হবে। বিশেষ করে, আপনি একজন প্রশিক্ষক হিসাবে "
"প্রচুর লাইভ-কোডিং করবেন, তাই lecturn আপনার জন্য খুব সহায়ক হবে না।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things "
"up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your "
"laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag "
"as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as "
"you or the course participants spot them."
msgstr ""
"আপনার কোর্সের দিন, জিনিসগুলি সেট করতে একটু তাড়াতাড়ি করুন আমরা আপনার ল্যাপটপে "
"চলমান `mdbook serve` ব্যবহার করে সরাসরি উপস্থাপন করার পরামর্শ দিই (দেখুন "
"\\[ইনস্টলেশন নির্দেশাবলী\\] [3](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-"
"rust#building))। আপনি পৃষ্ঠাগুলি পরিবর্তন করার সাথে সাথে এটি কোনও ল্যাগ ছাড়াই "
"সর্বোত্তম কার্যক্ষমতা নিশ্চিত করে। আপনার ল্যাপটপ ব্যবহার করলে আপনি আপনার বা কোর্সের "
"মতো টাইপ ভুল ঠিক করতে পারবেন অংশগ্রহণকারীরা তাদের খুঁজে বের করে।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We "
"typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the "
"afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people "
"if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see "
"that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and "
"offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant "
"information in the standard library."
msgstr ""
"তাদেরকে একা একা বা ছোট দলে অনুশীলনের সমাধান করতে দিন। আমরা সাধারণত সকালে এবং "
"বিকেলে ব্যায়ামের জন্য 30-45 মিনিট ব্যয় করি (সমাধানগুলি পর্যালোচনা করার সময় সহ)। "
"নিশ্চিত করুন লোকেদের জিজ্ঞাসা করুন তারা আটকে আছে কিনা বা আপনি সাহায্য করতে পারেন "
"এমন কিছু আছে কিনা। যখন আপনি দেখতে পাচ্ছেন যে বেশ কয়েকজনের একই সমস্যা রয়েছে, "
"এটিকে ক্লাসে কল করুন এবং একটি সমাধান অফার করুন, যেমন, প্রাসঙ্গিক তথ্যটি  স্ট্যান্ডার্ড "
"লাইব্রেরিতে  কোথায় পাওয়া যাবে তা লোকেদের দেখিয়ে দিন।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun "
"for you as it has been for us!"
msgstr ""
"এইসব যে, কোর্সটি চালানোর জন্য শুভকামনা। আমরা আশা করি এটা ততটাই মজার হবে আপনার "
"জন্য যতটা হয়েছিলো আমাদের কাছে।"

#: src/running-the-course.md
msgid ""
"Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
"discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We "
"would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. "
"Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!"
msgstr ""
"অনুগ্রহ করে \\[প্রতিক্রিয়া প্রদান করুন\\] [1](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/discussions/86) পরে যাতে আমরা উন্নতি করতে পারি। অবশ্যই "
"আপনার জন্য কী ভাল কাজ করেছে এবং উত্তম কী তৈরি করা যেতে পারে তা আমরা শুনতে চাই।"
"আপনার ছাত্রদেরও \\[আমাদের প্রতিক্রিয়া পাঠাতে\\] খুব স্বাগত জানাই[2](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Rust Fundamentals"
msgstr "রাস্ট এর ভিত্তি জ্ঞান "

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"The first four days make up [Rust Fundamentals](../welcome-day-1.md). The "
"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!"
msgstr ""
"প্রথম চার দিন ধরে [রাস্ট এর মূলসূত্রগুলি](../welcome-day-1.md) সেখান হবে। এই "
"অধ্যায়গুলি দ্রুত গতির হয় এবং আমরা অনেকটা একসাথে শিখবার চেষ্টা করাবো।"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Course schedule:"
msgstr "কোর্স এর সময়সূচী"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 1 Morning (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "প্রথম দিনের সকাল (বিরতিসহ ২ ঘন্টা ১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্বাগত](../welcome-day-1.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr "[হ্যালো, ওয়ার্ল্ড](../hello-world.md) (১৫ মিনিট )"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Types and Values](../types-and-values.md) (45 minutes)"
msgstr "[টাইপ এবং মান](../types-and-values.md) (৪৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Control Flow Basics](../control-flow-basics.md) (40 minutes)"
msgstr "[নিয়ন্ত্রণ প্রবাহর প্রাথমিক জ্ঞান](../control-flow-basics.md) (৪০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon (2 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "প্রথম দিনের দুপুর (বিরতিসহ ২ ঘন্টা ১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 minutes)"
msgstr "[টিউপল এবং অ্যারে](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (৩৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[References](../references.md) (35 minutes)"
msgstr "[রেফারেন্স](../references.md) (৩৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[User-Defined Types](../user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)"
msgstr "[ব্যবহারকারী দ্বারা সংজ্ঞায়িত টাইপ](../user-defined-types.md) (৫০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 2 Morning (2 hours and 50 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "দ্বিতীয় দিনের সকাল (বিরতিসহ ২ ঘন্টা ৫০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্বাগতম](../welcome-day-2.md) (৩ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Pattern Matching](../pattern-matching.md) (1 hour)"
msgstr "[প্যাটার্ন ম্যাচিং](../pattern-matching.md) (১ ঘন্টা)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Methods and Traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (45 minutes)"
msgstr "[প্রণালী এবং ট্রেইট](../methods-and-traits.md) (৪৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Generics](../generics.md) (40 minutes)"
msgstr "[জেনেরিক্স\\](../generics.md) (৪০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "দ্বিতীয় দিনের দুপুরবেলা (বিরতিসহ ৩ ঘন্টা ১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Standard Library Types](../std-types.md) (1 hour and 20 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরির টাইপগুলি](../std-types.md) (১ ঘন্টা টো মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Standard Library Traits](../std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরির ট্রেইট](../std-traits.md) (১ ঘন্টা টো মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 3 Morning (2 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "তৃতীয় দিনের সকালবেলা (বিরতিসহ ২ ঘন্টা ২০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্বাগতম](../welcome-day-3.md) (৩ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Memory Management](../memory-management.md) (1 hour)"
msgstr "[মেমরি ব্যবস্থাপনা](../memory-management.md) (১ ঘন্টা)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Smart Pointers](../smart-pointers.md) (55 minutes)"
msgstr "[বুদ্ধিমান ইঙ্গিতকারী বা স্মার্ট পয়েন্টার](../smart-pointers.md) (৫৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "তৃতীয় দিনের দুপুরবেলা (বিরতিসহ ২ ঘন্টা ১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Borrowing](../borrowing.md) (50 minutes)"
msgstr "[ধার নেওয়া বা বরোয়িং](../borrowing.md) (৫০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"[Slices and Lifetimes](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)"
msgstr ""
"[টুকরা বা স্লাইসেস এবং জীবনকাল ](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (১ ঘন্টা ১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 4 Morning (2 hours and 50 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "চতুর্থ দিনের সকালবেলা (বিরতিসহ ২ঘন্টা ৫০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্বাগতম](../welcome-day-4.md) (৩ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Iterators](../iterators.md) (45 minutes)"
msgstr "[পুনরাবৃত্তিকারী বা ইটারেটর্স](../iterators.md) (৪৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Modules](../modules.md) (40 minutes)"
msgstr "[মডিউল](../modules.md) (৪০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Testing](../testing.md) (1 hour)"
msgstr "[পরীক্ষা করা](../testing.md) (১ ঘন্টা)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)"
msgstr "চতুর্থ দিনের দুপুরবেলা (বিরতিসহ ২ ঘন্টা ১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Error Handling](../error-handling.md) (55 minutes)"
msgstr "[ত্রুটি পরিচালনা](../error-handling.md) (৫৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "[Unsafe Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)"
msgstr "[অনিরাপদ রাস্ট](../unsafe-rust.md) (১ ঘন্টা ৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Deep Dives"
msgstr "গভীর ডুব"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more "
"specialized topics:"
msgstr ""
"রাস্টের মূল বিষয়ের ওপরে ৪ দিনের ক্লাস ছাড়াও, এখানে আরও কিছু বিশেষ বিষয় চর্চা করা "
"হয়েছে যেমন:"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Rust in Android"
msgstr "অ্যান্ড্রয়েডে রাস্ট"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using "
"Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with "
"C, C++, and Java."
msgstr ""
"[অ্যান্ড্রয়েডে রাস্ট](../android.md) হল অ্যান্ড্রয়েড প্ল্যাটফর্ম ডেভেলপমেন্ট এর জন্য "
"রাস্ট ব্যবহার করার একটি অর্ধ-দিনের কোর্স। এর মধ্যে রয়েছে C, C++, এবং Java এর সাথে "
"আন্তঃকার্যযোগ্যতা।"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/"
"download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/"
"android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure "
"that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
msgstr ""
"আপনার একটি \\[AOSP চেকআউট\\] প্রয়োজন হবে [1](https://source.android.com/docs/"
"setup/download/downloading)। একটি চেকআউট করুন \\[কোর্স রিপোজিটরি [2](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) একই মেশিনে এবং `src/android/` ডিরেক্টরি "
"সরান আপনার AOSP চেকআউটের মূল ডিরেক্টরিতে। এটি অ্যান্ড্রয়েড বিল্ড সিস্টেম নিশ্চিত "
"করবে `src/android/`\\-এ `Android.bp` ফাইলগুলি দেখুন।"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build "
"all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to "
"see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
msgstr ""
"নিশ্চিত করুন যে `adb সিঙ্ক` আপনার এমুলেটর বা বাস্তব ডিভাইসের সাথে কাজ করে এবং "
"Android উদাহরণগুলো প্রি-বিল্ড করুন `src/android/build_all.sh` ব্যবহার করে।স্ক্রিপ্ট "
"পড়ুন কমান্ড দেখতে যেগুলো এটি চালায় এবং নিশ্চিত করুন যে আপনি যখন তাদের ব্যবহার করেন "
"তখন তারা কাজ করে।"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Rust in Chromium"
msgstr "ক্রোমিয়মে রাস্ট"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"The [Rust in Chromium](../chromium.md) deep dive is a half-day course on "
"using Rust as part of the Chromium browser. It includes using Rust in "
"Chromium's `gn` build system, bringing in third-party libraries (\"crates\") "
"and C++ interoperability."
msgstr ""
"ক্রোমিয়ম ব্রাউসার এর জন্যে রাস্ট কিভাবে ব্যবহার করা যায় এর ওপরে অর্ধেক দিনের জন্যে "
"গভীর ভাবে চর্চা করা হয়েছে এখানে - [ক্রোমিয়ম এর জন্যে রাস্ট](../chromium.md)। "
"ক্রোমিয়ম এর `gn` নির্মাণ পদ্ধতিতে কিভাবে ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে, তৃতীয় পক্ষের "
"লাইব্রেরি (যাকে ক্রেট বলা হয়ে Rust এ) ব্যবহার করা এবং C++ আন্তঃ-কার্যক্ষমতা এই "
"বিষয়ে গুলির গভীর চর্চা করা হয়েছে।"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"You will need to be able to build Chromium --- a debug, component build is "
"[recommended](../chromium/setup.md) for speed but any build will work. "
"Ensure that you can run the Chromium browser that you've built."
msgstr ""
"এর জন্যে আপনার ক্রোমিয়ম নির্মাণ করবার ক্ষমতা থাকে দরকার। যদিও যেকোনো নির্মিত "
"ক্রোমিয়ম ব্যবহার করা যাবে, তবুও তাড়াতাড়ি কাজ করবার জন্যে আমরা একটি ডিবাগ পদ্ধতিতে "
"নির্মিত ক্রোমিয়ম ব্যবহার করবার [পরামর্শ](../chromium/setup.md) দেব। নির্মিত "
"ক্রোমিয়ম যেন আপনার সিস্টেমে চলতে পারে এটাও মাথায় রাখা দরকার। "

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Bare-Metal Rust"
msgstr "Bare-Metal রাস্ট"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on "
"using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and "
"application processors are covered."
msgstr ""
"[Bare-Metal রাস্ট](../bare-metal.md): রাস্ট ব্যবহার করে bare-metal (embedded) "
"ডেভেলপমেন্ট এর জন্য একটি পুরো দিনের ক্লাস। মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলার এবং অ্যাপ্লিকেশন প্রসেসর "
"উভয়ই কভার করা হয়েছে।"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]"
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will "
"need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../"
"bare-metal.md)."
msgstr ""
"মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলার অংশের জন্য, আপনাকে সময়ের আগে কিনতে হবে [BBC micro:bit](https://"
"microbit.org/) v2 উন্নয়ন বোর্ড। সবাইকে [welcome page](../bare-metal.md) এ "
"বর্ণিত প্যাকেজগুলির একটি সংখ্যা ইনস্টল করতে হবে।"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Concurrency in Rust"
msgstr "Concurrency in রাস্ট"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class "
"on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency."
msgstr ""
"[Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) ডিপ ডাইভ ক্লাসিক্যালের উপর পুরো দিনের "
"একটি ক্লাস সেইসাথে `async`/`await` concurrency."

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready "
"to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment "
"with them:"
msgstr ""
"আপনার প্রয়োজন হবে একটি নতুন ক্রেট সেট আপ এবং নির্ভরতা ডাউনলোড করা এবং প্রস্তুত "
"হওয়া। তারপর আপনি পরীক্ষা করার জন্য `src/main.rs`\\-এ উদাহরণগুলো কপি/পেস্ট করতে "
"পারেন:"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid "Format"
msgstr "বিন্যাস"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md
msgid ""
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the "
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
msgstr ""
"কোর্সটি খুব ইন্টারেক্টিভ হতে বোঝানো হয়েছে এবং আমরা এটি করার সুপারিশ করছি প্রশ্নগুলো "
"Rust এর অন্বেষণ চালনা করুক!"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
msgstr "mdBook-এ বেশ কিছু দরকারী কীবোর্ড শর্টকাট রয়েছেঃ"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid "Arrow-Left"
msgstr "Arrow-Left"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid ": Navigate to the previous page."
msgstr ": Navigate to the previous page."

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid "Arrow-Right"
msgstr "Arrow-Right"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid ": Navigate to the next page."
msgstr ": Navigate to the next page."

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid "Ctrl + Enter"
msgstr "Ctrl + Enter"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus."
msgstr ": Execute the code sample that has focus."

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid "s"
msgstr "s"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md
msgid ": Activate the search bar."
msgstr ": Activate the search bar."

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful "
"volunteers:"
msgstr "কোর্সটি বিস্ময়কর একটি সেট স্বেচ্ছাসেবক দ্বারা অন্যান্য ভাষায় অনুবাদ করা হয়েছেঃ"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) "
"by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github."
"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and "
"[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)."
msgstr ""
"[ব্রাজিলীয় পর্তুগীজ](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) করা "
"হয়েছে [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://"
"github.com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) "
"এবং [@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75) দ্বারা।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) "
"by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/"
"wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/"
"kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://"
"github.com/superwhd), [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK), and [@nodmp]"
"(https://github.com/nodmp)."
msgstr ""
"[সরলীকৃত চীনা ভাষা](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) করা "
"হয়েছে  [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/"
"wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/"
"kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://"
"github.com/superwhd), [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK), এবং [@nodmp]"
"(https://github.com/nodmp) দ্বারা।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) "
"by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/"
"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), [@kuanhungchen](https://"
"github.com/kuanhungchen), and [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/"
"johnathan79717)."
msgstr ""
"[ঐতিহ্যগত চীনা ভাষা](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) করা "
"হয়েছে [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github."
"com/victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), [@kuanhungchen]"
"(https://github.com/kuanhungchen), এবং [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/"
"johnathan79717) দ্বারা।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]"
"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), "
"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan), and [@namhyung](https://github."
"com/namhyung)."
msgstr ""
"[কোরিয়ান](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) করা হয়েছে "
"[@keispace](https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/"
"jiyongp) এবং [@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan) দ্বারা।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]"
"(https://github.com/deavid)."
msgstr ""
"[স্প্যানিশ ভাষা](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) করা হয়েছে "
"[@deavid](https://github.com/deavid) দ্বারা।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
msgstr "ভাষার মধ্যে স্যুইচ করতে উপরের-ডান কোণে ভাষা চয়নকারী ব্যবহার করুন।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid "Incomplete Translations"
msgstr "অসম্পূর্ণ অনুবাদ"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most "
"recently updated translations:"
msgstr ""
"প্রচুর সংখ্যক অনুবাদ চলছে। আমরা সাম্প্রতিক আপডেট হওয়া অনুবাদগুলির সাথে লিঙ্ক করিঃ"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]"
"(https://github.com/raselmandol)."
msgstr ""
"[বাংলা](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) করা হয়েছে "
"[@abhik-99](https://github.com/abhik-99) এবং [@raselmandol](https://github."
"com/raselmandol) দ্বারা।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]"
"(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)."
msgstr ""
"[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]"
"(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]"
"(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)."
msgstr ""
"[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]"
"(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)."

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]"
"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/"
"momotaro1105)."
msgstr ""
"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]"
"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/"
"momotaro1105)."

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"[Italian](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/it/) by "
"[@henrythebuilder](https://github.com/henrythebuilder) and [@detro](https://"
"github.com/detro)."
msgstr ""
"[ইতালিয়ান ভাষা](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/it/) করা হয়েছে "
"[@henrythebuilder](https://github.com/henrythebuilder) এবং [@detro](https://"
"github.com/detro) দ্বারা।"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md
msgid ""
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to "
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)."
msgstr ""
"আপনি যদি এই প্রচেষ্টায় সাহায্য করতে চান, তাহলে কীভাবে শুরু করবেন তার জন্য "
"\\[আমাদের নির্দেশাবলী\\] দেখুন। অনুবাদগুলি \\[ইস্যু ট্র্যাকার\\] এ সমন্বিত হয়েছে।"

#: src/cargo.md
msgid ""
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build "
"and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what "
"Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this "
"training."
msgstr ""
"আপনি যখন রাস্ট সম্বন্ধে পড়া শুরু করবেন, আপনি শীঘ্রই [কার্গো](https://doc.rust-lang."
"org/cargo/) এর সাথে দেখা করবেন, একটি আদর্শ টুল যা Rust অ্যাপ্লিকেশন তৈরি এবং "
"চালানোর জন্য Rust ইকোসিস্টেমে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। এখানে আমরা চাই কার্গো কী এবং এটি "
"কীভাবে বৃহত্তর ইকোসিস্টেমে ফিট করে তার একটি সংক্ষিপ্ত বিবরণ দিতে এবং কিভাবে এটি "
"এই প্রশিক্ষণের সাথে খাপ খায়।"

#: src/cargo.md
msgid "Installation"
msgstr "Installation"

#: src/cargo.md
msgid "**Please follow the instructions on <https://rustup.rs/>.**"
msgstr "**<https://rustup.rs/>. এ দেওয়া নির্দেশাবলী অনুসরণ করুন।**"

#: src/cargo.md
msgid ""
"This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler "
"(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can "
"use to install to different compiler versions."
msgstr ""
"এভাবে আপনি কার্গো (`cargo`) এবং রাস্টের কম্পাইলার (`rustc`) পেয়ে যাবেন। কার্গো "
"নির্মাণকার্যে ব্যবহার করা হবে। উপরন্তু `rustup` ও পেয়ে যাবেন। এটি ব্যবহার করা হয়ে "
"বিভিন্ন রাস্টের কম্পাইলার এর সংস্করণ একই সিস্টেম এ ব্যবহার করবার জন্যে।"

#: src/cargo.md
msgid ""
"After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with "
"Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-"
"analyzer.github.io/), which provides auto-completion and jump-to-definition "
"functionality for [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://"
"rust-analyzer.github.io/manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-"
"analyzer.github.io/manual.html#vimneovim), and many others. There is also a "
"different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)."
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট ইনস্টল করবার পরে আপনার এডিটর বা আই.ডি.ই সজ্জিত করা দরকার। বেশিরভাগ এডিটর "
"এইজন্যে [rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) এর সাথে যোগাযোগ করে "
"করতে সক্ষম। [rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) [VS Code]"
"(https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/"
"manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/manual."
"html#vimneovim) এবং ইত্যাদির জন্যে স্বয়ং-সম্পূর্ণতা এবং সরাসরি সংজ্ঞায় খুজার মতন "
"কার্যকারিতা প্রদান করে। আরেটা আই.ডি.ই-ও ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে এখানে যার নাম "
"[RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)।"

#: src/cargo.md
msgid ""
"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust "
"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this "
"gets you an outdated rust version and may lead to unexpected behavior. The "
"command would be:"
msgstr ""
"ডেবিয়ান বা উবুন্টু তেও `apt` দ্বারা আপনি কার্গো, রাস্টের উৎস এবং [Rust formatter]"
"(https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) ইনস্টল করতে পারেন। কিন্তু এই পদ্ধতিতে "
"করলে পুরোনো রাস্টের সংকরণ পাবার সম্ভবনা আছে। এর দরুন অপ্রত্যাশিত আচরণ প্রদর্শন হতে "
"পারে। এর জন্যে কম্যান্ড হলো:"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid "The Rust Ecosystem"
msgstr "The Rust এর ইকোসিস্টেম"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
msgstr "The Rust ecosystem এ বেশ কয়েকটি সরঞ্জাম রয়েছে, যার মধ্যে প্রধানগুলি হল:"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other "
"intermediate formats."
msgstr ""
"`rustc`: Rust কম্পাইলার যা `.rs` ফাইলগুলিকে বাইনারি এবং অন্যান্যগুলিতে পরিণত করে "
"মধ্যবর্তী বিন্যাসে।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to "
"download dependencies, usually hosted on <https://crates.io>, and it will "
"pass them to `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a "
"built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests."
msgstr ""
"`cargo`: রাস্টের নির্ভরতা ব্যবস্থাপক এবং নির্মাণ সাধনী। কার্গো জানে কিভাবে "
"<https://crates.io>\\-এ হোস্ট করা যে সব ক্র্যাটগুলো প্রোগ্রামের জন্যে দরকার সেগুলি "
"ডাউনলোড করতে হয় এবং এটি তাদের পাস করবে আপনার প্রজেক্ট তৈরি করার সময় `rustc` "
"তে। কার্গো একটি অন্তর্নির্মিত পরীক্ষা পরিচালক এর সঙ্গে আসে রানার যা সর্বনিম্ন পরীক্ষা "
"চালানোর জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to "
"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust are "
"released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the "
"standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once "
"and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed."
msgstr ""
"`rustup`: রাস্ট টুলচেইন ইনস্টলার এবং আপডেটার। এই টুল ব্যবহার করা হয় রাস্ট-এর নতুন "
"সংস্করণ প্রকাশিত হলে `rustc` এবং `cargo` ইনস্টল ও আপডেট করতে। উপরন্তু, `rustup` "
"স্ট্যান্ডার্ডে লাইব্রেরির জন্য ডকুমেন্টেশনও ডাউনলোড করতে পারে আপনি একবারে Rust এর "
"একাধিক সংস্করণ এবং `রস্টআপ` ইনস্টল করতে পারেন প্রয়োজন অনুসারে আপনাকে তাদের মধ্যে "
"স্যুইচ করতে দেবে।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references/exclusive.md
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md src/memory-management/move.md
#: src/error-handling/try.md src/android/setup.md src/concurrency/threads.md
#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid "Key points:"
msgstr "গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দিক:"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six "
"weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- "
"plus they enable new functionality."
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট দ্রুত প্রকাশের সময়সূচী অনুসরণ করে যার দরুন প্রত্যেক ৬ মাস অন্তর-অন্তর নতুন  সংস্করণ "
"প্রকাশ করা হয়ে। নতুন সংস্করণগুলি পুরোনো সংস্করণগুলির সাথে সামঞ্জস্য বজায় রাখার "
"অতিরিক্ত নতুন বৈশিষ্ট্য আনে।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"."
msgstr ""
"নতুন সংস্করণ-মুক্তির জন্যে ৩টি গতিপথ রাখা হয়েছে - \"stable\" (স্ট্যাবল - স্থিতিশীল), "
"\"beta\" (বিটা -প্রাক মুক্তি নির্মিত) এবং \"nightly\" (নাইটলি - রাত্রিকালীন)।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes "
"\"stable\" every six weeks."
msgstr ""
"নতুন বৈশিষ্টগুলি নাইটলি নির্মিত রাস্ট-এ পরীক্ষা করা হয়ে এবং বিটা নির্মিত প্রত্যেক "
"৬মাসে স্ট্যাবল সংকরণ হয়ে যায়।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more."
msgstr ""
"ডিপেন্ডেন্সির সমাধান করবার জন্যে যেকোনো [বৈকল্পিক রেজিস্ট্রি](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), গিট্, ফোল্ডার ইত্যাদির ব্যবহার ও করা "
"যেতে পারে।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the "
"current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018."
msgstr ""
"রাস্টের [প্রকাশন](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/) -ও আছে: ইদানিং "
"রাস্ট ২০২১ প্রকাশন ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর আগের প্রকাশনগুলি হলো রাস্ট ২০১৫ এবং রাস্ট ২০১।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the "
"language."
msgstr "একটি প্রকাশন আগের প্রকাশন এর সঙ্গে সামঞ্জস্য বজায় নাও রাখতে পারে।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for "
"your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file."
msgstr ""
"যাতে কোড করবার দরুন ভেঙে না যায় তাই নিজের পছন্দের মতন প্রকাশন বেঁচে নেবার সুবিধা "
"`Cargo.toml` ফাইল দ্বারা দেওয়া হয়েছে।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for "
"different editions."
msgstr ""
"বাস্তুতন্ত্র যাতে বিভাজিত না হয় যায় তাই রাস্ট কম্পাইলার আলাদা-আলাদা প্রকাশনের কোড "
"একসাথে মিলিয়ে কাজ করতে পারে।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through "
"`cargo` (most users never do)."
msgstr ""
"তবে এটাও উল্লেখ্যযোগ্য যে বেশিরভাগ সময়ে `cargo` না কাজে লাগিয়ে কম্পাইলার ধরে কাজ "
"করা খুবই দুর্লভ (বেশিরভাগ ব্যবহারকারী কখনই তা করে থাকে না)।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and "
"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but "
"not limited to:"
msgstr ""
"এবং এটাও বলে রাখা দরকার যে কার্গো নিজেও অনেক ক্ষমতাশীল ও বিস্তীর্ণ একটি সাধন। এর "
"দ্বারা একাধিক আধুনিক কাজ করা সম্ভব যেমন:"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid "Project/package structure"
msgstr "প্রজেক্ট/প্যাকেজ এর গঠন"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)"
msgstr ""
"[কর্মক্ষেত্র বা ওয়ার্কস্পেসেস](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/"
"workspaces.html)"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching"
msgstr "ডেভ এবং রানটিমের নির্ভরতা পরিচালনা এবং ক্যাশিং"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts."
"html)"
msgstr ""
"[নির্মাণের লিপিরচনা](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts."
"html)"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install."
"html)"
msgstr ""
"[সার্বজনীন স্থাপনা](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install."
"html)"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo "
"clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))."
msgstr ""
"[cargo clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy)-র মতন নানান উপ-আদেশ "
"প্লাগিন কাজে লাগিয়েও প্রসারিত করা যায়।"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md
msgid ""
"Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)"
msgstr ""
"[অফিসিয়াল কার্গো বই](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/) তে এই ব্যাপারে আরও পড়তে "
"পারবেন।"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid "Code Samples in This Training"
msgstr "এই প্রশিক্ষণে কোড নমুনা"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid ""
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples "
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier "
"and ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
msgstr ""
"এই প্রশিক্ষণের জন্য, আমরা বেশিরভাগ এমন উদাহরণের মাধ্যমে রাস্ট ভাষা অন্বেষণ করব যা "
"আপনার ব্রাউজারের মাধ্যমে কার্যকর চলতে পারবে। এটি সেটআপটিকে আরও সহজ করে তোলে এবং "
"প্রত্যেকের জন্য একটি ধারাবাহিক অভিজ্ঞতা নিশ্চিত করে।"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid ""
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do "
"the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you "
"how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
msgstr ""
"কার্গো ইনস্টল করে নেওয়া ভালো: এটি আপনার জন্য অনুশীলনী সহজ করে তুলবে। শেষের দিনে "
"আমরা একটি অনুশীলনী করব যা আপনাকে দেখাবে কিভাবে ডিপেন্ডেন্সির সাথে কাজ করতে হয় "
"এবং এর জন্য আপনার কার্গো থাকা দরকার।"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
msgstr "এই কোর্সের কোড ব্লকগুলি সম্পূর্ণ ইন্টারেক্টিভ:"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid "\"Edit me!\""
msgstr "\"আমাকে বদলে দেখো তো দেখি!\""

