From 08af38a63e056926d781a78c0aefc82769fcbc35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Martin Geisler Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 13:01:05 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] es: refresh translation for January 2024 (#1746) This is a clean refresh, requires only a syntaxtical review. --- po/es.po | 32962 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 17315 insertions(+), 15647 deletions(-) diff --git a/po/es.po b/po/es.po index 266c75ce..0a1a9259 100644 --- a/po/es.po +++ b/po/es.po @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-09-11\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-24T11:55:41+01:00\n" "PO-Revision-Date: \n" "Last-Translator: \n" "Language-Team: \n" @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ msgstr "" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 3.4\n" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:3 src/index.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida a Comprehensive Rust 🦀" @@ -48,988 +48,1211 @@ msgstr "Ejemplos de Código" msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "Ejecutar Cargo a nivel local" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:15 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:16 msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Día 1: mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/SUMMARY.md:192 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/SUMMARY.md:268 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:70 src/SUMMARY.md:93 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/SUMMARY.md:184 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/SUMMARY.md:337 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hello, World" +msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:1 msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "¿Qué es Rust?" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 -msgid "Hello World!" -msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/benefits.md:1 +msgid "Benefits of Rust" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 -msgid "Small Example" -msgstr "Pequeño ejemplo" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/hello-world/playground.md:1 +msgid "Playground" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1 -msgid "Why Rust?" -msgstr "¿Por qué Rust?" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/types-and-values.md:1 +msgid "Types and Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 -msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" -msgstr "Garantías en Tiempo de Compilación" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/types-and-values/variables.md:1 +msgid "Variables" +msgstr "Variables" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 -msgid "Runtime Guarantees" -msgstr "Garantías en Runtime (Tiempo de Ejecución)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/types-and-values/values.md:1 +msgid "Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1 -msgid "Modern Features" -msgstr "Funcionalidades Modernas" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:1 +msgid "Arithmetic" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1 -msgid "Basic Syntax" -msgstr "Sintaxis básica" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/types-and-values/strings.md:1 +msgid "Strings" +msgstr "Cadenas de texto (_Strings_)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 -msgid "Scalar Types" -msgstr "Tipos escalares" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/types-and-values/inference.md:1 +msgid "Type Inference" +msgstr "Inferencia de tipos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 -msgid "Compound Types" -msgstr "Tipos compuestos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 -msgid "References" -msgstr "Referencias" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/SUMMARY.md:40 src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/SUMMARY.md:56 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/SUMMARY.md:89 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:134 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/SUMMARY.md:152 src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/SUMMARY.md:171 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/SUMMARY.md:192 src/SUMMARY.md:201 +#: src/types-and-values/solution.md:1 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:1 src/references/solution.md:1 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:1 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:1 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:1 src/generics/solution.md:1 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:1 src/std-traits/solution.md:1 +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:1 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:1 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:1 src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:1 +#: src/iterators/solution.md:1 src/modules/solution.md:1 +#: src/testing/solution.md:1 src/error-handling/solution.md:1 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Solution" +msgstr "Soluciones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 -msgid "Dangling References" -msgstr "Referencias colgantes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/control-flow-basics.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Control Flow Basics" +msgstr "Control de Flujo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 -msgid "Slices" -msgstr "Slices" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:1 +msgid "Conditionals" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 -msgid "String vs str" -msgstr "String o str" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Loops" +msgstr "Bucles `for`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:1 +msgid "`break` and `continue`" +msgstr "`break` y `continue`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:1 +msgid "Blocks and Scopes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:1 msgid "Functions" msgstr "Funciones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1 -msgid "Rustdoc" -msgstr "Rustdoc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:1 +msgid "Macros" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 -#: src/methods.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:42 +msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" +msgstr "Día 1: Tarde" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/SUMMARY.md:46 src/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +msgid "Tuples and Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Array Iteration" +msgstr "Integración de Cargo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:1 +msgid "Pattern Matching" +msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Destructuring" +msgstr "Desestructurando Enums" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/references.md:1 +msgid "References" +msgstr "Referencias" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/references/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared References" +msgstr "Referencias" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/references/exclusive.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exclusive References" +msgstr "Referencias colgantes" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/references/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Geometry" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/user-defined-types.md:1 +msgid "User-Defined Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Named Structs" +msgstr "Structs" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:5 +msgid "Tuple Structs" +msgstr "Estructuras de tuplas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/user-defined-types/enums.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:24 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:67 +msgid "Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Static and Const" +msgstr "static y const" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:1 +msgid "Type Aliases" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 +msgid "Day 2: Morning" +msgstr "Día 2: Mañana" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Let Control Flow" +msgstr "Control de Flujo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:74 src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/methods-and-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Methods and Traits" +msgstr "Read y Write" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:1 msgid "Methods" msgstr "Métodos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 -msgid "Overloading" -msgstr "Sobrecarga" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:1 +msgid "Traits" +msgstr "Traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/SUMMARY.md:125 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/SUMMARY.md:232 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 src/SUMMARY.md:282 src/SUMMARY.md:303 -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Deriving" +msgstr "Derivación de Traits" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:1 +msgid "Trait Objects" +msgstr "Objetos Trait" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Generic Logger" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/generics.md:1 +msgid "Generics" +msgstr "Genéricos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/generics/generic-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generic Functions" +msgstr "Funciones Externas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/generics/generic-data.md:1 +msgid "Generic Data Types" +msgstr "Tipos de Datos Genéricos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1 +msgid "Trait Bounds" +msgstr "Trait Bounds" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/generics/impl-trait.md:1 +msgid "`impl Trait`" +msgstr "`impl Trait`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/generics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 +msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" +msgstr "Día 2: tarde" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/std-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Types" +msgstr "Biblioteca estándar" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/std-types/std.md:1 +msgid "Standard Library" +msgstr "Biblioteca estándar" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/std-types/docs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Documentation" +msgstr "Pruebas de Documentación" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option`" +msgstr "`Duration`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Result`" +msgstr "`Option`, `Result`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String`" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/std-types/vec.md:1 +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/std-types/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 +msgid "`HashMap`" +msgstr "`HashMap`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/std-types/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Counter" +msgstr "Ejercicios" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/std-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Traits" +msgstr "Biblioteca estándar" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/std-traits/comparisons.md:1 src/async.md:17 +msgid "Comparisons" +msgstr "Comparaciones" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/std-traits/operators.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Operators" +msgstr "Iteradores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:1 +msgid "`From` and `Into`" +msgstr "`From` e `Into`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/std-traits/casting.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Casting" +msgstr "Probando" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:1 +msgid "`Read` and `Write`" +msgstr "`Read` y `Write`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 +msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std-traits/closures.md:1 +msgid "Closures" +msgstr "Cierres" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 src/std-traits/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: ROT13" +msgstr "Ejercicios" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 +msgid "Day 3: Morning" +msgstr "Día 3: Mañana" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 src/memory-management.md:1 +msgid "Memory Management" +msgstr "Manejo de Memoria" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/memory-management/review.md:1 +msgid "Review of Program Memory" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/memory-management/approaches.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Approaches to Memory Management" +msgstr "Gestión Automática de la Memoria" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/memory-management/ownership.md:1 +msgid "Ownership" +msgstr "Ownership" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/memory-management/move.md:1 +msgid "Move Semantics" +msgstr "Semántica de movimiento" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 +msgid "`Clone`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/memory-management/copy-types.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copy Types" +msgstr "Tipos compuestos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 +msgid "`Drop`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/memory-management/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Builder Type" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/smart-pointers.md:1 +msgid "Smart Pointers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/smart-pointers/box.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Box`" +msgstr "`Box`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/smart-pointers/rc.md:1 +msgid "`Rc`" +msgstr "`Rc`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 +msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" +msgstr "Día 3: Tarde" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/borrowing.md:1 +msgid "Borrowing" +msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/borrowing/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrowing a Value" +msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/borrowing/borrowck.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrow Checking" +msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interior Mutability" +msgstr "Interoperabilidad" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/borrowing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics" +msgstr "Estadísticas de salud" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices and Lifetimes" +msgstr "Tiempos de vida" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" +msgstr "Slices" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "String References" +msgstr "Referencias colgantes" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Annotations" +msgstr "Tiempos de Vida en Llamadas a Función" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Elision" +msgstr "Tiempos de vida" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Struct Lifetimes" +msgstr "Tiempos de vida" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 +msgid "Day 4: Morning" +msgstr "Día 4: Mañana" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/iterators.md:1 +msgid "Iterators" +msgstr "Iteradores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/iterators/iterator.md:5 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 +msgid "`Iterator`" +msgstr "`Iterator`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/iterators/intoiterator.md:1 +msgid "`IntoIterator`" +msgstr "`IntoIterator`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`FromIterator`" +msgstr "FromIterator" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/iterators/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/modules.md:1 +#: src/modules/modules.md:1 +msgid "Modules" +msgstr "Módulos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 +msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" +msgstr "Jerarquía del sistema de archivos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/modules/visibility.md:1 +msgid "Visibility" +msgstr "Visibilidad" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 +msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/modules/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/testing.md:1 +#: src/chromium/testing.md:1 +msgid "Testing" +msgstr "Probando" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 +msgid "Test Modules" +msgstr "Módulos de Pruebas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/other.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Other Types of Tests" +msgstr "Otros proyectos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/SUMMARY.md:321 src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful Crates" +msgstr "Crates útiles" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/testing/googletest.md:1 +msgid "GoogleTest" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/testing/mocking.md:1 +msgid "Mocking" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/testing/lints.md:1 +msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/testing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 +msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" +msgstr "Día 4: Tarde" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/error-handling.md:1 +msgid "Error Handling" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 +msgid "Panics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/error-handling/try.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Operator" +msgstr "Iteradores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Conversions" +msgstr "Conversiones Implícitas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Error` Trait" +msgstr "`Error`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" +msgstr "`From` e `Into`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`" +msgstr "Gestión Estructurada de Errores con `Result`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/unsafe-rust.md:1 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "Unsafe Rust" +msgstr "Unsafe Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe" +msgstr "Unsafe Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:1 +msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" +msgstr "Dereferenciación de Punteros Sin Formato" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:1 +msgid "Mutable Static Variables" +msgstr "Variables Estáticas Mutables" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:1 +msgid "Unions" +msgstr "Uniones" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Llamar Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Traits" +msgstr "Implementación de Traits Unsafe (Inseguras) " + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "Envoltorio de FFI Seguro" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/SUMMARY.md:327 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 +msgid "Android" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/SUMMARY.md:245 src/android/setup.md:1 +#: src/chromium/setup.md:1 +msgid "Setup" +msgstr "Configurar" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/build-rules.md:1 +msgid "Build Rules" +msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (Build)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 +msgid "Binary" +msgstr "Binarios" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 +msgid "Library" +msgstr "Biblioteca" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/android/aidl.md:1 +msgid "AIDL" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 +msgid "Interface" +msgstr "Interfaz" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 +msgid "Implementation" +msgstr "Implementación" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 +msgid "Server" +msgstr "Servidor" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:216 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 +msgid "Deploy" +msgstr "Despliegue" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 +msgid "Client" +msgstr "Cliente" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 +msgid "Changing API" +msgstr "Cambio de API" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/android/logging.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 +msgid "Logging" +msgstr "Almacenamiento de registros" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 src/android/interoperability.md:1 +msgid "Interoperability" +msgstr "Interoperabilidad" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 +msgid "With C" +msgstr "Con C" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 +msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" +msgstr "Llamar a C con Bindgen" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 +msgid "Calling Rust from C" +msgstr "Llamar a Rust desde C" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 +msgid "With C++" +msgstr "Con C++" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The Bridge Module" +msgstr "Módulos de Pruebas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Bridge" +msgstr "Binarios de Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:1 +msgid "Generated C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 +msgid "C++ Bridge" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared Types" +msgstr "Tipos escalares" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:1 +msgid "Shared Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Error Handling" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Error Handling" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:1 +msgid "Additional Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 +msgid "Building for Android: C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Building for Android: Genrules" +msgstr "Construir componentes en Rust." + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Building for Android: Rust" +msgstr "Construir componentes en Rust." + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 +msgid "With Java" +msgstr "Con Java" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/SUMMARY.md:351 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:373 src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Ejercicios" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 -msgid "Implicit Conversions" -msgstr "Conversiones Implícitas" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:40 -msgid "Arrays and for Loops" -msgstr "Arrays y Loops for" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:42 -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" -msgstr "Día 1: Tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/control-flow.md:1 -msgid "Control Flow" -msgstr "Control de Flujo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 -msgid "Blocks" -msgstr "Bloques" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 -msgid "if expressions" -msgstr "expresiones if" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 -msgid "for expressions" -msgstr "expresiones for" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 -msgid "while expressions" -msgstr "expresiones while" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 -msgid "break & continue" -msgstr "break y continue" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 -msgid "loop expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones loop" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 -msgid "Variables" -msgstr "Variables" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 -msgid "Type Inference" -msgstr "Inferencia de tipos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 -msgid "static & const" -msgstr "static y const" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 -msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" -msgstr "Ámbitos y _Shadowing_" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/enums.md:1 -msgid "Enums" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +msgid "Chromium" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 -msgid "Variant Payloads" -msgstr "Payloads Variantes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/chromium/cargo.md:1 +msgid "Comparing Chromium and Cargo Ecosystems" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/sizes.md:1 -msgid "Enum Sizes" -msgstr "Tamaños de Enum" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 +msgid "Policy" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/control-flow/novel.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 #, fuzzy -msgid "Novel Control Flow" -msgstr "Control de Flujo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 -msgid "if let expressions" -msgstr "expresiones if let" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 -msgid "while let expressions" -msgstr "expresiones while let" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 -msgid "match expressions" -msgstr "expresiones match" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/pattern-matching.md:1 -msgid "Pattern Matching" -msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Enums" -msgstr "Desestructurando Enums" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Structs" -msgstr "Desestructurando Structs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Arrays" -msgstr "Desestructurando Arrays" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 -msgid "Match Guards" -msgstr "Guardas de Match" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Luhn Algorithm" -msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" -msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:75 -msgid "Day 2: Morning" -msgstr "Día 2: Mañana" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/memory-management.md:1 -msgid "Memory Management" -msgstr "Manejo de Memoria" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 -msgid "Stack vs Heap" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 -msgid "Stack Memory" -msgstr "Memoria de la Pila (_Stack_)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 -msgid "Manual Memory Management" -msgstr "Manejo Manual de Memoria" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 -msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" -msgstr "Manejo de Memoria basado en Scope (ámbitos)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 -msgid "Garbage Collection" -msgstr "Recolección de memoria residual" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 -msgid "Rust Memory Management" -msgstr "Manejo de la Memoria en Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/ownership.md:1 -msgid "Ownership" -msgstr "Ownership" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 -msgid "Move Semantics" -msgstr "Semántica de movimiento" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 -msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" -msgstr "Cadenas movidas en Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 -msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" -msgstr "Double free en código C++ moderno" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Moves in Function Calls" -msgstr "Movimientos en llamadas de función" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 -msgid "Copying and Cloning" -msgstr "Copiar y clonar" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 -msgid "Borrowing" -msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 -msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" -msgstr "Préstamos compartidos y únicos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes" -msgstr "Tiempos de vida" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" -msgstr "Tiempos de Vida en Llamadas a Función" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" -msgstr "Tiempos de vida en estructuras de datos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/structs.md:1 -msgid "Structs" -msgstr "Structs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 -msgid "Tuple Structs" -msgstr "Estructuras de tuplas" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 -msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" -msgstr "Sintaxis abreviada de campos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/methods/receiver.md:1 -msgid "Method Receiver" -msgstr "Receptor de método" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/SUMMARY.md:281 -#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 -msgid "Example" -msgstr "Ejemplo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1 -msgid "Storing Books" -msgstr "Almacenar libros" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 -msgid "Health Statistics" -msgstr "Estadísticas de salud" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" -msgstr "Día 2: tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std.md:1 -msgid "Standard Library" -msgstr "Biblioteca estándar" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 -msgid "Option and Result" -msgstr "Option y Result" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/std/string.md:1 -msgid "String" -msgstr "String" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:114 -msgid "Vec" -msgstr "Vec" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 -msgid "HashMap" -msgstr "HashMap" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 -msgid "Box" -msgstr "Box" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 -msgid "Recursive Data Types" -msgstr "Tipos de datos recursivos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/std/box-niche.md:1 -msgid "Niche Optimization" -msgstr "Optimización de la Memoria" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 -msgid "Rc" -msgstr "Rc" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 -msgid "Cell/RefCell" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/modules.md:1 -msgid "Modules" -msgstr "Módulos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/modules/visibility.md:1 -msgid "Visibility" -msgstr "Visibilidad" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/modules/paths.md:1 -msgid "Paths" -msgstr "Rutas" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 -msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" -msgstr "Jerarquía del sistema de archivos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 -msgid "Iterators and Ownership" -msgstr "Iteradores y Ownership (Propiedad)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Strings and Iterators" -msgstr "Cadenas e Iteradores" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 -msgid "Day 3: Morning" -msgstr "Día 3: Mañana" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/generics.md:1 -msgid "Generics" -msgstr "Genéricos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/generics/data-types.md:1 -msgid "Generic Data Types" -msgstr "Tipos de Datos Genéricos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/generics/methods.md:1 -msgid "Generic Methods" -msgstr "Métodos Genéricos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 -msgid "Monomorphization" -msgstr "Monomorfización" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/traits.md:1 -msgid "Traits" -msgstr "Traits" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 -msgid "Trait Objects" -msgstr "Objetos Trait" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Traits" -msgstr "Derivación de Traits" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 -msgid "Default Methods" -msgstr "Métodos por Default" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 -msgid "Trait Bounds" -msgstr "Trait Bounds" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 -msgid "impl Trait" -msgstr "impl Trait" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 -msgid "Important Traits" -msgstr "Traits Importantes" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 -msgid "Iterator" -msgstr "Iteradores" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 -msgid "FromIterator" -msgstr "FromIterator" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 -msgid "From and Into" -msgstr "From e Into" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 -msgid "Read and Write" -msgstr "Read y Write" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 -msgid "Drop" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 -msgid "Default" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:152 -msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." -msgstr "Operadores: Add, Mul, …." - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 -msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "A Simple GUI Library" -msgstr "Una Biblioteca GUI sencilla" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:175 -msgid "Points and Polygons" -msgstr "Puntos y Polígonos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" -msgstr "Día 3: Tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling.md:1 -msgid "Error Handling" -msgstr "Manejo de Errores" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 -msgid "Panics" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 -msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Catching Stack Unwinding" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 -msgid "Structured Error Handling" -msgstr "Manejo de Errores Estructurado" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 -msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" -msgstr "Propagación de Errores con ?" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 -msgid "Converting Error Types" -msgstr "Conversión de Tipos de Errores" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Error Enums" -msgstr "Derivación de Enums de Error" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 -msgid "Dynamic Error Types" -msgstr "Tipos de Errores Dinámicos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 -msgid "Adding Context to Errors" -msgstr "Añadir Contexto a los Errores" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/testing.md:1 -msgid "Testing" -msgstr "Probando" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 -msgid "Unit Tests" -msgstr "Pruebas Unitarias" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 -msgid "Test Modules" -msgstr "Módulos de Pruebas" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 -msgid "Documentation Tests" -msgstr "Pruebas de Documentación" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 -msgid "Integration Tests" -msgstr "Pruebas de Integración" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 -msgid "Useful crates" -msgstr "Crates Útiles" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe.md:1 -msgid "Unsafe Rust" +msgid "Unsafe Code" msgstr "Unsafe Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 -msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" -msgstr "Dereferenciación de Punteros Sin Formato" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 -msgid "Mutable Static Variables" -msgstr "Variables Estáticas Mutables" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 -msgid "Unions" -msgstr "Uniones" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Llamar Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Escribir Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 -msgid "Extern Functions" -msgstr "Funciones Externas" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 -msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" -msgstr "Implementación de Traits Unsafe (Inseguras) " - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" -msgstr "Envoltorio de FFI Seguro" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 -msgid "Android" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:1 +msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/android/setup.md:1 -msgid "Setup" -msgstr "Configurar" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 src/android/build-rules.md:1 -msgid "Build Rules" -msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (Build)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 -msgid "Binary" -msgstr "Binarios" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 -msgid "Library" -msgstr "Biblioteca" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/aidl.md:1 -msgid "AIDL" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:1 +msgid "Visual Studio Code" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 -msgid "Interface" -msgstr "Interfaz" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 src/SUMMARY.md:257 src/SUMMARY.md:265 src/SUMMARY.md:278 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise" +msgstr "Ejercicios" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 -msgid "Implementation" -msgstr "Implementación" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:1 +msgid "`rust_gtest_interop` Library" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 -msgid "Server" -msgstr "Servidor" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:1 +msgid "GN Rules for Rust Tests" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 -msgid "Deploy" -msgstr "Despliegue" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:1 +msgid "`chromium::import!` Macro" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:202 -msgid "Client" -msgstr "Cliente" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 -msgid "Changing API" -msgstr "Cambio de API" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example Bindings" +msgstr "Ejemplos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/logging.md:1 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 -msgid "Logging" -msgstr "Almacenamiento de registros" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:1 +msgid "Limitations of CXX" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 src/android/interoperability.md:1 -msgid "Interoperability" -msgstr "Interoperabilidad" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:206 -msgid "With C" -msgstr "Con C" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 -msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" -msgstr "Llamar a C con Bindgen" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:263 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 -msgid "Calling Rust from C" -msgstr "Llamar a Rust desde C" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 +msgid "Using CXX in Chromium" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 -msgid "With C++" -msgstr "Con C++" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:266 src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:1 +msgid "Adding Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 -msgid "With Java" -msgstr "Con Java" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:267 +msgid "Configuring Cargo.toml" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:268 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:1 +msgid "Downloading Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:1 +msgid "Generating `gn` Build Rules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:1 +msgid "Resolving Problems" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Generate Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Build C++ or Take Arbitrary Actions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:1 +msgid "Depending on a Crate" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 +msgid "Reviews and Audits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 +msgid "Checking into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:1 +msgid "Keeping Crates Up to Date" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:279 +msgid "Bringing It Together - Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise Solutions" +msgstr "Soluciones" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:282 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "Bare Metal: mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 -msgid "no_std" -msgstr "no_std" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 +msgid "`no_std`" +msgstr "`no_std`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:288 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "Un Pequeño Ejemplo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 -msgid "alloc" -msgstr "alloc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 +msgid "`alloc`" +msgstr "`alloc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "Microcontroladores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "MMIO sin procesar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 msgid "PACs" msgstr "PAC" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "Crates HAL" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "Crates de Soporte de Placa" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "El Patrón de Tipo de Estado" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 -msgid "embedded-hal" -msgstr "embedded-hal" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 +msgid "`embedded-hal`" +msgstr "`embedded-hal`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 -msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" -msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`" +msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "Depuración" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/SUMMARY.md:251 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 src/SUMMARY.md:320 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "Otros proyectos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "Brújula" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/SUMMARY.md:331 src/SUMMARY.md:354 src/SUMMARY.md:376 +msgid "Solutions" +msgstr "Soluciones" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:304 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "Bare Metal: tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:306 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "Procesadores de aplicaciones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:307 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "Iniciación a Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:239 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "Ensamblador en línea" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:309 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "MMIO" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:241 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:310 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "Escribir un controlador UART" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:242 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:311 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "Más traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:243 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "Un controlador UART mejor" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:313 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "Bitflags" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:245 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "Varios registros" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:315 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "Conductor" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/SUMMARY.md:249 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:316 src/SUMMARY.md:318 msgid "Using It" msgstr "Cómo usarlo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:319 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "Excepciones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 -msgid "Useful Crates" -msgstr "Crates útiles" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:322 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 +msgid "`zerocopy`" +msgstr "`zerocopy`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 -msgid "zerocopy" -msgstr "zerocopy" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:323 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 +msgid "`aarch64-paging`" +msgstr "`aarch64-paging`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 -msgid "aarch64-paging" -msgstr "aarch64-paging" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 +msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" +msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 -msgid "buddy_system_allocator" -msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 +msgid "`tinyvec`" +msgstr "`tinyvec`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 -msgid "tinyvec" -msgstr "tinyvec" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 +msgid "`spin`" +msgstr "`spin`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:257 -msgid "spin" -msgstr "girar" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 -msgid "vmbase" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`vmbase`" msgstr "vmbase" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "Controlador RTC" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:333 msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "Concurrencia: mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:338 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 msgid "Threads" msgstr "Hilos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:339 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "Hilos con ámbito" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:340 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 msgid "Channels" msgstr "Canales" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:341 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Canales sin límites" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:342 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Canales delimitados" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 -msgid "Send and Sync" -msgstr "Send y Sync" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:343 src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 +msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" +msgstr "`Send` y `Sync`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 -msgid "Send" -msgstr "Send" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:344 src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 +msgid "`Send`" +msgstr "`Send`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 -msgid "Sync" -msgstr "Sync" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:345 src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +msgid "`Sync`" +msgstr "`Sync`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:346 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 msgid "Examples" msgstr "Ejemplos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:278 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:347 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 msgid "Shared State" msgstr "Estado compartido" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:279 -msgid "Arc" -msgstr "Arc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:348 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 +msgid "`Arc`" +msgstr "`Arc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 -msgid "Mutex" -msgstr "Mutex" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:349 src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 +msgid "`Mutex`" +msgstr "`Mutex`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:283 src/SUMMARY.md:304 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:350 src/memory-management/review.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 +msgid "Example" +msgstr "Ejemplo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:352 src/SUMMARY.md:374 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "La cena de los filósofos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:353 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "Comprobador de enlaces multihilo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:286 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:356 msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "Concurrencia: tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:288 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:358 msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "Conceptos básicos de Async" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 -msgid "async/await" -msgstr "async / await" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:359 src/async/async-await.md:1 +msgid "`async`/`await`" +msgstr "`async`/`await`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/async/futures.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:360 src/async/futures.md:1 msgid "Futures" msgstr "Future" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/async/runtimes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:361 src/async/runtimes.md:1 msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Runtimes (Tiempos de Ejecución)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:362 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 msgid "Tokio" msgstr "Tokio" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:363 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:127 #: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 msgid "Tasks" msgstr "Tasks" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:364 src/async/channels.md:1 msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Canales asíncronos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:365 +msgid "Control Flow" +msgstr "Control de Flujo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:366 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 msgid "Join" msgstr "Unir" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:367 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 msgid "Select" msgstr "Seleccionar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:298 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:368 msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "Inconvenientes" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:369 msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "Bloqueo del ejecutor" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 -msgid "Pin" -msgstr "Fijar" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:370 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 +msgid "`Pin`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:371 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Traits asíncronos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:372 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "Cancelación" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:375 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:95 msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "Aplicación de chat de difusión" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:378 msgid "Final Words" msgstr "Conclusiones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 src/thanks.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:382 src/thanks.md:1 msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "Gracias." -#: src/SUMMARY.md:313 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:383 src/glossary.md:1 +msgid "Glossary" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:384 msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "Otros recursos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 src/credits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:385 src/credits.md:1 msgid "Credits" msgstr "Créditos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 -msgid "Solutions" -msgstr "Soluciones" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:322 -msgid "Day 1 Morning" -msgstr "Día 1: mañana" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:323 -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" -msgstr "Día 1: tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 -msgid "Day 2 Morning" -msgstr "Día 2: mañana" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" -msgstr "Día 2: tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 -msgid "Day 3 Morning" -msgstr "Día 3: mañana" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:327 -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" -msgstr "Día 3: tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" -msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: mañana" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" -msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 -msgid "Concurrency Morning" -msgstr "Concurrencia: mañana" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:331 -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" -msgstr "Concurrencia: tarde" - #: src/index.md:3 msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" @@ -1084,7 +1307,8 @@ msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "Brindarte idiomática propia de Rust." #: src/index.md:22 -msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals." +#, fuzzy +msgid "We call the first four course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "Llamamos a los tres primeros días del curso Fundamentos de Rust." #: src/index.md:24 @@ -1104,6 +1328,17 @@ msgstr "" "interoperabilidad con C, C++ y Java." #: src/index.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Chromium](chromium.md): a half-day course on using Rust within Chromium " +"based browsers. This includes interoperability with C++ and how to include " +"third-party crates in Chromium." +msgstr "" +"[Android](android.md): un curso de medio día sobre el uso de Rust en el " +"desarrollo de la plataforma Android (AOSP). En él se incluye la " +"interoperabilidad con C, C++ y Java." + +#: src/index.md:31 msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " @@ -1113,7 +1348,7 @@ msgstr "" "el desarrollo bare-metal (insertado). Se tratarán tanto los " "microcontroladores como los procesadores de aplicaciones." -#: src/index.md:31 +#: src/index.md:34 msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " @@ -1125,11 +1360,11 @@ msgstr "" "mediante hilos y exclusiones mutuas), como la concurrencia async / await " "(multitarea cooperativa mediante traits future)." -#: src/index.md:37 +#: src/index.md:38 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "Objetivos que no trataremos" -#: src/index.md:39 +#: src/index.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" @@ -1138,7 +1373,7 @@ msgstr "" "días. Algunos de los objetivos que no se plantean en este curso son los " "siguientes:" -#: src/index.md:42 +#: src/index.md:43 msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" @@ -1148,11 +1383,11 @@ msgstr "" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) y [Rust by Example]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html)." -#: src/index.md:46 +#: src/index.md:48 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "Suposiciones" -#: src/index.md:48 +#: src/index.md:50 msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " @@ -1162,7 +1397,7 @@ msgstr "" "tipado y, a veces, haremos comparaciones con C y C++ para explicarlo mejor o " "contrastar nuestro enfoque." -#: src/index.md:52 +#: src/index.md:54 msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." @@ -1170,7 +1405,7 @@ msgstr "" "Si sabes programar en un lenguaje dinámicamente tipado, como Python o " "JavaScript, podrás seguir el ritmo sin problema." -#: src/index.md:57 +#: src/index.md:59 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " @@ -1194,13 +1429,12 @@ msgstr "" "desarrollado el curso en Google." #: src/running-the-course.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We typically run classes from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " -"in the middle. This leaves 2.5 hours for the morning class and 2.5 hours for " -"the afternoon class. Note that this is just a recommendation: you can also " -"spend 3 hour on the morning session to give people more time for exercises. " -"The downside of longer session is that people can become very tired after 6 " -"full hours of class in the afternoon." +"We typically run classes from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " +"in the middle. This leaves 3 hours for the morning class and 3 hours for the " +"afternoon class. Both sessions contain multiple breaks and time for students " +"to work on exercises." msgstr "" "Normalmente, impartimos las clases de 10:00 a 16:00, con una pausa para " "comer de una hora. Esto deja 2,5 horas para la clase de la mañana y 2,5 " @@ -1210,11 +1444,11 @@ msgstr "" "sesiones más largas es que la gente puede cansarse mucho después de 6 horas " "completas de clase por la tarde." -#: src/running-the-course.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course.md:13 msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "Antes de impartir el curso, te recomdamos hacer lo siguiente:" -#: src/running-the-course.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course.md:15 msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " @@ -1229,12 +1463,13 @@ msgstr "" "junto a \"Notas del orador\"). De esta manera, tendrás una pantalla " "despejada para mostrar a la clase." -#: src/running-the-course.md:24 +#: src/running-the-course.md:21 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " -"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " -"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " -"helps them process all the information we give them." +"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes four days, we recommend that you " +"schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that they " +"find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process all " +"the information we give them." msgstr "" "Decide bien las fechas. Dado que el curso dura al menos tres días completos, " "te recomendamos que repartas los días a lo largo de dos semanas. Los " @@ -1242,7 +1477,7 @@ msgstr "" "el curso, ya que les ayuda a procesar toda la información que les " "proporcionamos." -#: src/running-the-course.md:29 +#: src/running-the-course.md:26 msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " @@ -1260,7 +1495,7 @@ msgstr "" "portátiles. Además, como instructor, programarás mucho en directo, por lo " "que un atril no te resultará muy útil." -#: src/running-the-course.md:37 +#: src/running-the-course.md:34 msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " @@ -1276,7 +1511,7 @@ msgstr "" "demoras al pasar de una página a otra. También podrás corregir las erratas a " "medida que tú o los participantes del curso las detectéis." -#: src/running-the-course.md:43 +#: src/running-the-course.md:40 msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " @@ -1295,7 +1530,7 @@ msgstr "" "enséñales dónde encontrar la información importante en la biblioteca " "estándar." -#: src/running-the-course.md:51 +#: src/running-the-course.md:48 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" @@ -1303,7 +1538,7 @@ msgstr "" "Eso es todo. ¡Buena suerte con el curso! Esperamos que te diviertas tanto " "como nosotros." -#: src/running-the-course.md:54 +#: src/running-the-course.md:51 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " @@ -1322,50 +1557,170 @@ msgid "Rust Fundamentals" msgstr "Fundamentos de Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The first three days make up [Rust Fundaments](../welcome-day-1.md). The " -"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground:" +"The first four days make up [Rust Fundamentals](../welcome-day-1.md). The " +"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!" msgstr "" "Los primeros tres días forman los [Fundamentos de Rust](../welcome-day-1." "md). Los días son muy intensos y cubrimos mucho terreno:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10 -msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." -msgstr "" -"Día 1: Rust Básico, sintaxis, control de flujo, creación y consumo de " -"valores." +#, fuzzy +msgid "Course schedule:" +msgstr "Estructura del curso" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 -msgid "" -"Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard " -"library." +msgid "Day 1 Morning (3 hours, including breaks)" msgstr "" -"Día 2: Gestión de memoria, _ownership_ (propiedad), tipos de datos " -"compuestos y la biblioteca estándar." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12 -msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 +msgid "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Día 3: Genéricos, _traits_, gestión de errores, pruebas y _unsafe_ " -"(inseguro) Rust." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14 +msgid "[Types and Values](../types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:15 +msgid "[Control Flow Basics](../control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 +msgid "Day 1 Afternoon (2 hours and 55 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:17 +msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 +msgid "[References](../references.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 +msgid "[User-Defined Types](../user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:20 +msgid "Day 2 Morning (3 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21 +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "[Pattern Matching](../pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" +"Consulta de nuevo la sección de [coincidencia de patrones](../pattern-" +"matching.md) para obtener más información sobre los patrones de Rust." + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:23 +msgid "[Methods and Traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:24 +msgid "[Generics](../generics.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la tarde" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:26 +msgid "[Standard Library Types](../std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 +msgid "[Standard Library Traits](../std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:28 +msgid "Day 3 Morning (2 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:29 +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30 +msgid "[Memory Management](../memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:31 +msgid "[Smart Pointers](../smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:32 +msgid "Day 3 Afternoon (2 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:33 +msgid "[Borrowing](../borrowing.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 +msgid "" +"[Slices and Lifetimes](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:35 +msgid "Day 4 Morning (3 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37 +msgid "[Iterators](../iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:38 +msgid "[Modules](../modules.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39 +msgid "[Testing](../testing.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40 +msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:41 +msgid "[Error Handling](../error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:42 +msgid "[Unsafe Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "Información más detallada" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " +"In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Además de la clase de 3 días sobre los fundamentos de Rust, abordamos " "algunos temas más especializados:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 msgid "Rust in Android" msgstr "Rust en Android" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:52 msgid "" "The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " "Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " @@ -1375,7 +1730,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust para el desarrollo de la plataforma Android. En él se incluye la " "interoperabilidad con C, C++ y Java." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:56 msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" @@ -1389,7 +1744,7 @@ msgstr "" "`src/android/` a la raíz del AOSP. De esta forma, el sistema de compilación " "de Android verá los archivos `Android.bp` en `src/android/`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " @@ -1400,11 +1755,31 @@ msgstr "" "build_all.sh`. Lee el script para ver los comandos que corren y asegúrate " "que funcionan cuando lo corres a mano." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:68 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Rust en Android" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:70 +msgid "" +"The [Rust in Chromium](../chromium.md) deep dive is a half-day course on " +"using Rust as part of the Chromium browser. It includes using Rust in " +"Chromium's `gn` build system, bringing in third-party libraries (\"crates\") " +"and C++ interoperability." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:75 +msgid "" +"You will need to be able to build Chromium --- a debug, component build is " +"[recommended](../chromium/setup.md) for speed but any build will work. " +"Ensure that you can run the Chromium browser that you've built." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:79 msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:81 msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " "using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " @@ -1414,7 +1789,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust para el desarrollo bare-metal (insertado). Se tratarán tanto " "microcontroladores como procesadores de aplicaciones." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:43 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:85 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " @@ -1426,11 +1801,11 @@ msgstr "" "org/). Todo el mundo deberá instalar una serie de paquetes, tal como se " "describe en la [página de bienvenida](../bare-metal.md)." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:90 msgid "Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Concurrencia en Rust" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:92 msgid "" "The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " "on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." @@ -1438,7 +1813,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Concurrencia en profundidad](../concurrency.md) es una clase de un día " "sobre la concurrencia clásica y la concurrencia `async`/`await`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:53 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:95 msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " @@ -1448,27 +1823,11 @@ msgstr "" "dependencias. A continuación, podrás copiar y pegar los ejemplos en `src/" "main.rs` para experimentar con ellos:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:57 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo init concurrency\n" -"cd concurrency\n" -"cargo add tokio --features full\n" -"cargo run\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo init concurrency\n" -"cd concurrency\n" -"cargo add tokio --features full\n" -"cargo run\n" -"```" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:64 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:106 msgid "Format" msgstr "Formato" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:66 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:108 msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" @@ -1524,28 +1883,53 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." -"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) and " +"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " +"by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" +"wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/" +"kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://" +"github.com/superwhd), [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK), and [@nodmp]" +"(https://github.com/nodmp)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:10 +msgid "" +"[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " +"by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" +"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), [@kuanhungchen](https://" +"github.com/kuanhungchen), and [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/" +"johnathan79717)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:12 msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" -"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and " +"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), and " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 +msgid "" +"[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]" +"(https://github.com/deavid)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:15 msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "" "Cambia el idioma con el selector situado en la esquina superior derecha." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "Traducciones Incompletas" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" @@ -1553,32 +1937,32 @@ msgstr "" "Hay muchas traducciones todavía en curso. A continuación, incluimos enlaces " "a las traducciones más actualizadas:" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22 msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:23 msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:24 msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:25 msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:27 msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " @@ -1605,26 +1989,38 @@ msgstr "" "una breve descripción de lo que es Cargo, cómo se integra en el ecosistema " "más amplio y cómo encaja en esta formación." -#: src/cargo.md:8 +#: src/cargo.md:9 msgid "Installation" msgstr "Instalación" -#: src/cargo.md:10 +#: src/cargo.md:11 msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" msgstr "**Sigue las instrucciones que se indican en .**" -#: src/cargo.md:12 +#: src/cargo.md:13 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " "(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " -"use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc." +"use to install to different compiler versions." msgstr "" "De este modo, obtendrás la herramienta de compilación de Cargo (`cargo`) y " "el compilador de Rust (`rustc`). También obtendrás `rustup`, una utilidad de " "línea de comandos que puedes utilizar para instalar o cambiar cadenas de " "herramientas, configurar la compilación cruzada, etc." -#: src/cargo.md:16 +#: src/cargo.md:17 +msgid "" +"After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with " +"Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-" +"analyzer.github.io/), which provides auto-completion and jump-to-definition " +"functionality for [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://" +"rust-analyzer.github.io/manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-" +"analyzer.github.io/manual.html#vimneovim), and many others. There is also a " +"different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " @@ -1637,42 +2033,6 @@ msgstr "" "`apt`. Sin embargo, solo podrás conseguir una versión de Rust obsoleta que " "podría dar lugar a comportamientos inesperados. El comando es el siguiente:" -#: src/cargo.md:18 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" -"```" - -#: src/cargo.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " -"(but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-" -"analyzer.github.io/))." -msgstr "" -"Recomendamos usar [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) para editar el " -"código (aunque cualquier editor compatible con LSP funciona con [rust-" -"analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/))." - -#: src/cargo.md:24 -msgid "" -"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" -"clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " -"tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www." -"jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging " -"only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." -msgstr "" -"A algunos compañeros también les gusta usar la familia [JetBrains](https://" -"www.jetbrains.com/clion/) de IDEs, que hacen sus propios análisis, pero " -"también tienen inconvenientes. Si lo prefieres, puedes instalar el [Rust " -"Plugin](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Ten en cuenta que, a partir de " -"enero del 2023, la depuración solo funciona en la versión CLion del paquete " -"de JetBrains IDEA." - #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "El ecosistema de Rust" @@ -1707,9 +2067,10 @@ msgstr "" "unitarias." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " -"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " +"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust are " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." @@ -1721,14 +2082,10 @@ msgstr "" "versiones de Rust instaladas a la vez y `rustup` te permitirá cambiar de una " "a otra según lo necesites." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30 -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:55 -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world/hello-world.md:26 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:39 src/references/exclusive.md:20 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:69 src/memory-management/move.md:153 +#: src/error-handling/try.md:53 src/android/setup.md:18 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Puntos clave:" @@ -1765,7 +2122,7 @@ msgstr "" "Las dependencias también pueden resolverse desde \\[registros\\] " "alternativos, git, carpetas, etc." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35 msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." @@ -1773,7 +2130,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust también tiene varias \\[ediciones\\]: la más actual es Rust 2021. Las " "ediciones anteriores son Rust 2015 y Rust 2018." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38 msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." @@ -1781,7 +2138,7 @@ msgstr "" "Las ediciones pueden introducir cambios de incompatibilidad con versiones " "anteriores en el lenguaje." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41 msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." @@ -1789,7 +2146,7 @@ msgstr "" "Para evitar que se rompa el código, las ediciones son opcionales: selecciona " "la edición para tu crate a través del archivo `Cargo.toml`." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44 msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." @@ -1797,7 +2154,7 @@ msgstr "" "Para evitar la división del ecosistema, los compiladores de Rust pueden " "mezclar el código escrito para distintas ediciones." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47 msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." @@ -1805,30 +2162,31 @@ msgstr "" "Hay que mencionar que es bastante raro utilizar el compilador directamente y " "no a través de `cargo` (la mayoría de los usuarios nunca lo hacen)." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " -"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " -"not limited to: " +"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " +"not limited to:" msgstr "" "Vale la pena mencionar que Cargo en sí es una herramienta extremadamente " "poderosa e integral. Es capaz de hacer muchas cosas avanzadas y no " "limitadas a: " -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "Estructura del proyecto/package " -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "" "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html) " -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "Manejo/Caché de Dependencias de Desarrollo y de Runtime " -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:56 msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" @@ -1836,19 +2194,19 @@ msgstr "" "Consulta el libro [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-" "layout.html)." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:57 msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:58 msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." msgstr "Consulta más información en el \\[libro oficial de Cargo\\]." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:60 msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "" @@ -1881,19 +2239,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "Los bloques de código de este curso son totalmente interactivos:" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:15 src/cargo/running-locally.md:46 +msgid "\"Edit me!\"" msgstr "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid "You can use " @@ -1949,29 +2297,13 @@ msgstr "" "funcionen. En el momento en que se redactó este documento, los números de " "las últimas versiones estables de Rust eran los siguientes:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"% rustc --version\n" -"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" -"% cargo --version\n" -"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"% rustc --version\n" -"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" -"% cargo --version\n" -"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" -"```" - -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:16 msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " "compatibility." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18 msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" @@ -1979,57 +2311,25 @@ msgstr "" "Una vez hecho lo anterior, sigue estos pasos para compilar un binario de " "Rust a partir de uno de los ejemplos de la formación:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:21 msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "" "Haz clic en el botón \"Copiar en el portapapeles\" del ejemplo que quieras " "copiar." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:23 msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" "Usa `cargo new exercise` para crear un directorio `exercise/` para tu código:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:24 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo new exercise\n" -" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo new exercise\n" -" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" -"```" - -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:30 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" "Ve a `exercise/` y usa `cargo run` para compilar y ejecutar tu binario:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:31 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cd exercise\n" -"$ cargo run\n" -" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" -" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" -" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" -"Hello, world!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cd exercise\n" -"$ cargo run\n" -" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" -" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" -" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" -"Hola Mundo!\n" -"```" - -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" @@ -2038,43 +2338,11 @@ msgstr "" "ejemplo, si usamos el ejemplo de la página anterior, podemos hacer que `src/" "main.rs` tenga el siguiente aspecto:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:43 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:50 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "Usa `cargo run` para hacer build y ejecutar tu binario actualizado:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:51 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo run\n" -" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" -" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" -" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" -"Edit me!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo run\n" -" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" -" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" -" Running `target/debug/ejercicio`\n" -"Modifícame!\n" -"```" - -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:60 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" @@ -2086,7 +2354,7 @@ msgstr "" "para una versión de depuración normal. Usa `cargo build --release` para " "generar una compilación de lanzamiento optimizada en `target/release/`." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:65 msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " @@ -2096,7 +2364,7 @@ msgstr "" "comandos `cargo`, se descargarán y compilarán automáticamente las " "dependencias que falten." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:73 msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " @@ -2117,7 +2385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Este es el primer día de Comprehensive Rust. Hoy trataremos muchos temas:" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:5 msgid "" "Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, " "references, functions, and methods." @@ -2125,30 +2393,67 @@ msgstr "" "Sintaxis básica Rust: variables, scalar y tipos compuestos, enums, structs, " "references, funciones, y métodos." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 -msgid "" -"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " -"`continue`." -msgstr "" -"Control de flujo: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, y " -"`continue`." +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Types and type inference." +msgstr "Inferencia de tipos" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:8 +msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 +msgid "User-defined types: structs and enums." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:10 msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "" "Emparejamiento de Patrones: desestructuración de enums, structs y arrays." +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 src/welcome-day-2.md:12 src/welcome-day-3.md:9 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:11 +msgid "Schedule" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:14 src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:14 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:13 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "In this session:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:15 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 +msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:17 +msgid "[Types and Values](./types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 +msgid "[Control Flow Basics](./control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:26 msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "Recuerda a los alumnos lo siguiente:" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:28 msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." msgstr "" "Deben hacer las preguntas cuando surgen, no las guarden hasta el final." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" @@ -2156,26 +2461,26 @@ msgstr "" "El curso está pensado para ser muy interactivo, por lo que te recomendamos " "que dejes que las preguntas guíen el aprendizaje de Rust." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:30 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " -"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " -"language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " -"allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " -"communication." +"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other language. " +"It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing " +"discussions since they engage people much more than one-way communication." msgstr "" "Como instructor, debes intentar llevar discusiones relevantes, por ejemplo, " "mantener relación de cómo Rust hace las cosas vs otros lenguajes. Puede " "costar encontrar un balance adecuado, pero permite llevar un debate que " "atraiga la atención de la gente por sobre un discurso unidireccional." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:34 msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." msgstr "" "Las preguntas deberían ser sobre cosas acerca del contenido de los slides." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:35 msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " "Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as " @@ -2185,43 +2490,53 @@ msgstr "" "Recuerda que los slides son solo un soporte y tienes libertad de saltearlos " "cuando quieras." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 -msgid "" -"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " -"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " -"major feature and we should show students this right away." -msgstr "" -"La idea del primer día es mostrar _lo suficiente_ de Rustcomo para poder " -"hablar del famoso _borrow checker_. La forma en que Rust gestiona la memoria " -"es una característica importante y debemos mostrarla a los estudiantes desde " -"el principio." - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 -msgid "" -"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " -"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" -msgstr "" -"Si estás impartiendo el curso en un aula, este es un buen lugar para repasar " -"el calendario. Te recomendamos que dividas el día en dos partes (siguiendo " -"las diapositivas):" - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 -msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," -msgstr "Mañana: 9:00 to 12:00," - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37 -msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." -msgstr "Tarde: de 13:00 a 16:00." - #: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 msgid "" -"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " -"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +"The idea for the first day is to show the \"basic\" things in Rust that " +"should have immediate parallels in other languages. The more advanced parts " +"of Rust come on the subsequent days." msgstr "" -"Por supuesto, puedes ajustar las horas según lo necesites. No olvides " -"incluir pausas, recomendamos hacer un descanso cada hora." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:43 +msgid "" +"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " +"schedule. Note that there is an exercise at the end of each segment, " +"followed by a break. Plan to cover the exercise solution after the break. " +"The times listed here are a suggestion in order to keep the course on " +"schedule. Feel free to be flexible and adjust as necessary!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:3 src/types-and-values.md:3 src/control-flow-basics.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 src/references.md:3 src/user-defined-types.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 src/methods-and-traits.md:3 src/generics.md:3 +#: src/std-types.md:3 src/std-traits.md:3 src/memory-management.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers.md:3 src/borrowing.md:3 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:3 +#: src/iterators.md:3 src/modules.md:3 src/testing.md:3 src/error-handling.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:3 +msgid "In this segment:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:4 +msgid "[What is Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:5 +msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world/hello-world.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:6 +msgid "[Benefits of Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:7 +msgid "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:9 +msgid "This segment should take about 20 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" @@ -2229,15 +2544,15 @@ msgstr "" "Rust es un nuevo lenguaje de programación que lanzó su versión [1.0 en el " "2015](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:5 msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "Rust es un lenguaje compilado estático similar a C++" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:6 msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc` usa LLVM como backend." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:7 msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" @@ -2245,123 +2560,114 @@ msgstr "" "Rust es compatible con muchas [plataformas y arquitecturas](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:9 msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:10 msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:11 msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "Rust se utiliza en una gran variedad de dispositivos:" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:12 msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "firmware y cargadores de inicio," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:13 msgid "smart displays," msgstr "pantallas inteligentes," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:14 msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "teléfonos móviles," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:15 msgid "desktops," msgstr "ordenadores," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:16 msgid "servers." msgstr "servidores." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:21 msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "Rust satisface las mismas necesidades que C++:" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:23 msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "Gran flexibilidad." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:24 msgid "High level of control." msgstr "Nivel alto de control." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:25 msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "" "Se puede reducir verticalmente a dispositivos muy limitados, como los " "microcontroladores." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:26 msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "No tiene _runtime_ ni _garbage collection_." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:27 msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" "Se centra en la fiabilidad y la seguridad sin sacrificar el rendimiento." -#: src/hello-world.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:3 msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" msgstr "Vamos a hablar del programa Rust más simple, un clásico Hola Mundo:" -#: src/hello-world.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:8 +msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" msgstr "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Hola 🌍!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -#: src/hello-world.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:12 msgid "What you see:" msgstr "Lo que ves:" -#: src/hello-world.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:14 msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "Las funciones se introducen con `fn`." -#: src/hello-world.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:15 msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "Los bloques se delimitan con llaves, como en C y C++." -#: src/hello-world.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:16 msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "La función `main` es el punto de entrada del programa." -#: src/hello-world.md:17 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:17 msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "Rust tiene macros higiénicas, como por ejemplo `println!`." -#: src/hello-world.md:18 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:18 msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" "Las cadenas de Rust están codificadas en UTF-8 y pueden contener caracteres " "Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:22 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:23 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " -"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something " +"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "Con esta diapositiva se intenta que los alumnos se sientan cómodos con el " "código de Rust. En los próximos tres días lo verán mucho, así que " "empezaremos con algo que ya conocemos." -#: src/hello-world.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:28 msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " "imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." @@ -2369,20 +2675,21 @@ msgstr "" "Rust es muy similar a otros lenguajes, como C, C++ o Java. Es imperativo y " "no intenta reinventar las cosas a menos que sea absolutamente necesario." -#: src/hello-world.md:31 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:31 msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "Rust es moderno y totalmente compatible con sistemas como Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:33 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:33 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " -"arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." +"arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))." msgstr "" "Rust utiliza macros en situaciones en las que se desea tener un número " "variable de argumentos (sin [sobrecarga](basic-syntax/functions-interlude." "md) de funciones)." -#: src/hello-world.md:36 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:36 msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " @@ -2394,7 +2701,7 @@ msgstr "" "realidad, las macros de Rust solo son [parcialmente higiénicas](https://" "veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." -#: src/hello-world.md:40 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " @@ -2407,119 +2714,103 @@ msgstr "" "[conceptos funcionales](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-" "features.html)." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 -msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" -msgstr "A continuación, se muestra un pequeño programa de ejemplo de Rust:" - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() { // Program entry point\n" -" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" -" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" -" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" -" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() { // Punto de entrada del programa\n" -" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Variable mutable vinculante\n" -" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro para printing, como printf\n" -" while x != 1 { // Sin paréntesis alrededor de las expresiones\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 { // Operaciones matemáticas como en otros lenguajes\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" -" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 -msgid "" -"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " -"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " -"different inputs." -msgstr "" -"El código implementa la conjetura de Collatz: se cree que el bucle terminará " -"siempre, pero aún no se ha demostrado. Edita el código y prueba con " -"diferentes entradas." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 -msgid "" -"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " -"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " -"overflow." -msgstr "" -"Explica que todas las variables están tipadas estáticamente. Prueba a quitar " -"`i32` para activar la inferencia de tipos. Prueba con `i8` y provoca un " -"desbordamiento de enteros en _runtime_." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 -msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." -msgstr "Cambia `let mut x` por `let x` y discute el error del compilador." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 -msgid "" -"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the " -"format string." -msgstr "" -"Muestra cómo `print!` da un error de compilación si los argumentos no " -"coinciden con la cadena de formato." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 -msgid "" -"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " -"expression which is more complex than just a single variable." -msgstr "" -"Muestra cómo se debe usar `{}` como marcador de posición para poder imprimir " -"una expresión más compleja que una sola variable." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 -msgid "" -"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" -"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " -"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." -msgstr "" -"Muestra a los alumnos la biblioteca estándar y cómo buscar `std::fmt`, que " -"tiene las reglas del mini-lenguaje de formato. Es importante que los alumnos " -"se familiaricen con la búsqueda en la biblioteca estándar." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 -msgid "" -"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " -"documentation" -msgstr "" -"En un shell, `rustup doc std::fmt` abrirá un navegador en la documentación " -"local de std::fmt." - -#: src/why-rust.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:3 msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Estas son algunas de las ventajas competitivas de Rust:" -#: src/why-rust.md:5 -msgid "Compile time memory safety." -msgstr "Seguridad de la memoria en tiempo de compilación." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:5 +msgid "" +"_Compile time memory safety_ - whole classes of memory bugs are prevented at " +"compile time" +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust.md:6 -msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." -msgstr "Ausencia de comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:7 +msgid "No uninitialized variables." +msgstr "No hay variables no inicializadas." -#: src/why-rust.md:7 -msgid "Modern language features." -msgstr "Características de lenguajes modernos." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:8 +msgid "No double-frees." +msgstr "No hay errores double free." -#: src/why-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:9 +msgid "No use-after-free." +msgstr "No hay errores use-after-free." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:10 +msgid "No `NULL` pointers." +msgstr "No hay punteros `NULL`." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:11 +msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." +msgstr "No se olvidan las exclusiones mutuas bloqueadas." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:12 +msgid "No data races between threads." +msgstr "No hay condiciones de carrera de datos entre hilos." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:13 +msgid "No iterator invalidation." +msgstr "No se invalidan los iteradores." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:15 +msgid "" +"_No undefined runtime behavior_ - what a Rust statement does is never left " +"unspecified" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:17 +msgid "Array access is bounds checked." +msgstr "Se comprueban los límites de acceso a los arrays." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:18 +msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." +msgstr "Se define el desbordamiento de enteros (_panic_ o _wrap-around_)." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:20 +msgid "" +"_Modern language features_ - as expressive and ergonomic as higher-level " +"languages" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:22 +msgid "Enums and pattern matching." +msgstr "Enumeraciones (_Enums_) y coincidencia de patrones." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:23 +msgid "Generics." +msgstr "Genéricos" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:24 +msgid "No overhead FFI." +msgstr "Sin _overhead_ de FFI." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:25 +msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." +msgstr "Abstracciones sin coste." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:26 +msgid "Great compiler errors." +msgstr "Excelentes errores de compilación." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:27 +msgid "Built-in dependency manager." +msgstr "Gestor de dependencias integrado." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:28 +msgid "Built-in support for testing." +msgstr "Asistencia integrada para pruebas." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:29 +msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." +msgstr "Compatibilidad excelente con el protocolo del servidor de lenguaje." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:34 +msgid "" +"Do not spend much time here. All of these points will be covered in more " +"depth later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:37 msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" @@ -2528,7 +2819,7 @@ msgstr "" "Dependiendo de la respuesta puedes destacar diferentes características de " "Rust:" -#: src/why-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:40 msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " @@ -2541,7 +2832,7 @@ msgstr "" "obtienes un lenguaje moderno con elementos como la coincidencia de patrones " "y la gestión de dependencias integrado." -#: src/why-rust.md:19 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:45 msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " @@ -2554,448 +2845,205 @@ msgstr "" "rápido y predecible como en C y C++ (sin recolector de memoria residual), " "así como acceso a hardware de bajo nivel (si lo necesitas)." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 -msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" -msgstr "Gestión estática de la memoria en tiempo de compilación:" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 -msgid "No uninitialized variables." -msgstr "No hay variables no inicializadas." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6 -msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." -msgstr "No hay pérdidas de memoria (_casi siempre_, consulta las notas)." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7 -msgid "No double-frees." -msgstr "No hay errores double free." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8 -msgid "No use-after-free." -msgstr "No hay errores use-after-free." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9 -msgid "No `NULL` pointers." -msgstr "No hay punteros `NULL`." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10 -msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." -msgstr "No se olvidan las exclusiones mutuas bloqueadas." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11 -msgid "No data races between threads." -msgstr "No hay condiciones de carrera de datos entre hilos." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12 -msgid "No iterator invalidation." -msgstr "No se invalidan los iteradores." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:3 msgid "" -"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" +"The [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) provides an easy way to " +"run short Rust programs, and is the basis for the examples and exercises in " +"this course. Try running the \"hello-world\" program it starts with. It " +"comes with a few handy features:" msgstr "" -"Es posible producir pérdidas de memoria en (_safe_) Rust. Estos son algunos " -"ejemplos:" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:8 msgid "" -"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." -"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" -"initialized and runtime-sized static variables" +"Under \"Tools\", use the `rustfmt` option to format your code in the " +"\"standard\" way." msgstr "" -"Puedes usar [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." -"html#method.leak) para perder un puntero. Esto podría usarse para obtener " -"variables estáticas iniciadas y medidas en _runtime_." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:11 msgid "" -"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." -"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor " -"is never run)." +"Rust has two main \"profiles\" for generating code: Debug (extra runtime " +"checks, less optimization) and Release (fewer runtime checks, lots of " +"optimization). These are accessible under \"Debug\" at the top." msgstr "" -"Puedes usar [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." -"html) para que el compilador \"olvide\" un valor (lo que significa que el " -"destructor nunca se ejecuta)." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:15 msgid "" -"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." +"If you're interested, use \"ASM\" under \"...\" to see the generated " +"assembly code." msgstr "" -"También puedes crear por accidente una [referencia circular](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) con `Rc` o `Arc`." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:21 msgid "" -"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak " -"and Rust does not protect from those." +"As students head into the break, encourage them to open up the playground " +"and experiment a little. Encourage them to keep the tab open and try things " +"out during the rest of the course. This is particularly helpful for advanced " +"students who want to know more about Rust's optimizations or generated " +"assembly." msgstr "" -"De hecho, algunos consideran que poblar de forma infinita una colección es " -"una fuga de memoria y Rust no protege de ellas." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values.md:4 +msgid "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md:5 +msgid "[Values](./types-and-values/values.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md:6 +msgid "[Arithmetic](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md:7 +msgid "[Strings](./types-and-values/strings.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md:8 +msgid "[Type Inference](./types-and-values/inference.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md:9 +msgid "[Exercise: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md:11 src/testing.md:12 src/unsafe-rust.md:12 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as " -"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." +"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " +"`let`:" msgstr "" -"En este curso, \"sin pérdidas de memoria\" debe entenderse como\n" -" \"casi ninguna pérdida de memoria _accidental_\"." +"Rust ofrece seguridad de tipos mediante tipado estático. De forma " +"predeterminada, los enlaces a variables son inmutables:" -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 -msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" -msgstr "No hay comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_:" +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:9 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:34 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:17 +msgid "\"x: {x}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 -msgid "Array access is bounds checked." -msgstr "Se comprueban los límites de acceso a los arrays." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 -msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." -msgstr "Se define el desbordamiento de enteros (_panic_ o _wrap-around_)." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:10 msgid "" -"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " -"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " -"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " -"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " -"build --release`)." +"// x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" msgstr "" -"El overflow en Integer es definido vía un _flag_ en tiempo de compilación. " -"Las opciones son alertas panic (un crash controlado del programa) o una " -"semántica de _wrap-around_. Por defecto, obtienes el alerta en modo " -"depuración (`cargo build`) y _wrap-around_ en el modo release (`cargo build —" -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:18 msgid "" -"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " -"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " -"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds " -"checking." +"Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " +"default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." msgstr "" -"La comprobación de límites no se puede deshabilitar con una bandera de " -"compilador. Tampoco se puede inhabilitar directamente con la palabra clave " -"`unsafe`. Sin embargo, `unsafe` te permite llamar a funciones como `slice::" -"get_unchecked`, que no realiza comprobaciones de límites." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 -msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." -msgstr "" -"Rust se ha creado a partir de toda la experiencia obtenida en las últimas " -"décadas." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 -msgid "Language Features" -msgstr "Características del Lenguaje" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 -msgid "Enums and pattern matching." -msgstr "Enumeraciones (_Enums_) y coincidencia de patrones." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8 -msgid "Generics." -msgstr "Genéricos" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9 -msgid "No overhead FFI." -msgstr "Sin _overhead_ de FFI." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10 -msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." -msgstr "Abstracciones sin coste." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12 -msgid "Tooling" -msgstr "Herramientas" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14 -msgid "Great compiler errors." -msgstr "Excelentes errores de compilación." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15 -msgid "Built-in dependency manager." -msgstr "Gestor de dependencias integrado." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16 -msgid "Built-in support for testing." -msgstr "Asistencia integrada para pruebas." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 -msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." -msgstr "Compatibilidad excelente con el protocolo del servidor de lenguaje." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:21 msgid "" -"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' " -"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, " -"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level " -"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." +"The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " +"time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " +"many cases." msgstr "" -"Las abstracciones sin coste, similares a las de C++, significan que no " -"tienes que 'pagar' por construcciones de programación de alto nivel con " -"memoria o CPU. Por ejemplo, escribir un bucle utilizando `for` debería dar " -"como resultado prácticamente las mismas instrucciones de bajo nivel que con " -"la construcción `.iter().fold()`." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:3 msgid "" -"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also " -"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like " -"`Option` and `Result`." +"Here are some basic built-in types, and the syntax for literal values of " +"each type." msgstr "" -"Merece la pena mencionar que los enums de Rust son tipos de datos " -"algebraicos, también denominados 'tipos suma', que permiten al sistema de " -"tipos expresar cosas como `Option` y `Result`." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32 -msgid "" -"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " -"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " -"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ " -"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." -msgstr "" -"Recuerda a los alumnos que lean los errores, ya que muchos desarrolladores " -"se han acostumbrado a ignorar los largos resultados del compilador. El " -"compilador de Rust es mucho más comunicativo que otros. A menudo, te " -"proporcionará sugerencias _prácticas_, que puedes copiar y pegar en tu " -"código." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37 -msgid "" -"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, " -"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " -"and essential:" -msgstr "" -"La biblioteca estándar de Rust es pequeña en comparación con la de lenguajes " -"como Java, Python o Go. Rust no incluye elementos que se podrían considerar " -"estándar o esenciales:" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41 -msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." -msgstr "" -"un generador de números aleatorios, pero consulta [rand](https://docs.rs/" -"rand/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42 -msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." -msgstr "" -"compatibilidad con SSL o TLS, pero consulta [rusttls](https://docs.rs/" -"rustls/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 -msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." -msgstr "" -"Compatibilidad con JSON, pero consulta [serde_json](https://docs.rs/" -"serde_json/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45 -msgid "" -"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " -"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " -"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " -"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." -msgstr "" -"La razón es que la funcionalidad de la biblioteca estándar no puede " -"desaparecer, por lo que tiene que ser muy estable. En los ejemplos " -"anteriores, la comunidad de Rust todavía está trabajando para encontrar la " -"mejor solución, y puede que no exista una única \"mejor solución\" para " -"algunas de estas cuestiones." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50 -msgid "" -"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " -"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence " -"of this is that the standard library can be smaller." -msgstr "" -"Rust incluye un gestor de paquetes integrado con la forma de Cargo, lo que " -"hace que resulte sencillo descargar y compilar crates de terceros. Como " -"consecuencia, la biblioteca estándar puede ser más pequeña." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54 -msgid "" -"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to " -"find a good and trusted one." -msgstr "" -"Encontrar buenos crates de terceros puede ser un problema. Sitios como " -" te ayudan a comparar métricas de salud de crates para " -"encontrar uno bueno y fiable." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58 -msgid "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " -"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." -msgstr "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) es una implementación de " -"LSP bien respaldada y utilizada en los principales IDE y editores de texto." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:3 -msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" -msgstr "" -"Gran parte de la sintaxis de Rust te resultará familiar de C, C++ o Java:" - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:5 -msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." -msgstr "Los bloques y ámbitos están delimitados por llaves." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:6 -msgid "" -"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " -"*/`." -msgstr "" -"Los comentarios de línea empiezan por `//`, mientras que los comentarios de " -"bloque están delimitados por `/* ... */`." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:8 -msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." -msgstr "Palabras clave como `if` y `while` funcionan igual." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:9 -msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." -msgstr "" -"La asignación de variables se realiza con `=` y la comparación con `==`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 msgid "Types" msgstr "Tipos" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 msgid "Literals" msgstr "Literales" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "Enteros con signo" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "Enteros sin signo" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "Números de coma flotante" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "Strings" -msgstr "Cadenas de texto (_Strings_)" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "`&str`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "Valores escalares Unicode" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "`char`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "Booleans" msgstr "Booleanos" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "`bool`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:14 msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "Los tipos tienen la siguiente anchura:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:16 msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` son _N_ bits de capacidad," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:17 msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "`isize` y `usize` tienen el ancho de un puntero," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:18 msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "`char` tiene un tamaño de 32 bits," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:19 msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "`bool` tiene 8 bits de ancho." -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:24 msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "Hay algunas sintaxis que no se han mostrado anteriormente:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 -msgid "" -"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " -"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " -"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" -msgstr "" -"Las cadenas sin formato te permiten crear un valor `&str` con los escapes " -"inhabilitados: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. Puedes insertar comillas dobles con " -"la misma cantidad de `#` a cada lado de ellas:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(r#\"link\"#);\n" -" println!(\"link\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34 -msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" -msgstr "Las cadenas de bytes te permiten crear un valor `&[u8]` directamente:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:26 msgid "" "All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " "`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " @@ -3005,1457 +3053,127 @@ msgstr "" "para facilitar la lectura. Por lo tanto, `1_000` se puede escribir como " "`1000` (o `10_00`), y `123_i64` se puede escribir como `123i64`." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "Arrays" -msgstr "Arrays" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[T; N]`" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:9 +msgid "\"result: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "Tuples" -msgstr "Tuplas" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 -msgid "Array assignment and access:" -msgstr "Asignación y acceso a arrays:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:16 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n" -" a[5] = 0;\n" -" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"This is the first time we've seen a function other than `main`, but the " +"meaning should be clear: it takes three integers, and returns an integer. " +"Functions will be covered in more detail later." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18 -msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" -msgstr "Asignación y acceso a tuplas:" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:20 +msgid "Arithmetic is very similar to other languages, with similar precedence." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:22 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n" -" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n" -" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is " +"actually undefined, and might do different things on different platforms or " +"compilers. In Rust, it's defined." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32 -msgid "Arrays:" -msgstr "Arrays:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:26 msgid "" -"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " -"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " -"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " -"different types." +"Change the `i32`'s to `i16` to see an integer overflow, which panics " +"(checked) in a debug build and wraps in a release build. There are other " +"options, such as overflowing, saturating, and carrying. These are accessed " +"with method syntax, e.g., `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c).saturating_add(c * " +"a)`." msgstr "" -"Un valor del tipo array `[T; N]` contiene `N` (una constante en tiempo de " -"compilación) elementos del mismo tipo `T`. Ten en cuenta que la longitud del " -"array es *parte de su tipo*, lo que significa que `[u8; 3]` y `[u8; 4]` se " -"consideran dos tipos diferentes." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 -msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." -msgstr "Podemos usar literales para asignar valores a arrays." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:31 msgid "" -"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation " -"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives " -"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without " -"specifying the value after the format string." +"In fact, the compiler will detect overflow of constant expressions, which is " +"why the example requires a separate function." msgstr "" -"En la función _main_, la instrucción de impresión solicita la implementación " -"de depuración con el parámetro de formato `?`: `{}` ofrece la salida " -"predeterminada y `{:?}` ofrece la salida de depuración. También se podría " -"haber usado `{a}` y `{a:?}` sin especificar el valor después de la cadena de " -"formato." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:3 msgid "" -"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " -"easier to read." -msgstr "" -"Si se añade `#`, por ejemplo `{a:#?}`, se da formato al texto para facilitar " -"la lectura." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47 -msgid "Tuples:" -msgstr "Tuplas:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49 -msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." -msgstr "Al igual que los arrays, las tuplas tienen una longitud fija." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51 -msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." -msgstr "Las tuplas agrupan valores de diferentes tipos en un tipo compuesto." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53 -msgid "" -"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " -"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." -msgstr "" -"Se puede acceder a los campos de una tupla por el punto y el índice del " -"valor, por ejemplo, `t.0`, `t.1`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55 -msgid "" -"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " -"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its " -"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " -"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. " -msgstr "" -"La tupla vacía `()` también se conoce como \"tipo unitario\". Es a la vez un " -"tipo y el único valor válido de ese tipo, es decir, tanto el tipo como su " -"valor se expresan como `()`. Se usa para indicar, por ejemplo, que una " -"función o expresión no tiene valor de retorno, como veremos en una " -"diapositiva posterior." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59 -msgid "" -"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " -"programming languages." -msgstr "" -"Podríamos pensar en ello como `void`, que quizá resulte familiar de otros " -"lenguajes de programación." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 -msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" -msgstr "Al igual que C++, Rust tiene referencias:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n" -" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n" -" *ref_x = 20;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in " +"more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14 -msgid "Some notes:" -msgstr "Algunas notas:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16 -msgid "" -"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " -"pointers." -msgstr "" -"Debemos desreferenciar `ref_x` al asignarle un valor, de forma similar a los " -"punteros de C y C++." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17 -msgid "" -"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " -"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)." -msgstr "" -"Rust realizará una desreferencia automática en algunos casos, en especial al " -"invocar métodos (prueba `ref_x.count_ones()`)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19 -msgid "" -"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over " -"their lifetime." -msgstr "" -"Las referencias que se declaran como `mut` se pueden vincular a distintos " -"valores durante su tiempo de vida." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25 -msgid "" -"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " -"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound " -"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable " -"value." -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta la diferencia entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` y `let ref_x: &mut " -"i32`. La primera representa una referencia mutable que se puede vincular a " -"distintos valores, mientras que la segunda representa una referencia a un " -"valor mutable." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 -msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" -msgstr "Rust prohibirá estáticamente las referencias colgantes:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let ref_x: &i32;\n" -" {\n" -" let x: i32 = 10;\n" -" ref_x = &x;\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16 -msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." -msgstr "" -"Se dice que una referencia \"toma prestado\" el valor al que hace referencia." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17 -msgid "" -"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " -"enough." -msgstr "" -"Rust hace un seguimiento del tiempo de vida de todas las referencias para " -"asegurarse de que duran lo suficiente." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19 -msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." -msgstr "" -"Más adelante hablaremos de los préstamos cuando lleguemos a la parte de " -"propiedad." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 -msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" -msgstr "Un _slice_ ofrece una visión de una colección más amplia:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" -" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 -msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." -msgstr "Los slices toman prestados datos del tipo slice." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17 -msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" -msgstr "" -"Pregunta: ¿Qué ocurre si se modifica `a[3]` justo antes de imprimir `s`?" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21 -msgid "" -"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " -"indexes in brackets." -msgstr "" -"Creamos un slice tomando prestado `a` y especificando entre paréntesis los " -"índices de inicio y de fin." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23 -msgid "" -"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " -"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Si el slice comienza en el índice 0, la sintaxis de rango de Rust nos " -"permite eliminar el índice inicial, lo que significa que `&a[0..a.len()]` y " -"`&a[..a.len()]` son idénticos." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25 -msgid "" -"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Lo mismo ocurre con el último índice, por lo que `&a[2..a.len()]` y " -"`&a[2..]` son idénticos." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27 -msgid "" -"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." -msgstr "" -"Para crear fácilmente un slice del array completo, podemos usar `&a[..]`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29 -msgid "" -"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " -"computation on slices of different sizes." -msgstr "" -"`s` es una referencia a un slice de `i32`s. Ten en cuenta que el tipo de `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) ya no menciona la longitud del array. Esto nos permite realizar " -"cálculos en slices de diferentes tamaños." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31 -msgid "" -"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " -"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " -msgstr "" -"Los slices siempre tienen préstamos de otros objetos. En este ejemplo, `a` " -"tiene que permanecer \"con vida\" (en el ámbito) al menos durante el tiempo " -"que dure el slice. " - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33 -msgid "" -"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " -"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " -"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " -"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " -"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained " -"in the borrow checker section." -msgstr "" -"La cuestión sobre la modificación de `a[3]` puede suscitar un debate " -"interesante, pero la respuesta es que, por razones de seguridad de memoria, " -"no se puede hacer mediante `a` en este punto de la ejecución, pero sí se " -"pueden leer los datos de `a` y `s` de forma segura. Funciona antes de crear " -"el slice y después de `println`, cuando el slice ya no se utiliza. En la " -"sección que trata sobre el _borrow checker_ se dará más información." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 -msgid "`String` vs `str`" -msgstr "`String` o `str`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 -msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" -msgstr "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de cadenas de Rust:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n" -" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -"\n" -" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" s2.push_str(s1);\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" \n" -" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n" -" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20 -msgid "Rust terminology:" -msgstr "Terminología de Rust:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 -msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." -msgstr "`&str` es una referencia inmutable a un slice de una cadena." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23 -msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string." msgstr "`String` es un búfer de cadena mutable." -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27 -msgid "" -"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " -"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " -"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." -msgstr "" -"`&str` introduce un slice de cadena, que es una referencia inmutable a los " -"datos de cadena codificados en UTF-8 y almacenados en un bloque de memoria. " -"Los literales de cadena (`\"Hello\"`) se almacenan en el binario del " -"programa." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 -msgid "" -"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " -"`Vec`, it is owned." -msgstr "" -"El tipo `String` de Rust es un envoltorio que rodea a un vector de bytes. " -"Como sucede con `Vec`, tiene propiedad." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32 -msgid "" -"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " -"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " -"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." -msgstr "" -"Al igual que ocurre con muchos otros tipos, `String::from()` crea una cadena " -"a partir de un literal de cadena. `String::new()` crea una cadena vacía a la " -"que se pueden añadir los datos de la cadena mediante los métodos `push()` y " -"`push_str()`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35 -msgid "" -"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " -"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." -msgstr "" -"La macro `format!()` es una forma práctica de generar una cadena propia a " -"partir de valores dinámicos. Acepta la misma especificación de formato que " -"`println!()`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38 -msgid "" -"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " -"selection." -msgstr "" -"Puedes tomar prestados slices `&str` desde `String` mediante `&` y, si " -"quieres, puedes seleccionar rangos." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40 -msgid "" -"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one " -"that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " -"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " -"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." -msgstr "" -"Para los programadores de C++: piensa en `&str` como el `const char*` de C+" -"+, pero el que siempre apunta a una cadena válida en la memoria. `String` de " -"Rust es parecido a `std::string` de C++ (la diferencia principal es que " -"solo puede contener bytes codificados en UTF-8 y nunca utilizará una " -"optimización de cadena pequeña)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 -msgid "" -"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" -"Fizz_buzz) interview question:" -msgstr "" -"Una versión de Rust de la famosa pregunta de la entrevista de [FizzBuzz]" -"(https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz):" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n" -" if divisor == 0 {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -" n % divisor == 0\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n" -" let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n" -" let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n" -" if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n" -" return format!(\"{n}\");\n" -" }\n" -" format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=n {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35 -msgid "" -"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations " -"nor headers are necessary. " -msgstr "" -"En `main` hacemos referencia a una función escrita más abajo. No se " -"necesitan declaraciones de redirección ni encabezados. " - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36 -msgid "" -"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " -"programming languages), then a return type." -msgstr "" -"Los parámetros de declaración van seguidos de un tipo (al contrario que en " -"algunos lenguajes de programación) y, a continuación, de un tipo de " -"resultado devuelto." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37 -msgid "" -"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " -"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression." -msgstr "" -"La última expresión del cuerpo de una función (o de cualquier bloque) se " -"convierte en el valor devuelto. Basta con omitir el carácter `;` al final de " -"la expresión." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38 -msgid "" -"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " -"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." -msgstr "" -"Algunas funciones no devuelven ningún valor, devuelven el \"tipo unitario\", " -"`()`. El compilador deducirá esto si se omite el tipo de retorno `-> ()`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 -msgid "" -"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " -"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." -msgstr "" -"La expresión de rango del bucle `for` en `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contiene " -"`=n`, lo que hace que incluya el límite superior." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 -msgid "" -"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." -msgstr "" -"Todos los elementos del lenguaje de Rust se pueden documentar con la " -"sintaxis especial `///`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " -"argument.\n" -"///\n" -"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" -"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" -" if rhs == 0 {\n" -" return false; // Corner case, early return\n" -" }\n" -" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " -"value\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17 -msgid "" -"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " -"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " -"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." -msgstr "" -"El contenido se trata como Markdown. Todos los crates de la biblioteca de " -"Rust publicados se documentan automáticamente\n" -" en [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) mediante la herramienta \n" -"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html). Es " -"propio\n" -"documentar todos los elementos públicos de una API usando este patrón." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24 -msgid "" -"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]" -"(https://docs.rs/rand)." -msgstr "" -"Muestra a los alumnos los documentos generados para el crate `rand` en " -"[`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27 -msgid "" -"This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in " -"real code they should be present." -msgstr "" -"Este curso no incluye diapositivas sobre rustdoc para ahorrar espacio, pero " -"deben aparecer en el código real." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30 -msgid "" -"Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not " -"be addressed here." -msgstr "" -"Los comentarios internos de los documentos se tratarán más adelante (en la " -"página de módulos), no es necesario tratarlos aquí." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 -msgid "" -"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " -"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" -"testing/doc-tests.html)." -msgstr "" -"Los comentarios de rustdoc pueden contener fragmentos de código que podemos " -"ejecutar y probar utilizando `cargo test`. Hablaremos de esto en la [sección " -"de pruebas](../testing/doc-tests.html)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 -msgid "" -"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " -"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" -msgstr "" -"Los métodos son funciones asociadas a un tipo. El argumento `self` de un " -"método es una instancia del tipo al que está asociada:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Rectangle {\n" -" width: u32,\n" -" height: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Rectangle {\n" -" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" self.width * self.height\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n" -" self.width += delta;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n" -" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n" -" rect.inc_width(5);\n" -" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 -msgid "" -"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " -"class." -msgstr "" -"Abordaremos en mayor profundidad los métodos en el ejercicio de hoy y en la " -"clase de mañana." - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 -msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" -msgstr "" -"Añade un método estático denominado `Rectangle::new` y llámalo desde `main`:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" -" Rectangle { width, height }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" -" Rectangle { width, height }\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 -msgid "" -"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods " -"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual " -"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See " -"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." -msgstr "" -"Aunque _técnicamente_ Rust no tiene constructores personalizados, los " -"métodos estáticos se utilizan habitualmente para inicializar estructuras, " -"pero no es obligatorio. El constructor real, `Rectangle { width, height }`, " -"podría llamarse directamente. Consulta el [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 -msgid "" -"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " -"static methods can take arbitrary parameters." -msgstr "" -"Añade un constructor `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` para mostrar que esos " -"métodos estáticos puede utilizar parámetros arbitrarios." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 -msgid "Function Overloading" -msgstr "Sobrecarga de funciones" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 -msgid "Overloading is not supported:" -msgstr "No se admite la sobrecarga:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 -msgid "Each function has a single implementation:" -msgstr "Cada función tiene una única implementación:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6 -msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." -msgstr "Siempre se utiliza un número fijo de parámetros." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7 -msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types." -msgstr "Siempre se utiliza un único conjunto de tipos de parámetros." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8 -msgid "Default values are not supported:" -msgstr "No se admiten valores predeterminados:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9 -msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." -msgstr "Todos los sitios de llamada tienen el mismo número de argumentos." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10 -msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." -msgstr "A veces, se utilizan macros como alternativa." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 -msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" -msgstr "Sin embargo, los parámetros de función pueden ser genéricos:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n" -" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n" -" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27 -msgid "" -"When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of " -"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later " -"section." -msgstr "" -"Cuando se utilizan genéricos, el `Into` de la biblioteca estándar puede " -"proporcionar una especie de polimorfismo limitado en los tipos de " -"argumentos. Veremos más información al respecto en una sección posterior." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Día 1: ejercicios de la mañana" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 -msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" -msgstr "En estos ejercicios, estudiaremos dos partes de Rust:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 -msgid "Implicit conversions between types." -msgstr "Conversiones implícitas entre tipos." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 -msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." -msgstr "Arrays y bucles `for`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 -msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" -msgstr "Ten en cuenta lo siguiente a la hora de resolver los ejercicios:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 -msgid "" -"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" -"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) " -"for details on installing Rust." -msgstr "" -"Si es posible, utiliza una instalación local de Rust. De esta forma, podrás " -"autocompletar datos en tu editor. Consulta la página sobre \\[cómo usar " -"Cargo\\] para obtener más información sobre cómo instalar Rust." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 -msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." -msgstr "También puedes usar el playground de Rust." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 -msgid "" -"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose " -"their state if you navigate away from the page." -msgstr "" -"Los fragmentos de código no son editables a propósito: los que están " -"insertados pierden su estado si se sale de la página." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"morning.md) provided." -msgstr "" -"Después de realizar los ejercicios, puedes consultar las [soluciones]" -"(solutions-morning.md) correspondientes." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " -"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" -msgstr "" -"Rust no aplicará automáticamente _conversiones implícitas_ entre tipos ([a " -"diferencia de C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). Puedes ver un ejemplo de esto en el siguiente " -"programa:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n" -" x * y\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x: i8 = 15;\n" -" let y: i16 = 1000;\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19 -msgid "" -"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The " -"`From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into` " -"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type " -"expresses that it can be converted into another type." -msgstr "" -"Todos los tipos de enteros de Rust implementan los traits [`From`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) y [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) para permitirnos " -"realizar conversiones entre ellos. El trait `From` tiene un único método " -"`from()` y, del mismo modo, el trait `Into` tiene un único método " -"`into()`. Un tipo expresa que se puede convertir en otro tipo implementando " -"estos traits." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25 -msgid "" -"The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " -"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " -"calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for " -"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for " -"i8`." -msgstr "" -"La biblioteca estándar implementa `From for i16`, lo que significa que " -"podemos convertir una variable `x` del tipo `i8` a `i16` llamando a `i16::" -"from(x)`. O, más sencillo, con `x.into()`, ya que la implementación de " -"`From for i16` crea automáticamente una implementación de `Into for " -"i8`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30 -msgid "" -"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so " -"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " -"implementation automatically." -msgstr "" -"Lo mismo se aplica a tus implementaciones `From` para tus propios tipos, por " -"lo que basta con implementar `From` para obtener la respectiva " -"implementación `Into` de forma automática." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33 -msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." -msgstr "Ejecuta el programa anterior y observa el error del compilador." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35 -msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:7 +msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type." msgstr "" -"Actualiza el código anterior para usar `into()` y realizar la conversión." -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37 -msgid "" -"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " -"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " -"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " -"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you check." -msgstr "" -"Cambia los tipos de `x` e `y` a otros elementos (por ejemplo, `f32`, `bool`, " -"`i128`) para ver qué tipos puedes convertir. Prueba a convertir tipos " -"pequeños en tipos grandes y viceversa. Consulta la [documentación de la " -"biblioteca estándar](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) " -"para comprobar si se ha implementado `From` en los pares que elijas." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" -msgstr "Arrays y bucles`for`" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 -msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" -msgstr "Hemos visto que un array se puede declarar de la siguiente manera:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 -msgid "" -"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" -"`:" -msgstr "" -"Puedes imprimir dicho array solicitando su representación de depuración con " -"`{:?}`:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" -" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18 -msgid "" -"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " -"keyword:" -msgstr "" -"Rust te permite iterar sobre elementos como arrays y rangos usando la " -"palabra clave `for`:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" -" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" -" for n in &array {\n" -" print!(\" {n}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"\n" -" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n" -" for i in 0..3 {\n" -" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38 -msgid "" -"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " -"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " -"columns):" -msgstr "" -"Usa el método anterior para escribir una función `pretty_print` que sirva " -"para dar formato al texto de la matriz y una función `transpose` que " -"transponga una matriz (convertir filas en columnas):" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n" -"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" -" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47 -msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." -msgstr "Codifica ambas funciones para que operen con matrices de 3 × 3." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and implement the " -"functions:" -msgstr "" -"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en e " -"implementa las funciones:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" -"\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80 -msgid "Bonus Question" -msgstr "Pregunta Extra" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 -msgid "" -"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your " -"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional " -"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" -msgstr "" -"¿Se podrían usar slices `&[i32]` en lugar de matrices de 3 × 3 predefinidas " -"en el código para tus argumentos y tipos de resultados devueltos? Por " -"ejemplo, `&[&[i32]]` para un slice de slices de dos dimensiones. ¿Por qué? " -"¿Por qué no?" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87 -msgid "" -"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality " -"implementation." -msgstr "" -"Consulta el [crate `ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) para obtener una " -"implementación con calidad de producción." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92 -msgid "" -"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " -"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." -msgstr "" -"La solución y la respuesta a la pregunta extra están disponibles en la " -"sección [soluciones](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 -msgid "" -"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " -"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." -msgstr "" -"El uso de la referencia `&array` dentro de `for n in &array` es una vista " -"previa sutil de los problemas de propiedad que se tratarán más tarde por la " -"tarde." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98 -msgid "Without the `&`..." -msgstr "Sin el `&`..." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99 -msgid "" -"The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " -"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" -"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." -msgstr "" -"El bucle habría sido uno que consume el array. Este es un cambio " -"[introducido en la edición de 2021](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" -"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102 -msgid "" -"An implicit array copy would have occurred. Since `i32` is a copy type, " -"then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." -msgstr "" -"Se habría producido una copia implícita del array. Dado que `i32` es un tipo " -"de copia, `[i32; 3]` también es un tipo de copia." - -#: src/control-flow.md:3 -msgid "" -"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " -"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " -"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " -"work similarly in Rust." -msgstr "" -"Como hemos visto, `if` es una expresión de Rust. Se utiliza para realizar " -"una evaluación condicional de uno de los dos bloques, aunque estos pueden " -"tener un valor que acaba convirtiéndose en el valor de la expresión `if`. " -"Otras expresiones del flujo de control funcionan de forma similar en Rust." - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 -msgid "" -"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " -"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" -msgstr "" -"En Rust, un bloque contiene una secuencia de expresiones. Cada bloque tiene " -"un tipo y un valor, que son los de la última expresión del bloque:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = {\n" -" let y = 10;\n" -" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" -" let z = {\n" -" let w = {\n" -" 3 + 4\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" -" y * w\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" -" z - y\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26 -msgid "" -"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " -"`()`." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:11 +msgid "\"Greetings\"" msgstr "" -"Si la última expresión termina con `;`, el tipo y el valor resultante será " -"`()`." -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 -msgid "" -"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " -"return value:" -msgstr "" -"Se utiliza la misma regla para las funciones: el valor del cuerpo de la " -"función es el valor devuelto:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" x + x\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28 -#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 -#: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46 -msgid "Key Points:" -msgstr "Puntos Clave:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 -msgid "" -"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " -"Rust. " -msgstr "" -"El objetivo de esta diapositiva es mostrar que los bloques tienen un tipo y " -"un valor en Rust. " - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 -msgid "" -"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " -"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." -msgstr "" -"Puedes mostrar cómo cambia el valor del bloque cambiando su última línea. " -"Por ejemplo, añade o quita un punto y coma, o utiliza la expresión `return`." - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`if` expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones `if`" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" -msgstr "" -"Puedes usar [expresiones `if`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions) de la misma forma que en otros " -"lenguajes:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 -msgid "" -"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " -"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" -msgstr "" -"Además, puedes utilizar `if` como expresión. La última expresión de cada " -"bloque se convierte en el valor de la expresión `if`:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:12 +msgid "\"🪐\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 -msgid "" -"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " -"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " -"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:15 +msgid "\", \"" msgstr "" -"Dado que `if` es una expresión y debe tener un tipo concreto, ambos bloques " -"de ramas deben tener el mismo tipo. En el segundo ejemplo, puedes mostrar lo " -"que sucede al añadir `;` después de `x / 2`." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`for` loops" -msgstr "Bucles `for`" -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " -"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " -"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:17 +msgid "\"final sentence: {}\"" msgstr "" -"El [bucle `for`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) está " -"estrechamente relacionado con el [bucle `while let`](while-let-expressions." -"md). Llamará automáticamente a `into_iter()` en la expresión y después " -"iterará sobre ella:" -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -"\n" -" for x in v {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -" \n" -" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" -" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:18 src/async/control-flow/join.md:30 +msgid "\"{:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21 -msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." -msgstr "Aquí puedes usar `break` y `continue` como de costumbre." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 -msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:19 +msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" msgstr "" -"La iteración de índices no es una sintaxis especial en Rust para ese caso." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 -msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " -msgstr "`(0..10)` es un rango que implementa un `Iterator` trait." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:26 msgid "" -"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " -"element. " +"This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more depth " +"later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to use strings." msgstr "" -"`step_by` es un método que devuelve otro `Iterator` que salta cada otro " -"elemento." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 -msgid "" -"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " -"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:29 +msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust." msgstr "" -"Modifica los elementos del vector y explica los errores del compilador. " -"Cambia el vector `v` para que sea mutable y el bucle `for x in v.iter_mut()`." - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`while` loops" -msgstr "Bucles `while`" - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" -"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" -msgstr "" -"La [palabra clave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) es muy similar a otros lenguajes:" - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" while x != 1 {\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 -msgid "`break` and `continue`" -msgstr "`break` y `continue`" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 -msgid "" -"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," -msgstr "" -"Si quieres salir de un bucle antes, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)." - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 -msgid "" -"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." -msgstr "" -"Si quieres iniciar inmediatamente la siguiente iteración, usa [`continue`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-" -"expressions)." - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 -msgid "" -"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " -"used to break out of nested loops:" -msgstr "" -"De forma opcional, tanto `continue` como `break` pueden utilizar un " -"argumento de etiqueta para interrumpir los bucles anidados:" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" let mut i = 0;\n" -" while i < x {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" -" i += 1;\n" -" if i == 3 {\n" -" break 'outer;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28 -msgid "" -"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." -msgstr "" -"En este caso, detenemos el bucle exterior tras tres iteraciones del bucle " -"interno." - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`loop` expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones `loop`" - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." -msgstr "" -"Por último, la [palabra clave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) crea un bucle infinito." - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 -msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" -msgstr "Para detener el bucle, debes usar `break` o `return`:" - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" loop {\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -" if x == 1 {\n" -" break;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 -msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." -msgstr "Interrumpe `loop` con un valor (por ejemplo, `break 8`) e imprímelo." -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:31 msgid "" -"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " -"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " -"`while` and `for` loops)." +"`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and methods " +"like `s.push_str(..)`." msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que `loop` es la única construcción de bucle que devuelve un " -"valor no trivial. Esto se debe a que es inevitable que se introduzca al " -"menos una vez (a diferencia de los bucles `while` y `for`)." -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:34 msgid "" -"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " -"by default:" +"The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover " +"references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a read-" +"only string\"." msgstr "" -"Rust ofrece seguridad de tipos mediante tipado estático. De forma " -"predeterminada, los enlaces a variables son inmutables:" -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:37 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x: i32 = 10;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" // x = 20;\n" -" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. " +"`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. Adjust " +"it to a range that does, based on the error message." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:41 msgid "" -"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " -"types less and less as the course progresses." +"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " +"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " +"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" msgstr "" -"Debido a la inferencia de tipos, `i32` es opcional. A medida que avance el " -"curso, iremos mostrando cada vez menos los tipos." +"Las cadenas sin formato te permiten crear un valor `&str` con los escapes " +"inhabilitados: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. Puedes insertar comillas dobles con " +"la misma cantidad de `#` a cada lado de ellas:" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:3 msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "Rust consultará cómo se _usa_ la variable para determinar el tipo:" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" -" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" -" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = 10;\n" -" let y = 20;\n" -"\n" -" takes_u32(x);\n" -" takes_i8(y);\n" -" // takes_u32(y);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:29 msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " "constraints given by variable declarations and usages." @@ -4463,7 +3181,7 @@ msgstr "" "Esta diapositiva muestra cómo el compilador de Rust infiere tipos basándose " "en restricciones proporcionadas por declaraciones y usos de variables." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:32 msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " "of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " @@ -4477,263 +3195,324 @@ msgstr "" "de un tipo. El compilador hace el trabajo por nosotros y nos ayuda a " "escribir código más conciso." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:37 msgid "" -"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " -"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " -"using `_` as a placeholder:" -msgstr "" -"El siguiente fragmento de código le indica al compilador que copie en un " -"determinado contenedor genérico sin que el código especifique explícitamente " -"el tipo contenido utilizando `_` como marcador de posición:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" v.push((10, false));\n" -" v.push((20, true));\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" -" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"When nothing constrains the type of an integer literal, Rust defaults to " +"`i32`. This sometimes appears as `{integer}` in error messages. Similarly, " +"floating-point literals default to `f64`." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 -msgid "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" -"HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." -msgstr "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) se basa en [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), que implementa [`HashSet`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-" -"for-HashSet%3CT,+S%3E)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 -msgid "Static and Constant Variables" -msgstr "Variables Estáticas y Constantes" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 -msgid "" -"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" -"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " -"the program. " -msgstr "" -"Las variables estáticas y constantes son dos formas diferentes de crear " -"valores de ámbito global que no se pueden mover ni reasignar durante la " -"ejecución del programa. " - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6 -msgid "`const`" -msgstr "`const`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8 -msgid "" -"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " -"inlined wherever they are used:" -msgstr "" -"Las variables constantes se evalúan en tiempo de compilación y sus valores " -"se insertan dondequiera que se utilicen:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" -"const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n" -"\n" -"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" -" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" -" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" -" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." -"wrapping_add(b);\n" -" }\n" -" digest\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" -" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:46 +msgid "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`\n" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The first and second Fibonacci numbers are both `1`. For n>2, the n'th " +"Fibonacci number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and " +"n-2'th Fibonacci numbers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"Write a function `fib(n)` that calculates the n'th Fibonacci number. When " +"will this function panic?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:13 +msgid "// The base case.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:14 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:17 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Implement this\"" +msgstr "Implementación" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:16 +msgid "// The recursive case.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:23 src/types-and-values/solution.md:14 +msgid "\"fib(n) = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:4 +msgid "[Conditionals](./control-flow-basics/conditionals.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:5 +msgid "[Loops](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:6 +msgid "" +"[break and continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Blocks and Scopes](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:8 +msgid "[Functions](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:9 +msgid "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:10 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Collatz Sequence](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:12 src/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 src/borrowing.md:9 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:3 +msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" +msgstr "" +"Gran parte de la sintaxis de Rust te resultará familiar de C, C++ o Java:" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces." +msgstr "Los bloques y ámbitos están delimitados por llaves." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:6 +msgid "" +"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " +"*/`." +msgstr "" +"Los comentarios de línea empiezan por `//`, mientras que los comentarios de " +"bloque están delimitados por `/* ... */`." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:8 +msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." +msgstr "Palabras clave como `if` y `while` funcionan igual." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:9 +msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." +msgstr "" +"La asignación de variables se realiza con `=` y la comparación con `==`." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:11 +msgid "`if` expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones `if`" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:13 +msgid "" +"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" +msgstr "" +"Puedes usar [expresiones `if`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +"expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions) de la misma forma que en otros " +"lenguajes:" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:21 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:36 +msgid "\"small\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:23 +msgid "\"biggish\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:25 +msgid "\"huge\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:30 +msgid "" +"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " +"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" +msgstr "" +"Además, puedes utilizar `if` como expresión. La última expresión de cada " +"bloque se convierte en el valor de la expresión `if`:" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:36 +msgid "\"large\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:37 +msgid "\"number size: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " +"branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` " +"after `\"small\"` in the second example." msgstr "" -"Según el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), se insertan cuando se utilizan." +"Dado que `if` es una expresión y debe tener un tipo concreto, ambos bloques " +"de ramas deben tener el mismo tipo. En el segundo ejemplo, puedes mostrar lo " +"que sucede al añadir `;` después de `x / 2`." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:48 msgid "" -"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " -"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." +"When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to " +"separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see " +"the compiler error." msgstr "" -"Sólo se pueden llamar a las funciones marcadas como `const` en tiempo de " -"compilación para generar valores `const`. Sin embargo, las funciones `const` " -"se pueden llamar en _runtime_." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 -msgid "`static`" -msgstr "`static`" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:3 +msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`while`" +msgstr "Bucles `while`" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " -"therefore will not move:" +"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" +"expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the " +"loop body as long as the condition is true." msgstr "" -"Las variables estáticas vivirán durante toda la ejecución del programa y, " -"por lo tanto, no se moverán:" +"La [palabra clave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) es muy similar a otros lenguajes:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:37 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:18 +msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`for`" +msgstr "Bucles `for`" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:24 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates " +"over ranges of values:" +msgstr "" +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) se usa para " +"definir destructores." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:35 +msgid "`loop`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:37 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " -"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " -"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " -"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " -"`const` is generally preferred." +"The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " +"loops forever, until a `break`." msgstr "" -"Tal y como se indica en el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/" -"rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), no están insertadas y tienen una ubicación " -"de memoria real asociada. Esto resulta útil para código insertado y no " -"seguro. Además, la variable continúa durante toda la ejecución del programa. " -"Cuando un valor de ámbito global no tiene ningún motivo para necesitar " -"identidad de objeto, se suele preferir `const`." +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) se usa para " +"definir destructores." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:45 +msgid "\"{i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:56 msgid "" -"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " -"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible " -"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any " -"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../" -"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust." +"We will discuss iteration later; for now, just stick to range expressions." msgstr "" -"Dado que se puede acceder a las variables `static` desde cualquier hilo, es " -"necesario protegerlas, por ejemplo, mediante un comando [`Mutex`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), o que sean accesibles usando " -"código `unsafe`. Veremos la [mutación de datos estáticos](../unsafe/mutable-" -"static-variables.md) en el capítulo sobre Rust inseguro." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57 -msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." -msgstr "" -"Menciona que `const` se comporta semánticamente de forma similar a " -"`constexpr` de C++." - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:57 msgid "" -"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " -"global variable in C++." +"Note that the `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax for " +"an inclusive range." msgstr "" -"Por su parte, `static` se parece mucho más a `const` o a una variable global " -"mutable de C++." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " -"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." +"If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " +"`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the " +"`loop` expression." msgstr "" -"`static` proporciona la identidad del objeto: una dirección en la memoria y " -"en el estado que requieren los tipos con mutabilidad interior, como " -"`Mutex`." +"Si quieres salir de un bucle antes, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:8 msgid "" -"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " -"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" -"No es muy habitual que se necesite una constante evaluada en _runtime_, pero " -"es útil y más seguro que usar una estática." +"Si quieres iniciar inmediatamente la siguiente iteración, usa [`continue`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-" +"expressions)." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61 -msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:24 +msgid "\"{result}\"" msgstr "" -"Datos del `thread_local` se pueden crear con la macro `std::thread_local`." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63 -msgid "Properties table:" -msgstr "Tabla de Propiedades:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:28 +msgid "" +"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " +"used to break out of nested loops:" +msgstr "" +"De forma opcional, tanto `continue` como `break` pueden utilizar un " +"argumento de etiqueta para interrumpir los bucles anidados:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Property" -msgstr "Propiedad" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:37 +msgid "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Static" -msgstr "Estático" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:47 +msgid "" +"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +msgstr "" +"En este caso, detenemos el bucle exterior tras tres iteraciones del bucle " +"interno." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Constant" -msgstr "Constante" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:52 +msgid "" +"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " +"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " +"`while` and `for` loops)." +msgstr "" +"Ten en cuenta que `loop` es la única construcción de bucle que devuelve un " +"valor no trivial. Esto se debe a que es inevitable que se introduzca al " +"menos una vez (a diferencia de los bucles `while` y `for`)." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -msgid "Has an address in memory" -msgstr "Tiene una dirección en la memoria" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:3 +msgid "Blocks" +msgstr "Bloques" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Yes" -msgstr "Sí" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions, enclosed by braces `{}`. " +"Each block has a value and a type, which are those of the last expression of " +"the block:" +msgstr "" +"En Rust, un bloque contiene una secuencia de expresiones. Cada bloque tiene " +"un tipo y un valor, que son los de la última expresión del bloque:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -msgid "No (inlined)" -msgstr "No (insertado)" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:14 +msgid "\"y: {y}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" -msgstr "Vive durante toda la ejecución del programa" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:21 +msgid "" +"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " +"`()`." +msgstr "" +"Si la última expresión termina con `;`, el tipo y el valor resultante será " +"`()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "No" -msgstr "No" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:23 +msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" +msgstr "Ámbitos y _Shadowing_" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -msgid "Can be mutable" -msgstr "Puede ser mutable" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:25 +msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -msgid "Yes (unsafe)" -msgstr "Sí (inseguro)" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -msgid "Evaluated at compile time" -msgstr "Evaluado en tiempo de compilación" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" -msgstr "Sí (inicializado en tiempo de compilación)" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" -msgstr "Insertado dondequiera que se utilice" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:27 msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" @@ -4741,42 +3520,60 @@ msgstr "" "Puedes sombrear variables, tanto las de ámbitos externos como las del propio " "ámbito:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = 10;\n" -" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let a = \"hello\";\n" -" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" let a = true;\n" -" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:33 +msgid "\"before: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:7 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:19 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:225 +msgid "\"hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:36 +msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:39 +msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:42 +msgid "\"after: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:49 msgid "" -"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " -"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " -"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " +"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " +"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." +msgstr "" +"Puedes mostrar cómo cambia el valor del bloque cambiando su última línea. " +"Por ejemplo, añade o quita un punto y coma, o utiliza la expresión `return`." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:51 +msgid "" +"Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block " +"in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:53 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both " +"variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under " +"the same name, depending where you use it in the code." msgstr "" "Definición: _Shadowing_ (sombreado) es distinto de la mutación, ya que, " "después de sombrear la memoria de las dos variables, las ubicaciones existen " "al mismo tiempo. Ambas están disponibles bajo el mismo nombre, en función de " "dónde se utiliza en el código. " -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 -msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:56 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type." msgstr "Una variable sombreada puede tener un tipo diferente. " -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:57 msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " "after `.unwrap()`." @@ -4784,1001 +3581,614 @@ msgstr "" "Al principio, el sombreado no es fácil, pero resulta útil para conservar " "valores después de `.unwrap()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:22 msgid "" -"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " -"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " -"does not change." +"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " +"programming languages), then a return type." msgstr "" -"El siguiente fragmento de código demuestra por qué el compilador no puede " -"reutilizar ubicaciones de memoria cuando sombrea una variable inmutable en " -"un ámbito, incluso si el tipo no cambia." +"Los parámetros de declaración van seguidos de un tipo (al contrario que en " +"algunos lenguajes de programación) y, a continuación, de un tipo de " +"resultado devuelto." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:24 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = 1;\n" -" let b = &a;\n" -" let a = a + 1;\n" -" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " +"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` " +"keyword can be used for early return, but the \"bare value\" form is " +"idiomatic at the end of a function (refactor `gcd` to use a `return`)." msgstr "" +"La última expresión del cuerpo de una función (o de cualquier bloque) se " +"convierte en el valor devuelto. Basta con omitir el carácter `;` al final de " +"la expresión." -#: src/enums.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:28 msgid "" -"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " -"variants:" +"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " +"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." msgstr "" -"La palabra clave `enum` permite crear un tipo que tiene diferentes variantes:" +"Algunas funciones no devuelven ningún valor, devuelven el \"tipo unitario\", " +"`()`. El compilador deducirá esto si se omite el tipo de retorno `-> ()`." -#: src/enums.md:6 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:30 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" -" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" -" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum CoinFlip {\n" -" Heads,\n" -" Tails,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" -" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" -" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" -" } else {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" -" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" -" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum CoinFlip {\n" -" Heads,\n" -" Tails,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" -" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" -" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" -" } else {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation." +msgstr "Cada función tiene una única implementación:" -#: src/enums.md:36 -msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" -msgstr "" -"Las enumeraciones te permiten recoger un conjunto de valores en un solo tipo." - -#: src/enums.md:37 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:31 msgid "" -"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " -"`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +"Always takes a fixed number of parameters. Default arguments are not " +"supported. Macros can be used to support variadic functions." msgstr "" -"En esta página se ofrece el tipo de enumeración `CoinFlip` (tirar moneda) " -"con dos variantes: `Heads` (cara) y `Tails` (cruz). Puede que veas el " -"espacio de nombres cuando utilices variantes." -#: src/enums.md:38 -msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" -msgstr "" -"Este es un buen momento para comparar las estructuras y las enumeraciones:" - -#: src/enums.md:39 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:33 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " -"with different types of fields (variant payloads). " -msgstr "" -"En ambas puedes tener una versión sencilla sin campos (estructura unitaria) " -"o una versión con distintos tipos de campos (variantes con carga útil). " +"Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, " +"which will be covered later." +msgstr "Siempre se utiliza un único conjunto de tipos de parámetros." -#: src/enums.md:40 -msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." -msgstr "" -"En ambos casos, las funciones asociadas se definen en un bloque `impl`." - -#: src/enums.md:41 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:3 msgid "" -"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " -"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " -"all defined in an enum. " +"Macros are expanded into Rust code during compilation, and can take a " +"variable number of arguments. They are distinguished by a `!` at the end. " +"The Rust standard library includes an assortment of useful macros." msgstr "" -"Incluso podrías implementar las distintas variantes de una enumeración con " -"estructuras diferentes, pero entonces no serían del mismo tipo como lo " -"serían si estuvieran todas definidas en una enumeración. " -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " -"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +"`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting " +"described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." msgstr "" -"Puedes definir enumeraciones más completas en las que las variantes " -"contienen datos. Después, puedes usar la instrucción `match` para extraer " -"los datos de cada variante:" +"La sobrecarga de operadores se implementa mediante _traits_ en [`std::ops`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:9 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum WebEvent {\n" -" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" -" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" -" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" -" match event {\n" -" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" -" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" -" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" -" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" -" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" -"\n" -" inspect(load);\n" -" inspect(press);\n" -" inspect(click);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"`format!(format, ..)` works just like `println!` but returns the result as a " +"string." msgstr "" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:11 +msgid "`dbg!(expression)` logs the value of the expression and returns it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:12 msgid "" -"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " -"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " -"after the `=>`." +"`todo!()` marks a bit of code as not-yet-implemented. If executed, it will " +"panic." msgstr "" -"Solo se puede acceder a los valores de las variantes de enumeración una vez " -"que coincidan con el patrón. El patrón vincula referencias a los campos del " -"\"brazo de coincidencias\" después de `=>`." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:14 msgid "" -"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " -"no fall-through like in C or C++." +"`unreachable!()` marks a bit of code as unreachable. If executed, it will " +"panic." msgstr "" -"La expresión se coteja con los patrones de arriba abajo. No hay ningún " -"sistema de respaldo, como en C o C++." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:32 +msgid "\"{n}! = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:39 msgid "" -"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " -"match arm which was executed." +"The takeaway from this section is that these common conveniences exist, and " +"how to use them. Why they are defined as macros, and what they expand to, is " +"not especially critical." msgstr "" -"La expresión de coincidencia tiene un valor. El valor es la última expresión " -"en el brazo de coincidencia que se ha ejecutado." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:43 msgid "" -"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " -"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " +"The course does not cover defining macros, but a later section will describe " +"use of derive macros." msgstr "" -"Empezando por la parte superior, buscaremos el patrón que coincide con el " -"valor y, a continuación, ejecutaremos el fragmento de código que sigue a la " -"flecha. Cuando encontremos una coincidencia, pararemos. " -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " -"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " +"The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is " +"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n" msgstr "" -"Demuestra lo que pasa cuando la búsqueda no es exhaustiva. Ten en cuenta la " -"ventaja que ofrece el compilador de Rust al confirmar cuándo se gestionan " -"todos los casos. " -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 -msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." -msgstr "`match` inspecciona un campo discriminante oculto en `enum`." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "1" +msgstr "12" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 +msgid " greater than zero:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "If _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid "_ is even, then _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i+1" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " = n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " / 2_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "_ is odd, then _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " = 3 * n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " + 1_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "For example, beginning with _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "_ = 3:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "3 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "2" +msgstr "12" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "10 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +msgid "3" +msgstr "3" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "5 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +msgid "4" +msgstr "4" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "16 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "5" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "8 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +msgid "6" +msgstr "6" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "4 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "7" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 +msgid "2 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +msgid "8" +msgstr "8" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 +msgid "_ = 1; and" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:19 +msgid "the sequence terminates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:21 msgid "" -"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" -"discriminant()`" +"Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " +"initial `n`." msgstr "" -"Se puede obtener el discriminante llamando a `std::mem::discriminant()`." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:25 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:20 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:30 +msgid "\"Length: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome Back" +msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "[References](./references.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:6 +msgid "[User-Defined Types](./user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:8 msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " -"comparing field values doesn't affect equality." +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 55 " +"minutes" msgstr "" -"Esto resulta útil si, por ejemplo, se implementa `PartialEq` en estructuras " -"en las que la comparación de valores de campos no afecta a la igualdad." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:4 msgid "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " -"cannot implement traits, for example." +"[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` no es exactamente lo mismo que `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` con un nivel superior `struct Click { ... }`. La versión " -"insertada no puede implementar traits, por ejemplo." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:5 +msgid "[Array Iteration](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:6 +msgid "[Pattern Matching](./tuples-and-arrays/match.