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid "You can use "
msgstr "যখন টেক্সট বক্স এ ফোকাস থাকে তখন কোডটি এক্সিকিউট করতে আপনি "

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box."
msgstr "  ব্যবহার  করতে পারেন।"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid ""
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not "
"editable for various reasons:"
msgstr ""
"বেশিরভাগ কোড নমুনা উপরে দেখানো মত সম্পাদনাযোগ্য। কয়েকটি কোড নমুনা বিভিন্ন কারণে "
"সম্পাদনাযোগ্য নয়:"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid ""
"The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and "
"open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests."
msgstr ""
"অনুবিদ্ধ প্লেগ্রাউন্ডটি একক পরীক্ষা চালাতে পারবে না। একক পরীক্ষাগুলি প্রদর্শনের জন্য "
"কোডটি কপি-পেস্ট করুন আসল প্লেগ্রাউন্ডে।"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md
msgid ""
"The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from "
"the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises "
"using a local Rust installation or via the Playground."
msgstr ""
"অনুবিদ্ধ প্লেগ্রাউন্ডগুলির অবস্থা ক্ষণস্থায়ী - অন্য ওয়েবপেজ এ গেলে এগুলি আবার পুরোনো "
"অবস্থায় ফিরে যাবে! এই কারণেই ছাত্রদের নিজের সিস্টেমে রাস্ট ইনস্টলেশন করে আসল "
"প্লেগ্রাউন্ডের মাধ্যমে অনুশীলনগুলি সমাধান করা উচিত।"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo"
msgstr "Cargo এর মাধ্যমে স্থানীয়ভাবে কোড চালানো"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will "
"need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the "
"Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This "
"should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the "
"latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
msgstr ""
"আপনি যদি আপনার নিজের সিস্টেমে কোডটি পরীক্ষা করতে চান তবে আপনাকে প্রথমে রাস্ট "
"ইনস্টল করতে হবে। [রাস্ট বইয়ের নির্দেশাবলী](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/"
"ch01-01-installation.html) অনুসরণ করে এটি করুন। এরই ভাবে আপনি কাজে লাগানোর মতন "
"`rustc` এবং `cargo` পেয়ে যাবেন। এই বইটি লিখবার সময়ে, সর্বশেষ স্থিতিশীল রাস্টের "
"মুক্তির এই সংস্করণ সংখ্যা রয়েছে:"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards "
"compatibility."
msgstr ""
"আপনি পরবর্তী সংস্করণও ব্যবহার করতে পারেন যেহেতু রাস্ট ঐতিহাসিক সামঞ্জস্য বজায় রাখে।"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of "
"the examples in this training:"
msgstr ""
"এটির সাথে, এই প্রশিক্ষণের উদাহরণগুলির মধ্যে একটি থেকে একটি রাস্টের বাইনারি তৈরি "
"করতে এই পদক্ষেপগুলি অনুসরণ করুন:"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy."
msgstr ""
"আপনি \"Copy to clipboard\" বাটন দাবিয়ে যেই উদাহরণটি চান সেটি কপি করতে পারেন।"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:"
msgstr ""
"আপনার কোডের জন্য একটি নতুন `exercise/` ডিরেক্টরি তৈরি করতে ``cargo new "
"exercise` ব্যবহার করুন:"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:"
msgstr ""
"`exercise/` -ডিরেক্টরিতে গিয়ে আপনার বাইনারি তৈরি করা ও সেটা চালাতে `cargo "
"run` ব্যবহার করুন:"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For "
"example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like"
msgstr ""
"`src/main.rs`-এর থেকে বয়লারপ্লেট কোড সরিয়ে নিজের কোড দিয়ে প্রতিস্থাপন করুন। যেমন "
"আগের পৃষ্ঠার উদাহরণ কাজে লাগিয়ে `src/main.rs`-টিকে এমনি বানিয়ে ফেলুন"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:"
msgstr "`cargo run` ব্যবহার করে নিজের বিনারীটিকে বানান এবং আপডেট করুন:"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo "
"build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/"
"debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an "
"optimized release build in `target/release/`."
msgstr ""
"আপনার প্রজেক্টির দ্রুত পরীক্ষা করে ত্রুটির বের করবার জন্য `cargo check` ব্যবহার করুন, "
"এটিকে না চালিয়ে কম্পাইল করতে `cargo build` ব্যবহার করুন। একটি সাধারণ ডিবাগ "
"বিল্ডের জন্য আপনি আউটপুটি `target/debug/` ডিরেক্টরিতে পাবেন। `target/release/`-এ "
"একটি অপ্টিমাইজড রিলিজ বিল্ড তৈরি করতে `cargo build --release` ব্যবহার করুন।"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you "
"run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing "
"dependencies for you."
msgstr ""
"`Cargo.toml` বদলে আপনি নিজের প্রজেক্টে আরও নতুন ডিপেন্ডেন্সি যোগ করতে পারেন।\n"
"আপনি যখন `cargo` কমান্ড চালান, তখন এটি নিজে-নিজেই আপনার জন্য অনুপস্থিত "
"ডিপেন্ডেন্সিগুলি ডাউনলোড এবং কম্পাইল করবে।"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md
msgid ""
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local "
"editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal "
"development environment."
msgstr ""
"ক্লাস অংশগ্রহণকারীদের Cargo ইনস্টল করতে এবং একটি লোকাল এডিটর ব্যবহার করতে "
"উৎসাহিত করার চেষ্টা করুন। এটি তাদের জীবনকে সহজ করে তুলবে যেহেতু তাদের একটি  "
"স্বাভাবিক ডেভেলপমেন্ট এনভাইরনমেন্ট থাকবে।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "Welcome to Day 1"
msgstr "প্রথম দিনে আপনাকে স্বাগতম"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground "
"today:"
msgstr "রাস্টের মূলবিষয় চর্চার এটি প্রথম দিন। আমরা আজকে অনেককিছু বুঝবার চেষ্টা করবো।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, "
"references, functions, and methods."
msgstr ""
"রাত এর প্রাথমিক শব্দবিন্যাস: ভেরিয়েবল, স্কেলার এবং যৌগিক প্রকার, ইনাম, স্ট্রাক্ট, "
"রেফারেন্স, ফাংশন, এবং পদ্ধতি।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "Types and type inference."
msgstr "টাইপ এবং টাইপের অনুমান করা"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on."
msgstr "নিয়ন্ত্রণ প্রবাহ গঠন: লুপ, শর্তসাপেক্ষগঠন এবং আরও অনেক কিছু।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "User-defined types: structs and enums."
msgstr "ব্যবহারকারী-সংজ্ঞায়িত টাইপ: ষ্ট্রাক্ট ও ইনাম"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays."
msgstr "প্যাটার্ন ম্যাচিং: ইনাম, ষ্ট্রাক্ট এবং অ্যারে ডিস্ট্রাক্টচার করা।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-3.md
#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "Schedule"
msgstr "সময়সূচী"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2.md
#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md
#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4.md
#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md
msgid "In this session:"
msgstr "এই অধিবেশনে:"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্বাগতম](./welcome-day-1.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr "[হ্যালো,ওয়ার্ল্ড](./hello-world.md) (১৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "[Types and Values](./types-and-values.md) (45 minutes)"
msgstr "[টাইপ এবং তাদের মান](./types-and-values.md) (৪৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "[Control Flow Basics](./control-flow-basics.md) (40 minutes)"
msgstr "[সম্পাদন প্রবাহ নিয়ন্ত্রণ এর মুলজ্ঞান](./control-flow-basics.md) (৪০ মিনিট)"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md
#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 10 "
"minutes"
msgstr "১০ মিনিট বিরতিসহ এই অধিবেশনটি ২ ঘন্টা ১০ মিনিটের"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
msgstr "শিক্ষার্থীদের এটি মনে করিয়ে দিন যেঃ"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end."
msgstr ""
"তাদের প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করা উচিত যখন তারা সেগুলি পাবে, শেষ পর্যন্ত বাঁচিয়ে রেখে লাভ "
"নেই।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much "
"encouraged!"
msgstr ""
"এই ক্লাসটি মিথষ্ক্রিয় হওয়া দরকার এবং তার জন্যে বিষয় সম্পর্কিত তর্ক-বিতর্ক করতে উত্সাহ "
"দেওয়া উচিত।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., "
"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other language. "
"It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing "
"discussions since they engage people much more than one-way communication."
msgstr ""
"একজন প্রশিক্ষক হিসাবে, আপনার আলোচনাগুলিকে প্রাসঙ্গিক রাখার চেষ্টা করা উচিত, অর্থাৎ, "
"অন্য কোন ভাষা বনাম রাস্ট কীভাবে জিনিসগুলি করে তার সাথে সম্পর্কিত আলোচনাগুলি রাখুন। "
"সঠিক ভারসাম্য খুঁজে পাওয়া কঠিন হতে পারে, তবে আলোচনার অনুমতি দেওয়ার ক্ষেত্রে ভুল হতে "
"পারে কারণ তারা একমুখী যোগাযোগের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি লোককে জড়িত করে।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides."
msgstr "যদি কোনো প্রশ্ন আসে তাহলে সেটা সম্ভবত সামনের স্লাইড এর বিষয়গুলি নিয়েই আসবে।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. "
"Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as "
"you like."
msgstr ""
"এটা ভুল ব্যাপার নয়! পুনরাবৃত্তি শেখার একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ। মনে রাখবেন যে স্লাইডগুলি "
"শুধুমাত্র একটি সমর্থন এবং আপনি আপনার পছন্দ মতো সেগুলি এড়িয়ে যেতে পারেন।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"The idea for the first day is to show the \"basic\" things in Rust that "
"should have immediate parallels in other languages. The more advanced parts "
"of Rust come on the subsequent days."
msgstr ""
"প্রথম দিনের ধারণাটি হল রাস্টের \"মৌলিক\" জিনিসগুলি দেখানো যা অন্যান্য ভাষায় "
"অবিলম্বে সমান্তরাল হওয়া উচিত। রাস্টের আরো উন্নত অংশ পরবর্তী দিনে আলোচনা করা হবে।"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md
msgid ""
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the "
"schedule. Note that there is an exercise at the end of each segment, "
"followed by a break. Plan to cover the exercise solution after the break. "
"The times listed here are a suggestion in order to keep the course on "
"schedule. Feel free to be flexible and adjust as necessary!"
msgstr ""
"আপনি যদি এটি একটি শ্রেণীকক্ষে শেখান তাহলে এটি সময়সূচীতে যাওয়ার জন্য একটি ভাল "
"জায়গা। মনে রাখবেন যে প্রতিটি সেগমেন্টের শেষে একটি অনুশীলন রয়েছে, তারপরে একটি "
"বিরতিও রয়েছে। বিরতির পরে অনুশীলনীর সমাধানচর্চা করা ভালো। কোর্সটি সময়সূচীতে রাখার "
"জন্য এখানে তালিকাভুক্ত সময়গুলি পরামর্শ হিসাবে দেওয়া হয়েছে। বিনা দ্বিধায় এবং "
"প্রয়োজনীয় হিসাবে সামঞ্জস্য করুন ভালো করে পোড়ানোর জন্যে!"

#: src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md
#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md
#: src/pattern-matching.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/generics.md
#: src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md src/memory-management.md
#: src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
#: src/iterators.md src/modules.md src/testing.md src/error-handling.md
#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "In this segment:"
msgstr "এই অংশে:"

#: src/hello-world.md
msgid "[What is Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr "[রাস্ট কি?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/hello-world.md
msgid "[Benefits of Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr "[রাস্টের সুবিধে](./hello-world/benefits.md) (৩ মিনিট)"

#: src/hello-world.md
msgid "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutes)"
msgstr "[প্লেগ্রাউন্ড](./hello-world/playground.md) (২ মিনিট)"

#: src/hello-world.md
msgid "This segment should take about 15 minutes"
msgstr "এই অংশটি শেষ করতে প্রায় ১৫ মিনিট লাগবে"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid ""
"Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]"
"(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"
msgstr ""
"Rust একটি নতুন প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা যেটার ছিলো [1.0 প্রকাশ 2015 তে](https://blog."
"rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++"
msgstr " সি++ এর মতন, রাস্টও 'একটি স্থিতিশীলভাবে সংকলিত ভাষা"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend."
msgstr "`rustc` এল.এল.ভি.এম নেপথ্যে ব্যবহার করে"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid ""
"Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):"
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট অনেকগুলি [প্ল্যাটফর্ম এবং আর্কিটেকচার](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/"
"rustc/platform-support.html) সমর্থন করে যেমন:"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..."
msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..."

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..."
msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..."

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:"
msgstr "রাস্ট বিভিন্ন ডিভাইসের জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়:"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "firmware and boot loaders,"
msgstr "ফার্মওয়্যার এবং বুট লোয়াডর্স,"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "smart displays,"
msgstr "স্মার্ট ডিসপ্লে,"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "mobile phones,"
msgstr "মোবাইল ফোন,"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "desktops,"
msgstr "ডেস্কটপ,"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "servers."
msgstr "সার্ভার।"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
msgstr "Rust ঠিক C++ এর মতো সবজায়গায় খাপ খায়:"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "High flexibility."
msgstr "উচ্চস্তরের নমনীয়তা।"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "High level of control."
msgstr "নিয়ন্ত্রণের উচ্চ স্তর।"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid ""
"Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers."
msgstr "মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলারের মতো খুব সীমাবদ্ধ ডিভাইসে ছোট করে ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection."
msgstr "কোন রানটাইম বা আবর্জনা সংগ্রহপ্রণালী নেই।"

#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md
msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
msgstr ""
"কর্মক্ষমতায়ে কোনোরকম বলিদান না দিয়ে নির্ভরযোগ্যতা এবং নিরাপত্তা উপর ফোকাস করে।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
msgstr "Rustএর কিছু অনন্য বিক্রয় পয়েন্ট:"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid ""
"_Compile time memory safety_ - whole classes of memory bugs are prevented at "
"compile time"
msgstr ""
"_সংকলন সময় মেমরি নিরাপত্তা_ - কম্পাইলের সময় মেমরি বাগগুলির সম্পূর্ণ ভাবে প্রতিরোধ "
"করা হয়"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No uninitialized variables."
msgstr "কোনো সূচনাকৃত ভেরিয়েবল থাকে না।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No double-frees."
msgstr "কোনো রকম ডাবল-ফ্রেস হয়ে না।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No use-after-free."
msgstr "মুক্তির পরে কোনো রকম ব্যবহার করবার জায়গা নেই।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No `NULL` pointers."
msgstr "কোনো `NULL` পয়েন্টার নেই।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes."
msgstr "ভুল করে ভুলেযাও কোনো লক করা মিউটেক্স থাকে সম্ভাবনা নেই।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No data races between threads."
msgstr "থ্রেডের মাঝে কোনো রকমের ডাটা নিয়েই রেস পরিস্থিতি নেই।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No iterator invalidation."
msgstr "ইটারেটরের অবৈধকরণ করা যায়না।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid ""
"_No undefined runtime behavior_ - what a Rust statement does is never left "
"unspecified"
msgstr ""
"_কোন অনির্ধারিত রানটাইম আচরণ নয়_- একটি রাস্ট বিবৃতি যা করে তা কখনই অনির্দিষ্ট "
"থাকে না"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Array access is bounds checked."
msgstr "অ্যারে অ্যাক্সেস সীমানা চেক করা হয়."

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)."
msgstr "পূর্ণসংখ্যা ওভারফ্লো সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয়।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid ""
"_Modern language features_ - as expressive and ergonomic as higher-level "
"languages"
msgstr ""
"_আধুনিক প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষার বৈশিষ্ট্য_- উচ্চ-স্তরের ভাষার মতোই অভিব্যক্তিপূর্ণ এবং "
"এরগনোমিক"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Enums and pattern matching."
msgstr "ইনাম এবং প্যাটার্ন ম্যাচিং।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Generics."
msgstr "জেনেরিক্স।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "No overhead FFI."
msgstr "No overhead FFI."

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Zero-cost abstractions."
msgstr "Zero-cost abstractions."

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Great compiler errors."
msgstr "মহান কম্পাইলার ত্রুটি।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Built-in dependency manager."
msgstr "অন্তর্নির্মিত ডিপেন্ডেন্সি পরিচালক।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Built-in support for testing."
msgstr "পরীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষার জন্যে অন্তর্নির্মিতভাবে সমর্থন।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
msgstr "খুবই ভালো সমর্থন রয়েছে ভাষার সার্ভার মুসাবিদার।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid ""
"Do not spend much time here. All of these points will be covered in more "
"depth later."
msgstr ""
"এখানে বেশি সময় ব্যয় করবেন না। এই সমস্ত বিষয়গুলি পরে আরও গভীরতায় চর্চা করা হবে।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid ""
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. "
"Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
msgstr ""
"ক্লাসে তাদের কোন প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষার অভিজ্ঞতা আছে তা জিজ্ঞাসা করতে ভুলবেন না। উত্তরের "
"উপর নির্ভর করে আপনি রাস্ট এর বিভিন্ন বৈশিষ্ট্য উল্লেখ করতে পারেন:"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid ""
"Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ "
"via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't "
"have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with "
"constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management."
msgstr ""
"সি বা সি++ এর অভিজ্ঞতা: রাস্ট ধার পরীক্ষকের মাধ্যমে _রানটাইম ত্রুটির_ একটি সম্পূর্ণ "
"ভাবে দূর করে। এবং আপনি সি এবং সি++ এর মত কর্মক্ষমতা পান, কিন্তু আপনার মেমরির "
"নিরাপত্তা সংক্রান্ত সমস্যা থাকে না। এছাড়াও, আপনি প্যাটার্ন ম্যাচিং এবং "
"অন্তর্নিহিতভাবে ডিপেন্ডেন্সি ব্যবস্থাপনার মতো বৈশিষ্ট সহ একটি আধুনিক ভাষা পান।"

#: src/hello-world/benefits.md
msgid ""
"Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory "
"safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In "
"addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage "
"collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
msgstr ""
"জাভা, গো, পাইথন, জাভাস্ক্রিপ্টের সাথে অভিজ্ঞতা...: আপনি সেই ভাষাগুলির মতো একই "
"মেমরি সুরক্ষা এবং একই রকম উচ্চ-স্তরের ভাষা অনুভূতি পেয়ে থাকেন। এছাড়াও আপনি সি এবং "
"সি++ এর মত দ্রুত এবং অনুমানযোগ্য কর্মক্ষমতা পাবেন (কোনো গার্বেজ কালেক্টর ছাড়াই) "
"পাশাপাশি দরকারমতন নিম্ন-স্তরের হার্ডওয়্যারে অ্যাক্সেস।"

#: src/hello-world/playground.md
msgid ""
"The [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) provides an easy way to "
"run short Rust programs, and is the basis for the examples and exercises in "
"this course. Try running the \"hello-world\" program it starts with. It "
"comes with a few handy features:"
msgstr ""
"[রাস্ট প্লেগ্রাউন্ড](https://play.rust-lang.org/) সংক্ষিপ্ত রাস্ট প্রোগ্রাম চালানোর "
"একটি সহজ উপায় প্রদান করে, এবং এই কোর্সের উদাহরণ এবং অনুশীলনের ভিত্তি। এটি দিয়ে "
"শুরু হওয়া \"হ্যালো-ওয়ার্ল্ড\" প্রোগ্রামটি চালানোর চেষ্টা করুন। এটি কয়েকটি সুবিধাজনক "
"বৈশিষ্ট্য সহ আসে:"

#: src/hello-world/playground.md
msgid ""
"Under \"Tools\", use the `rustfmt` option to format your code in the "
"\"standard\" way."
msgstr ""
"\"Tools\" এর নিচে, \"স্ট্যান্ডার্ড\" উপায়ে আপনার কোড ফর্ম্যাট করতে `rustfmt` "
"বিকল্পটি ব্যবহার করুন।"

#: src/hello-world/playground.md
msgid ""
"Rust has two main \"profiles\" for generating code: Debug (extra runtime "
"checks, less optimization) and Release (fewer runtime checks, lots of "
"optimization). These are accessible under \"Debug\" at the top."
msgstr ""
"কোড তৈরি করার জন্য রাস্টের দুটি প্রধান \"পরিলেখ\" আছে: ডিবাগ (অতিরিক্ত রানটাইম "
"চেক, কম অপ্টিমাইজেশান) এবং রিলিজ (কম রানটাইম চেক কিন্তু প্রচুর পরিমাণে "
"অপ্টিমাইজেশান)। \"Debug\" এর নিচে এগুলি পাওয়া যাবে।"

#: src/hello-world/playground.md
msgid ""
"If you're interested, use \"ASM\" under \"...\" to see the generated "
"assembly code."
msgstr ""
"তৈরী করা সমাবেশ কোড দেখতে যদি আপনি যদি আগ্রহী হন,  তাহলে \"...\" এর অধীনে "
"\"ASM\" ব্যবহার করুন।"

#: src/hello-world/playground.md
msgid ""
"As students head into the break, encourage them to open up the playground "
"and experiment a little. Encourage them to keep the tab open and try things "
"out during the rest of the course. This is particularly helpful for advanced "
"students who want to know more about Rust's optimizations or generated "
"assembly."
msgstr ""
"শিক্ষার্থীরা যখন বিরতিতে যায়, তখন তাদের প্লেগ্রাউন্ড খুলতে এবং একটু পরীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা "
"করতে উৎসাহিত করুন। তাদের ট্যাব খোলা রাখতে উত্সাহিত করুন এবং বাকি কোর্সের সময় কিছু "
"চেষ্টা করে দেখতে বলুন। এটি বিশেষত উন্নত ছাত্রদের জন্য সহায়ক যারা রাস্টের "
"অপ্টিমাইজেশন বা জেনারেট করা অ্যাসেম্বলি সম্পর্কে আরও জানতে চান।"

#: src/types-and-values.md
msgid "[Hello, World](./types-and-values/hello-world.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[হ্যালো, ওয়ার্ল্ড](./types-and-values/hello-world.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/types-and-values.md
msgid "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[ভেরিএবলেস](./types-and-values/variables.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/types-and-values.md
msgid "[Values](./types-and-values/values.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[মান](./types-and-values/values.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/types-and-values.md
msgid "[Arithmetic](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr "[গণিত](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (৩ মিনিট)"

#: src/types-and-values.md
msgid "[Strings](./types-and-values/strings.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[স্ট্রিং](./types-and-values/strings.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/types-and-values.md
msgid "[Type Inference](./types-and-values/inference.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr "[টাইপের অনুমিতি](./types-and-values/inference.md) (৩ মিনিট)"

#: src/types-and-values.md
msgid "[Exercise: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr "[অনুশীলনী: : ফিবোনাচি](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (১৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/types-and-values.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/iterators.md
msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes"
msgstr "এই অংশটি প্রায় ৪৫ মিনিট সময় নেবে"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid ""
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World "
"program:"
msgstr ""
"আসুন সহজতম সম্ভাব্য রাস্ট প্রোগ্রামে ঝাঁপ দেওয়া যাক, একটি ক্লাসিক হ্যালো ওয়ার্ল্ড "
"প্রোগ্রাম:"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\""
msgstr "\"Hello 🌍!\""

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "What you see:"
msgstr "যা তুমি দেখতে পাওঃ"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`."
msgstr "`fn` দিয়ে ফাংশন চালু করা হয়েছে।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++."
msgstr ""
"ব্লকগুলি সি এবং সি++ এর মত কোঁকড়া ধনুর্বন্ধনী (কারলি ব্রেসেস) দ্বারা সীমাবদ্ধ করা হয়।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program."
msgstr "প্রোগ্রাম সবসময়ে `main` ফাংশন থেকে শুরু হয়।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this."
msgstr "রাস্টের ম্যাক্রো স্বাস্থকর বলা যেতে পারে, `println!` এরই এক উদাহরণ।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
msgstr ""
"রাস্টের স্ট্রিংগুলি ইউ.টি.এফ-৮ এনকোডেড এবং যে কোনও ইউনিকোড অক্ষর এতে থাকতে পারে।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid ""
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will "
"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something "
"familiar."
msgstr ""
"এই স্লাইডটি শিক্ষার্থীদের রাস্ট কোডের সাথে সুপরিচিত করার চেষ্টা করে। তারা পরের চার "
"দিনে এটি অনেকবার দেখতে পাবে তাই আমরা পরিচিত কিছু ছোট দিয়ে শুরু করি।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid ""
"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is "
"imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary."
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট সি/সি++/জাভা ঐতিহ্যের অন্যান্য ভাষার মতোই। এটা অনুজ্ঞাসূচক এবং এটি একেবারে "
"প্রয়োজনীয় না হলে জিনিসগুলিকে পুনরায় উদ্ভাবনের চেষ্টা করে না।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode."
msgstr "ইউনিকোডের মতো জিনিসগুলির জন্য সম্পূর্ণ সমর্থন সহ রাস্ট একটি আধুনিক ভাষা।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid ""
"Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of "
"arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))."
msgstr ""
"রাস্টে ফাংশন [ওভারলোডিং](../control-flow-basics/functions.md) নেই তাই এমন "
"পরিস্থিতিতে ম্যাক্রো ব্যবহার করে যেখানে আপনি পরিবর্তনশীল সংখ্যক আর্গুমেন্ট রাখতে চান।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid ""
"Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers "
"from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially "
"hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene."
"html)."
msgstr ""
"ম্যাক্রোগুলি 'স্বাস্থ্যকর' হওয়ার অর্থ হল যে তারা দুর্ঘটনাক্রমে তাদের ব্যবহৃত স্কোপের মধ্যে "
"থেকে ভ্যারিয়েবল তুলে না। রাস্টের ম্যাক্রো আসলে শুধুমাত্র [আংশিকভাবে স্বাস্থ্যকর]"
"(https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)।"

#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
msgid ""
"Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented "
"programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, "
"while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional "
"concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)."
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট বহু-দৃষ্টান্ত একটি ভাষা। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, এটিতে শক্তিশালী [অবজেক্ট-ওরিয়েন্টেড "
"প্রোগ্রামিং বৈশিষ্ট্য রয়েছে](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html),"
"এবং, যদিও এটি একটি ফাংশনাল ভাষা নয়, এটিতে অনেক [ফাংশনাল ভাষার ধারণা](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html) ও রয়েছে।"

#: src/types-and-values/variables.md
msgid ""
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with "
"`let`:"
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট স্ট্যাটিক টাইপিংয়ের মাধ্যমে টাইপ নিরাপত্তা প্রদান করে। ভ্যারিয়েবলের বাইন্ডিং "
"`let` দিয়ে তৈরি করা হয়:"

#: src/types-and-values/variables.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md
#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
msgid "\"x: {x}\""
msgstr "\"x: {x}\""

#: src/types-and-values/variables.md
msgid "// x = 20;"
msgstr "// x = 20;"

#: src/types-and-values/variables.md
msgid "// println!(\"x: {x}\");"
msgstr "// println!(\"x: {x}\");"

#: src/types-and-values/variables.md
msgid ""
"Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by "
"default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes."
msgstr ""
"ভেরিয়েবলগুলি গতানুগতিকরূপে অপরিবর্তনীয় তা প্রদর্শন করতে `x = 20` টি আনকমেন্ট করুন। "
"পরিবর্তনের অনুমতি দিতে `mut` কীওয়ার্ড যোগ করুন।"

#: src/types-and-values/variables.md
msgid ""
"The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile "
"time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in "
"many cases."
msgstr ""
"এখানে `i32` হল ভেরিয়েবলের ধরন। কম্পাইলের সময় এটি অবশ্যই জানা থাকা দরকার, তবে "
"টাইপ ইনফারেন্স (পরে আচ্ছাদিত) প্রোগ্রামারকে অনেক ক্ষেত্রে এটি বাদ দেওয়ার অনুমতি দেয়।"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid ""
"Here are some basic built-in types, and the syntax for literal values of "
"each type."
msgstr ""
"এখানে কিছু মৌলিক অন্তর্নির্মিত টাইপ রয়েছে, এবং প্রতিটি প্রকারের আক্ষরিক মানগুলির জন্য "
"বাক্য গঠন ও দেওয়া রয়েছে।"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "Types"
msgstr "Types"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Literals"
msgstr "Literals"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "Signed integers"
msgstr "Signed integers"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`"
msgstr "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`"
msgstr "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "Unsigned integers"
msgstr "Unsigned integers"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`"
msgstr "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`"
msgstr "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "Floating point numbers"
msgstr "Floating point numbers"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`f32`, `f64`"
msgstr "`f32`, `f64`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`"
msgstr "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "Unicode scalar values"
msgstr "Unicode scalar values"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`char`"
msgstr "`char`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`"
msgstr "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "Booleans"
msgstr "Booleans"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`bool`"
msgstr "`bool`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`true`, `false`"
msgstr "`true`, `false`"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
msgstr "টাইপগুলোর আকার এ রকম:"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,"
msgstr "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,"
msgstr "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide,"
msgstr "`char` হচ্ছে ৩২ বিট প্রশস্ত,"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide."
msgstr "`bool` হচ্ছে ৮ বিট চৌড়া।"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:"
msgstr "কিছু সিনট্যাক্স আছে যা উপরে দেখানো হয়নিঃ"

#: src/types-and-values/values.md
msgid ""
"All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So "
"`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written "
"as `123i64`."
msgstr ""
"সংখ্যার সমস্ত আন্ডারস্কোর বাদ দেওয়া যেতে পারে, সেগুলি শুধুমাত্র স্পষ্টতার জন্য দেওয়া। "
"সুতরাং `1_000` কে `1000` (বা `10_00`) হিসাবে লেখা যেতে পারে এবং `123_i64` কে "
"`123i64` হিসাবে লেখা যেতে পারে।"

#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
msgid "\"result: {}\""
msgstr "\"result: {}\""

#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
msgid ""
"This is the first time we've seen a function other than `main`, but the "
"meaning should be clear: it takes three integers, and returns an integer. "
"Functions will be covered in more detail later."
msgstr ""
"এই প্রথম আমরা বাদে অন্য কোনো ফাংশন দেখছি, কিন্তু এই ফাংশনের অর্থটি পরিষ্কার হওয়া "
"উচিত: এটি তিনটি পূর্ণসংখ্যা বা ইন্টিজার নেয় এবং একটি ইন্টিজার প্রদান করে। ফাংশন "
"পরে আরো বিস্তারিত চর্চা করা হবে।"

#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
msgid "Arithmetic is very similar to other languages, with similar precedence."
msgstr "একই অগ্রাধিকার রেখে এখানে পাটিগণিতের অন্যান্য ভাষার সাথে খুব মিল।"

#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
msgid ""
"What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is "
"actually undefined, and might do different things on different platforms or "
"compilers. In Rust, it's defined."
msgstr ""
"ইন্টিজার ওভারফ্লো হলে? সি বা সি++ -এ চিহ্নিত ইন্টিজার ওভারফ্লো হলে তার ম্যান "
"অনির্ধারিত হয়ে এবং বিভিন্ন প্ল্যাটফর্ম বা কম্পাইলারে বিভিন্ন জিনিস করতে পার। রাস্ট এ "
"তা নির্ধারিত ম্যান নিয়ে থাকে।"

#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
msgid ""
"Change the `i32`'s to `i16` to see an integer overflow, which panics "
"(checked) in a debug build and wraps in a release build. There are other "
"options, such as overflowing, saturating, and carrying. These are accessed "
"with method syntax, e.g., `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c).saturating_add(c * "
"a)`."
msgstr ""
"ইন্টিজার ওভারফ্লো সরাসরি দেখবার জন্যে কে এ পরিবর্তন করে দেখুন। ডিবাগ অবস্থায় "
"নির্মিত হলে এটি আতংকিত (প্যানিক) হয়ে পরে এবং মুক্তিগামী নির্মাণ হলে সেটি মুড়িয়ে "
"দেওয়া হয়ে নিজে নিজেই। অন্যান্য বিকল্পও আছে যেমন ওভারফ্লো (ম্যান উপচে পড়া), "
"স্যাচুরেটিং (বা পরিপৃক্ত করা) এবং ক্যারিং (বা বহন করা)। এগুলি অভিগমন করবার জন্যে "
"এরখম কোনো মেথড সিনটেক্স ব্যবহার করতে হবে `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c)."
"saturating_add(c * a)`।"

#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
msgid ""
"In fact, the compiler will detect overflow of constant expressions, which is "
"why the example requires a separate function."
msgstr ""
"প্রকৃতপক্ষে, কম্পাইলার ধ্রুবক অভিব্যক্তির ওভারফ্লো সনাক্ত করবে, যার কারণে উদাহরণটির "
"জন্য একটি আলাদা ফাংশন প্রয়োজন।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid ""
"Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in "
"more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings."
msgstr ""
"স্ট্রিংগুলিকে উপস্থাপন করার জন্য রাস্ট এ দুটি উপায়ে আছে, উভয়ই পরবর্তীতে আরও গভীরতায় "
"কভার করা হবে। উভয়ই _সবসময়ে_ ইউ.টি.এফ-৮ এনকোড করে স্ট্রিং সংরক্ষণ করে।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string."
msgstr "`String` - একটি পরিবর্তনযোগ্য, মালিকানাধীন স্ট্রিং।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type."
msgstr "`&str` - একটি পঠনযোগ্য স্ট্রিং। স্ট্রিং লিটারেলে এই ধরন আছে।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "\"Greetings\""
msgstr "\"Greetings\""

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "\"🪐\""
msgstr "\"🪐\""

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "\", \""
msgstr "\", \""

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "\"final sentence: {}\""
msgstr "\"final sentence: {}\""

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid "\"{:?}\""
msgstr "\"{:?}\""

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);"
msgstr "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid ""
"This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more depth "
"later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to use strings."
msgstr ""
"এই স্লাইড স্ট্রিং কি জিনিস এটা দেখায়। এখানে সবকিছু পরে আরও গভীরতায় কভার করা হবে, "
"কিন্তু স্ট্রিং ব্যবহার করার জন্য,পরবর্তী স্লাইডের জন্যে এবং অনুশীলনের জন্য এটি যথেষ্ট।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust."
msgstr ""
"UB একটি ইউ.টি.এফ-৮ স্ট্রিং-এ থাকা ভুল এবং সেই জন্যে এটি নিরাপদ রাস্ট এর ভেতরে "
"ব্যবহার করা যায় না।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid ""
"`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and methods "
"like `s.push_str(..)`."
msgstr ""
"`String` হচ্ছে কনস্ট্রাক্টর (`::new()`) সহ একটি ব্যবহারকারী-সংজ্ঞায়িত প্রকার এবং "
"এতে `s.push_str(..)` -র মতন মেথড ও রয়েছে।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid ""
"The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover "
"references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a read-"
"only string\"."
msgstr ""
"`&str` এটা যে একটা রেফারেন্স সেটা এটাতে থাকা `&` দিয়ে বোঝা যাচ্ছে। আমরা পরে "
"রেফারেন্স দেখবো , তাই আপাতত শুধু `&str` কে একটি ইউনিট হিসেবে ভাবুন যার অর্থ \"এমন "
"একটি স্ট্রিং যা শুধু পঠনযোগ্য \"।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid ""
"The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. "
"`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. Adjust "
"it to a range that does, based on the error message."
msgstr ""
"কমেন্ট করা লাইন বাইট অবস্থান দ্বারা স্ট্রিং মধ্যে ইনডেক্স করছে। `12..13` সীমানায় "
"পড়ে না, তাই প্রোগ্রাম আতঙ্কিত ব্যবহার প্রদর্শন করে। ত্রুটি বার্তার উপর ভিত্তি করে "
"এটিকে একটি সঠিক সীমানার মধ্যে নিয়ে আসুন।"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid ""
"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: "
"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal "
"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:"
msgstr ""
"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: "
"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal "
"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:"

#: src/types-and-values/strings.md
msgid ""
"Using `{:?}` is a convenient way to print array/vector/struct of values for "
"debugging purposes, and it's commonly used in code."
msgstr ""
"`{:?}` ব্যবহার করা ডিবাগিং উদ্দেশ্যে মানগুলির অ্যারে/ভেক্টর/স্ট্রাকট প্রিন্ট করার একটি "
"সুবিধাজনক উপায় এবং এটি সাধারণত অনেক কোডে ব্যবহৃত হয়।"

#: src/types-and-values/inference.md
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
msgstr ""
"একটি ভ্যারিয়েবল কিভাবে ব্যবহার করা হচ্ছে তা দেখে রাস্ট সেটির টাইপ ঠিক করবে:"

#: src/types-and-values/inference.md
msgid ""
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on "
"constraints given by variable declarations and usages."
msgstr ""
"এই স্লাইডটি দেখায় যে কীভাবে রাস্টের কম্পাইলার একটি ভ্যারিয়েবলের পরিবর্তনশীল ঘোষণা "
"এবং ব্যবহার দ্বারা সীমাবদ্ধতার উপর ভিত্তি করে সেটির টাইপ অনুমান করে।"

#: src/types-and-values/inference.md
msgid ""
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not "
"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine "
"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration "
"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise "
"code."
msgstr ""
"এটা জোর দেওয়া খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ যে এইরকম ঘোষিত ভেরিয়েবলগুলি কোন ধরণের ডাইনামিক "
"\"যেকোন ধরণের\" নয় যা কোনও ডেটা ধারণ করতে পারে। এই ধরনের ঘোষণা দ্বারা উত্পন্ন "
"মেশিন কোড একটি টাইপ-এর সুস্পষ্ট ঘোষণার অনুরূপ। কম্পাইলার আমাদের জন্য এই কাজ করে এবং "
"আমাদের আরও সংক্ষিপ্ত কোড লিখতে সাহায্য করে।"

#: src/types-and-values/inference.md
msgid ""
"When nothing constrains the type of an integer literal, Rust defaults to "
"`i32`. This sometimes appears as `{integer}` in error messages. Similarly, "
"floating-point literals default to `f64`."
msgstr ""
"যখন কোন কিছুই পূর্ণসংখ্যার আক্ষরিকের ধরণকে বাধা দেয় না, তখন রাস্ট সেটাকে `i32` "
"হিসাবে ভেবে নিয়ে কাজ করে। এটি কখনও কখনও ত্রুটি বার্তাগুলিতে `{integer}` হিসাবে "
"প্রদর্শিত হয়। একইভাবে, ফ্লোটিং-পয়েন্ট লিটারাল কে `f64` এ ভেবে নেওয়া হয়ে।"

#: src/types-and-values/inference.md
msgid "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`"
msgstr "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`"

#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The first and second Fibonacci numbers are both `1`. For n>2, the n'th "
"Fibonacci number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and "
"n-2'th Fibonacci numbers."
msgstr ""
"প্রথম এবং দ্বিতীয় ফিবোনাচ্চি সংখ্যা উভয়ই `1`। n>২ এর জন্য, n'তম ফিবোনাচ্চি সংখ্যাটি "
"n-১ এবং n-২'তম ফিবোনাচ্চি সংখ্যার যোগফল হিসাবে পুনরাবৃত্তভাবে গণনা করা হয়।"

#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Write a function `fib(n)` that calculates the n'th Fibonacci number. When "
"will this function panic?"
msgstr ""
"একটি ফাংশন লিখুন `fib(n)` যা n'th ফিবোনাচ্চি সংখ্যা গণনা করে। কখন এই ফাংশন "
"প্যানিক করতে পারে?"

#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md
msgid "// The base case."
msgstr "// The base case."

#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "\"Implement this\""
msgstr "\"Implement this\""

#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md
msgid "// The recursive case."
msgstr "// The recursive case."

#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md src/types-and-values/solution.md
msgid "\"fib(n) = {}\""
msgstr "\"fib(n) = {}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid "[if Expressions](./control-flow-basics/if.md) (4 minutes)"
msgstr "[if অভিব্যক্তি](./control-flow-basics/if.md) (৪ মিনিট)"

#: src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid "[Loops](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[লুপ](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid ""
"[break and continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (4 minutes)"
msgstr ""
"[break এবং continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (৪ মিনিট)"

#: src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid ""
"[Blocks and Scopes](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr "[ব্লক এবং স্কোপ](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid "[Functions](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr "[ফাংশন](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (৩ মিনিট)"

#: src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutes)"
msgstr "[ম্যাক্রো](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (২ মিনিট)"

#: src/control-flow-basics.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Collatz Sequence](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr "[অনুশীলনী: কল্যাটজ এর ক্রম](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (১৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/control-flow-basics.md src/generics.md src/modules.md
msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes"
msgstr "এই অংশটি প্রায় ৪০ মিনিট সময় নেবে"

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid "`if` expressions"
msgstr "`if` অভিব্যক্তি"

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid ""
"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:"
msgstr ""
"[`if` অভিব্যক্তি](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr."
"html#if-expressions) রাস্ট এ ঠিক অন্য প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষার `if` অভিব্যক্তির মতন হয় "
"ব্যবহার করা হয়ে:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid "\"zero!\""
msgstr "\"zero!\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid "\"biggish\""
msgstr "\"biggish\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid "\"huge\""
msgstr "\"huge\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid ""
"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each "
"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:"
msgstr ""
"উপরন্তু, আপনি `if` কেও একটি অভিব্যক্তি হিসাবে ব্যবহার করতে পারেন। প্রতিটি ব্লকের "
"শেষ অভিব্যক্তি `if` অভিব্যক্তির মান হয়ে যায়:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid "\"small\""
msgstr "\"small\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid "\"large\""
msgstr "\"large\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid "\"number size: {}\""
msgstr "\"number size: {}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid ""
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its "
"branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` "
"after `\"small\"` in the second example."
msgstr ""
"যেহেতু `if` একটি অভিব্যক্তি এবং অবশ্যই এটির একটি নির্দিষ্ট টাইপ থাকতে হবে, তাই উভয় "
"শাখা ব্লকের একই টাইপ থাকতে হবে। দ্বিতীয় উদাহরণে `\"small\"` এর পরে `;` যোগ "
"করলে কি হবে তা দেখান।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md
msgid ""
"When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to "
"separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see "
"the compiler error."
msgstr ""
"যখন একটি অভিব্যক্তিতে `if` ব্যবহার করা হয়, তখন অভিব্যক্তিটির অবশ্যই শেষে একটি `;` "
"থাকতে হবে যা পরবর্তী বিবৃতি থেকে সেটিকে আলাদা করবে। কম্পাইলার ত্রুটি দেখতে "
"`println!` এর আগে `;` সরিয়ে দেখুন।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md
msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:"
msgstr "রাস্টে তিনটি লুপিং কীওয়ার্ড রয়েছে: `while`, `loop`, ও `for`:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md
msgid "`while`"
msgstr "`while`"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md
msgid ""
"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-"
"expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the "
"loop body as long as the condition is true."
msgstr ""
"[`while` কীওয়ার্ড](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#predicate-loops) রাস্ট এ অন্যান্য ভাষার `while` কীওয়ার্ড এর মতোই কাজ করে, "
"যতক্ষণ পর্যন্ত শর্তটি সত্য হয় ততক্ষণ লুপ বডি কার্যকর করে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md
msgid "\"Final x: {x}\""
msgstr "\"Final x: {x}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md
msgid ""
"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates "
"over ranges of values or the items in a collection:"
msgstr ""
"[`for` লুপ](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) একটি মানের "
"পরিসীমা বা সংগ্রহের আইটেমগুলির উপর পুনরাবৃত্তি করে:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md
msgid "\"elem: {elem}\""
msgstr "\"elem: {elem}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md
msgid ""
"Under the hood `for` loops use a concept called \"iterators\" to handle "
"iterating over different kinds of ranges/collections. Iterators will be "
"discussed in more detail later."
msgstr ""
"`ফর` লুপগুলি বিভিন্ন ধরণের রেঞ্জ/সংগ্রহের পুনরাবৃত্তি পরিচালনা করতে \"ইটারেটর\" নামক "
"একটি ধারণা ব্যবহার করে। ইটারেটর পরে আরও বিশদে আলোচনা করা হবে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md
msgid ""
"Note that the `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax for "
"an inclusive range."
msgstr ""
"ইটা লক্ষ্য করা দরকার যে `for` -টি লুপ শুধুমাত্র `4` পর্যন্ত পুনরাবৃত্তি করে। এখানে `5` "
"পর্যন্ত পুনরাবৃত্তি করবার জন্যে `1..=5` গঠন ব্যবহার করা দরকার।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md
msgid ""
"The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just "
"loops forever, until a `break`."
msgstr ""
"`break` না পাওয়া পর্যন্ত পুনরাবৃত্তি করতেই থাকে একটি [`loop` statement](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html)।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md
msgid "\"{i}\""
msgstr "\"{i}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md
msgid ""
"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)."
msgstr ""
"আপনি অবিলম্বে পরবর্তী পুনরাবৃত্তি ব্যবহার শুরু করতে যদি চান তাহলে [`continue`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-"
"expressions) ব্যবহার করতে পারেন।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md
msgid ""
"If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For "
"`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the "
"`loop` expression."
msgstr ""
"আপনি যদি কোনো ধরনের লুপ থেকে তাড়াতাড়ি প্রস্থান করতে চান তবে [`break`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions) "
"ব্যবহার করুন। `loop` এর জন্য, এটি একটি ঐচ্ছিক অভিব্যক্তি নিতে পারে যা `loop` "
"অভিব্যক্তির মান হয়ে যায়।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md src/std-traits/exercise.md
#: src/std-traits/solution.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "\"{}\""
msgstr "\"{}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md
msgid ""
"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is "
"used to break out of nested loops:"
msgstr ""
"'continue' এবং 'break' উভয়ই ঐচ্ছিকভাবে একটি লেবেল আর্গুমেন্ট নিতে পারে যা নেস্টেড "
"লুপগুলি থেকে বেরিয়ে আসতে ব্যবহৃত হয়:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md
msgid "\"elements searched: {elements_searched}\""
msgstr "\"elements searched: {elements_searched}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md
msgid ""
"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial "
"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike "
"`while` and `for` loops)."
msgstr ""
"`while` এবং `for` এর বিপরীত `loop` অন্তত একবার প্রবেশ করার নিশ্চয়তা দেওয়ার "
"কারণে একমাত্র লুপিং গঠন যা একটি অ-তুচ্ছ মান প্রদান করে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
msgid "Blocks"
msgstr "Blocks"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
msgid ""
"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions, enclosed by braces `{}`. "
"Each block has a value and a type, which are those of the last expression of "
"the block:"
msgstr ""
"রাস্ট এ একটি ব্লকে এক্সপ্রেশনের একটি ক্রম রয়েছে যা `{}` বন্ধনী দ্বারা আবদ্ধ। প্রতিটি "
"ব্লকের একটি মান এবং একটি টাইপ রয়েছে, যা সেই ব্লকের শেষ অভিব্যক্তিগুলির দ্বারা "
"সংজ্ঞায়িত:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
msgid "\"y: {y}\""
msgstr "\"y: {y}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
msgid ""
"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is "
"`()`."
msgstr ""
"যদি শেষ এক্সপ্রেশনটি `;` দিয়ে শেষ হয়, তাহলে ফলস্বরূপ মান এবং টাইপ হবে `()`।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
msgid ""
"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in "
"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`."
msgstr ""
"আপনি ব্লকের শেষ লাইন পরিবর্তন করে ব্লকের মান কীভাবে পরিবর্তিত হয় তা দেখাতে "
"পারেন। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, একটি সেমিকোলন যোগ করা/মুছে ফেলা বা একটি `রিটার্ন` ব্যবহার "
"করা।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block."
msgstr "একটি ভেরিয়েবলের স্কোপ সেটির ঘেরা ব্লকের মধ্যে সীমাবদ্ধ।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid ""
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from "
"the same scope:"
msgstr ""
"আপনি ভেরিয়েবলগুলিকে ছায়াবৃত করতে পারেন, এটি বাইরের স্কোপ এবং একই ভেরিয়েবলের "
"নিজেস্ব স্কোপ উভয়ে থেকেই সম্ভব:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid "\"before: {a}\""
msgstr "\"before: {a}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"hello\""
msgstr "\"hello\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\""
msgstr "\"inner scope: {a}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\""
msgstr "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid "\"after: {a}\""
msgstr "\"after: {a}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid ""
"Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block "
"in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block."
msgstr ""
"আগের উদাহরণে ভেতরের ব্লকে একটি `b` লাগিয়ে সেটাকে বাইরে থেকে অ্যাক্সেস করবার "
"চেষ্টা করে এটা দেখান যে একটি ভ্যারিয়েবলের স্কোপ সীমাবদ্ধ থাকে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid ""
"Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both "
"variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under "
"the same name, depending where you use it in the code."
msgstr ""
"ছায়াবৃত করা এবং পরিব্যক্তির মধ্যে তফাৎ আছে, কারণ ছায়াবৃত করবার পরে উভয় ভেরিয়েবলের-"
"ই মেমরি অবস্থান একই সময়ে বিদ্যমান থাকে। আপনি কোডে কোথায় ব্যবহার করেন তার উপর "
"নির্ভর করে উভয়ই একই নামে উপলব্ধ।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type."
msgstr ""
"একটি ভ্যারিয়েবল যেটি অন্য ভ্যারিয়েবলের ছায়া হিসেবে বানানো হয়েছে সেটির থেকে "
"আলাদা টাইপ ধারণ করতেই পারে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
msgid ""
"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values "
"after `.unwrap()`."
msgstr ""
"ছায়া করা প্রথমে অস্পষ্ট দেখায়, কিন্তু `.unwrap()` এর পরে মান ধরে রাখার জন্য "
"সুবিধাজনক।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
msgid ""
"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some "
"programming languages), then a return type."
msgstr ""
"ঘোষিত পরামিতির পরে তার টাইপ লাগানো হয়ে (এই জিনিস তা অনেক প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষার "
"তুলনায় বিপরীত) এবং তার পরে একটি রিটার্ন টাইপ দেওয়া হয়ে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
msgid ""
"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return "
"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` "
"keyword can be used for early return, but the \"bare value\" form is "
"idiomatic at the end of a function (refactor `gcd` to use a `return`)."
msgstr ""
"একটি ফাংশন বডি (বা যেকোনো ব্লক) এর শেষ অভিব্যক্তি সেটির ফেরতগামী মান হয়ে যায়। "
"শুধু অভিব্যক্তির শেষে `;` বাদ দিন। `return` কীওয়ার্ডটি প্রাথমিক রিটার্নের জন্য "
"ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে, কিন্তু একটি ফাংশনের শেষে \"বেয়ার ভ্যালু\" ফর্মটি "
"বাগ্বৈশিষ্ট্যসম্মত (`gcd` টাতে `return` লাগিয়ে আবার লিখে দেখুন)।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
msgid ""
"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The "
"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted."
msgstr ""
"অনেক ফাংশনের রিটার্ন টাইপ থাকে না এবং তারা 'একক বা ইউনিট টাইপ ' বা `()` "
"রিটার্ন করে থাকে। কম্পাইলার এটি নিজে-নিজেই অনুমান করে নিতে পারবে যদি `-> ()` "
"রিটার্ন টাইপ বাদ দেওয়া হয়।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
msgid ""
"Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation."
msgstr "ওভারলোডিং সমর্থিত নয় -- প্রতিটি ফাংশনের শুধু একটি বাস্তবায়ন থাকতে পারে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
msgid ""
"Always takes a fixed number of parameters. Default arguments are not "
"supported. Macros can be used to support variadic functions."
msgstr ""
"সর্বদা একটি নির্দিষ্ট সংখ্যক পরামিতি লাগে। রেস্ট এ ডিফল্ট আর্গুমেন্ট সমর্থিত নয। "
"ম্যাক্রো দিয়ে বৈচিত্র্যময় বা ভ্যারিয়াডিক ফাংশন ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
msgid ""
"Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, "
"which will be covered later."
msgstr ""
"সর্বদা পরামিতির টাইপ একটি একক সেট-ই লাগে। এই টাইপগুলি জেনেরিক হতে পারে। "
"জেনেরিক পরে আলোচনা করা হবে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid ""
"Macros are expanded into Rust code during compilation, and can take a "
"variable number of arguments. They are distinguished by a `!` at the end. "
"The Rust standard library includes an assortment of useful macros."
msgstr ""
"সংকলনের সময় ম্যাক্রোগুলিকে রাস্ট কোডে প্রসারিত করা হয় এবং একটি পরিবর্তনশীল সংখ্যক "
"আর্গুমেন্ট নিতে পারে। ম্যাক্রোর শেষে একটি `!` দিয়ে সেটি অন্য কোডের থেকে পার্থক্য করা "
"হয়ে। রাস্ট স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরিতে দরকারী ম্যাক্রোগুলির একটি ভাণ্ডার অন্তর্ভুক্ত রয়েছে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid ""
"`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting "
"described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)."
msgstr ""
"[`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html) এ বর্ণিত বিন্যাস "
"প্রয়োগ করে `println!(format, ..)` স্ট্যান্ডার্ড আউটপুটে একটি লাইন প্রিন্ট করে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid ""
"`format!(format, ..)` works just like `println!` but returns the result as a "
"string."
msgstr ""
"`format!(format, ..)` ঠিক `println!` এর মতো কাজ করে কিন্তু একটি স্ট্রিং হিসেবে "
"ফলাফল প্রদান করে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid "`dbg!(expression)` logs the value of the expression and returns it."
msgstr "`dbg!(expression)` অভিব্যক্তির মান লগ করে এবং সেটিকে ফেরত দেয়।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid ""
"`todo!()` marks a bit of code as not-yet-implemented. If executed, it will "
"panic."
msgstr ""
"`todo!()` কোডের একটি ব্লককে এখনো-বাস্তবায়িত হয়নি বলে চিহ্নিত করে। এই কোড চালালে "
"রাস্ট আতঙ্কিত হবে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid ""
"`unreachable!()` marks a bit of code as unreachable. If executed, it will "
"panic."
msgstr ""
"`unreachable!()` একটি কোডের অংশ কে পৌঁছানো যায় না বলে চিহ্নিত করে। এই কোড "
"চালালে রাস্ট আতঙ্কিত হবে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid "\"{n}! = {}\""
msgstr "\"{n}! = {}\""

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid ""
"The takeaway from this section is that these common conveniences exist, and "
"how to use them. Why they are defined as macros, and what they expand to, is "
"not especially critical."
msgstr ""
"এই বিভাগ থেকে বোঝা যায় যে এই সাধারণ সুবিধাগুলি বিদ্যমান, এবং কীভাবে সেগুলি "
"ব্যবহার করা যায়। কেন সেগুলি ম্যাক্রো হিসাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করা আছে, এবং সেগুলি কি "
"প্রসারিত হয়, বিশেষ করে সমালোচনামূলক নয়।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
msgid ""
"The course does not cover defining macros, but a later section will describe "
"use of derive macros."
msgstr ""
"কোর্সটি ম্যাক্রো কিভাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত সেটা আলোচনা করে না, তবে পরবর্তী একটি বিভাগে "
"ডেরাইভ ম্যাক্রোর ব্যবহার বর্ণনা করা হবে।"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is "
"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n"
msgstr ""
"[Collatz সিকোয়েন্স](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) নিম্নরূপ "
"সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয়েছে, একটি নির্বিচারে n এর জন্য"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "1"
msgstr "১"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid " greater than zero:"
msgstr "শূন্যের চেয়ে বড়:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "If _n"
msgstr "If _n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "i"
msgstr "i"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n"
msgstr "1 হলে, ক্রমটি _n শেষ হয়ে"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_."
msgstr "_."

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ is even, then _n"
msgstr "_ জোড় হলে , তাহলে _n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "i+1"
msgstr "i+1"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid " = n"
msgstr " = n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid " / 2_."
msgstr " /2_."

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ is odd, then _n"
msgstr "_ বিজোড় যদি হয়ে, তাহলে _n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid " = 3 * n"
msgstr " = 3 * n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid " + 1_."
msgstr " + 1_."

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "For example, beginning with _n"
msgstr "উদাহরণস্বরূপ, _n দিয়ে শুরু হলে"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 3:"
msgstr "_ = 3:"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "3 is odd, so _n"
msgstr "3 বিজোড়, তাই _n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "2"
msgstr "2"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;"
msgstr "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "10 is even, so _n"
msgstr "10 জোড়, তাই _n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "3"
msgstr "3"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;"
msgstr "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;"

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "5 is odd, so _n"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "4"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "16 is even, so _n"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "5"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "8 is even, so _n"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "6"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "4 is even, so _n"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "7"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "2 is even, so _n"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "8"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "_ = 1; and"
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid "the sequence terminates."
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given "
"initial `n`."
msgstr ""

#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/solution.md
msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n"
msgstr "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n"

#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md
msgid "\"Length: {}\""
msgstr "\"Length: {}\""

#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md
#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md
msgid "Welcome Back"
msgstr "স্বাগতম"

#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md
msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 minutes)"
msgstr "[টিউপেল এবং অ্যারে](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (৩৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md
msgid "[References](./references.md) (35 minutes)"
msgstr "[রেফারেন্স](./references.md)(৩৫ মিনিট)"

#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md
msgid "[User-Defined Types](./user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)"
msgstr "[ব্যবহারকারীর দ্বারা সংজ্ঞায়িত টাইপ](./user-defined-types.md) (৫০ মিনিট)"

#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 15 "
"minutes"
msgstr "১০ মিনিট বিরতিসহ এই অধিবেশন শেষ করতে ২ ঘন্টা ১৫ মিনিট লাগবে"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""
"[টিউপেল এবং অ্যারে](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (১০ মিনিট)"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "[Array Iteration](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"[Patterns and Destructuring](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 "
"minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "[Exercise: Nested Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md
msgid "This segment should take about 35 minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"Tuples and arrays are the first \"compound\" types we have seen. All "
"elements of an array have the same type, while tuples can accommodate "
"different types. Both types have a size fixed at compile time."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Arrays"
msgstr "Arrays"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "`[T; N]`"
msgstr "`[T; N]`"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`"
msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Tuples"
msgstr "Tuples"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..."
msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..."

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..."
msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..."

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
msgstr "অ্যারে অ্যাসাইনমেন্ট এবং অ্যাক্সেস:"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
msgstr "Tuple assignment and access:"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Arrays:"
msgstr "অ্যারে:"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) "
"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of "
"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two "
"different types. Slices, which have a size determined at runtime, are "
"covered later."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at "
"runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be "
"avoided using unsafe Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format "
"parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. "
"Types such as integers and strings implement the default output, but arrays "
"only implement the debug output. This means that we must use debug output "
"here."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be "
"easier to read."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Tuples:"
msgstr "Tuples:"

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, "
"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, "
"and the only valid value of that type --- that is to say both the type and "
"its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a "
"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md
msgid ""
"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other "
"programming languages."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md
msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md
msgid ""
"This functionality uses the `IntoIterator` trait, but we haven't covered "
"that yet."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md
msgid ""
"The `assert_ne!` macro is new here. There are also `assert_eq!` and `assert!"
"` macros. These are always checked while, debug-only variants like "
"`debug_assert!` compile to nothing in release builds."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"When working with tuples and other structured values it's common to want to "
"extract the inner values into local variables. This can be done manually by "
"directly accessing the inner values:"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid "\"left: {left}, right: {right}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"However, Rust also supports using pattern matching to destructure a larger "
"value into its constituent parts:"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid "This works with any kind of structured value:"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid "\"a: {a}, b: {b}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"The patterns used here are \"irrefutable\", meaning that the compiler can "
"statically verify that the value on the right of `=` has the same structure "
"as the pattern."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"A variable name is an irrefutable pattern that always matches any value, "
"hence why we can also use `let` to declare a single variable."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"Rust also supports using patterns in conditionals, allowing for equality "
"comparison and destructuring to happen at the same time. This form of "
"pattern matching will be discussed in more detail later."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"Edit the examples above to show the compiler error when the pattern doesn't "
"match the value being matched on."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md
msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md
msgid "What is the type of this variable?"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will "
"transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
"functions:"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/borrowing/exercise.md
#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation."
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md
msgid "//\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md
msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md
msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md
msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/references.md
msgid "[Shared References](./references/shared.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/references.md
msgid "[Exclusive References](./references/exclusive.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/references.md
msgid "[Exercise: Geometry](./references/exercise.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"A reference provides a way to access another value without taking "
"responsibility for the value, and is also called \"borrowing\". Shared "
"references are read-only, and the referenced data cannot change."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"A shared reference to a type `T` has type `&T`. A reference value is made "
"with the `&` operator. The `*` operator \"dereferences\" a reference, "
"yielding its value."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to, and this is a good "
"model for students not familiar with pointers: code can use the reference to "
"access the value, but is still \"owned\" by the original variable. The "
"course will get into more detail on ownership in day 3."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"References are implemented as pointers, and a key advantage is that they can "
"be much smaller than the thing they point to. Students familiar with C or C+"
"+ will recognize references as pointers. Later parts of the course will "
"cover how Rust prevents the memory-safety bugs that come from using raw "
"pointers."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"Rust does not automatically create references for you - the `&` is always "
"required."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking "
"methods (try `r.is_ascii()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like in "
"C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"In this example, `r` is mutable so that it can be reassigned (`r = &b`). "
"Note that this re-binds `r`, so that it refers to something else. This is "
"different from C++, where assignment to a reference changes the referenced "
"value."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"A shared reference does not allow modifying the value it refers to, even if "
"that value was mutable. Try `*r = 'X'`."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid ""
"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long "
"enough. Dangling references cannot occur in safe Rust. `x_axis` would return "
"a reference to `point`, but `point` will be deallocated when the function "
"returns, so this will not compile."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/shared.md
msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exclusive.md
msgid ""
"Exclusive references, also known as mutable references, allow changing the "
"value they refer to. They have type `&mut T`."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exclusive.md
msgid ""
"\"Exclusive\" means that only this reference can be used to access the "
"value. No other references (shared or exclusive) can exist at the same time, "
"and the referenced value cannot be accessed while the exclusive reference "
"exists. Try making an `&point.0` or changing `point.0` while `x_coord` is "
"alive."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exclusive.md
msgid ""
"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let "
"x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be "
"bound to different values, while the second represents an exclusive "
"reference to a mutable value."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md
msgid ""
"We will create a few utility functions for 3-dimensional geometry, "
"representing a point as `[f64;3]`. It is up to you to determine the function "
"signatures."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md
msgid ""
"// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its "
"coordinates"
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md
msgid ""
"// and taking the square root. Use the `sqrt()` method to calculate the "
"square"
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md
msgid "// root, like `v.sqrt()`."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md
msgid ""
"// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its"
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md
msgid "// coordinates by that magnitude."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md
msgid "// Use the following `main` to test your work."
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md
msgid "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md
msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md
msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/references/solution.md
msgid "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/references/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its "
"direction.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types.md
msgid "[Named Structs](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types.md
msgid "[Tuple Structs](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types.md
msgid "[Enums](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types.md
msgid ""
"[Static and Const](./user-defined-types/static-and-const.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types.md
msgid "[Type Aliases](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Elevator Events](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types.md src/borrowing.md
msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "\"{} is {} years old\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"Peter\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "\"Avery\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "\"Jackie\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md
#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "Key Points:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "Structs work like in C or C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid ""
"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of "
"structs."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid ""
"Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a "
"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the "
"value itself."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid ""
"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are "
"not important."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid ""
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the "
"struct using a shorthand."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
msgid ""
"The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the "
"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be "
"the last element."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid "\"({}, {})\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "// ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid ""
"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in "
"a primitive type, for example:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid ""
"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have "
"to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid ""
"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the "
"single field in the newtype."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid ""
"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or "
"for instance using booleans as integers."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
msgid ""
"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different "
"variants:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid "// Simple variant"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid "// Tuple variant"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid "// Struct variant"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type."
msgstr "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:"

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"`Direction` is a type with variants. There are two values of `Direction`: "
"`Direction::Left` and `Direction::Right`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"`PlayerMove` is a type with three variants. In addition to the payloads, "
"Rust will store a discriminant so that it knows at runtime which variant is "
"in a `PlayerMove` value."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one "
"with different types of fields (variant payloads)."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate "
"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were "
"all defined in an enum."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"If the allowed variant values do not cover all bit patterns, it will use "
"invalid bit patterns to encode the discriminant (the \"niche "
"optimization\"). For example, `Option<&u8>` stores either a pointer to an "
"integer or `NULL` for the `None` variant."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 "
"bytes."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
#: src/memory-management/review.md src/memory-management/move.md
#: src/smart-pointers/box.md src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid "More to Explore"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less "
"space."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::<T>()` equals "
"`size_of::<Option<T>>()`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md
msgid ""
"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look "
"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no "
"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-"
"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of "
"the program."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "`const`"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are "
"inlined wherever they are used:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate "
"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "`static`"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and "
"therefore will not move:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\""
msgstr "প্রথম দিনে আপনাকে স্বাগতম"

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "\"{BANNER}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual "
"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and "
"the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a "
"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, "
"`const` is generally preferred."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable "
"global variable in C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as "
"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex<T>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but "
"it is helpful and safer than using a static."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Properties table:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Property"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Static"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Constant"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Has an address in memory"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Yes"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "No (inlined)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "No"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Can be mutable"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Yes (unsafe)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Evaluated at compile time"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Inlined wherever it is used"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid ""
"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be "
"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md
msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md
msgid ""
"A type alias creates a name for another type. The two types can be used "
"interchangeably."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md
msgid "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md
msgid "C programmers will recognize this as similar to a `typedef`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md
msgid ""
"We will create a data structure to represent an event in an elevator control "
"system. It is up to you to define the types and functions to construct "
"various events. Use `#[derive(Debug)]` to allow the types to be formatted "
"with `{:?}`."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md
msgid ""
"This exercise only requires creating and populating data structures so that "
"`main` runs without errors. The next part of the course will cover getting "
"data out of these structures."
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md
msgid "// TODO: add required variants"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// A direction of travel.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// The car doors have opened.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// The car doors have closed.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given "
"floor.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "\"The car door opened: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "\"The car door closed: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// A button was pressed.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// The car's doors have opened.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// The car's doors have closed.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// A user-accessible button.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md
msgid "/// A floor button within the car.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "Welcome to Day 2"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid ""
"Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, today will focus on Rust's type "
"system:"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "Pattern matching: extracting data from structures."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "Methods: associating functions with types."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "Traits: behaviors shared by multiple types."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "Generics: parameterizing types on other types."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid ""
"Standard library types and traits: a tour of Rust's rich standard library."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "[Pattern Matching](./pattern-matching.md) (1 hour)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "[Methods and Traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (45 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md
msgid "[Generics](./generics.md) (40 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid ""
"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 50 "
"minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching.md
msgid "[Matching Values](./pattern-matching/match.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching.md
msgid "[Destructuring](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching.md
msgid "[Let Control Flow](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Expression Evaluation](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 "
"minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching.md src/memory-management.md src/testing.md
msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. "
"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "'x'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "'q'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "\"Quitting\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/std-traits/solution.md
#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "'a'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "'s'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "'w'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "'d'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "\"Moving around\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md
#: src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "'0'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md
#: src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "'9'"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "\"Number input\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "\"Something else\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The "
"expressions _must_ be exhaustive, meaning that it covers every possibility, "
"so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have "
"the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the "
"example above, the type is `()`."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that "
"can be used within the match arm."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a "
"pattern"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "`|` as an `or`"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid "`_` is a wild card"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when "
"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would "
"allow."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. "
"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the "
"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't "
"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match.md
msgid ""
"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern "
"with an `|`."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "Like tuples, structs and enums can also be destructured by matching:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "Structs"
msgstr "Structs"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is "
"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple "
"`enum` type:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first "
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second "
"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to "
"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it "
"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with "
"a `match`."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the "
"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now "
"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern "
"matched."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage "
"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
msgid ""
"Save the result of `divide_in_two` in the `result` variable and `match` it "
"in a loop. That won't compile because `msg` is consumed when matched. To fix "
"it, match `&result` instead of `result`. That will make `msg` a reference so "
"it won't be consumed. This [\"match ergonomics\"](https://rust-lang.github."
"io/rfcs/2005-match-ergonomics.html) appeared in Rust 2018. If you want to "
"support older Rust, replace `msg` with `ref msg` in the pattern."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. "
"They are used for pattern matching:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "`if let` expressions"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "`while let` expressions"
msgstr "while let এক্সপ্রেশন"

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "`match` expressions"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-"
"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on "
"whether a value matches a pattern:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "\"slept for {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "`let else` expressions"
msgstr "while let এক্সপ্রেশন"

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, "
"use [`let else`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/"
"let_else.html). The \"else\" case must diverge (`return`, `break`, or panic "
"- anything but falling off the end of the block)."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "\"got None\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "\"got empty string\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "\"not a hex digit\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md
msgid "\"result: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md
#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/testing/googletest.md
#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"foo\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which "
"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct."
"String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after "
"which it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through "
"all items."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "if-let"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make "
"it more concise than `match`."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "let-else"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"`if-let`s can pile up, as shown. The `let-else` construct supports "
"flattening this nested code. Rewrite the awkward version for students, so "
"they can see the transformation."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "The rewritten version is:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid "while-let"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value "
"matches the pattern."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
msgid ""
"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if "
"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The "
"`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md
msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later "
"in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the "
"tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator (`*`) to "
"\"unbox\" it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The standard "
"[`Result<Value, String>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result."
"html) type is an enum that represents either a successful value "
"(`Ok(Value)`) or an error (`Err(String)`). We will cover this type in detail "
"later."
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing "
"`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use "
"`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one. You can also skip a test "
"temporarily with `#[ignore]`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md
msgid ""
"If you finish early, try writing a test that results in division by zero or "
"integer overflow. How could you handle this with `Result` instead of a panic?"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md
msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md
msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md
msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md
msgid "/// A literal value\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md
msgid "\"division by zero\""
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md
msgid "\"expr: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits.md
msgid "[Methods](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits.md
msgid "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits.md
msgid "[Deriving](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Generic Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with "
"an `impl` block:"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "// No receiver, a static method"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "// race.add_lap(42);"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts "
"on. There are several common receivers for a method:"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable "
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable "
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The "
"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped "
"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly "
"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to "
"create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the "
"first parameter represents the instance as `self`."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver "
"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep "
"all the implementation code in one predictable place."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how "
"the struct name could also be used."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and "
"can be used elsewhere in the block."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to "
"refer to individual fields."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` "
"by trying to run `finish` twice."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
msgid ""
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be "
"receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md
msgid ""
"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md
msgid "/// Return a sentence from this pet."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md
msgid "/// Print a string to the terminal greeting this pet."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md
msgid ""
"A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to "
"implement the trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md
msgid ""
"In the \"Generics\" segment, next, we will see how to build functionality "
"that is generic over all types implementing a trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Implementing Traits"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ Traits বাস্তবায়ন"

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "\"Fido\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
msgid ""
"To implement `Trait` for `Type`, you use an `impl Trait for Type { .. }` "
"block."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
msgid ""
"Unlike Go interfaces, just having matching methods is not enough: a `Cat` "
"type with a `talk()` method would not automatically satisfy `Pet` unless it "
"is in an `impl Pet` block."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
msgid ""
"Traits may provide default implementations of some methods. Default "
"implementations can rely on all the methods of the trait. In this case, "
"`greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md
msgid ""
"Associated types allow are placeholder types which are filled in by the "
"trait implementation."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md
msgid ""
"Associated types are sometimes also called \"output types\". The key "
"observation is that the implementer, not the caller, chooses this type."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md
msgid ""
"Many standard library traits have associated types, including arithmetic "
"operators and `Iterator`."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid ""
"Supported traits can be automatically implemented for your custom types, as "
"follows:"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid "// Default trait adds `default` constructor."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid "// Clone trait adds `clone` method."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid "\"EldurScrollz\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
msgid ""
"Derivation is implemented with macros, and many crates provide useful derive "
"macros to add useful functionality. For example, `serde` can derive "
"serialization support for a struct using `#[derive(Serialize)]`."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Let's design a simple logging utility, using a trait `Logger` with a `log` "
"method. Code which might log its progress can then take an `&impl Logger`. "
"In testing, this might put messages in the test logfile, while in a "
"production build it would send messages to a log server."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md
msgid ""
"However, the `StderrLogger` given below logs all messages, regardless of "
"verbosity. Your task is to write a `VerbosityFilter` type that will ignore "
"messages above a maximum verbosity."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md
msgid ""
"This is a common pattern: a struct wrapping a trait implementation and "
"implementing that same trait, adding behavior in the process. What other "
"kinds of wrappers might be useful in a logging utility?"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md
msgid "/// Log a message at the given verbosity level.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md
msgid "\"verbosity={verbosity}: {message}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md
msgid "\"FYI\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md
msgid "\"Uhoh\""
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md
msgid "// TODO: Define and implement `VerbosityFilter`."
msgstr ""

#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md
msgid "/// Only log messages up to the given verbosity level.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics.md
msgid "[Generic Functions](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics.md
msgid "[Generic Data Types](./generics/generic-data.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics.md
msgid "[Trait Bounds](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics.md
msgid "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics.md
msgid "[Exercise: Generic min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid ""
"Rust supports generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data "
"structures (such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid "/// Pick `even` or `odd` depending on the value of `n`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid "\"picked a number: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid "\"picked a tuple: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid "\"dog\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid "\"cat\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid ""
"Rust infers a type for T based on the types of the arguments and return "
"value."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid ""
"This is similar to C++ templates, but Rust partially compiles the generic "
"function immediately, so that function must be valid for all types matching "
"the constraints. For example, try modifying `pick` to return `even + odd` if "
"`n == 0`. Even if only the `pick` instantiation with integers is used, Rust "
"still considers it invalid. C++ would let you do this."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-functions.md
msgid ""
"Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites. This "
"is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had "
"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid "\"coords: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid ""
"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that "
"redundant?"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid ""
"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. "
"They are independently generic."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid ""
"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods in this "
"block will only be available for `Point<u32>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/generic-data.md
msgid ""
"Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`. Update the "
"code to allow points that have elements of different types, by using two "
"type variables, e.g., `T` and `U`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid ""
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement "
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "// struct NotClonable;"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "\"{pair:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "Try making a `NonClonable` and passing it to `duplicate`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "When multiple traits are necessary, use `+` to join them."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid ""
"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can "
"be arbitrary, like `Option<T>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md
msgid ""
"Note that Rust does not (yet) support specialization. For example, given the "
"original `duplicate`, it is invalid to add a specialized `duplicate(a: u32)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid ""
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function "
"arguments and return values:"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid "// Syntactic sugar for:"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid "//   fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid "\"{many}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid "\"{many_more}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid ""
"`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The "
"meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid ""
"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a "
"trait bound."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid ""
"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that "
"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you "
"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid ""
"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks "
"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A "
"function returning a generic type like `collect<B>() -> B` can return any "
"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with "
"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::"
"<Vec<_>>()`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/impl-trait.md
msgid ""
"What is the type of `debuggable`? Try `let debuggable: () = ..` to see what "
"the error message shows."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/exercise.md
msgid ""
"In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that "
"determines the minimum of two values, using a `LessThan` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md
msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/exercise.md
msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`."
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md
msgid "\"Shapiro\""
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md
msgid "\"Baumann\""
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md
msgid "[Standard Library Types](./std-types.md) (1 hour and 20 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md
msgid "[Standard Library Traits](./std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 10 "
"minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[Standard Library](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[Documentation](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[Option](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[Result](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[String](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "[Exercise: Counter](./std-types/exercise.md) (20 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 20 minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types.md
msgid ""
"For each of the slides in this section, spend some time reviewing the "
"documentation pages, highlighting some of the more common methods."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/std.md
msgid ""
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common "
"types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work "
"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/std.md
msgid ""
"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, "
"`alloc` and `std`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/std.md
msgid ""
"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on "
"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/std.md
msgid ""
"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, "
"`Box` and `Arc`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/std.md
msgid ""
"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/"
"expressions/loop-expr.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"Primitive types like [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive."
"u8.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/"
"option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/"
"std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second argument."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md src/testing/other.md
#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "///"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid "/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are "
"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is "
"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"To document an item from inside the item (such as inside a module), use `//!"
"` or `/*! .. */`, called \"inner doc comments\":"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of integers."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/docs.md
msgid ""
"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at <https://docs.rs/"
"rand>."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Option"
msgstr "ব্যতিক্রম"

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid ""
"We have already seen some use of `Option<T>`. It stores either a value of "
"type `T` or nothing. For example, [`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"stable/std/string/struct.String.html#method.find) returns an `Option<usize>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid "'é'"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid "\"find returned {position:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid "'Z'"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid "\"Character not found\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid ""
"`unwrap` will return the value in an `Option`, or panic. `expect` is similar "
"but takes an error message."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid ""
"You can panic on None, but you can't \"accidentally\" forget to check for "
"None."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid ""
"It's common to `unwrap`/`expect` all over the place when hacking something "
"together, but production code typically handles `None` in a nicer fashion."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/option.md
msgid ""
"The niche optimization means that `Option<T>` often has the same size in "
"memory as `T`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid "Result"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid ""
"`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an "
"operation, each with a different type. This is similar to the `Res` defined "
"in the expression exercise, but generic: `Result<T, E>` where `T` is used in "
"the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid "\"diary.txt\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid "\"Could not read file content\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid ""
"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the "
"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the "
"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be "
"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid ""
"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it "
"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions "
"that help functional-style programming."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/result.md
msgid ""
"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on "
"Day 3."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "String"
msgstr "String"

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the "
"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
#: src/memory-management/review.md src/testing/unit-tests.md
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md
msgid "\"Hello\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "'!'"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "\"🇨🇭\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call "
"all `str` methods on a `String`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when "
"you know how much data you want to push to the string."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be "
"different from its length in characters)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a "
"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due "
"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/"
"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or "
"`String`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"When a type implements `Deref<Target = T>`, the compiler will let you "
"transparently call methods from `T`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"We haven't discussed the `Deref` trait yet, so at this point this mostly "
"explains the structure of the sidebar in the documentation."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"`String` implements `Deref<Target = str>` which transparently gives it "
"access to `str`'s methods."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the "
"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but "
"with some extra guarantees."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, "
"out-of-bounds."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character "
"boundaries or not."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/string.md
msgid ""
"Many types can be converted to a string with the [`to_string`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html#tymethod.to_string) method. "
"This trait is automatically implemented for all types that implement "
"`Display`, so anything that can be formatted can also be converted to a "
"string."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid ""
"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard "
"resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid "// Retain only the even elements."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid "\"{v3:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid ""
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice "
"methods on a `Vec`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid ""
"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data "
"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't "
"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid ""
"Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` "
"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established "
"during the first `push` call."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid ""
"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it "
"supports adding initial elements to the vector."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid ""
"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. "
"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will "
"remove the last element."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/vec.md
msgid ""
"Slices are covered on day 3. For now, students only need to know that a "
"value of type `Vec` gives access to all of the documented slice methods, too."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"Les Misérables\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid ""
"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid ""
"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the "
"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert "
"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "\"The Hunger Games\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid ""
"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-"
"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows "
"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid ""
"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-"
"value tuples."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid ""
"We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make "
"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, "
"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid ""
"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still "
"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/hashmap.md
msgid ""
"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::"
"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the "
"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back "
"to the `keys` method."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid ""
"In this exercise you will take a very simple data structure and make it "
"generic. It uses a [`std::collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html) to keep track of which values "
"have been seen and how many times each one has appeared."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The initial version of `Counter` is hard coded to only work for `u32` "
"values. Make the struct and its methods generic over the type of value being "
"tracked, that way `Counter` can track any type of value."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid ""
"If you finish early, try using the [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) method to halve the "
"number of hash lookups required to implement the `count` method."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid ""
"/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid "/// Create a new Counter."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md
msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md
msgid "\"saw {} values equal to {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md
msgid "\"apple\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md
msgid "\"orange\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md
msgid "\"got {} apples\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/solution.md
msgid "/// Create a new Counter.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/solution.md
msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-types/solution.md
msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[Comparisons](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[Operators](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[From and Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[Casting](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[Read and Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[Default, struct update syntax](./std-traits/default.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[Closures](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "[Exercise: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 40 minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid ""
"As with the standard-library types, spend time reviewing the documentation "
"for each trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits.md
msgid "This section is long. Take a break midway through."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid ""
"These traits support comparisons between values. All traits can be derived "
"for types containing fields that implement these traits."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid "`PartialEq` and `Eq`"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid ""
"`PartialEq` is a partial equivalence relation, with required method `eq` and "
"provided method `ne`. The `==` and `!=` operators will call these methods."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid ""
"`Eq` is a full equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) "
"and implies `PartialEq`. Functions that require full equivalence will use "
"`Eq` as a trait bound."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid ""
"`PartialOrd` defines a partial ordering, with a `partial_cmp` method. It is "
"used to implement the `<`, `<=`, `>=`, and `>` operators."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid "`Ord` is a total ordering, with `cmp` returning `Ordering`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid ""
"`PartialEq` can be implemented between different types, but `Eq` cannot, "
"because it is reflexive:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md
msgid ""
"In practice, it's common to derive these traits, but uncommon to implement "
"them."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid ""
"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "Discussion points:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid ""
"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid ""
"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading "
"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for "
"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid ""
"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the "
"method?"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid ""
"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but "
"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementer of a "
"trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/operators.md
msgid ""
"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, "
"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md
msgid ""
"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From."
"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to "
"facilitate type conversions:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md
msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md
msgid ""
"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is "
"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md
msgid ""
"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get "
"`Into` implementation too."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md
msgid ""
"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be "
"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. "
"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ "
"implement `Into`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid ""
"Rust has no _implicit_ type conversions, but does support explicit casts "
"with `as`. These generally follow C semantics where those are defined."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid "\"as u16: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid "\"as i16: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid "\"as u8: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid ""
"The results of `as` are _always_ defined in Rust and consistent across "
"platforms. This might not match your intuition for changing sign or casting "
"to a smaller type -- check the docs, and comment for clarity."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid ""
"Casting with `as` is a relatively sharp tool that is easy to use "
"incorrectly, and can be a source of subtle bugs as future maintenance work "
"changes the types that are used or the ranges of values in types. Casts are "
"best used only when the intent is to indicate unconditional truncation (e.g. "
"selecting the bottom 32 bits of a `u64` with `as u32`, regardless of what "
"was in the high bits)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid ""
"For infallible casts (e.g. `u32` to `u64`), prefer using `From` or `Into` "
"over `as` to confirm that the cast is in fact infallible. For fallible "
"casts, `TryFrom` and `TryInto` are available when you want to handle casts "
"that fit differently from those that don't."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid "Consider taking a break after this slide."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid ""
"`as` is similar to a C++ static cast. Use of `as` in cases where data might "
"be lost is generally discouraged, or at least deserves an explanatory "
"comment."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/casting.md
msgid "This is common in casting integers to `usize` for use as an index."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid ""
"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and "
"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can "
"abstract over `u8` sources:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid "\"lines in file: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid ""
"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets "
"you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid "\"\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "\"World\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid "The `Default` Trait"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid ""
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait "
"produces a default value for a type."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid "\"John Smith\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid "\"Y is set!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"{:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid ""
"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid ""
"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to "
"their default values."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid ""
"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. "
"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid ""
"The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and "
"provides convenience methods that use it."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/default.md
msgid ""
"The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-"
"with-struct-update-syntax)."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, "
"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn."
"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and "
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\""
msgstr "অনিরাপদ ফাংশন ডাকা"

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid "\"add_3: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid "\"accumulate: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or "
"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times "
"concurrently."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it "
"multiple times, but not concurrently."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It "
"might consume captured values."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. "
"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can "
"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"When you define a function that takes a closure, you should take `FnOnce` if "
"you can (i.e. you call it once), or `FnMut` else, and last `Fn`. This allows "
"the most flexibility for the caller."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"In contrast, when you have a closure, the most flexible you can have is `Fn` "
"(it can be passed everywhere), then `FnMut`, and lastly `FnOnce`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. "
"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid ""
"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` "
"keyword makes them capture by value."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "\"{} {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid "\"Hi\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/closures.md
msgid "\"Greg\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/exercise.md
msgid ""
"In this example, you will implement the classic [\"ROT13\" cipher](https://"
"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13). Copy this code to the playground, and "
"implement the missing bits. Only rotate ASCII alphabetic characters, to "
"ensure the result is still valid UTF-8."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/exercise.md
msgid "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`."
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/exercise.md src/std-traits/solution.md
msgid "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/exercise.md src/std-traits/solution.md
msgid "\"To get to the other side!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/exercise.md
msgid ""
"What happens if you chain two `RotDecoder` instances together, each rotating "
"by 13 characters?"
msgstr ""

#: src/std-traits/solution.md
msgid "'A'"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid "Welcome to Day 3"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid "Today, we will cover:"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid ""
"Memory management, lifetimes, and the borrow checker: how Rust ensures "
"memory safety."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid "[Memory Management](./memory-management.md) (1 hour)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid "[Smart Pointers](./smart-pointers.md) (55 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md
msgid ""
"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 20 "
"minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid "[Review of Program Memory](./memory-management/review.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid ""
"[Approaches to Memory Management](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 "
"minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid "[Ownership](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid "[Move Semantics](./memory-management/move.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid "[Clone](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid "[Copy Types](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid "[Drop](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md
msgid "[Exercise: Builder Type](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Great memory locality."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "No guarantee of memory locality."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid ""
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically "
"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid ""
"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and "
"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid ""
"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap "
"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/"
"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the "
"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid ""
"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should "
"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "' '"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "\"world\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid ""
"// String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead to"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/review.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "// undefined behavior."
msgstr "রানটাইমে কোন অনির্ধারিত আচরণ নেই:"

#: src/memory-management/review.md
msgid "\"capacity = {capacity}, ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid "Programmer decides when to allocate or free heap memory."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"Programmer must determine whether a pointer still points to valid memory."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid "Studies show, programmers make mistakes."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, "
"Haskell, ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"A runtime system ensures that memory is not freed until it can no longer be "
"referenced."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"Typically implemented with reference counting, garbage collection, or RAII."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory "
"management."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"This slide is intended to help students coming from other languages to put "
"Rust in context."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"C must manage heap manually with `malloc` and `free`. Common errors include "
"forgetting to call `free`, calling it multiple times for the same pointer, "
"or dereferencing a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"C++ has tools like smart pointers (`unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`) that take "
"advantage of language guarantees about calling destructors to ensure memory "
"is freed when a function returns. It is still quite easy to mis-use these "
"tools and create similar bugs to C."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"Java, Go, and Python rely on the garbage collector to identify memory that "
"is no longer reachable and discard it. This guarantees that any pointer can "
"be dereferenced, eliminating use-after-free and other classes of bugs. But, "
"GC has a runtime cost and is difficult to tune properly."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/approaches.md
msgid ""
"Rust's ownership and borrowing model can, in many cases, get the performance "
"of C, with alloc and free operations precisely where they are required -- "
"zero cost. It also provides tools similar to C++'s smart pointers. When "
"required, other options such as reference counting are available, and there "
"are even third-party crates available to support runtime garbage collection "
"(not covered in this class)."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/ownership.md
msgid ""
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error "
"to use a variable outside its scope:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/ownership.md
msgid ""
"We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely "
"one owner at all times."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/ownership.md
msgid ""
"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A "
"destructor can run here to free up resources."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/ownership.md
msgid ""
"Students familiar with garbage-collection implementations will know that a "
"garbage collector starts with a set of \"roots\" to find all reachable "
"memory. Rust's \"single owner\" principle is a similar idea."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Hello!\""
msgstr "Hello World!"

#: src/memory-management/move.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "\"s2: {s2}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                           :\n"
":    s1 \"(inaccessible)\"    :     :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--+--+-->| R  | u  | s  | t  |   :\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :  |  :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :  |  :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :  |  :                           :\n"
":                           :  |  `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
":    s2                     :  |\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :  |\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--'\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :\n"
":                           :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function "
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "\"Hello {name}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md src/android/interoperability/java.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Alice\""
msgstr "Slices"

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "// say_hello(name);"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by "
"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated "
"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies "
"are aggressively optimized away."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "In the `say_hello` example:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. "
"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the "
"`say_hello` function."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and "
"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name."
"clone()`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move "
"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++"
msgstr "আধুনিক C++ এ ডবল মুক্ত"

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "\"Cpp\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, "
"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when "
"either string goes out of scope."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), "
"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had "
"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the "
"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the "
"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/move.md
msgid ""
"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type "
"which is being copied or moved."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/clone.md
msgid "Clone"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/clone.md
msgid ""
"Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait "
"accomplishes this."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/clone.md
msgid ""
"The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are "
"occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `Vec::new` or `Box::"
"new`."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/clone.md
msgid ""
"It's common to \"clone your way out\" of problems with the borrow checker, "
"and return later to try to optimize those clones away."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid ""
"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid ""
"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on "
"arbitrary objects."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid ""
"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid ""
"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by "
"implementing the `Clone` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid ""
"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` "
"is not a `Copy` type."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid ""
"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the "
"`println!` for `p1`."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md
msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "The `Drop` Trait"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid ""
"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop."
"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "\"Dropping {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"a\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "\"b\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "\"c\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "\"d\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "\"Exiting block B\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "\"Exiting block A\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "\"Exiting main\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid ""
"When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::"
"drop` implementation will be called."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid ""
"All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid ""
"`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The "
"significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its "
"scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop "
"values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid ""
"This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, "
"closing files, etc."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid ""
"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the "
"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/drop.md
msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid ""
"In this example, we will implement a complex data type that owns all of its "
"data. We will use the \"builder pattern\" to support building a new value "
"piece-by-piece, using convenience functions."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid "Fill in the missing pieces."
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "/// A representation of a software package.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// Return a representation of this package as a dependency, for use in\n"
"    /// building other packages.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid "\"1\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid "\"2\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "/// Set the package version.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "/// Set the package authors.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid "\"3\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "/// Add an additional dependency.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid "\"4\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md
msgid "\"5\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"base64\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"0.13\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"base64: {base64:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"log\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"0.4\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"log: {log:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"serde\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"djmitche\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"4.0\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"serde: {serde:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management/solution.md
msgid "\"0.1\""
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers.md
msgid "[Box"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers.md
msgid "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers.md
msgid "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers.md
msgid "[Trait Objects](./smart-pointers/trait-objects.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers.md
msgid "[Exercise: Binary Tree](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers.md src/error-handling.md
msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned "
"pointer to data on the heap:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid "\"five: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call "
"methods from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/"
"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid "/// A non-empty list: first element and the rest of the list."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid "/// An empty list."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid "\"{list:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                           Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- - - - -.\n"
":                            :     :                                                 :\n"
":    "
"list                    :     :                                                 :\n"
":   +---------+----+----+    :     :    +---------+----+----+    +------+----"
"+----+  :\n"
":   | Element | 1  | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2  | o--+--->| Nil  | // "
"| // |  :\n"
":   +---------+----+----+    :     :    +---------+----+----+    +------+----"
"+----+  :\n"
":                            :     :                                                 :\n"
":                            :     :                                                 :\n"
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - '     '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be "
"not null."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust "
"compiler wants to know an exact size."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large "
"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` "
"so only the pointer is moved."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the "
"`List`, the compiler would not be able to compute a fixed size for the "
"struct in memory (the `List` would be of infinite size)."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and "
"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. We get "
"the message \"recursive without indirection\", because for data recursion, "
"we have to use indirection, a Box or reference of some kind, instead of "
"storing the value directly."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid "Niche Optimization"
msgstr "Niche অপটিমাইজেশন"

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This "
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/box.md
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                           Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                            :     :                           :\n"
":    list                    :     :                           :\n"
":   +---------+----+----+    :     :    +---------+----+----+  :\n"
":   | Element | 1  | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2  | // |  :\n"
":   +---------+----+----+    :     :    +---------+----+----+  :\n"
":                            :     :                           :\n"
":                            :     :                           :\n"
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - '     '- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid ""
"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-"
"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data "
"from multiple places:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid "\"a: {a}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid "\"b: {b}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid ""
"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded "
"context."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid ""
"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang."
"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid ""
"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there "
"are references."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid ""
"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and "
"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally "
"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid ""
"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") "
"and returns a mutable reference."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md
msgid ""
"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create "
"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid ""
"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a "
"collection:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "\"Miau!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- -.\n"
":                           :     :                                             :\n"
":    pets                   :     :                     +----+----+----+----"
"+   :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +-----+-----+  .->| F  | i  | d  | o  "
"|   :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o |  |  +----+----+----+----"
"+   :\n"
":   | len       |     2 |   :     :   +-|-|-+-|-|-+  "
"`---------.                :\n"
":   | capacity  |     2 |   :     :     | |   | |    data      "
"|                :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :     | |   | |   +-------+--|-------"
"+        :\n"
":                           :     :     | |   | '-->| name  |  o, 4, 4 "
"|        :\n"
":                           :     :     | |   |     | age   |        5 "
"|        :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'     :     | |   |     +-------+----------"
"+        :\n"
"                                  :     | |   "
"|                                 :\n"
"                                  :     | |   |      "
"vtable                     :\n"
"                                  :     | |   |     +----------------------"
"+    :\n"
"                                  :     | |   '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::talk\" "
"|    :\n"
"                                  :     | |         +----------------------"
"+    :\n"
"                                  :     | "
"|                                     :\n"
"                                  :     | |    "
"data                             :\n"
"                                  :     | |   +-------+-------"
"+                 :\n"
"                                  :     | '-->| lives |     9 "
"|                 :\n"
"                                  :     |     +-------+-------"
"+                 :\n"
"                                  :     "
"|                                       :\n"
"                                  :     |      "
"vtable                           :\n"
"                                  :     |     +----------------------"
"+          :\n"
"                                  :     '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::talk\" "
"|          :\n"
"                                  :           +----------------------"
"+          :\n"
"                                  :                                             :\n"
"                                  '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid ""
"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it "
"impossible to have things like `Vec<dyn Pet>` in the example above."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid ""
"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that "
"implements `Pet`."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid ""
"In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on "
"the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid ""
"A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to "
"the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) for the `Pet` "
"implementation of that particular object."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid ""
"The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` "
"has a `lives` field."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md
msgid ""
"A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two "
"children (left and right). We will create a tree where each node stores a "
"value. For a given node N, all nodes in a N's left subtree contain smaller "
"values, and all nodes in N's right subtree will contain larger values."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md
msgid "Implement the following types, so that the given tests pass."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Extra Credit: implement an iterator over a binary tree that returns the "
"values in order."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md
msgid "/// A node in the binary tree.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md
msgid "/// A possibly-empty subtree.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n"
"///\n"
"/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md
msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has`."
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md
msgid "// not a unique item\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "\"bar\""
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md
msgid "[Borrowing](./borrowing.md) (50 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"[Slices and Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing.md
msgid "[Borrowing a Value](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing.md
msgid "[Borrow Checking](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing.md
msgid "[Interior Mutability](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing.md
msgid "[Exercise: Health Statistics](./borrowing/exercise.md) (20 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid ""
"As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, "
"you can let a function _borrow_ the value:"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid ""
"This slide is a review of the material on references from day 1, expanding "
"slightly to include function arguments and return values."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid ""
"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can "
"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses "
"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
"version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) "
"or look at the assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the "
"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay "
"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/shared.md
msgid ""
"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because "
"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If "
"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` "
"copy."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid ""
"Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. "
"For a given value, at any time:"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid ""
"Note that the requirement is that conflicting references not _exist_ at the "
"same point. It does not matter where the reference is dereferenced."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid ""
"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through "
"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid ""
"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` "
"to make the code compile."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid ""
"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before "
"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow "
"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid ""
"The exclusive reference constraint is quite strong. Rust uses it to ensure "
"that data races do not occur. Rust also _relies_ on this constraint to "
"optimize code. For example, a value behind a shared reference can be safely "
"cached in a register for the lifetime of that reference."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md
msgid ""
"The borrow checker is designed to accommodate many common patterns, such as "
"taking exclusive references to different fields in a struct at the same "
"time. But, there are some situations where it doesn't quite \"get it\" and "
"this often results in \"fighting with the borrow checker.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"In some situations, it's necessary to modify data behind a shared (read-"
"only) reference. For example, a shared data structure might have an internal "
"cache, and wish to update that cache from read-only methods."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"The \"interior mutability\" pattern allows exclusive (mutable) access behind "
"a shared reference. The standard library provides several ways to do this, "
"all while still ensuring safety, typically by performing a runtime check."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid "`RefCell`"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid "\"graph sum: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid "`Cell`"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"`Cell` wraps a value and allows getting or setting the value, even with a "
"shared reference to the `Cell`. However, it does not allow any references to "
"the value. Since there are no references, borrowing rules cannot be broken."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"The main thing to take away from this slide is that Rust provides _safe_ "
"ways to modify data behind a shared reference. There are a variety of ways "
"to ensure that safety, and `RefCell` and `Cell` are two of them."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"`RefCell` enforces Rust's usual borrowing rules (either multiple shared "
"references or a single exclusive reference) with a runtime check. In this "
"case, all borrows are very short and never overlap, so the checks always "
"succeed."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"`Rc` only allows shared (read-only) access to its contents, since its "
"purpose is to allow (and count) many references. But we want to modify the "
"value, so we need interior mutability."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"`Cell` is a simpler means to ensure safety: it has a `set` method that takes "
"`&self`. This needs no runtime check, but requires moving values, which can "
"have its own cost."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree."
"children`."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md
msgid ""
"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments "
"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in "
"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already "
"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, "
"you need to keep track of users' health statistics."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"You'll start with a stubbed function in an `impl` block as well as a `User` "
"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out method on the "
"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
"method:"
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the "
"doctor\""
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/exercise.md src/borrowing/solution.md
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "\"Bob\""
msgstr ""

#: src/borrowing/exercise.md src/borrowing/solution.md
msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid "[String References](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"[Lifetime Annotations](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) (10 "
"minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"[Lifetime Elision](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"[Struct Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Protobuf Parsing](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md
msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid "Slices"
msgstr "Slices"

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid ""
"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending "
"indexes in brackets."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid ""
"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the "
"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are "
"identical."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid ""
"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are "
"identical."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid ""
"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid ""
"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` "
"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform "
"computation on slices of different sizes."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid ""
"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain "
"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md
msgid ""
"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but "
"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at "
"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` "
"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the "
"`println`, when the slice is no longer used."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid ""
"We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like "
"`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "\"s1: {s1}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Hello \""
msgstr "Hello World!"

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "\"s3: {s3}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "Rust terminology:"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid ""
"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 "
"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals "
"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid ""
"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a "
"`Vec<T>`, it is owned."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid ""
"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string "
"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data "
"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid ""
"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from "
"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid ""
"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range "
"selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character "
"boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over "
"characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
msgid ""
"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the "
"one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough "
"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain "
"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:"
msgstr "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:"

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid ""
"A reference has a _lifetime_, which must not \"outlive\" the value it refers "
"to. This is verified by the borrow checker."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid ""
"The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes "
"can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with "
"`'` and `'a` is a typical default name. Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed "
"`Point` which is valid for at least the lifetime `a`\"."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid ""
"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime "
"yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is "
"ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid ""
"Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and "
"returning values from functions."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid ""
"In this example, the the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for "
"`p3`. Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume "
"that `p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, "
"Rust requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and "
"return values."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid ""
"This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives "
"for at least `'a`."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md
msgid ""
"In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
msgstr "ফাংশন কল এ জীবনকাল"

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid ""
"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, "
"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple "
"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html). This is not "
"inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid ""
"If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated "
"return values."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid ""
"If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, "
"that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid ""
"The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple "
"references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid ""
"This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for "
"validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers "
"(unsafe), and this is a common source of errors with unsafe Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md
msgid ""
"Students may ask when to use lifetimes. Rust borrows _always_ have "
"lifetimes. Most of the time, elision and type inference mean these don't "
"need to be written out. In more complicated cases, lifetime annotations can "
"help resolve ambiguity. Often, especially when prototyping, it's easier to "
"just work with owned data by cloning values where necessary."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
msgstr "ডেটা স্ট্রাকচার এ জীবনকাল"

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid "\"Bye {text}!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid "// erase(text);"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid "\"{fox:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid "\"{dog:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data "
"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of "
"`Highlight` that uses that data."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), "
"the borrow checker throws an error."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This "
"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them "
"somewhat harder to use."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md
msgid ""
"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime "
"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime "
"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime "
"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid ""
"In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]"
"(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's "
"simpler than it seems! This illustrates a common parsing pattern, passing "
"slices of data. The underlying data itself is never copied."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, "
"indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` "
"file. In this exercise, we'll encode that information into `match` "
"statements in functions that get called for each field."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid "We'll use the following proto:"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid ""
"A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each "
"is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field "
"number (e.g., `2` for the `id` field of a `Person` message) and a wire type "
"defining how the payload should be determined from the byte stream."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding "
"called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given "
"code also defines callbacks to handle `Person` and `PhoneNumber` fields, and "
"to parse a message into a series of calls to those callbacks."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid ""
"What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function and the "
"`ProtoMessage` trait for `Person` and `PhoneNumber`."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"Invalid varint\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"Invalid wire-type\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"Invalid length\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid ""
"//I64,  -- not needed for this exercise\n"
"    /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as "
"a\n"
"    /// VARINT followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n"
"    /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "//I64(i64),  -- not needed for this exercise\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "//1 => WireType::I64,  -- not needed for this exercise\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid ""
"// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n"
"            // a u64 and return it.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid ""
"\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as "
"necessary.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field "
"in\n"
"/// the message.\n"
"///\n"
"/// The entire input is consumed.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md
msgid "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber."
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "// skip everything else\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md
msgid "b\"hello\""
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Welcome to Day 4"
msgstr "প্রথম দিনে আপনাকে স্বাগতম"

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid ""
"Today we will cover topics relating to building large-scale software in Rust:"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "Iterators: a deep dive on the `Iterator` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "Modules and visibility."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Testing."
msgstr "টেস্টিং"

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid ""
"Unsafe Rust: the escape hatch when you can't express yourself in safe Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "[Iterators](./iterators.md) (45 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "[Modules](./modules.md) (40 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4.md
msgid "[Testing](./testing.md) (1 hour)"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators.md
msgid "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators.md
msgid "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators.md
msgid "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/iterator.md
msgid ""
"The [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) "
"trait supports iterating over values in a collection. It requires a `next` "
"method and provides lots of methods. Many standard library types implement "
"`Iterator`, and you can implement it yourself, too:"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/iterator.md
msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/iterator.md
msgid ""
"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming "
"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is "
"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these "
"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative "
"implementations."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/iterator.md
msgid ""
"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by "
"collection types such as `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` "
"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a "
"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid ""
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an "
"iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) defines how to create an iterator for a type. "
"It is used automatically by the `for` loop."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid ""
"Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of "
"`IntoIterator` must declare two types:"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`,"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid ""
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same "
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid "The example iterates over all combinations of x and y coordinates."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid ""
"Try iterating over the grid twice in `main`. Why does this fail? Note that "
"`IntoIterator::into_iter` takes ownership of `self`."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid ""
"Fix this issue by implementing `IntoIterator` for `&Grid` and storing a "
"reference to the `Grid` in `GridIter`."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md
msgid ""
"The same problem can occur for standard library types: `for e in "
"some_vector` will take ownership of `some_vector` and iterate over owned "
"elements from that vector. Use `for e in &some_vector` instead, to iterate "
"over references to elements of `some_vector`."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid "FromIterator"
msgstr "FromIterator"

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid ""
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)."
msgstr ""
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
"আপনাকে [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) "
"থেকে একটি সংগ্রহ তৈরি করতে দেয়|"

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\""
msgstr "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\""

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid "`Iterator` implements"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:"
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid ""
"With the \"turbofish\": `some_iterator.collect::<COLLECTION_TYPE>()`, as "
"shown. The `_` shorthand used here lets Rust infer the type of the `Vec` "
"elements."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid ""
"With type inference: `let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`. "
"Rewrite the example to use this form."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md
msgid ""
"There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. "
"There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things "
"like convert an `Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/exercise.md
msgid ""
"In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods "
"in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) "
"trait to implement a complex calculation."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests "
"pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the "
"return value."
msgstr ""

#: src/iterators/exercise.md src/iterators/solution.md
msgid ""
"/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by "
"`offset`,\n"
"/// wrapping around from the end of `values` to the beginning.\n"
"///\n"
"/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules.md
msgid "[Modules](./modules/modules.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules.md
msgid "[Filesystem Hierarchy](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules.md
msgid "[Visibility](./modules/visibility.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules.md
msgid "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library](./modules/exercise.md) (15 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/modules.md
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/modules.md
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/modules.md
msgid "\"In the foo module\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/modules.md
msgid "\"In the bar module\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/modules.md
msgid ""
"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that "
"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/modules.md
msgid ""
"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and "
"a library crate compiles to a library."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/modules.md
msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden."
"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/"
"vegetables.rs`."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc "
"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a "
"module."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant "
"germination"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "//! implementation."
msgstr "বাস্তবায়ন"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "// Re-export types from this module."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of "
"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod."
"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler "
"directive:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid "\"some/path.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md
msgid ""
"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module "
"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid ""
"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all "
"the descendants of `foo`."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "\"outer::private\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "\"outer::public\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "\"outer::inner::private\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "\"outer::inner::public\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid ""
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope "
"of public visibility."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid ""
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-"
"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md
msgid ""
"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of "
"its descendants)."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "use, super, self"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid ""
"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You "
"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "Paths"
msgstr "Paths"

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "As a relative path:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "As an absolute path:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid ""
"It is common to \"re-export\" symbols at a shorter path. For example, the "
"top-level `lib.rs` in a crate might have"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid ""
"making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a "
"convenient, short path."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid ""
"For the most part, only items that appear in a module need to be `use`'d. "
"However, a trait must be in scope to call any methods on that trait, even if "
"a type implementing that trait is already in scope. For example, to use the "
"`read_to_string` method on a type implementing the `Read` trait, you need to "
"`use std::io::Read`."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/paths.md
msgid ""
"The `use` statement can have a wildcard: `use std::io::*`. This is "
"discouraged because it is not clear which items are imported, and those "
"might change over time."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid ""
"In this exercise, you will reorganize a small GUI Library implementation. "
"This library defines a `Widget` trait and a few implementations of that "
"trait, as well as a `main` function."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid ""
"It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own "
"module, so each widget type should get its own module."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Cargo Setup"
msgstr "সেটআপ"

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The Rust playground only supports one file, so you will need to make a Cargo "
"project on your local filesystem:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Edit the resulting `src/main.rs` to add `mod` statements, and add additional "
"files in the `src` directory."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "Source"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "Here's the single-module implementation of the GUI library:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"{buffer}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid ""
"// TODO: Change draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use "
"the\n"
"        // ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md src/testing/unit-tests.md
#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"| {:^inner_width$} |\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"+={:=<inner_width$}=+\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"| {:inner_width$} |\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid "// add a bit of padding\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"+{:-<width$}+\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"|{:^width$}|\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"This is a small text GUI demo.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md
msgid "\"Click me!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Encourage students to divide the code in a way that feels natural for them, "
"and get accustomed to the required `mod`, `use`, and `pub` declarations. "
"Afterward, discuss what organizations are most idiomatic."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ---- src/widgets.rs ----"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "/// Natural width of `self`."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ---- src/widgets/label.rs ----"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-width"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR: Label-draw_into"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ---- src/widgets/button.rs ----"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-width"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// add a bit of padding"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR: Button-draw_into"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ---- src/widgets/window.rs ----"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Window-width"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR: Window-draw_into"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap()."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/solution.md
msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing.md
msgid "[Test Modules](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing.md
msgid "[Other Types of Tests](./testing/other.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing.md
msgid "[Useful Crates](./testing/useful-crates.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing.md
msgid "[GoogleTest](./testing/googletest.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing.md
msgid "[Mocking](./testing/mocking.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing.md
msgid "[Compiler Lints and Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing.md
msgid "[Exercise: Luhn Algorithm](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "Unit Tests"
msgstr "ইউনিট টেস্ট"

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid ""
"Tests are marked with `#[test]`. Unit tests are often put in a nested "
"`tests` module, using `#[cfg(test)]` to conditionally compile them only when "
"building tests."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Hello World\""
msgstr "Hello World!"

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md
msgid "Run the tests in the playground in order to show their results."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "Integration Tests"
msgstr "ইন্টিগ্রেশন টেস্ট"

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "// tests/my_library.rs"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "Documentation Tests"
msgstr "ডকুমেন্টেশন টেস্ট"

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "/// Shortens a string to the given length."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "/// ```"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "/// # use playground::shorten_string;"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid ""
"Adding `#` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/"
"run it."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/other.md
msgid ""
"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md
msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md
msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md
msgid ""
"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion "
"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md
msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md
msgid ""
"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised "
"tests."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test "
"assertions using _matchers_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "\"baz\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "\"xyz\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured "
"error message pin-pointing the error:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this "
"example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it "
"to an existing Cargo project."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used "
"macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index."
"html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings are "
"shown as a diff:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n"
"                 Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n"
"                 Secure code you'll write.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n"
"            Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n"
"            Secure code you'll write.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid ""
"The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/"
"googletest/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/googletest.md
msgid "GoogleTest is available for use in AOSP."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. "
"You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly "
"mock:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"The advice here is for Android (AOSP) where Mockall is the recommended "
"mocking library. There are other [mocking libraries available on crates.io]"
"(https://crates.io/keywords/mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP "
"services. The other mocking libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, "
"meaning that they make it easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely "
"isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and "
"more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured "
"wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As "
"an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This "
"means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast "
"and will automatically clean up after themselves."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which "
"binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away "
"the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example "
"in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an "
"existing Cargo project."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up "
"expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock "
"a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/mocking.md
msgid ""
"You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be "
"called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this "
"isn't satisfied."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/lints.md
msgid ""
"The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful "
"built-in lints. [Clippy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/) provides even "
"more lints, organized into groups that can be enabled per-project."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/lints.md
msgid "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/lints.md
msgid ""
"Run the code sample and examine the error message. There are also lints "
"visible here, but those will not be shown once the code compiles. Switch to "
"the Playground site to show those lints."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/lints.md
msgid ""
"After resolving the lints, run `clippy` on the playground site to show "
"clippy warnings. Clippy has extensive documentation of its lints, and adds "
"new lints (including default-deny lints) all the time."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/lints.md
msgid ""
"Note that errors or warnings with `help: ...` can be fixed with `cargo fix` "
"or via your editor."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
msgstr "লুন অ্যালগরিদম"

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used "
"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and "
"does the following to validate the credit card number:"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with fewer than two digits."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number "
"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So "
"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, "
"along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most the algorithm is "
"implemented correctly."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and write additional "
"tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you "
"find."
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"7992 7398 713\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"yes\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"no\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"foo 0 0\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\" \""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"  \""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"    \""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\"0\""
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/solution.md
msgid "\" 0 0 \""
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md
msgid "[Error Handling](./error-handling.md) (55 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md
msgid "[Unsafe Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling.md
msgid "[Panics](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling.md
msgid "[Try Operator](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling.md
msgid "[Try Conversions](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling.md
msgid "[Error Trait](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"[thiserror and anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"[Exercise: Rewriting with Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (30 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "\"v[100]: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid ""
"A panic will \"unwind\" the stack, dropping values just as if the functions "
"had returned."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid ""
"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid ""
"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be "
"caught:"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "\"No problem here!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "\"{result:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "\"oh no!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid ""
"Catching is unusual; do not attempt to implement exceptions with "
"`catch_unwind`!"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid ""
"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single "
"request crashes."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/panics.md
msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid ""
"Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with "
"the `Result` type, but matching this type on every call can be cumbersome. "
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you "
"turn the common"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid "into the much simpler"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "\"config.dat\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid "Simplify the `read_username` function to use `?`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid ""
"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty "
"file, file with username."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try.md
msgid ""
"Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::"
"process::Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. "
"The executable will print the `Err` variant and return a nonzero exit status "
"on error."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid ""
"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously "
"indicated:"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid "works the same as"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid ""
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the "
"type returned by the function. This makes it easy to encapsulate errors into "
"higher-level errors."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid "\"IO error: {e}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid ""
"The `?` operator must return a value compatible with the return type of the "
"function. For `Result`, it means that the error types have to be compatible. "
"A function that returns `Result<T, ErrorOuter>` can only use `?` on a value "
"of type `Result<U, ErrorInner>` if `ErrorOuter` and `ErrorInner` are the "
"same type or if `ErrorOuter` implements `From<ErrorInner>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid ""
"A common alternative to a `From` implementation is `Result::map_err`, "
"especially when the conversion only happens in one place."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid ""
"There is no compatibility requirement for `Option`. A function returning "
"`Option<T>` can use the `?` operator on `Option<U>` for arbitrary `T` and "
"`U` types."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md
msgid ""
"A function that returns `Result` cannot use `?` on `Option` and vice versa. "
"However, `Option::ok_or` converts `Option` to `Result` whereas `Result::ok` "
"turns `Result` into `Option`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
msgstr "ডায়নামিক ত্রুটির ধরন"

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid ""
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing "
"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. The `std::error::"
"Error` trait makes it easy to create a trait object that can contain any "
"error."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid "\"count.dat\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid "\"1i3\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid "\"Count: {count}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid "\"Error: {err}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid ""
"The `read_count` function can return `std::io::Error` (from file operations) "
"or `std::num::ParseIntError` (from `String::parse`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid ""
"Boxing errors saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle "
"different error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not "
"a good idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` in the public API of a library, but it "
"can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error "
"message somewhere."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/error.md
msgid ""
"Make sure to implement the `std::error::Error` trait when defining a custom "
"error type so it can be boxed. But if you need to support the `no_std` "
"attribute, keep in mind that the `std::error::Error` trait is currently "
"compatible with `no_std` in [nightly](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/"
"issues/103765) only."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and [`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/"
"anyhow/) crates are widely used to simplify error handling."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"`thiserror` is often used in libraries to create custom error types that "
"implement `From<T>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"`anyhow` is often used by applications to help with error handling in "
"functions, including adding contextual information to your errors."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "\"Failed to read\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "\"Username: {username}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "`thiserror`"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful "
"attributes to help define error types in a compact way."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "The `std::error::Error` trait is derived automatically."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "`anyhow`"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such "
"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but "
"is widely used in applications."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid "`anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go "
"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, "
"error)` from Go."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md
msgid ""
"`anyhow::Context` is a trait implemented for the standard `Result` and "
"`Option` types. `use anyhow::Context` is necessary to enable `.context()` "
"and `.with_context()` on those types."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md
msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. "
"However, it handles errors by panicking. Rewrite it to instead use idiomatic "
"error handling and propagate errors to a return from `main`. Feel free to "
"use `thiserror` and `anyhow`."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md
msgid ""
"HINT: start by fixing error handling in the `parse` function. Once that is "
"working correctly, update `Tokenizer` to implement "
"`Iterator<Item=Result<Token, TokenizerError>>` and handle that in the parser."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "/// An arithmetic operator.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "/// A token in the expression language.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "/// An expression in the expression language.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "/// A reference to a variable.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "/// A literal number.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "/// A binary operation.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "'z'"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "'_'"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "'+'"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "'-'"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md
msgid "\"Unexpected character {c}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "\"Unexpected end of input\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md
msgid "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md
msgid "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "\"10+foo+20-30\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "\"{expr:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/solution.md
msgid "\"Invalid number\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "[Unsafe](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid ""
"[Dereferencing Raw Pointers](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "[Mutable Static Variables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "[Unions](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "[Unsafe Functions](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "[Unsafe Traits](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "[Exercise: FFI Wrapper](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutes)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust.md
msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid ""
"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are "
"violated."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid ""
"We saw mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know what "
"Unsafe Rust is."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid ""
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be "
"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "Dereference raw pointers."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "Access `union` fields."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid ""
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see "
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-"
"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md
msgid ""
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers "
"have turned off some compiler safety features and have to write correct code "
"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety "
"rules."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "\"careful!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid ""
"// guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects underlying"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "// the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "// whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "// references or concurrently through any other pointers."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "\"r1 is: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "\"uhoh\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "\"r2 is: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "/*"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid ""
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write "
"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it "
"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid ""
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be "
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "The pointer must be non-null."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid ""
"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single "
"allocated object)."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "The object must not have been deallocated."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid ""
"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object "
"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md
msgid ""
"The \"NOT SAFE\" section gives an example of a common kind of UB bug: `*r1` "
"has the `'static` lifetime, so `r3` has type `&'static String`, and thus "
"outlives `s`. Creating a reference from a pointer requires _great care_."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Hello, world!\""
msgstr "Hello World!"

#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
msgid ""
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable "
"static variables:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
msgid ""
"The program here is safe because it is single-threaded. However, the Rust "
"compiler is conservative and will assume the worst. Try removing the "
"`unsafe` and see how the compiler explains that it is undefined behavior to "
"mutate a static from multiple threads."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md
msgid ""
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases "
"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a "
"heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md
msgid "\"int: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md
msgid "\"bool: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "// Undefined behavior!"
msgstr "রানটাইমে কোন অনির্ধারিত আচরণ নেই:"

#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md
msgid ""
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They "
"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md
msgid ""
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want "
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/"
"crates/zerocopy) crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ ফাংশন ডাকা"

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid ""
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions "
"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"C\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "// the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "\"emoji: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "\"char count: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves."
msgstr "রানটাইমে কোন অনির্ধারিত আচরণ নেই:"

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "// println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "// println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe {"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "// emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ ফাংশন লেখা"

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid ""
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular "
"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid "/// # Safety"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "// Safe because ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid ""
"`get_unchecked`, like most `_unchecked` functions, is unsafe, because it can "
"create UB if the range is incorrect. `abs` is incorrect for a different "
"reason: it is an external function (FFI). Calling external functions is "
"usually only a problem when those functions do things with pointers which "
"might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have "
"undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid ""
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid ""
"We wouldn't actually use pointers for a `swap` function - it can be done "
"safely with references."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md
msgid ""
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an "
"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. "
"Try adding it and see what happens. This will likely change in a future Rust "
"edition."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ Traits বাস্তবায়ন"

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid ""
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation "
"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid ""
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something "
"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid "/// ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid ""
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining "
"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid ""
"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more "
"complicated."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
msgstr "নিরাপদ FFI  মোড়ক"

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function "
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` "
"functions you would use from C to read the names of files in a directory."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the "
"exercise:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "Encoding"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "Use"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "UTF-8"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "Text processing in Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "NUL-terminated"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "Communicating with C functions"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and "
"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "OS-specific"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "Communicating with the OS"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "You will convert between all these types:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` "
"character,"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions,"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` "
"character,"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some "
"unknown data\","
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it,"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to "
"return it and call `readdir` again."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very "
"useful chapter about FFI."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
"functions and methods:"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"macos\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid ""
"// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n"
"    // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n"
"    // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"x86_64\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid ""
"// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n"
"        // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n"
"        //\n"
"        // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" "
"refers\n"
"        // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and "
"PowerPC.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid ""
"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
"        // otherwise return Err with a message."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md
msgid "// Call closedir as needed."
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\".\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"files: {:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid ""
"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
"        // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid ""
"// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
"        // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid ""
"// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n"
"        // terminated.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"no-such-directory\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"..\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"foo.txt\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"bar.png\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"<PNG>\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"crab.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android"
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid ""
"Rust is supported for system software on Android. This means that you can "
"write new services, libraries, drivers or even firmware in Rust (or improve "
"existing code as needed)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid ""
"We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to "
"find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code "
"to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something "
"that parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid ""
"The speaker may mention any of the following given the increased use of Rust "
"in Android:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid ""
"Service example: [DNS over HTTP](https://security.googleblog.com/2022/07/dns-"
"over-http3-in-android.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid ""
"Libraries: [Rutabaga Virtual Graphics Interface](https://crosvm.dev/book/"
"appendix/rutabaga_gfx.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid ""
"Kernel Drivers: [Binder](https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-"
"rust-binder-v1-0-08ba9197f637@google.com/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md
msgid ""
"Firmware: [pKVM firmware](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-"
"rust-in-android.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/setup.md
msgid ""
"We will be using a Cuttlefish Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make "
"sure you have access to one or create a new one with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/setup.md
msgid ""
"Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/"
"setup/start) for details."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/setup.md
msgid ""
"Cuttlefish is a reference Android device designed to work on generic Linux "
"desktops. MacOS support is also planned."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/setup.md
msgid ""
"The Cuttlefish system image maintains high fidelity to real devices, and is "
"the ideal emulator to run many Rust use cases."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Module Type"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Description"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_binary`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Produces a Rust binary."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_library`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_ffi`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
"and shared variants."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_proc_macro`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
"plugins."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_test`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_fuzz`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_protobuf`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
"a particular protobuf."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "`rust_bindgen`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
"libraries."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Additional items speaker may mention:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Cargo is not optimized for multi-language repos, and also downloads packages "
"from the internet."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"For compliance and performance, Android must have crates in-tree. It must "
"also interop with C/C++/Java code. Soong fills that gap."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Soong has many similarities to Bazel, which is the open-source variant of "
"Blaze (used in google3)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"There is a plan to transition [Android](https://source.android.com/docs/"
"setup/build/bazel/introduction), [ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource."
"com/chromiumos/bazel/), and [Fuchsia](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/"
"build/bazel/introduction) to Bazel."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Learning Bazel-like build rules is useful for all Rust OS developers."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md
msgid "Fun fact: Data from Star Trek is a Soong-type Android."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md
msgid "Rust Binaries"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md
msgid ""
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, "
"create the following files:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md
msgid "\"hello_rust\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md
#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"src/main.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "//! Rust demo.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"m hello_rust\n"
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust\" /data/local/tmp\n"
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "Rust Libraries"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below,"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid ""
"`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]"
"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/"
"crates/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "\"libgreetings\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "\"libtextwrap\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "// Need this to avoid dynamic link error.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "\"greetings\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "\"src/lib.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "//! Greeting library.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep\" /data/local/"
"tmp\n"
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl.md
msgid ""
"The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android."
"com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl.md
msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl.md
msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md
msgid ""
"To illustrate how to use Rust with Binder, we're going to walk through the "
"process of creating a Binder interface. We're then going to both implement "
"the described service and write client code that talks to that service."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
msgid "AIDL Interfaces"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
msgid ""
"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md
msgid ""
"Note that the directory structure under the `aidl/` directory needs to match "
"the package name used in the AIDL file, i.e. the package is `com.example."
"birthdayservice` and the file is at `aidl/com/example/IBirthdayService.aidl`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
msgid "Generated Service API"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
msgid ""
"Binder generates a trait corresponding to the interface definition. trait to "
"talk to the service."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "_Generated trait_:"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ রাস্ট"

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
msgid ""
"Your service will need to implement this trait, and your client will use "
"this trait to talk to the service."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
msgid ""
"The generated bindings can be found at `out/soong/.intermediates/<path to "
"module>/`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
msgid ""
"Point out how the generated function signature, specifically the argument "
"and return types, correspond the interface definition."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md
msgid ""
"`String` for an argument results in a different Rust type than `String` as a "
"return type."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
msgid "Service Implementation"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "\"birthdayservice\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "\"libbinder_rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
msgid ""
"Point out the path to the generated `IBirthdayService` trait, and explain "
"why each of the segments is necessary."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md
msgid ""
"TODO: What does the `binder::Interface` trait do? Are there methods to "
"override? Where source?"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "AIDL Server"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "//! Birthday service.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "\"Failed to register service\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "\"birthday_server\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "\"src/server.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid ""
"The process for taking a user-defined service implementation (in this case "
"the `BirthdayService` type, which implements the `IBirthdayService`) and "
"starting it as a Binder service has multiple steps, and may appear more "
"complicated than students are used to if they've used Binder from C++ or "
"another language. Explain to students why each step is necessary."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid "Create an instance of your service type (`BirthdayService`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid ""
"Wrap the service object in corresponding `Bn*` type (`BnBirthdayService` in "
"this case). This type is generated by Binder and provides the common Binder "
"functionality that would be provided by the `BnBinder` base class in C++. We "
"don't have inheritance in Rust, so instead we use composition, putting our "
"`BirthdayService` within the generated `BnBinderService`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid ""
"Call `add_service`, giving it a service identifier and your service object "
"(the `BnBirthdayService` object in the example)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md
msgid ""
"Call `join_thread_pool` to add the current thread to Binder's thread pool "
"and start listening for connections."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"m birthday_server\n"
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server\" /data/local/"
"tmp\n"
"adb root\n"
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "AIDL Client"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md
#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "// Call the service.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "\"{msg}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "\"birthday_client\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "\"src/client.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"m birthday_client\n"
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client\" /data/local/"
"tmp\n"
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid ""
"`Strong<dyn IBirthdayService>` is the trait object representing the service "
"that the client has connected to."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid ""
"`Strong` is a custom smart pointer type for Binder. It handles both an in-"
"process ref count for the service trait object, and the global Binder ref "
"count that tracks how many processes have a reference to the object."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid ""
"Note that the trait object that the client uses to talk to the service uses "
"the exact same trait that the server implements. For a given Binder "
"interface, there is a single Rust trait generated that both client and "
"server use."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md
msgid ""
"Use the same service identifier used when registering the service. This "
"should ideally be defined in a common crate that both the client and server "
"can depend on."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid ""
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients "
"specify a list of lines for the birthday card:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid "This results in an updated trait definition for `IBirthdayService`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid ""
"Note how the `String[]` in the AIDL definition is translated as a "
"`&[String]` in Rust, i.e. that idiomatic Rust types are used in the "
"generated bindings wherever possible:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid "`in` array arguments are translated to slices."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid "`out` and `inout` args are translated to `&mut Vec<T>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md
msgid "Return values are translated to returning a `Vec<T>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid "Updating Client and Service"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid "Update the client and server code to account for the new API."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid "'\\n'"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid "\"Habby birfday to yuuuuu\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid "\"And also: many more\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md
msgid ""
"TODO: Move code snippets into project files where they'll actually be built?"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types.md
msgid "Working With AIDL Types"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types.md
msgid "AIDL types translate into the appropriate idiomatic Rust type:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types.md
msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) to idiomatic Rust types."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types.md
msgid "Collection types like slices, `Vec`s and string types are supported."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types.md
msgid ""
"References to AIDL objects and file handles can be sent between clients and "
"services."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types.md
msgid "File handles and parcelables are fully supported."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) idiomatically:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "AIDL Type"
msgstr "AIDL"

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust Type"
msgstr "উদাহরণের মাধ্যমে রাস্ট"

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "Note"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "`boolean`"
msgstr "`bool`"

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`byte`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`i8`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "Note that bytes are signed."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`u16`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "Note the usage of `u16`, NOT `u32`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`int`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`i32`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`long`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`i64`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`float`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`f32`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`double`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
msgid "`f64`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid ""
"The array types (`T[]`, `byte[]`, and `List<T>`) get translated to the "
"appropriate Rust array type depending on how they are used in the function "
"signature:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Position"
msgstr "সমাধানসমূহ"

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid "`in` argument"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "`&[T]`"
msgstr "Slices"

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid "`out`/`inout` argument"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid "`&mut Vec<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid "Return"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`Vec<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid ""
"In Android 13 or higher, fixed-size arrays are supported, i.e. `T[N]` "
"becomes `[T; N]`. Fixed-size arrays can have multiple dimensions (e.g. "
"int\\[3\\]\\[4\\]). In the Java backend, fixed-size arrays are represented "
"as array types."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md
msgid "Arrays in parcelable fields always get translated to `Vec<T>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid ""
"AIDL objects can be sent either as a concrete AIDL type or as the type-"
"erased `IBinder` interface:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid ""
"**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayInfoProvider."
"aidl**:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md
#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid ""
"**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl**:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid "/** The same thing, but using a binder object. */"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid "/** The same thing, but using `IBinder`. */"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md
#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "**birthday_service/src/client.rs**:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid "/// Rust struct implementing the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid "// Create a binder object for the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid "// Send the binder object to the service.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid ""
"// Perform the same operation but passing the provider as an `SpIBinder`.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md
msgid ""
"Note the usage of `BnBirthdayInfoProvider`. This serves the same purpose as "
"`BnBirthdayService` that we saw previously."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md
msgid "Binder for Rust supports sending parcelables directly:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md
msgid ""
"**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/BirthdayInfo.aidl**:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md
msgid "/** The same thing, but with a parcelable. */"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid ""
"Files can be sent between Binder clients/servers using the "
"`ParcelFileDescriptor` type:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "/** The same thing, but loads info from a file. */"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "// Open a file and put the birthday info in it.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "\"/data/local/tmp/birthday.info\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "\"{name}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "\"{years}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "// Create a `ParcelFileDescriptor` from the file and send it.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "**birthday_service/src/lib.rs**:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid ""
"// Convert the file descriptor to a `File`. `ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps\n"
"        // an `OwnedFd`, which can be cloned and then used to create a "
"`File`\n"
"        // object.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid "\"Invalid file handle\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid ""
"`ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps an `OwnedFd`, and so can be created from a "
"`File` (or any other type that wraps an `OwnedFd`), and can be used to "
"create a new `File` handle on the other side."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md
msgid ""
"Other types of file descriptors can be wrapped and sent, e.g. TCP, UDP, and "
"UNIX sockets."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid ""
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) "
"or `stdout` (on-host):"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"liblog_rust\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"liblogger\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"rust\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"Starting program.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"Things are going fine.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "\"Something went wrong!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"m hello_rust_logs\n"
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/"
"tmp\n"
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md
msgid ""
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This "
"means that you can:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md
msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md
msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md
msgid ""
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a "
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
msgid "Interoperability with C"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
msgid ""
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. "
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
msgid ""
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/"
"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
msgid ""
"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for "
"production."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md
msgid "We will look at better options next."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "Using Bindgen"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid ""
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) "
"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "First create a small C library:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "<stdio.h>"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"libbirthday.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"+--------------\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"libbirthday\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"libbirthday.c\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid ""
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this "
"example):"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"bindings\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"print_birthday_card\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"main.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"m print_birthday_card\n"
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/"
"tmp\n"
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"general-tests\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "\"none\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md
msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "Calling Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"analyze_ffi\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"analyze.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"analyze.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"analyze_numbers\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid "\"main.c\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"m analyze_numbers\n"
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/"
"tmp\n"
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md
msgid ""
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol "
"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = "
"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md
msgid ""
"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe "
"interoperability between Rust and C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid ""
"CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed "
"from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern "
"blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid "\"org::blobstore\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md
msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md
#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md
#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"Rust\""
msgstr "Rustdoc"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md
#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "\"C++\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid ""
"From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching "
"Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to "
"both languages."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid ""
"To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/"
"dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the "
"examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module "
"(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md
msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
msgid "// Opaque type\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "// Free function\n"
msgstr "ফাংশন"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
msgid ""
"Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in "
"the parent module."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md
msgid ""
"The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+"
"+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated "
"header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, "
"except with a .rs.h file extension."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md
msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid ""
"The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed "
"in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly "
"correspond with what is declared in C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md
msgid ""
"`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to "
"call from Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md
msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md
msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md
msgid ""
"A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. "
"Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you "
"derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the "
"corresponding C++ type."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Generated Rust:"
msgstr "অনিরাপদ রাস্ট"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md
msgid "Generated C++:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md
msgid ""
"On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct "
"wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum "
"class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our "
"Rust representation needs to have the same behavior."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md
msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md
msgid "\"Success!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md
msgid ""
"Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ "
"side."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md
msgid ""
"The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily "
"exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come "
"from the error type's `Display` impl."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md
msgid ""
"A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to "
"immediately terminate."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md
msgid "\"example/include/example.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md
msgid "\"Error: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md
msgid ""
"C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception "
"on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md
msgid ""
"If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not "
"declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::"
"terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown "
"through a `noexcept` C++ function."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "C++ Type"
msgstr "Types"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "`rust::String`"
msgstr "String"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`&str`"
msgstr "`&str`"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`rust::Str`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "`CxxString`"
msgstr "String"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`std::string`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`rust::Slice`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`rust::Box<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`UniquePtr<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`std::unique_ptr<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`rust::Vec<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`CxxVector<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid "`std::vector<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid ""
"These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments "
"and returns of extern functions."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid ""
"Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are "
"a few reasons for this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid ""
"`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid ""
"The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed "
"directly between languages."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
msgid ""
"`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move "
"semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Building in Android"
msgstr "অ্যান্ড্রয়েডে রাস্ট"

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX "
"generated header and source file."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md
msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are "
"the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these "
"are setup on the next slide."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in "
"order to pull in common CXX definitions."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]"
"(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/"
"android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share "
"that link with the class so that students know where they can find these "
"instructions again in the future."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid ""
"Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the "
"CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "\"cxxbridge\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md
msgid "\"lib.rs\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "\"lib.rs.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid ""
"The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the "
"bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md
msgid ""
"By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be "
"named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming "
"convention isn't enforced, though."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md
msgid ""
"Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md
msgid "\"cxx_test\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md
msgid "\"libcxx\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "Interoperability with Java"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid ""
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/"
"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "\"system\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "\"libhello_jni\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "\"hello_jni\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "\"libjni\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "We then call this function from Java:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "\"helloworld_jni\""
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\""
msgstr "Hello World!"

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"HelloWorld\""
msgstr "Hello World!"

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md
msgid ""
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with "
"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md
msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md
msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md
msgid ""
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone "
"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium.md
msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium.md
msgid ""
"Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party "
"glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium.md
msgid ""
"Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've "
"got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, "
"feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the "
"exact part we talk about."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/setup.md
msgid ""
"Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build "
"flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position "
"1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/setup.md
msgid ""
"(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This "
"is the default!)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/setup.md
msgid ""
"See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-"
"the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to "
"build Chromium takes time."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/setup.md
msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/setup.md
msgid "About the exercises"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/setup.md
msgid ""
"This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. "
"We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. "
"If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can "
"catch up in the next slot."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"The Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io]"
"(https://crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated "
"set of dependencies."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*."
"gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses "
"Chromium's audited toolchain and crates."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and "
"crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/"
"docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates "
"downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust "
"code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an "
"important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Mini exercise"
msgstr "অনুশীলন"

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "Split into small groups and:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the "
"risk profile of these scenarios."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when "
"using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the "
"exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask them "
"to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where "
"Cargo may offer an advantage\"):"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, "
"one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a "
"crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. "
"(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/"
"from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo."
"toml` and start writing code)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or "
"comparing with `python` + `pip`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. "
"using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate "
"that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by "
"an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for "
"streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a "
"streamlined way to run benchmarks)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry "
"for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is "
"comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich "
"typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted "
"language)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like "
"Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be "
"used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) "
"should probably use Cargo."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which "
"resulted in PRs with performance improvements)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` "
"for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` "
"when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust "
"toolchain."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on "
"third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, but `run_gnrt.py` asks "
"`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly "
"trusted:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the "
"Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust "
"compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the "
"umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for "
"distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid ""
"Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by "
"security@chromium.org)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/cargo.md
msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid "Chromium Rust policy"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid ""
"Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as "
"approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/"
"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid ""
"Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://"
"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party."
"md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various "
"circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for "
"security."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid ""
"Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that "
"nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue "
"code."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
"\"C++\"                           Rust\n"
".- - - - - - - - - -.           .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"-.\n"
":                   :           :                                             :\n"
": Existing Chromium :           :  Chromium Rust              Existing "
"Rust   :\n"
": \"C++\"             :           :  \"wrapper\"                  "
"crate           :\n"
": +---------------+ :           : +----------------+          +-------------"
"+ :\n"
": |               | :           : |                |          |             "
"| :\n"
": |         o-----+-+-----------+-+->            o-+----------+-->          "
"| :\n"
": |               | : Language  : |                | Crate    |             "
"| :\n"
": +---------------+ : boundary  : +----------------+ API      +-------------"
"+ :\n"
":                   :           :                                             :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - -'           `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"-'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid ""
"First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should "
"normally be kept in `third_party/rust/<crate>/<version>/wrapper`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/policy.md
msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Build rules"
msgstr "গঠনের নিয়ম"

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and "
"`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust "
"is no exception."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"```gn\n"
"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n"
"\n"
"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n"
"  crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n"
"  sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to "
"depend upon third party code."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The "
"`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root "
"file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete "
"list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when "
"rebuilds are necessary."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire "
"crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using "
"[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource."
"com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that "
"this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit "
"tests, some of which we'll use later."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md
msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md
msgid ""
"Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it "
"won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to "
"the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is "
"necessary.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md
msgid ""
"```gn\n"
"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n"
"\n"
"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n"
"  crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n"
"  sources = [\n"
"    \"lib.rs\",\n"
"    \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n"
"  ]\n"
"  allow_unsafe = true\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md
msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md
msgid ""
"```gn\n"
"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n"
"\n"
"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n"
"  crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n"
"  sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n"
"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n"
"  deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than "
"for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it,"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of "
"Rust support"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output "
"directory)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-"
"analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a "
"piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in "
"\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = "
"K)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). "
"(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line "
"164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC "
"bindings = space o)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"Demo **type annotations** (there are quote a few nice examples in the "
"`QrCode::with_bits` method)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md
msgid ""
"It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will "
"need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few "
"times throughout the exercises in this session)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Build rules exercise"
msgstr "গঠনের নিয়ম"

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` "
"containing:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety "
"by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to to allow unsafe code in your `gn` "
"target."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this "
"function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll "
"see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - "
"we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build "
"and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of "
"times."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful "
"in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-"
"click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Where to find help"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://"
"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/"
"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/"
"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword."
"extern.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/"
"gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/"
"languages/rust)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-"
"denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and "
"call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to "
"Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow "
"Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer "
"guarantee that the right one is called."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md
msgid ""
"If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the "
"`rust_executable` gn template."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same "
"source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing."
"md) in the course and looks like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to "
"follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable "
"and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` "
"configuration)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/"
"rust`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient "
"when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide "
"sufficient coverage for the feature."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its "
"public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the "
"subject of the next few slides."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be "
"exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after "
"adding or updating third-party crates.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be "
"used:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a "
"thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing "
"both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parameterizing the tests so they "
"enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe "
"implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but "
"missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such "
"functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md
msgid ""
"The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/"
"main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md
msgid ""
"Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` "
"attribute)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md
msgid ""
"Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not "
"panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Example:"
msgstr "উদাহরণ"

#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md
msgid ""
"The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing "
"test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md
msgid ""
"```gn\n"
"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n"
"  ...\n"
"  sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n"
"  deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md
msgid ""
"Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires "
"manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md
msgid ""
"```gn\n"
"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n"
"  testonly = true\n"
"  is_gtest_unittests = true\n"
"  crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n"
"  sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n"
"  deps = [\n"
"    \":my_rust_lib\",\n"
"    \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n"
"  ]\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n"
"  ...\n"
"  deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md
msgid ""
"After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to "
"import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't "
"provided an explicit `crate_name` for `my_rust_lib` so its crate name is "
"computed based on the full target path and name. Fortunately we can avoid "
"working with such an unwieldy name by using the `chromium::import!` macro "
"from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md
msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\""
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md
msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md
msgid ""
"More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium."
"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/"
"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:"
"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md
msgid ""
"`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` "
"property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the "
"crate name has to be globally unique. crates.io guarantees uniqueness of its "
"crate names so `cargo_crate` GN targets (generated by the `gnrt` tool "
"covered in a later section) use short crate names."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Testing exercise"
msgstr "অনুশীলনে রাস্ট"

#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md
msgid "Time for another exercise!"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md
msgid "In your Chromium build:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md
msgid ""
"Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding "
"two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, "
"summing integers in a slice, etc."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md
msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md
msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md
msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new "
"tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool "
"called CXX."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition "
"language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate "
"declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of "
"using this."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just "
"the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has "
"the following benefits:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile "
"errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust "
"definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined "
"Behavior)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free "
"functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ "
"methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free "
"functions manually)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't "
"guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::"
"span<T>` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a "
"pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents "
"empty slices slightly differently)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr<T>`, `std::shared_ptr<T>`, and/or `Box` "
"are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-"
"compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety "
"risks."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in "
"string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can "
"build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-"
"terminate a string)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid ""
"CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` "
"modules inside `.rs` source code."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "Point out:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid ""
"Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` "
"procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a "
"bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called "
"`ffi` in your code."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md
msgid ""
"**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by "
"Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but "
"simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ "
"compilers."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid ""
"By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://"
"cxx.rs/bindings.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid ""
"Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of "
"it."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid ""
"You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example "
"`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid ""
"It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` "
"type."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid ""
"These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well "
"isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When "
"considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to "
"draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple "
"enough."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid ""
"You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for "
"example:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid ""
"Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md
msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"CXX's [support for `Result<T,E>`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies "
"on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid "The `T` part of `Result<T, E>` can be:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can "
"be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr<T>`) that has a suitable "
"default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box<T>`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed "
"when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and "
"cannot be stored in `UniquePtr<T>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid "The `E` part of `Result<T, E>` can be:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` "
"representing failure)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md
msgid ""
"Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been "
"needed in practice."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example"
msgstr "ত্রুটি সামলানো"

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md
msgid ""
"The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/"
"chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue."
"rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is "
"used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can "
"be passed across the FFI boundary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md
msgid "\"qr_code_generator\""
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md
msgid ""
"Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. "
"This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and "
"admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of "
"the vector)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md
msgid ""
"It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` "
"before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that "
"points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, "
"when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md
msgid ""
"If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable "
"references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around "
"like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example"
msgstr "ত্রুটি সামলানো"

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid ""
"A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the "
"successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\""
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid "/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result<PngReader<'a>,"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid "/// ()>`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid ""
"`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these "
"types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box<T>`. We "
"can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ "
"to store Rust objects by value."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md
msgid ""
"This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary "
"generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by "
"manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the "
"example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into "
"appropriate methods of `Result<T, E>` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or "
"`as_mut`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid "Using cxx in Chromium"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid ""
"In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-"
"node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each "
"`rust_static_library`. Just add"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid ""
"```gn\n"
"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n"
"   # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n"
"allow_unsafe = true\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid ""
"to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and "
"`sources`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\""
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid ""
"You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium "
"C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://"
"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;"
"l=21)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid ""
"The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust "
"standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things "
"to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of "
"_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise "
"ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/"
"writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust "
"binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md
msgid ""
"The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../"
"interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust "
"`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the "
"previous section."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++"
msgstr "আন্তঃকার্যক্ষমতা"

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Part one"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which "
"specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called "
"`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and "
"`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. "
"Instead, include the generated header file."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Build and run!"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Part two"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how "
"flexible Rust in Chromium actually is."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Some things to try:"
msgstr "কিছু নোট:"

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. "
"You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the "
"`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/"
"extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx."
"h\"`"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::"
"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::"
"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can "
"own some C++ object."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you "
"need a `Box`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Part three"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a "
"couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be "
"sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/"
"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X "
"and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't "
"quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md
msgid ""
"I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. "
"Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-"
"sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although "
"CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid ""
"Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://"
"crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So "
"they do!"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "C++ library"
msgstr "লাইব্রেরি"

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust crate"
msgstr "রাস্ট ইকোসিস্টেম"

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Build system"
msgstr "রাস্ট ইকোসিস্টেম"

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Lots"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Typical library size"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Large-ish"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Small"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Transitive dependencies"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "Few"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid ""
"All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into "
"Chromium..."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid ""
"... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely "
"have to bring in multiple libraries."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "We'll discuss:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md
msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md
msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md
msgid ""
"Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. "
"These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium."
"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo."
"toml):"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"bitflags = \"1\"\n"
"cfg-if = \"1\"\n"
"cxx = \"1\"\n"
"# lots more...\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md
msgid ""
"As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the "
"dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-"
"dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` "
"that you wish to enable in the crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md
msgid ""
"When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra "
"information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md
msgid ""
"Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/"
"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config."
"toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md
msgid ""
"If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one "
"of:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md
#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md
msgid "For instance,"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md
msgid ""
"Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this "
"file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md
msgid ""
"Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file "
"to resolve problems."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid ""
"A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD."
"gn` rules."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid ""
"Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running "
"this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from "
"`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security "
"decision."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid "This `vendor` command may download:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Your crate"
msgstr "দরকারী ক্রেট-সমূহ"

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid ""
"New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete "
"set of crates required by Chromium."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md
msgid ""
"Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/"
"chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if "
"patching fails you may need to take manual action."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid ""
"At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/"
"vendor`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid ""
"At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust/<crate name>/v<major semver "
"version>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid ""
"The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md
msgid ""
"Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium "
"it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is "
"discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid ""
"If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do "
"arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the "
"design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules "
"to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid ""
"Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "build script effect"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Supported by our gn templates"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Work required by you"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "None"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Generating code"
msgstr "জেনেরিকস"

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Building C/C++"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Patch around it"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid "Arbitrary other actions"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md
msgid ""
"Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most "
"build scripts only do the top two actions."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md
msgid ""
"If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it "
"writes source code files."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md
msgid ""
"If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to "
"add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, "
"that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add "
"`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that "
"file:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n"
"allow-first-party-usage = false\n"
"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md
msgid ""
"Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate "
"`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input "
"to subsequent build steps."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md
msgid ""
"Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and "
"link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://"
"crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be "
"supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is "
"very specific in expressing relationships between build actions."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md
msgid "So, your options are:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md
msgid "Avoid these crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md
msgid "Apply a patch to the crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md
msgid ""
"Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/"
"<crate>` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://"
"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/"
"chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by "
"`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md
msgid ""
"Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending "
"on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a "
"`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md
msgid "Specifically,"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
"                     +------------+      +----------------------+\n"
"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":"
"lib\"\n"
"                     +------------+      +----------------------+\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md
msgid ""
"```gn\n"
"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n"
"  crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n"
"  sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n"
"  deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://"
"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust."
"md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As "
"you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive "
"dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe "
"Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]"
"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? "
"If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural "
"macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium "
"is normally built?"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known "
"vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which "
"ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../"
"cargo.md))"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://"
"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2."
"md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place "
"that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for "
"100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md
msgid ""
"These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium."
"org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid "`git status` should reveal:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid ""
"Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust/<crate>/"
"<version>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid ""
"You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config."
"toml` changes, into the Chromium repo."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid ""
"**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` "
"files may result in some files being skipped."
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md
msgid ""
"As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive "
"language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git "
"branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So "
"you may need to run:"
msgstr ""

#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md
msgid ""
"As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to "
"keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource."
"com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is "
"hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's "
"still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid ""
"Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the "
"crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/"
"features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in "
"shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid ""
"(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip "
"ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new "
"[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/"
"+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "The total crates needed are:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`instant`,"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`lock_api`,"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`parking_lot`,"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`parking_lot_core`,"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`redox_syscall`,"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`scopeguard`,"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`smallvec`, and"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid "`uwuify`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid ""
"If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to "
"turn off the default features."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md
msgid ""
"Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing "
"together everything you already learned."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid "The Brief from Product Management"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. "
"It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as "
"possible."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie "
"language."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie "
"language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate "
"which does the translation."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://"
"crates.io/crates/uwuify)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and "
"diligence. Don't ship this!)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid "Steps"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all "
"strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always "
"do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, "
"you should have created Chrome for pixies!"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, "
"and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ "
"side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to "
"consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct."
"String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which "
"[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/"
"slice.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. "
"taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a "
"string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student "
"that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may "
"need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for "
"mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved "
"around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will "
"need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably "
"already did this."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md
msgid ""
"The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/"
"uwuify/v0_2:lib`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md
msgid ""
"Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]"
"(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid ""
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people "
"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the "
"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-"
"metal programming in some other language such as C."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid ""
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS "
"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid ""
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]"
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://"
"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller "
"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and "
"an on-board SWD debugger."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid ""
"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md
msgid ""
"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md
msgid "On MacOS:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`core`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`std`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`NonZeroU8`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Option`, `Result`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Duration`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Error`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Path`, `OsString`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`net`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md
msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md
msgid "A minimal `no_std` program"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md
msgid "This will compile to an empty binary."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md
msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md
msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md
msgid ""
"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to "
"avoid an error about `eh_personality`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md
msgid ""
"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to "
"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and "
"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid ""
"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "\"A string\""
msgstr "String"

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid ""
"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy "
"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or "
"hook into your existing allocator."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid ""
"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. "
"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid ""
"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have "
"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in "
"the top-level binary crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid ""
"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` "
"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md
msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md
msgid ""
"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for "
"Cortex M microcontrollers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md
msgid ""
"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of "
"abstraction."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md
msgid ""
"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -"
"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md
msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
msgid ""
"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try "
"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n"
"    // no aliases exist.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
msgid ""
"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 "
"to the first row."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md
msgid "Run the example with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
msgid "Peripheral Access Crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
msgid ""
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust "
"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/"
"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
msgid ""
"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by "
"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
msgid ""
"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, "
"descriptions, addresses and so on."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
msgid ""
"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects "
"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated "
"crates."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md
msgid ""
"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin "
"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
msgid "HAL crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
msgid ""
"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-"
"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around "
"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]"
"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
msgid ""
"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md
msgid ""
"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various "
"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md
msgid "Board support crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md
msgid ""
"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific "
"board for convenience."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md
msgid ""
"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, "
"and a bit of initialisation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md
msgid ""
"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the "
"microcontroller itself."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md
msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid "The type state pattern"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid "// ...\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid ""
"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can "
"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid ""
"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you "
"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid ""
"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, "
"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into "
"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain "
"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are "
"caught at compile time."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid ""
"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but "
"not vice-versa."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md
msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid ""
"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a "
"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid "GPIO"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid "ADC"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid "RNG"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid "Timers"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid "Watchdogs"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid ""
"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/"
"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an "
"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid ""
"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other "
"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md
msgid ""
"There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it "
"isn't stable yet."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, "
"like OpenOCD but better integrated."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid "Cargo integration"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT "
"(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed."
"toml` file in your project directory."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is "
"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the "
"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the "
"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link "
"is a range from SEGGER."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin "
"Serial Wire Debug."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you "
"want to."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-"
"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any "
"supported microcontroller."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md
msgid ""
"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug "
"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md
msgid "_Embed.toml_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md
msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md
msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md
msgid "On gLinux or Debian:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md
msgid "In GDB, try running:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid "Other projects"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit "
"support"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, "
"unprivileged drivers, IPC"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs."
"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "It doesn't include any HALs."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for "
"scheduling rather than a proper kernel."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid "Cortex-M only."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing "
"applications."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md
msgid ""
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
"serial port."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md
msgid ""
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
"morning.md) provided."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or "
"use the buttons somehow."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid "Hints:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/"
"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/"
"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit."
"org/hardware/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::"
"blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/"
"microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/"
"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi."
"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for "
"this exercise."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
"look in the `compass` directory for the following files."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_src/main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid ""
"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md
msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "// Configure serial port.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"Ready.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md
msgid ""
"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all "
"LEDs\n"
"        // on.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md
msgid "Application processors"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md
msgid ""
"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. "
"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work "
"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/"
"virt.html) board."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md
msgid ""
"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of "
"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application "
"processors do."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md
msgid ""
"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each "
"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real "
"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"```armasm\n"
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
".global entry\n"
"entry:\n"
"    /*\n"
"     * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable "
"MMU and\n"
"     * caches.\n"
"     */\n"
"    adrp x30, idmap\n"
"    msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"    mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
"    msr mair_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"    mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
"    /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
"    mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
"    bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
"\n"
"    msr tcr_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"    mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
"\n"
"    /*\n"
"     * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate "
"any\n"
"     * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
"     */\n"
"    isb\n"
"    tlbi vmalle1\n"
"    ic iallu\n"
"    dsb nsh\n"
"    isb\n"
"\n"
"    /*\n"
"     * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
"this\n"
"     * has completed.\n"
"     */\n"
"    msr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
"    isb\n"
"\n"
"    /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
"    mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
"    orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
"    msr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
"    isb\n"
"\n"
"    /* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
"    adr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
"    adr_l x30, bss_end\n"
"0:  cmp x29, x30\n"
"    b.hs 1f\n"
"    stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
"    b 0b\n"
"\n"
"1:  /* Prepare the stack. */\n"
"    adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
"    mov sp, x30\n"
"\n"
"    /* Set up exception vector. */\n"
"    adr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
"    msr vbar_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"    /* Call into Rust code. */\n"
"    bl main\n"
"\n"
"    /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
"2:  wfi\n"
"    b 2b\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, "
"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the "
"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are "
"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space "
"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing "
"them."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and "
"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If "
"we don't:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-"
"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler "
"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this "
"is not necessarily the case in general."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, "
"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host "
"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache "
"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache "
"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, "
"not VA or IPA.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which "
"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB "
"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the "
"memory layout that QEMU uses."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about "
"later."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md
msgid ""
"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 "
"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to "
"modify `entry.S` accordingly."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "Inline assembly"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with "
"Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the "
"firmware to power off the system:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n"
"    // anything with memory.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"hvc #0\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w0\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w1\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w2\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w3\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w4\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w5\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w6\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid "\"w7\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/"
"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of "
"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is "
"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the "
"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use "
"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the "
"contents of the registers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because "
"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally "
"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. "
"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern "
"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 "
"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything "
"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
"examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid "Never hold a reference."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid ""
"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate "
"reference."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid ""
"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent "
"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid ""
"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the "
"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just "
"written, and not bother actually reading memory."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid ""
"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but "
"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to "
"dereference it."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md
msgid ""
"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the "
"struct."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md
msgid "Let's write a UART driver"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md
msgid ""
"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/"
"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md
msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid ""
"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
"    /// given base address.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// # Safety\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
"a\n"
"    /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
"process\n"
"    /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md
msgid ""
"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is "
"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety "
"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the "
"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then "
"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the "
"necessary preconditions."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md
msgid ""
"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but "
"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every "
"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md
msgid ""
"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving "
"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller "
"number of places."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md
msgid "More traits"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md
msgid ""
"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more "
"traits too."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
"// accessed from any context.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md
msgid ""
"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our "
"`Uart` type."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
"examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "A better UART driver"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid ""
"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/"
"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding "
"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to "
"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a "
"structured way."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "Offset"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "Register name"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "Width"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x00"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "DR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "12"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x04"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "RSR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x18"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "FR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "9"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x20"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "ILPR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x24"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "IBRD"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "16"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x28"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "FBRD"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x2c"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "LCR_H"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x30"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "CR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x34"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "IFLS"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x38"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "IMSC"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "11"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x3c"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "RIS"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x40"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "MIS"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x44"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "ICR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "0x48"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "DMACR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md
msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid ""
"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for "
"working with bitflags."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Clear to send.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Data set ready.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md
msgid ""
"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along "
"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md
msgid "Multiple registers"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md
msgid ""
"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md
msgid ""
"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-"
"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, "
"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a "
"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to "
"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid ""
"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n"
"    /// received.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md
msgid ""
"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual "
"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
msgid "Using it"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md
msgid ""
"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, "
"and echo incoming bytes."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
"    // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md
msgid "b'\\r'"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "b'\\n'"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md
msgid "b'q'"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md
msgid "\"Bye!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md
msgid ""
"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` "
"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker "
"notes there for details."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md
msgid ""
"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]"
"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the "
"`Log` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md
msgid "\"[{}] {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md
msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md
msgid ""
"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling "
"`set_logger`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"{info}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
"examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md
msgid ""
"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of "
"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with "
"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). "
"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before "
"calling into Rust code:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md
msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md
msgid ""
"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current "
"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md
msgid ""
"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't "
"expect any of them to actually happen."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md
msgid ""
"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or "
"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync."
"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For "
"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the "
"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap "
"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid "\"coreboot without the C\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, "
"exception handling, page tables"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not "
"necessarily a good example to copy for production code."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are "
"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with "
"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler "
"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not "
"necessarily the case in general."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md
msgid ""
"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, "
"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host "
"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache "
"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is "
"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no "
"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md
msgid "Useful crates"
msgstr "দরকারী ক্রেট-সমূহ"

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md
msgid ""
"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal "
"programming."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md
msgid ""
"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides "
"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other "
"types."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md
msgid ""
"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), "
"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by "
"DMA, or sent over some external interface."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md
msgid ""
"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is "
"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md
msgid ""
"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because "
"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not "
"all byte patterns are valid."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md
msgid ""
"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md
msgid ""
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
"dependency.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid ""
"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets "
"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System "
"Architecture."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid ""
"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should "
"be straightforward to add."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid ""
"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android."
"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/"
"pvmfw/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md
msgid ""
"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware "
"or under QEMU."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md
msgid ""
"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) "
"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can "
"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/"
"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use "
"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for "
"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO "
"space for PCI BARs:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md
msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md
msgid ""
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
"dependency.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md
msgid ""
"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without "
"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides "
"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically "
"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used "
"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md
msgid ""
"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for "
"initialisation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md
msgid ""
"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md
msgid ""
"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` "
"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or "
"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md
msgid ""
"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based "
"equivalents of many of these primitives."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md
msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md
msgid ""
"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, "
"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md
msgid ""
"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some "
"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to "
"`spin::once::Once`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md
msgid ""
"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android.md
msgid ""
"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a "
"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` "
"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` "
"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md
msgid "vmbase"
msgstr "vmbase"

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md
msgid ""
"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android."
"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/"
"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the "
"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md
msgid ""
"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` "
"entry point."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md
msgid ""
"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a "
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md
msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md
msgid ""
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
"afternoon.md) provided."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "RTC driver"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid ""
"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/"
"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, "
"you should write a driver for it."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid ""
"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the "
"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid ""
"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given "
"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid ""
"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by "
"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://"
"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid ""
"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::"
"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid ""
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid ""
"_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of "
"the exercise):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md
msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
msgstr "Bare Metal Rust: বিকাল"

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "_main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n"
"    // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
"    // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n"
"    // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"RTC: {time}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Waiting for {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Finished waiting\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "_pl031.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Data register\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Match register\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Load register\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Control register\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n"
"    /// given base address.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// # Safety\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
"a\n"
"    /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
"process\n"
"    /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n"
"    /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or "
"not\n"
"    /// the interrupt is enabled.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n"
"    /// interrupt is masked.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false "
"the\n"
"    /// interrupt is disabled.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency.md
msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency.md
msgid ""
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and "
"channels."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency.md
msgid ""
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs "
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since "
"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid ""
"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 --- the main thread "
"is not waiting."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid ""
"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for "
"the thread to finish."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/threads.md
msgid ""
"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the "
"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/any/index.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md
msgid ""
"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/"
"fn.scope.html) for this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md
msgid ""
"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all "
"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md
msgid ""
"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one "
"thread, or immutably by any number of threads."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels.md
msgid ""
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two "
"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels.md
msgid "\"Received: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels.md
msgid ""
"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` "
"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does "
"not."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels.md
msgid ""
"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the "
"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid "\"Message {i}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid ""
"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid ""
"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the "
"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there "
"is nobody who reads from the channel."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid ""
"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) "
"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md
msgid ""
"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". "
"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md
msgid ""
"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in "
"two traits:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md
msgid ""
"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` "
"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md
msgid ""
"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` "
"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md
msgid ""
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The "
"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only "
"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
"you know it is valid."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md
msgid ""
"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-"
"safety properties."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md
msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md
msgid ""
"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) "
"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md
msgid ""
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will "
"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one "
"thread and deallocate it in another."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md
msgid ""
"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from "
"a single thread."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md
msgid ""
"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) "
"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md
msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md
msgid ""
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is "
"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it "
"across threads."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md
msgid ""
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across "
"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization "
"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type "
"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can "
"be accessed from any thread safely."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`Send + Sync`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid ""
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are "
"`Send + Sync`."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`Send + !Sync`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid ""
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. "
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`mpsc::Sender<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`mpsc::Receiver<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`Cell<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`RefCell<T>`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`!Send + Sync`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid ""
"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid ""
"`MutexGuard<T: Sync>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on "
"the thread which created them."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "`!Send + !Sync`"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid ""
"`Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a non-"
"atomic reference count."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md
msgid ""
"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency "
"considerations."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md
msgid ""
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is "
"primarily done via two types:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md
msgid ""
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic "
"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to "
"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md
msgid ""
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures "
"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid ""
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared "
"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid "\"v: {v:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid ""
"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` "
"that uses atomic operations."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid ""
"`Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` "
"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid ""
"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but "
"after that the use of the `T` is free."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid ""
"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect "
"them."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md
msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid ""
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures "
"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only "
"interface (another form of [interior mutability](../../borrowing/interior-"
"mutability)):"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid "\"v: {:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid ""
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket "
"implementation."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid ""
"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the "
"protected data."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid ""
"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the "
"protected data."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid ""
"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The "
"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid ""
"`Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` "
"implements `Send`."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md
msgid ""
"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes "
"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an "
"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a "
"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). "
"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid "Possible solution:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid "Notable parts:"
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid ""
"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are "
"orthogonal."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid ""
"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state "
"between threads."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid ""
"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another "
"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md
msgid ""
"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as "
"possible."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md
msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md
msgid ""
"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to "
"download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
msgid ""
"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has "
"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish "
"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each "
"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can "
"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two "
"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, "
"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put "
"down both forks."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
msgid ""
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill "
"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// left_fork: ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// right_fork: ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// thoughts: ..."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
msgid "// Pick up forks..."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"{} is eating...\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Socrates\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Hypatia\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Plato\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Aristotle\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Pythagoras\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// Create forks"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// Create philosophers"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// Output their thoughts"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It "
"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It "
"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this "
"until all pages have been validated."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/"
"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the "
"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs."
"rs/scraper/) for that:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]"
"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"publish = false\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-"
"tls\"] }\n"
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://"
"www.google.org/`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"request error: {0}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"Checking {:#}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"href\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"https://www.google.org\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a "
"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md
msgid ""
"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google."
"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up "
"being blocked by the site."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid ""
"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
"        // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
"        // either of them.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"{thought}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Link Checker"
msgstr "মাল্টি থ্রেডেড লিঙ্ক চেকার"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid ""
"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid ""
"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n"
"    /// been visited.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md
msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async.md
msgid "Async Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/async.md
msgid ""
"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed "
"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to "
"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a "
"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the "
"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide "
"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed."
msgstr ""

#: src/async.md
msgid ""
"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work "
"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they "
"signal that they are complete."
msgstr ""

#: src/async.md
msgid ""
"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are "
"available."
msgstr ""

#: src/async.md
msgid ""
"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is "
"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", "
"similar to a runtime in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/async.md
msgid ""
"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language "
"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise "
"resolution are hidden."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid ""
"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential "
"code:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid ""
"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long "
"running operation or any real concurrency in it!"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid "What is the return type of an async call?"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid ""
"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return "
"type with a future."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid ""
"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the "
"compiler on how to use the returned future."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid ""
"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread "
"until the provided future has run to completion."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid ""
"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. "
"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md
msgid ""
"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are "
"introduced later)."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md
msgid ""
"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a "
"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be "
"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md
msgid ""
"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but "
"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the "
"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow "
"joining to it."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md
msgid ""
"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function "
"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md
msgid ""
"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the "
"links to show the implementations in the docs."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md
msgid ""
"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async "
"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md
msgid ""
"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an "
"event occurs."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md
msgid ""
"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into "
"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain "
"valid after an `.await`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md
msgid ""
"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a "
"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust "
"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md
msgid ""
"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of "
"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://"
"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md
msgid ""
"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes "
"a basic runtime in `async::task`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md
msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md
msgid ""
"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]"
"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-"
"async/src/lib.rs) already has one."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md
msgid ""
"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust "
"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting "
"async things can't run in the playground."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md
msgid ""
"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O "
"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS "
"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never "
"used."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "Tokio provides:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "\"Main task: {i}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "**Further exploration:**"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid ""
"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async "
"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait "
"until it finishes."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md
msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid ""
"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make "
"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` "
"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a "
"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer "
"and an I/O operation."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid "\"listening on port {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid "\"socket error\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid ""
"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid ""
"Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix."
"com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/"
"telnet/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid ""
"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with "
"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid ""
"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a "
"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, "
"similar to an `async fn`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md
msgid ""
"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling "
"using `?`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid ""
"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid "\"ping_handler complete\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid ""
"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the "
"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid ""
"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that "
"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient "
"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md
msgid ""
"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to "
"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control "
"flow."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md
msgid "Futures Control Flow"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md
msgid ""
"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. "
"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of "
"execution."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md
msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md
msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid ""
"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns "
"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in "
"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid "\"https://google.com\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid "\"BAD_URL\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid ""
"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but "
"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is "
"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid ""
"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would "
"cause your program to stall."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md
msgid ""
"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all "
"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a "
"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a "
"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but "
"demonstrates `join!`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid ""
"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and "
"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise."
"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio."
"FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid ""
"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, "
"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When a `future` is ready, "
"its return value is destructured by the `pattern`. The `statement` is then "
"run with the resulting variables. The `statement` result becomes the result "
"of the `select!` macro."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid "\"Felix\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid "\"Rex\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid ""
"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. "
"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick "
"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat "
"that take 500ms."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid ""
"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed "
"to receive only one `send`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid ""
"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts "
"of futures."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid ""
"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. "
"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md
msgid ""
"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but "
"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md
msgid "Pitfalls of async/await"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md
msgid ""
"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent "
"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes "
"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this "
"chapter:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md
msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md
msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md
msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md
msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid "Blocking the executor"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid ""
"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that "
"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from "
"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where "
"possible."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid "\"current_thread\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid ""
"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than "
"concurrently."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid ""
"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This "
"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-"
"threaded flavor."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid ""
"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid ""
"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual "
"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid ""
"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most "
"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is "
"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, "
"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific "
"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such "
"situations."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md
msgid ""
"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause "
"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"Async blocks and functions return types implementing the `Future` trait. The "
"type returned is the result of a compiler transformation which turns local "
"variables into data stored inside the future."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"Some of those variables can hold pointers to other local variables. Because "
"of that, the future should never be moved to a different memory location, as "
"it would invalidate those pointers."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"To prevent moving the future type in memory, it can only be polled through a "
"pinned pointer. `Pin` is a wrapper around a reference that disallows all "
"operations that would move the instance it points to into a different memory "
"location."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "// Pretend to work."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "\"failed to send response\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "\"failed waiting for response\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically "
"call `select!` in a loop."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your "
"time with it."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to "
"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the "
"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::"
"pin`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every "
"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset "
"`timeout_fut` every time it expires."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently "
"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, "
"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that "
"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"Data that contains pointers to itself is called self-referential. Normally, "
"the Rust borrow checker would prevent self-referential data from being "
"moved, as the references cannot outlive the data they point to. However, the "
"code transformation for async blocks and functions is not verified by the "
"borrow checker."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"`Pin` is a wrapper around a reference. An object cannot be moved from its "
"place using a pinned pointer. However, it can still be moved through an "
"unpinned pointer."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md
msgid ""
"The `poll` method of the `Future` trait uses `Pin<&mut Self>` instead of "
"`&mut Self` to refer to the instance. That's why it can only be called on a "
"pinned pointer."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid ""
"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An "
"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid "
"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-"
"nightly.html))"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid ""
"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) "
"provides a workaround through a macro:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid "\"running all sleepers..\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid "\"slept for {}ms\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid ""
"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to "
"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid ""
"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and "
"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of "
"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/"
"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in "
"digging deeper."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md
msgid ""
"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of "
"time and adding it to the Vec."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called "
"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to "
"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For "
"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "\"not UTF-8\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "\"tick!\""
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API "
"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs "
"error-handling)."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "The example loses parts of the string."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are "
"dropped."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the "
"struct:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval."
"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a "
"tick has been 'delivered'."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either "
"returns or doesn't read data."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md
msgid ""
"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ "
"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md
msgid ""
"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md
msgid ""
"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time "
"you are going to implement it with Async Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md
msgid ""
"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you "
"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async"
msgstr "Dining দার্শনিক"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid ""
"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the "
"problem."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid ""
"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-"
"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/"
"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// Keep trying until we have both forks"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "// Make them think and eat"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid ""
"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. "
"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", "
"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid ""
"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module "
"from the `tokio` crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md
msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast "
"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and "
"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard "
"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message "
"that it receives to all the clients."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/"
"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]"
"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) for the communication between the client "
"and the server."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "_Cargo.toml_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"chat-async\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n"
"http = \"1.0.0\"\n"
"tokio = { version = \"1.36.0\", features = [\"full\"] }\n"
"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.5.1\", features = [\"client\", "
"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "The required APIs"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and "
"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes "
"to familiarize yourself with the API."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/"
"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for "
"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/"
"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for "
"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines."
"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the "
"standard input."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/"
"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "Two binaries"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main."
"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one "
"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, "
"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. "
"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` "
"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-"
"targets.html#binaries))."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/"
"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as "
"described below."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"listening on port 2000\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
#, fuzzy
msgid "Running the binaries"
msgstr "কোর্স চালানো"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "Run the server with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "and the client with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a "
"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts "
"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently "
"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and "
"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and "
"displaying them for the user."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md
msgid ""
"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all "
"clients, but the sender of the message."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Keep trying until we have both forks\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Pick up forks...\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// If we didn't get the left fork, drop the right fork if we\n"
"                // have it and let other tasks make progress.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// If we didn't get the right fork, drop the left fork and let\n"
"                // other tasks make progress.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Create forks\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Create philosophers\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Make them think and eat\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Output their thoughts\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid ""
"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n"
"    // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n"
"    // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md
msgid "\"From server: {}\""
msgstr ""

#: src/thanks.md
msgid ""
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and "
"that it was useful."
msgstr ""
"Comprehensive Rust 🦀 কোর্সটি নেওয়ার জন্য আপনাকে ধন্যবাদ! আমরা আশা করি আপনি এটি "
"উপভোগ করেছেন এবং এটি উপকারী ছিলো।"

#: src/thanks.md
msgid ""
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not "
"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, "
"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"The following is a glossary which aims to give a short definition of many "
"Rust terms. For translations, this also serves to connect the term back to "
"the English original."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"allocate:  \n"
"Dynamic memory allocation on [the heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"argument:  \n"
"Information that is passed into a function or method."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"Bare-metal Rust:  \n"
"Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating "
"system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"block:  \n"
"See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"borrow:  \n"
"See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"borrow checker:  \n"
"The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"brace:  \n"
"`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"build:  \n"
"The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable "
"program."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"call:  \n"
"To invoke or execute a function or method."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"channel:  \n"
"Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"Comprehensive Rust 🦀:  \n"
"The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"concurrency:  \n"
"The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"Concurrency in Rust:  \n"
"See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"constant:  \n"
"A value that does not change during the execution of a program."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"control flow:  \n"
"The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in "
"a program."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"crash:  \n"
"An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"enumeration:  \n"
"A data type that holds one of several named constants, possibly with an "
"associated tuple or struct."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"error:  \n"
"An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"error handling:  \n"
"The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program "
"execution."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"exercise:  \n"
"A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"function:  \n"
"A reusable block of code that performs a specific task."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"garbage collector:  \n"
"A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are "
"no longer in use."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"generics:  \n"
"A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling "
"code reuse with different data types."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"immutable:  \n"
"Unable to be changed after creation."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"integration test:  \n"
"A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or "
"components of a system."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"keyword:  \n"
"A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and "
"cannot be used as an identifier."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"library:  \n"
"A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"macro:  \n"
"Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when "
"normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes "
"a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"`main` function:  \n"
"Rust programs start executing with the `main` function."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"match:  \n"
"A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the "
"value of an expression."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"memory leak:  \n"
"A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer "
"needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"method:  \n"
"A function associated with an object or a type in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"module:  \n"
"A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, "
"to organize code in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"move:  \n"
"The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"mutable:  \n"
"A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been "
"declared."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"ownership:  \n"
"The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for "
"managing the memory associated with a value."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"panic:  \n"
"An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of "
"the program."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"parameter:  \n"
"A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"pattern:  \n"
"A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against "
"an expression in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"payload:  \n"
"The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"program:  \n"
"A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task "
"or solve a particular problem."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"programming language:  \n"
"A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"receiver:  \n"
"The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which "
"the method is called."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"reference counting:  \n"
"A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object "
"is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"return:  \n"
"A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"Rust:  \n"
"A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and "
"concurrency."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"Rust Fundamentals:  \n"
"Days 1 to 4 of this course."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"Rust in Android:  \n"
"See [Rust in Android](android.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"Rust in Chromium:  \n"
"See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"safe:  \n"
"Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, "
"preventing memory-related errors."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"scope:  \n"
"The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"standard library:  \n"
"A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"static:  \n"
"A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` "
"lifetime."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"string:  \n"
"A data type storing textual data. See [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/"
"string-slices.html) for more."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"struct:  \n"
"A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different "
"types under a single name."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"test:  \n"
"A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other "
"functions."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"thread:  \n"
"A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"thread safety:  \n"
"The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded "
"environment."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"trait:  \n"
"A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to "
"achieve polymorphism in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"trait bound:  \n"
"An abstraction where you can require types to implement some traits of your "
"interest."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"tuple:  \n"
"A composite data type that contains variables of different types. Tuple "
"fields have no names, and are accessed by their ordinal numbers."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"type:  \n"
"A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values "
"of a particular kind in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"type inference:  \n"
"The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or "
"expression."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"undefined behavior:  \n"
"Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading "
"to unpredictable program behavior."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"union:  \n"
"A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"unit test:  \n"
"Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger "
"integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"unit type:  \n"
"Type that holds no data, written as a tuple with no members."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"unsafe:  \n"
"The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See "
"[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/glossary.md
msgid ""
"variable:  \n"
"A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid "Other Rust Resources"
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources "
"online."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid "Official Documentation"
msgstr "অফিসিয়াল ডকুমেন্টেশন"

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the "
"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a "
"few projects for people to build."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the "
"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. "
"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code "
"in the examples."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation "
"of the standard library for Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete "
"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, "
"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages "
"(FFI)."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): "
"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the "
"Rust Book was written."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): "
"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating "
"system."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid "Unofficial Learning Material"
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust "
"from the perspective of low-level C programmers."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/"
"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write "
"firmware in C."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): "
"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other "
"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help "
"you learn Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-"
"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic "
"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, "
"and async/await are also covered."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-"
"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs."
"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at "
"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of "
"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial."
"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management "
"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures."
msgstr ""

#: src/other-resources.md
msgid ""
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) "
"for even more Rust books."
msgstr ""

#: src/credits.md
msgid ""
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust "
"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a "
"full list of useful resources."
msgstr ""

#: src/credits.md
msgid ""
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache "
"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-"
"rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details."
msgstr ""

#: src/credits.md
msgid "Rust by Example"
msgstr "উদাহরণের মাধ্যমে রাস্ট"

#: src/credits.md
msgid ""
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by "
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the "
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license "
"terms."
msgstr ""

#: src/credits.md
msgid "Rust on Exercism"
msgstr "অনুশীলনে রাস্ট"

#: src/credits.md
msgid ""
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://"
"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` "
"directory for details, including the license terms."
msgstr ""

#: src/credits.md
msgid "CXX"
msgstr "CXX"

#: src/credits.md
msgid ""
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section "
"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` "
"directory for details, including the license terms."
msgstr ""

#~ msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "C, C++ or Java থেকে বেশিরভাগ রাস্ট সিনট্যাক্স আপনার কাছে পরিচিত মনে হবেঃ"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\""
#~ msgstr "aarch64-paging"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "\"exceptions.S\""
#~ msgstr "ব্যতিক্রম"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu"
#~ msgstr "aarch64-paging"

#~ msgid "Small Example"
#~ msgstr "ছোট্ট উদাহরণ"

#~ msgid "Why Rust?"
#~ msgstr "Rust কেনো?"

#~ msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
#~ msgstr "কম্পাইল সময়ের গ্যারান্টি"

#~ msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
#~ msgstr "রানটাইম গ্যরান্টি"

#~ msgid "Modern Features"
#~ msgstr "আধুনিক সুবিধাসমূহ"

#~ msgid "Basic Syntax"
#~ msgstr "মৌলিক সিনট্যাক্স"

#~ msgid "String vs str"
#~ msgstr "String বনাম str"

#~ msgid "Overloading"
#~ msgstr "অভারলোডিং"

#~ msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
#~ msgstr "Arrays এবং for-Loops"

#~ msgid "for expressions"
#~ msgstr "for এক্সপ্রেশন"

#~ msgid "while expressions"
#~ msgstr "while এক্সপ্রেশন"

#~ msgid "break & continue"
#~ msgstr "break & continue"

#~ msgid "loop expressions"
#~ msgstr "loop এক্সপ্রেশন"

#~ msgid "Variant Payloads"
#~ msgstr "ভিন্ন Payloads"

#~ msgid "Enum Sizes"
#~ msgstr "Enum এর মাপ"

#~ msgid "Novel Control Flow"
#~ msgstr "নভেল কন্ট্রোল ফ্লো"

#~ msgid "if let expressions"
#~ msgstr "if let এক্সপ্রেশন"

#~ msgid "while let expressions"
#~ msgstr "while let এক্সপ্রেশন"

#~ msgid "match expressions"
#~ msgstr "match এক্সপ্রেশন"

#~ msgid "Destructuring Structs"
#~ msgstr "Structs ডিস্ট্রাকচার "

#~ msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
#~ msgstr "Arrays ডিস্ট্রাকচার "

#~ msgid "Match Guards"
#~ msgstr "Match Guards"

#~ msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)"
#~ msgstr "প্যাটার্ন ম্যাচিং (TBD)"

#~ msgid "Stack vs Heap"
#~ msgstr "Stack বনাম Heap"

#~ msgid "Stack Memory"
#~ msgstr "Stack মেমোরি"

#~ msgid "Manual Memory Management"
#~ msgstr "ম্যানুয়াল মেমোরি ব্যবস্থাপনা"

#~ msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
#~ msgstr "স্কোপ ভিত্তিক মেমোরি ব্যবস্থাপনা"

#~ msgid "Comparison"
#~ msgstr "তুলনা"

#~ msgid "Copying and Cloning"
#~ msgstr "অনুলিপি এবং ক্লোনিং"

#~ msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
#~ msgstr "ভাগ করা ধার এবং অনন্য ধার"

#~ msgid "Storing Books"
#~ msgstr "বই সংরক্ষণ করা"

#~ msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
#~ msgstr "Field Shorthand Syntax"

#~ msgid "Method Receiver"
#~ msgstr "Method Receiver"

#~ msgid "Option and Result"
#~ msgstr "Option এবং Result"

#~ msgid "Vec"
#~ msgstr "Vec"

#~ msgid "HashMap"
#~ msgstr "HashMap"

#~ msgid "Box"
#~ msgstr "Box"

#~ msgid "Recursive Data Types"
#~ msgstr "রিকার্সিভ ডেটা টাইপ"

#~ msgid "Rc"
#~ msgstr "Rc"

#~ msgid "Strings and Iterators"
#~ msgstr "Strings এবং Iterators"

#~ msgid "Generic Methods"
#~ msgstr "জেনেরিক মেথড-সমূহ"

#~ msgid "Monomorphization"
#~ msgstr "Monomorphization"

#~ msgid "Default Methods"
#~ msgstr "ডিফল্ট মেথড-সমূহ"

#~ msgid "impl Trait"
#~ msgstr "impl Trait"

#~ msgid "Important Traits"
#~ msgstr "গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Traits"

#~ msgid "From and Into"
#~ msgstr "From এবং Into"

#~ msgid "Default"
#~ msgstr "Default"

#~ msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..."
#~ msgstr "অপারেটরঃ Add, Mul, ..."

#~ msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"
#~ msgstr "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"

#~ msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
#~ msgstr "একটি সাধারণ GUI  লাইব্রেরি"

#~ msgid "Points and Polygons"
#~ msgstr "Points and Polygons"

#~ msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
#~ msgstr "Catching Stack Unwinding"

#~ msgid "Structured Error Handling"
#~ msgstr "স্ট্রাকচার্ড এরর হ্যান্ডলিং"

#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
#~ msgstr "এর সাহায্যে এরর/ত্রুটি হস্তান্তর করা ?"

#~ msgid "Converting Error Types"
#~ msgstr "এররের টাইপ রূপান্তর"

#~ msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
#~ msgstr "এররের ইনামগুলো বের করা"

#~ msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
#~ msgstr "ত্রুটিতে কন্টেক্সট যোগ করা"

#~ msgid "no_std"
#~ msgstr "no_std"

#~ msgid "alloc"
#~ msgstr "alloc"

#~ msgid "zerocopy"
#~ msgstr "zerocopy"

#~ msgid "buddy_system_allocator"
#~ msgstr "buddy_system_allocator"

#~ msgid "tinyvec"
#~ msgstr "tinyvec"

#~ msgid "spin"
#~ msgstr "spin"

#~ msgid "Send and Sync"
#~ msgstr "Send এবং Sync"

#~ msgid "Send"
#~ msgstr "Send"

#~ msgid "Sync"
#~ msgstr "Sync"

#~ msgid "Arc"
#~ msgstr "Arc"

#~ msgid "Mutex"
#~ msgstr "Mutex"

#~ msgid "async/await"
#~ msgstr "async/await"

#~ msgid "Pin"
#~ msgstr "Pin"

#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning"
#~ msgstr "প্রথম দিনঃ সকাল"

#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
#~ msgstr "প্রথম দিনঃ বিকাল"

#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning"
#~ msgstr "দ্বিতীয় দিনঃ সকাল"

#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
#~ msgstr "দ্বিতীয় দিনঃ বিকাল"

#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning"
#~ msgstr "তৃতীয় দিনঃ সকাল"

#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
#~ msgstr "তৃতীয় দিনঃ বিকাল"

#~ msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning"
#~ msgstr "Bare Metal Rust: সকাল"

#~ msgid "Concurrency Morning"
#~ msgstr "Concurrency: বিকাল"

#~ msgid "Concurrency Afternoon"
#~ msgstr "Concurrency: বিকাল"

#~ msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:"
#~ msgstr "কোর্সটি দ্রুত গতির এবং অনেক কিছু কভার করেঃ"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the "
#~ "standard library."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "দ্বিতীয় দিনঃ মেমোরি ম্যানেজমেন্ট, মালিকানা, কম্পাউন্ড ডেটা টাইপস, এবং দি "
#~ "স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরি।"

#~ msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "তৃতীয় দিনঃ Traits এবং Generics, এরর হ্যান্ডলিং, টেস্টিং, এবং অনিরাপদ রাস্ট।"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "cargo init concurrency\n"
#~ "cd concurrency\n"
#~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n"
#~ "cargo run\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "cargo init concurrency\n"
#~ "cd concurrency\n"
#~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n"
#~ "cargo run\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
#~ "```"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid ""
#~ "We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the "
#~ "code (but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://"
#~ "rust-analyzer.github.io/))."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "এটি \\[rust-analyzer\\] \\[1\\] কে সংজ্ঞায় যেতে অনুমতি দেবে। আমরা ব্যবহার "
#~ "করার পরামর্শ দিই [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) কোড এডিট করতে "
#~ "(কিন্তু যেকোনো LSP সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ এডিটর কাজ করে)।"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/"
#~ "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own "
#~ "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://"
#~ "www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 "
#~ "debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "কিছু লোক IDE-এর জন্য [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/) ব্যবহার "
#~ "করতে পছন্দ করে, যারা তাদের নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণে করে কিন্তু তাদের নিজস্ব ট্রেডঅফ "
#~ "রয়েছে। আপনি যদি তাদের পছন্দ করেন তবে আপনি [Rust Plugin](https://www."
#~ "jetbrains.com/rust/) ইনস্টল করতে পারেন। অনুগ্রহ করে মনে রাখবেন যে জানুয়ারী "
#~ "2023 অনুযায়ী ডিবাগিং শুধুমাত্র JetBrains IDEA স্যুটের CLion সংস্করণে কাজ করে।"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "% rustc --version\n"
#~ "rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n"
#~ "% cargo --version\n"
#~ "cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "% rustc --version\n"
#~ "rustc 1.61.0 (fe5b13d68 2022-05-18)\n"
#~ "% cargo --version\n"
#~ "cargo 1.61.0 (a028ae4 2022-04-29)\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over "
#~ "the schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the "
#~ "slides):"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "যদি আপনি এটি একটি শ্রেনীকক্ষে পড়াচ্ছেন, এটি একটি ভালো যায়গা নিয়মমাফিক  চলার "
#~ "জন্য। আমরা পরামর্শ দিই যে দিনটাকে দুইটা ভাগে ভাগ করুন(স্লাইডগুলোকে অনুসরন করে):"

#~ msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,"
#~ msgstr "সকালঃ ৯:০০ থেকে ১২:০০,"

#~ msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
#~ msgstr "বিকাল ১:০০ থেকে ৪:০০."

#~ msgid ""
#~ "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include "
#~ "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "আপনি অবশ্যই এটি প্রয়োজন অনুসারে পরিবর্তন করতে পারেন। অনুগ্রহ করে নিশ্চিত করুন "
#~ "বিরতি নিতে, আমরা পরামর্শ দিই প্রতি ঘন্টায় একবার বিরতি নিতে!"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
#~ msgstr "এটি একটি ছোট উদাহরণ প্রোগ্রাম Rust এ:"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {              // Program entry point\n"
#~ "    let mut x: i32 = 6;  // Mutable variable binding\n"
#~ "    print!(\"{x}\");       // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
#~ "    while x != 1 {       // No parenthesis around expression\n"
#~ "        if x % 2 == 0 {  // Math like in other languages\n"
#~ "            x = x / 2;\n"
#~ "        } else {\n"
#~ "            x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
#~ "        }\n"
#~ "        print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
#~ "    }\n"
#~ "    println!();\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {              // Program entry point\n"
#~ "    let mut x: i32 = 6;  // Mutable variable binding\n"
#~ "    print!(\"{x}\");       // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
#~ "    while x != 1 {       // No parenthesis around expression\n"
#~ "        if x % 2 == 0 {  // Math like in other languages\n"
#~ "            x = x / 2;\n"
#~ "        } else {\n"
#~ "            x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
#~ "        }\n"
#~ "        print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
#~ "    }\n"
#~ "    println!();\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades."
#~ msgstr "গত 40 বছরে অর্জিত সমস্ত অভিজ্ঞতা দিয়ে Rust তৈরি করা হয়েছে।"

#~ msgid "Language Features"
#~ msgstr "ভাষার বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ"

#~ msgid "Tooling"
#~ msgstr "Tooling"

#~ msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`"
#~ msgstr "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(r#\"<a href=\"link.html\">link</a>\"#);\n"
#~ "    println!(\"<a href=\\\"link.html\\\">link</a>\");\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(r#\"<a href=\"link.html\">link</a>\"#);\n"
#~ "    println!(\"<a href=\\\"link.html\\\">link</a>\");\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n"
#~ "    println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n"
#~ "    println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
#~ "    a[5] = 0;\n"
#~ "    println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
#~ "    a[5] = 0;\n"
#~ "    println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
#~ msgstr "C++ এর মতো, Rust এর ও references আছে"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
#~ "    println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n"
#~ "\n"
#~ "    let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
#~ "\n"
#~ "    println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
#~ "fn main() {\n"
#~ "    let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
#~ "    a[5] = 0;\n"
#~ "    println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
#~ "}\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises"
#~ msgstr "প্রথম দিনঃ সকালের অনুশীলন"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "The Luhn algorithm,"
#~ msgstr "লুন অ্যালগরিদম"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "An exercise on pattern matching."
#~ msgstr "Enums and pattern matching."

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Structs and methods."
#~ msgstr "Strings এবং Iterators"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Stack and Heap Example"
#~ msgstr "Stack বনাম Heap"

#~ msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
#~ msgstr "আপনি নিজেই heap-memory এলোকেট এবং ডি-এলোকেট করুন।"

#~ msgid "C Example"
#~ msgstr "C উদাহরণ"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++"
#~ msgstr "আধুনিক C++ এ ডবল মুক্ত"

#~ msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises"
#~ msgstr "দ্বিতীয় দিনঃ সকালের অনুশিলন"

#~ msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises"
#~ msgstr "তৃতীয় দিনঃ সকালের অনুশীলন"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "adb logcat -s rust\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
#~ "```"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "cargo new link-checker\n"
#~ "cd link-checker\n"
#~ "cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
#~ "```"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "```shell\n"
#~ "cargo init concurrency\n"
#~ "cd concurrency\n"
#~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n"
#~ "cargo run\n"
#~ "```"

#~ msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
#~ msgstr "আপনি অনুশীলনীর সমাধান এই পৃষ্ঠাগুলোতে খুজে পাবেন।"

#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises"
#~ msgstr "প্রথম দিনঃ সকালের অনুশীলন"

#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Pattern matching"
#~ msgstr "প্যাটার্ন মিলানো"

#~ msgid "Elevator Operations"
#~ msgstr "লিফট অপারেশন"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
#~ "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github."
#~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml)"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
#~ "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github."
#~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml)"

#~ msgid "Build workflow"
#~ msgstr "কর্মপ্রবাহ তৈরি"

#~ msgid "GitHub contributors"
#~ msgstr "GitHub অবদানকারী"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
#~ "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
#~ "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img."
#~ "shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)]"
#~ "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
#~ "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
#~ "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img."
#~ "shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)]"
#~ "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"

#~ msgid "GitHub stars"
#~ msgstr "GitHub stars"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-"
#~ "rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
#~ "stargazers)"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-"
#~ "rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
#~ "stargazers)"

#~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker."
#~ msgstr "প্রথম দিনঃ প্রাথমিক রাস্ট, মালিকানা এবং ধার পরীক্ষক।"

#~ msgid "Concurrency"
#~ msgstr "Concurrency"

#~ msgid "Rustup (Recommended)"
#~ msgstr "Rustup (প্রস্তাবিত)"

#~ msgid ""
#~ "You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among "
#~ "other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer."
#~ "github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "রাস্ট ফাউন্ডেশন দ্বারা রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করা [rustup](https://rust-analyzer.github."
#~ "io/) টুল সহ অন্যান্য স্ট্যান্ডার্ড ইকোসিস্টেম টুলের মধ্যে আপনি Cargo এবং রাস্ট "
#~ "কম্পাইলার ইনস্টল করার নির্দেশাবলী অনুসরণ করতে পারেন।"

#~ msgid "Package Managers"
#~ msgstr "প্যাকেজ ম্যানেজার"

#~ msgid "Debian"
#~ msgstr "Debian"