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 +msgid "[Destructuring](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:8 +msgid "[Exercise: Nested Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 msgid "" -"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " -"account:" +"Tuples and arrays are the first \"compound\" types we have seen. All " +"elements of an array have the same type, while tuples can accommodate " +"different types. Both types have a size fixed at compile time." msgstr "" -"Las enumeraciones de Rust son densamente empaquetadas, ya que tienen en " -"cuenta las restricciones debidas a la alineación:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:5 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:27 +msgid "Arrays" +msgstr "Arrays" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[T; N]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:9 +msgid "Tuples" +msgstr "Tuplas" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:12 +msgid "Array assignment and access:" +msgstr "Asignación y acceso a arrays:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:24 +msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" +msgstr "Asignación y acceso a tuplas:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:41 +msgid "Arrays:" +msgstr "Arrays:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:43 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::any::type_name;\n" -"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" -"\n" -"fn dbg_size() {\n" -" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" -" type_name::(), size_of::(), align_of::());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"enum Foo {\n" -" A,\n" -" B,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" dbg_size::();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " +"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " +"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " +"different types. Slices, which have a size determined at runtime, are " +"covered later." msgstr "" +"Un valor del tipo array `[T; N]` contiene `N` (una constante en tiempo de " +"compilación) elementos del mismo tipo `T`. Ten en cuenta que la longitud del " +"array es *parte de su tipo*, lo que significa que `[u8; 3]` y `[u8; 4]` se " +"consideran dos tipos diferentes." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:24 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:49 msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." +"Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at " +"runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be " +"avoided using unsafe Rust." msgstr "" -"Consulta el libro [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-" -"layout.html)." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:30 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:53 +msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." +msgstr "Podemos usar literales para asignar valores a arrays." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:55 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " -"variant." +"The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format " +"parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. " +"Types such as integers and strings implement the default output, but arrays " +"only implement the debug output. This means that we must use debug output " +"here." msgstr "" -"Rust utiliza un campo (discriminante) de forma interna para hacer un " -"seguimiento de la variante de enumeración." +"En la función _main_, la instrucción de impresión solicita la implementación " +"de depuración con el parámetro de formato `?`: `{}` ofrece la salida " +"predeterminada y `{:?}` ofrece la salida de depuración. También se podría " +"haber usado `{a}` y `{a:?}` sin especificar el valor después de la cadena de " +"formato." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:32 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:60 msgid "" -"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" +"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " +"easier to read." msgstr "" -"Puedes controlar el discriminante si es necesario (por ejemplo, para " -"asegurar la compatibilidad con C):" +"Si se añade `#`, por ejemplo `{a:#?}`, se da formato al texto para facilitar " +"la lectura." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:34 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:63 +msgid "Tuples:" +msgstr "Tuplas:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:65 +msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." +msgstr "Al igual que los arrays, las tuplas tienen una longitud fija." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:67 +msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." +msgstr "Las tuplas agrupan valores de diferentes tipos en un tipo compuesto." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:69 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[repr(u32)]\n" -"enum Bar {\n" -" A, // 0\n" -" B = 10000,\n" -" C, // 10001\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" -" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" -" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " +"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "" +"Se puede acceder a los campos de una tupla por el punto y el índice del " +"valor, por ejemplo, `t.0`, `t.1`." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:49 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:72 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " -"bytes." +"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " +"and the only valid value of that type --- that is to say both the type and " +"its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " +"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide." msgstr "" -"Sin `repr`, el tipo discriminante ocupa 2 bytes, debido a que 10001 se cabe " -"en 2 bytes." +"La tupla vacía `()` también se conoce como \"tipo unitario\". Es a la vez un " +"tipo y el único valor válido de ese tipo, es decir, tanto el tipo como su " +"valor se expresan como `()`. Se usa para indicar, por ejemplo, que una " +"función o expresión no tiene valor de retorno, como veremos en una " +"diapositiva posterior." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:53 -msgid "Try out other types such as" -msgstr "Prueba otros tipos, como" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:55 -msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," -msgstr "`dbg_size!(bool)`: tamaño de 1 byte, alineación de 1 byte," - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:56 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:76 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " -"see below)," +"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " +"programming languages." msgstr "" -"`dbg_size!(Option)`: tamaño de 1 byte, alineación de 1 byte " -"(optimización de nichos, consulta más abajo)," +"Podríamos pensar en ello como `void`, que quizá resulte familiar de otros " +"lenguajes de programación." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:57 -msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:3 +msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)." msgstr "" -"`dbg_size!(&i32)`: tamaño de 8 bytes, alineación de 8 bytes (en una máquina " -"de 64 bits)," -#: src/enums/sizes.md:58 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:19 msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " -"optimization, see below)." +"This functionality uses the `IntoIterator` trait, but we haven't covered " +"that yet." msgstr "" -"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: tamaño de 8 bytes, alineación de 8 bytes " -"(optimización del puntero nulo, consulta más abajo)." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:60 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:22 msgid "" -"Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " -"discriminant." +"The `assert_ne!` macro is new here. There are also `assert_eq!` and `assert!" +"` macros. These are always checked while, debug-only variants like " +"`debug_assert!` compile to nothing in release builds." msgstr "" -"Optimización de nichos: Rust combina los patrones de bits no utilizados para " -"el discriminante de enumeración." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:63 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " -"`size_of::>()`." -msgstr "" -"Optimización de puntero nulo: para [algunos tipos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/option/#representation), Rust asegura que `size_of::()` es igual a " -"`size_of:: >()`." - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:67 -msgid "" -"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " -"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " -"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." -msgstr "" -"Fragmento de código de ejemplo si quieres mostrar cómo puede ser la " -"representación bit a bit en la práctica. Es importante tener en cuenta que " -"el compilador no ofrece garantías con respecto a esta representación, por lo " -"tanto es totalmente inseguro. " - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:70 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"\n" -"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" -" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" -" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " -"$bit_type>($e));\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" -" // representation of types.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:105 -msgid "" -"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " -"than 256 `Option`s together." -msgstr "" -"Ejemplo más complejo si quieres hablar de lo que pasa cuando encadenamos más " -"de 256 `Option`." - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:107 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" -"\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"\n" -"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" -" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" -" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " -"$bit_type>($e));\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " -"signs.\n" -"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" -"macro_rules! many_options {\n" -" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" -" ($value:expr, @) => {\n" -" Some(Some($value))\n" -" };\n" -" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" -" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" -" // representation of types.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " -"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " -"They are used for pattern matching:" -msgstr "" -"Rust tiene algunas construcciones de control de flujo que difieren de otros " -"lenguajes. Se utilizan para el patrón de coincidencia:" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`if let` expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones `if let`" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:7 -msgid "`while let` expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones `while let`" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`match` expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones `match`" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " -"whether a value matches a pattern:" -msgstr "" -"La [expresión `if let`][(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-let-expressions) te permite ejecutar código diferente en " -"función de si un valor coincide con un patrón:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" -" if let Some(value) = arg {\n" -" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" -" } else {\n" -" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 -msgid "" -"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " -"in Rust." -msgstr "" -"Consulta de nuevo la sección de [coincidencia de patrones](../pattern-" -"matching.md) para obtener más información sobre los patrones de Rust." - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 -msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " -"it more concise than `match`." -msgstr "" -"A diferencia de `match`, `if let` no tiene que cubrir todas las ramas, " -"pudiendo así conseguir que sea más conciso que `match`." - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 -msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." -msgstr "" -"Un uso habitual consiste en gestionar valores `Some` al trabajar con " -"`Option`." - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 -msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." -msgstr "" -"A diferencia de `match`, `if let` no admite cláusulas guardia para la " -"coincidencia de patrones." - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 -msgid "" -"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" -"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " -"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " -"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" -msgstr "" -"A partir de la versión 1.65, una construcción [let-else](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/let_else.html) similar permite " -"realizar una tarea de desestructuración o, si falla, ejecutar un bloque " -"necesario para anular el flujo de control normal (con `panic`/`return`/" -"`break`/`continue`)::" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" -"}\n" -" \n" -"fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" -" let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" -" let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" -" return None;\n" -" };\n" -" Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`while let` loops" -msgstr "Bucles `while let`" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " -"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" -msgstr "" -"Al igual que con `if let`, hay una variante [`while let`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) que " -"prueba repetidamente un valor con respecto a un patrón:" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -"\n" -" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 -msgid "" -"Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option` on " -"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " -"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " -"items." -msgstr "" -"Aquí, el iterador devuelto por `v.into_iter()` devolverá `Option` en " -"cada llamada a `next()`. Devuelve `Some(x)` hasta que finaliza y, a " -"continuación, devuelve `None`. `while let` nos permite seguir iterando a " -"través de todos los elementos." - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26 -msgid "" -"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " -"matches the pattern." -msgstr "" -"Señala que el bucle `while let` seguirá funcionando siempre que el valor " -"coincida con el patrón." - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 -msgid "" -"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " -"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " -"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." -msgstr "" -"Puedes reescribir el bucle `while let` como un ciclo infinito con una " -"instrucción if que deje de funcionar si `iter.next()` no tienen ningún valor " -"que desenvolver. `while let` proporciona azúcar sintáctico en la situación " -"anterior." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" -"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " -"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" -msgstr "" -"La \\[palabra clave `match`\\][`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/match-expr.html) se usa para comparar un valor con uno " -"o varios patrones. En ese sentido, funciona como una serie de expresiones " -"`if let`:" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" -" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" -" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 -msgid "" -"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " -"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." -msgstr "" -"Al igual que con `if let`, cada brazo de coincidencia debe ser del mismo " -"tipo. El tipo es la última expresión del bloque, si la hay. En el ejemplo " -"anterior, el tipo es `()`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 -msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." -msgstr "Guarda la expresión de coincidencia en una variable e imprímela." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 -msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." -msgstr "Elimina `.as_deref()` y explica el error." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 -msgid "" -"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " -"against `String`." -msgstr "" -"`std::env::args().next()` devuelve `Option`, pero no podemos " -"encontrar coincidencias con `String`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 -msgid "" -"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " -"this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." -msgstr "" -"`as_deref()` transforma `Option` en `Option<&T::Target>`. En nuestro " -"caso, esto convierte `Option` en `Option<&str>`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 -msgid "" -"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." -msgstr "" -"Ahora podemos usar la coincidencia de patrones para encontrar coincidencias " -"con `&str` dentro de `Option`." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 -msgid "" -"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " +"The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " "The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" "La palabra clave `match` te permite comparar un valor con uno o varios " "_patrones_. Las comparaciones se hacen de arriba abajo y el primero que " "coincida gana." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:6 msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" "Los patrones pueden ser valores simples, del mismo modo que `switch` en C y " "C++:" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let input = 'x';\n" -"\n" -" match input {\n" -" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" -" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" -" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:11 +msgid "'x'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:21 -msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." -msgstr "`_` es un patrón comodín que coincide con cualquier valor." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "'q'" +msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:26 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "\"Quitting\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:62 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:62 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'a'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'s'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'w'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'d'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "\"Moving around\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:54 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:54 src/error-handling/solution.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'0'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:54 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:54 src/error-handling/solution.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'9'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 +msgid "\"Number input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:16 +msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:17 +msgid "\"Something else\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:22 +msgid "" +"The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " +"expressions _must_ be irrefutable, meaning that it covers every possibility, " +"so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have " +"the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the " +"example above, the type is `()`." +msgstr "" +"Al igual que con `if let`, cada brazo de coincidencia debe ser del mismo " +"tipo. El tipo es la última expresión del bloque, si la hay. En el ejemplo " +"anterior, el tipo es `()`." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:30 +msgid "" +"A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " +"can be used within the match arm." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:33 +msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:38 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:35 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:29 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:69 +msgid "Key Points:" +msgstr "Puntos Clave:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:40 msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " "pattern" msgstr "Puedes señalar cómo se usan algunos caracteres concretos en un patrón" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:27 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:42 msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "`|` como `or`," -#: src/pattern-matching.md:28 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:43 msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "`..` se puede ampliar tanto como sea necesario." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:29 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:44 msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "`1..=5` representa un rango inclusivo." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:30 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:45 msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "`_` es un comodín." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:31 -msgid "" -"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " -"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." -msgstr "" -"Puede ser útil para mostrar cómo funciona un enlace, por ejemplo, cambiando " -"un carácter comodín por una variable o quitando las comillas alrededor de " -"`q`. " - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:32 -msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." -msgstr "Puedes mostrar la coincidencia con una referencia." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:33 -msgid "" -"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " -"as the term can show up in error messages." -msgstr "" -"Este puede ser un buen momento para mencionar el concepto de patrones " -"irrefutables, ya que el término puede aparecer en mensajes de error." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 -msgid "" -"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " -"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " -"`enum` type:" -msgstr "" -"Los patrones también se pueden usar para enlazar variables a partes de los " -"valores. Así es como se inspecciona la estructura de tus tipos. Empecemos " -"con un tipo `enum` sencillo:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum Result {\n" -" Ok(i32),\n" -" Err(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" -" if n % 2 == 0 {\n" -" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" -" } else {\n" -" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let n = 100;\n" -" match divide_in_two(n) {\n" -" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" -" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 -msgid "" -"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " -"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " -"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." -msgstr "" -"Aquí hemos utilizado los brazos para _desestructurar_ el valor de `Result`. " -"En el primer brazo, `half` está vinculado al valor que hay dentro de la " -"variante `Ok`. En el segundo, `msg` está vinculado al mensaje de error." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 -msgid "" -"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " -"a `match`." -msgstr "" -"La expresión `if`/`else` devuelve una enumeración que más tarde se " -"descomprime con `match`." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 -msgid "" -"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " -"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " -"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." -msgstr "" -"Puedes probar a añadir una tercera variante a la definición de la " -"enumeración y mostrar los errores al ejecutar el código. Señala los lugares " -"en los que tu código está ahora incompleto y explica cómo el compilador " -"intenta dar sugerencias." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 -msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" -msgstr "También puedes desestructurar `structs`:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Foo {\n" -" x: (u32, u32),\n" -" y: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" -" match foo {\n" -" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" -" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" -" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " -"ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 -msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." -msgstr "" -"Cambia los valores literales de `foo` para que coincidan con los demás " -"patrones." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 -msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." -msgstr "" -"Añade un campo nuevo a `Foo` y realiza los cambios necesarios en el patrón." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 -msgid "" -"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " -"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " -"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." -msgstr "" -"La diferencia entre una captura y una expresión constante puede ser difícil " -"de detectar. Prueba a cambiar el `2` del segundo brazo por una variable y " -"observa que no funciona. Cámbialo a `const` y verás que vuelve a funcionar." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 -msgid "" -"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" -msgstr "" -"Puedes desestructurar arrays, tuplas y slices haciendo coincidir sus " -"elementos:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" -" match triple {\n" -" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 -msgid "" -"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " -"length." -msgstr "" -"La desestructuración de slices de longitud desconocida también funciona con " -"patrones de longitud fija." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" -" match slice {\n" -" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 -msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " -msgstr "Crea un patrón con `_` para representar un elemento. " - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 -msgid "Add more values to the array." -msgstr "Añade más valores al array." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 -msgid "" -"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " -"elements." -msgstr "" -"Señala cómo `..` se expandirá para representar un número distinto de " -"elementos." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 -msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" -msgstr "" -"Muestra las coincidencias de tail con los patrones `[.., b]` y `[a@..,b]`." - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 -msgid "" -"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " -"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" -msgstr "" -"Al establecer coincidencias, puedes añadir un _guardia_ a un patrón. Se " -"trata de una expresión booleana arbitraria que se ejecutará si el patrón " -"coincide:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let pair = (2, -2);\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" -" match pair {\n" -" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" -" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" -" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:47 msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " "we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " @@ -5788,7 +4198,7 @@ msgstr "" "son importantes y necesarios cuando queremos expresar de forma concisa ideas " "más complejas de lo que permitirían los patrones por sí solos." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:49 msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " "An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " @@ -5801,11 +4211,7 @@ msgstr "" "la condición `if` dentro de ese bloque, no se tienen en cuenta otros brazos " "de la expresión `match` original." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 -msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." -msgstr "Puedes usar las variables definidas en el patrón en tu expresión if." - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:53 msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " "with an `|`." @@ -5813,1561 +4219,388 @@ msgstr "" "La condición definida en el guarda se aplica a todas las expresiones de un " "patrón con un `|`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "We will look at two things:" -msgstr "Veremos todas estas cosas:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 -msgid "The Luhn algorithm," -msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 -msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." -msgstr "Un ejercicio sobre coincidencia de patrones." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:3 msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." +"Destructuring is a way of extracting data from a data structure by writing a " +"pattern that is matched up to the data structure, binding variables to " +"subcomponents of the data structure." msgstr "" -"Luego de ver los ejercicios, puedes ver las [soluciones](solutions-afternoon." -"md) que se brindan." -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can destructure tuples and arrays by matching on their elements:" +msgstr "" +"Puedes desestructurar arrays, tuplas y slices haciendo coincidir sus " +"elementos:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"on Y axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"on X axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:20 +msgid "\"left of Y axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:21 +msgid "\"below X axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:22 +msgid "\"first quadrant\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:33 +msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:35 +msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:36 +msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:37 +msgid "\"All elements were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Create a new array pattern using `_` to represent an element." +msgstr "Crea un patrón con `_` para representar un elemento. " + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "Add more values to the array." +msgstr "Añade más valores al array." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:47 msgid "" -"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " -"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " -"does the following to validate the credit card number:" +"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " +"elements." msgstr "" -"El [algoritmo de Luhn](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) se usa " -"para validar números de tarjetas de crédito. El algoritmo toma una cadena " -"como entrada y hace lo siguiente para validar el número de la tarjeta de " -"crédito:" +"Señala cómo `..` se expandirá para representar un número distinto de " +"elementos." -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7 -msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:49 +msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" msgstr "" -"Ignora todos los espacios. Rechaza los números con menos de dos dígitos." +"Muestra las coincidencias de tail con los patrones `[.., b]` y `[a@..,b]`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "What is the type of this variable?" +msgstr "¿Cuál es el tipo de `word` en cada bucle?" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:11 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " -"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." +"Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " +"transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" msgstr "" -"De derecha a izquierda, duplica cada dos cifras: en el caso del número " -"`1234`, se duplica el `3` y el `1`. En el caso del número `98765`, se " -"duplica el `6` y el `8`." +"Usa el método anterior para escribir una función `pretty_print` que sirva " +"para dar formato al texto de la matriz y una función `transpose` que " +"transponga una matriz (convertir filas en columnas):" -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12 -msgid "" -"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " -"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." -msgstr "" -"Después de duplicar un dígito, se suman los dígitos si el resultado es mayor " -"a 9. Por tanto, si duplicas `7`, pasará a ser `14`, lo cual pasará a ser `1 " -"+4 = 5`." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:22 +msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." +msgstr "Codifica ambas funciones para que operen con matrices de 3 × 3." -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15 -msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." -msgstr "Suma todos los dígitos, no duplicados y duplicados." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17 -msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." -msgstr "" -"El número de la tarjeta de crédito es válido si la suma termina en `0`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:24 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " -"function." +"functions:" msgstr "" "Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en e " -"implementa la función:" +"implementa las funciones:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21 -msgid "" -"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " -"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators." -msgstr "" -"Intenta resolver el problema de la forma \"sencilla\" primero, usando bucles " -"`for` e enteros. Luego, vuelve a la solución e intenta implementarla con " -"iteradores." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo 0 0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 -msgid "Welcome to Day 2" -msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida al día 2" - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 -msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" -msgstr "" -"Ahora que ya sabemos bastante sobre Rust, continuaremos con lo siguiente:" - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 -msgid "" -"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " -"memory management, and garbage collection." -msgstr "" -"Gestión de la memoria: _stack_ (pila) vs _heap_ (montículo), gestión manual " -"de la memoria, gestión de la memoria basada en ámbitos y _garbage collector_ " -"(recolección de memoria residual)." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 -msgid "" -"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." -msgstr "" -"_Ownership_ (Propiedad): semántica de movimiento, copiar, clonar, " -"_borrowing_ (préstamos) y _lifetimes_ (tiempos de vida)." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 -msgid "Structs and methods." -msgstr "Estructuras (_Structs_) y métodos." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 -msgid "" -"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " -"`Rc` and `Arc`." -msgstr "" -"La Biblioteca Estándar (_Standard Library_): `String`, `Option` y `Result`, " -"`Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc` y `Arc`." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 -msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." -msgstr "Módulos: visibilidad, rutas y jerarquía del sistema de archivos." - -#: src/memory-management.md:3 -msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" -msgstr "Tradicionalmente, los lenguajes se dividen en dos grandes categorías:" - -#: src/memory-management.md:5 -msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." -msgstr "" -"Control total a través de la gestión manual de la memoria: C, C++, Pascal, " -"etc." - -#: src/memory-management.md:6 -msgid "" -"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " -"Haskell, ..." -msgstr "" -"Seguridad total mediante la gestión automática de la memoria en _runtime_: " -"Java, Python, Go, Haskell, etc." - -#: src/memory-management.md:8 -msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" -msgstr "Rust ofrece una mezcla de ambas:" - -#: src/memory-management.md:10 -msgid "" -"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " -"management." -msgstr "" -"Control _y_ seguridad completa gracias a que el compilador se encarga del " -"correcto manejo de la memoria" - -#: src/memory-management.md:13 -msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." -msgstr "" -"Para ello, se utiliza un concepto de _ownership_ (propiedad) explícito." - -#: src/memory-management.md:15 -msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." -msgstr "En primer lugar, veamos cómo funciona la gestión de la memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 -msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" -msgstr "_Stack_ (Pila) vs _Heap_ (Montículo)" - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 -msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." -msgstr "_Stack_: Zona de memoria continua para las variables locales." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 -msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." -msgstr "Los valores tienen tamaños fijos conocidos en tiempo de compilación." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 -msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." -msgstr "Muy rápida: mueve el _stack pointer_." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 -msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." -msgstr "Fácil de gestionar: sigue las llamadas de funciones." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 -msgid "Great memory locality." -msgstr "Excelente localidad de memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 -msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." -msgstr "_Heap_: almacenamiento de valores fuera de las llamadas de funciones." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 -msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." -msgstr "Los valores tienen tamaños dinámicos determinados en _runtime_." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 -msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." -msgstr "Ligeramente más lento que el _stack_: requiere cierta trazabilidad." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 -msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." -msgstr "No se puede asegurar la localidad de la memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 -msgid "Stack and Heap Example" -msgstr "Ejemplo de _Stack_ y de _Heap_" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 -msgid "" -"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " -"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" -msgstr "" -"Al crear un `String`, los metadatos de tamaño fijo se colocan en la _stack_ " -"y los datos de tamaño dinámico (la cadena real) en el _heap_:" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" -": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 -msgid "" -"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " -"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." -msgstr "" -"Menciona que un `String` está respaldado por un `Vec`, por lo que tiene " -"capacidad y longitud y, si es mutable, puede crecer mediante reasignación en " -"el _heap_." - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 -msgid "" -"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " -"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" -"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " -"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" -msgstr "" -"Si los alumnos lo preguntan, puedes mencionar que la memoria subyacente " -"recibe una asignación de _heap_ mediante el [Asignador del Sistema](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html) y que se pueden implementar " -"asignadores personalizados mediante el [_Allocator API_](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)." - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 -msgid "" -"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " -"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" -msgstr "" -"Podemos inspeccionar la disposición de la memoria con código `unsafe`. Sin " -"embargo, debes señalar que esto no es seguro." - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -" s1.push(' ');\n" -" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" -" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" -" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " -"to\n" -" // undefined behavior.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" let (ptr, capacity, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" -"transmute(s1);\n" -" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 -msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." -msgstr "Eres tú quien asigna y desasigna la memoria del _heap_." - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 -msgid "" -"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " -"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." -msgstr "" -"Si no lo haces con cuidado, podrían producirse fallos, errores, " -"vulnerabilidades de seguridad y pérdidas de memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 -msgid "C Example" -msgstr "Ejemplo en C" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 -msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" -msgstr "Debes llamar a `free` en cada puntero que asignes con `malloc`:" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"void foo(size_t n) {\n" -" int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" -" //\n" -" // ... lots of code\n" -" //\n" -" free(int_array);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 -msgid "" -"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " -"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the " -"pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security " -"vulnerabilities." -msgstr "" -"La memoria se pierde si la función devuelve un resultado antes de tiempo " -"entre `malloc` y `free`: el puntero se pierde y no podemos anular la " -"asignación de la memoria. Peor aún, si se libera el puntero dos veces o si " -"se accede a uno liberado, pueden producirse vulnerabilidades de seguridad de " -"las que otros podrían aprovecharse." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 -msgid "" -"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." -msgstr "" -"Los constructores y destructores permiten acceder al tiempo de vida de un " -"objeto." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 -msgid "" -"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " -"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " -"is raised." -msgstr "" -"Al envolver un puntero en un objeto, puedes liberar memoria cuando el objeto " -"se destruya. El compilador asegura que esto ocurra, aunque se genere una " -"excepción." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 -msgid "" -"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " -"gives you smart pointers." -msgstr "" -"A menudo, significa que la _adquisición de recursos es la inicialización_ " -"(RAII) y te proporciona punteros inteligentes." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 -msgid "C++ Example" -msgstr "Ejemplo en C++" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 -msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" -" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```c++\n" -"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" -" std::cout << \"Hola \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 -msgid "" -"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " -"allocated on the heap." -msgstr "" -"El objeto `std::unique_ptr` se reserva en el _stack_ y apunta a la memoria " -"asignada en el _heap_." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 -msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." -msgstr "Al final de `say_hello`, se ejecuta el destructor `std::unique_ptr`." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 -msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." -msgstr "El destructor libera el objeto `Person` al que apunta." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 -msgid "" -"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" -msgstr "" -"Los constructores de movimiento especiales se utilizan cuando se pasa el " -"_ownership_ a una función:" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 -msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" -"say_hello(std::move(person));\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 -msgid "Automatic Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestión Automática de la Memoria" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 -msgid "" -"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " -"memory management:" -msgstr "" -"Una alternativa a la gestión manual de la memoria basada en el ámbito es la " -"gestión automática de la memoria:" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 -msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." -msgstr "" -"El programador nunca asigna ni desasigna la memoria de forma explícita." - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 -msgid "" -"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " -"programmer." -msgstr "" -"Un _garbage collector_ (recolector de memoria residual) encuentra la que no " -"se utiliza y la desasigna para el programador." - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 -msgid "Java Example" -msgstr "Ejemplo en Java" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 -msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" -msgstr "" -"El objeto `person` no se libera después de que `sayHello` devuelva el " -"siguiente resultado:" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"void sayHello(Person person) {\n" -" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```java\n" -"void sayHello(Person person) {\n" -" System.out.println(\"Hola \" + person.getName());\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 -msgid "Memory Management in Rust" -msgstr "Gestión de la Memoria en Rust" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 -msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" -msgstr "La gestión de la memoria en Rust es una mezcla:" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 -msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." -msgstr "Segura y correcta como Java, pero sin _garbage collector_." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 -msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." -msgstr "" -"Está basada en el ámbito, como C++, pero el compilador cumple con todas las " -"normas." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 -msgid "" -"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " -"have no cost at runtime like C." -msgstr "" -"Un usuario de Rust puede elegir la abstracción adecuada para cada situación, " -"algunas ni siquiera tienen coste en _runtime_, como C." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:9 -msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." -msgstr "Rust lo consigue modelando explícitamente el _ownership_." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:13 -msgid "" -"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " -"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " -"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " -"errors in C." -msgstr "" -"Si en este momento te preguntan cómo, puedes mencionar que en Rust se suele " -"gestionar con tipos de envoltorios RAII, como [Box](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec]https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) o " -"[Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). Estos encapsulan " -"el _ownership_ y la asignación de memoria a través de diversos medios, " -"evitando así los posibles errores en C." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:15 -msgid "" -"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." -msgstr "" -"Puede que aquí te pregunten por los destructores, así que debes saber que el " -"trait [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) es el " -"equivalente en Rust." - -#: src/ownership.md:3 -msgid "" -"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " -"to use a variable outside its scope:" -msgstr "" -"Todos los enlaces a variables tienen un _ámbito_ donde son válidos y se " -"produce un error cuando se usan fuera de él:" - -#: src/ownership.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" {\n" -" let p = Point(3, 4);\n" -" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership.md:18 -msgid "" -"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." -msgstr "Al final del ámbito, la variable _se elimina_ y los datos se liberan." - -#: src/ownership.md:19 -msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." -msgstr "Se puede ejecutar un destructor para liberar recursos." - -#: src/ownership.md:20 -msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." -msgstr "Decimos que el valor _pertenece_ a la variable." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 -msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" -msgstr "Una asignación transferirá su _ownership_ entre variables:" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hola!\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 -msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." -msgstr "La asignación de `s1` a `s2` transfiere el _ownership_." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." -msgstr "" -"Cuando `s1` queda fuera del ámbito, no ocurre nada: no le pertenece nada." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 -msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." -msgstr "Cuando `s2` sale del ámbito, los datos de la cadena se liberan." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 -msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." -msgstr "Siempre hay _exactamente_ un enlace a variable que posee un valor." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21 -msgid "" -"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " -"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." -msgstr "" -"Menciona que es lo contrario de los valores predeterminados de C++, que se " -"copian por valor, a menos que utilices `std::move` (y que el constructor de " -"movimiento esté definido)." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23 -msgid "" -"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " -"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " -"are aggressively optimized away." -msgstr "" -"Es únicamente el ownership el que se mueve. Si se genera algún código " -"máquina para manipular los datos en sí, se trata de una cuestión de " -"optimización, y esas copias se optimizan de forma agresiva." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25 -msgid "" -"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." -msgstr "" -"Los valores simples (como los enteros) se pueden marcar como `Copy` " -"(consulta las diapositivas posteriores)." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27 -msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." -msgstr "En Rust, la clonación es explícita (usando `clone`)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 -msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." -msgstr "Los datos del _heap_ de `s1` se reutilizan en `s2`." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." -msgstr "Cuando `s1` sale del ámbito, no ocurre nada (ha sido movida)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 -msgid "Before move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Antes de mover a `s2`:" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 -msgid "After move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Después de mover a `s2`:" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": s2 : |\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" -": | len | 4 | :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ :\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": s2 : |\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" -": | len | 4 | :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ :\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:28 src/borrowing/exercise.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:51 #, fuzzy -msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" -msgstr "Double free en código C++ moderno" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 -msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" -msgstr "La versión moderna de C++ soluciona este problema de forma diferente:" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 -msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" -"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" -"```" +msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" msgstr "" -"```c++\n" -"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" -"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicar datos en s1.\n" +"```rust,should_panic\n" +"// TODO: borra esto cuando termines de implementarlo.\n" +"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "```" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:37 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:34 +msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:42 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:44 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:41 +msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:17 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:25 +msgid "//\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references.md:4 +msgid "[Shared References](./references/shared.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references.md:5 +msgid "[Exclusive References](./references/exclusive.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references.md:6 +msgid "[Exercise: Geometry](./references/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references.md:8 src/user-defined-types.md:11 src/pattern-matching.md:8 +msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:3 msgid "" -"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." +"A reference provides a way to access another value without taking " +"responsibility for the value, and is also called \"borrowing\". Shared " +"references are read-only, and the referenced data cannot change." msgstr "" -"Los datos de la _stack_ de `s1` se duplican y `s2` obtiene su propia copia " -"independiente." -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 -msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." -msgstr "" -"Cuando `s1` y `s2` salen del ámbito, cada uno libera su propia memoria." - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 -msgid "Before copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Antes de la asignación de copias:" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16 +#: src/references/shared.md:20 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +"A shared reference to a type `T` has type `&T`. A reference value is made " +"with the `&` operator. The `*` operator \"dereferences\" a reference, " +"yielding its value." msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 -msgid "After copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Después de la asignación de copia:" +#: src/references/shared.md:24 +msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" +msgstr "Rust prohibirá estáticamente las referencias colgantes:" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32 +#: src/references/shared.md:38 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -": s2 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +"A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to, and this is a good " +"model for students not familiar with pointers: code can use the reference to " +"access the value, but is still \"owned\" by the original variable. The " +"course will get into more detail on ownership in day 3." msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -": s2 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:57 +#: src/references/shared.md:43 msgid "" -"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " -"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " -"either string goes out of scope." +"References are implemented as pointers, and a key advantage is that they can " +"be much smaller than the thing they point to. Students familiar with C or C+" +"+ will recognize references as pointers. Later parts of the course will " +"cover how Rust prevents the memory-safety bugs that come from using raw " +"pointers." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:61 +#: src/references/shared.md:48 msgid "" -"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " -"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " -"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " -"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " -"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." +"Rust does not automatically create references for you - the `&` is always " +"required." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:66 +#: src/references/shared.md:51 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " -"which is being copied or moved." +"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " +"methods (try `r.count_ones()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like " +"in C++." msgstr "" +"Rust realizará una desreferencia automática en algunos casos, en especial al " +"invocar métodos (prueba `ref_x.count_ones()`)." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 +#: src/references/shared.md:54 msgid "" -"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " -"parameter. This transfers ownership:" +"In this example, `r` is mutable so that it can be reassigned (`r = &b`). " +"Note that this re-binds `r`, so that it refers to something else. This is " +"different from C++, where assignment to a reference changes the referenced " +"value." msgstr "" -"Cuando pasas un valor a una función, el valor se asigna al parámetro de la " -"función. Esta acción transfiere el _ownership_:" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 +#: src/references/shared.md:58 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" -" say_hello(name);\n" -" // say_hello(name);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"A shared reference does not allow modifying the value it refers to, even if " +"that value was mutable. Try `*r = 'X'`." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 +#: src/references/shared.md:61 msgid "" -"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " -"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." +"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +"enough. Dangling references cannot occur in safe Rust. `x_axis` would return " +"a reference to `point`, but `point` will be deallocated when the function " +"returns, so this will not compile." msgstr "" -"Con la primera llamada a `say_hello`, `main` deja de tener el _ownership_ de " -"`name`. Después, ya no se podrá usar `name` dentro de `main`." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 +#: src/references/shared.md:66 +msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." +msgstr "" +"Más adelante hablaremos de los préstamos cuando lleguemos a la parte de " +"propiedad." + +#: src/references/exclusive.md:3 msgid "" -"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " -"`say_hello` function." +"Exclusive references, also known as mutable references, allow changing the " +"value they refer to. They have type `&mut T`." msgstr "" -"La memoria de _heap_ asignada a `name` se liberará al final de la función " -"`say_hello`." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 +#: src/references/exclusive.md:22 msgid "" -"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " -"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." +"\"Exclusive\" means that only this reference can be used to access the " +"value. No other references (shared or exclusive) can exist at the same time, " +"and the referenced value cannot be accessed while the exclusive reference " +"exists. Try making an `&point.0` or changing `point.0` while `x_coord` is " +"alive." msgstr "" -"main` podrá conservar el _ownership_ si pasa`name` como referencia (`&name`) " -"y si `say_hello` acepta una referencia como parámetro." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 +#: src/references/exclusive.md:27 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." -"clone()`)." +"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let " +"x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be " +"bound to different values, while the second represents an exclusive " +"reference to a mutable value." msgstr "" -"Por otro lado, `main` puede pasar un clon de `name` en la primera llamada " -"(`name.clone()`)." +"Ten en cuenta la diferencia entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` y `let ref_x: &mut " +"i32`. La primera representa una referencia mutable que se puede vincular a " +"distintos valores, mientras que la segunda representa una referencia a un " +"valor mutable." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 +#: src/references/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " -"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." +"We will create a few utility functions for 3-dimensional geometry, " +"representing a point as `[f64;3]`. It is up to you to determine the function " +"signatures." msgstr "" -"Rust hace que resulte más difícil que en C++ crear copias por error al " -"definir la semántica de movimiento como predeterminada y al obligar a los " -"programadores a clonar sólo de forma explícita." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 +#: src/references/exercise.md:7 msgid "" -"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" +"// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its " +"coordinates\n" +"// and taking the square root. Use the `sqrt()` method to calculate the " +"square\n" +"// root, like `v.sqrt()`.\n" msgstr "" -"Aunque la semántica de movimiento es la opción predeterminada, algunos tipos " -"se copian de forma predeterminada:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 +#: src/references/exercise.md:15 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = 42;\n" -" let y = x;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its\n" +"// coordinates by that magnitude.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 -msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." -msgstr "Estos tipos implementan el trait `Copy`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 -msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" +#: src/references/exercise.md:23 +msgid "// Use the following `main` to test your work.\n" msgstr "" -"Puedes habilitar tus propios tipos para que usen la semántica de copia:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 +#: src/references/exercise.md:27 src/references/solution.md:22 +msgid "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:30 src/references/solution.md:25 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:32 src/references/solution.md:27 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/solution.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = p1;\n" -" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" -" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its " +"direction.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 -msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." +#: src/user-defined-types.md:4 +msgid "[Named Structs](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Después de la asignación, tanto `p1` como `p2` tienen sus propios datos." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 -msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." +#: src/user-defined-types.md:5 +msgid "[Tuple Structs](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"También podemos utilizar `p1.clone()` para copiar los datos de forma " -"explícita." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 -msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" -msgstr "Copiar y clonar no es lo mismo:" +#: src/user-defined-types.md:6 +msgid "[Enums](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types.md:7 msgid "" -"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " -"arbitrary objects." +"[Static and Const](./user-defined-types/static-and-const.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Copiar hace referencia a las copias bit a bit de regiones de memoria y no " -"funciona en cualquier objeto." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 +#: src/user-defined-types.md:8 +msgid "[Type Aliases](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types.md:9 msgid "" -"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." -msgstr "" -"Copiar no permite lógica personalizada (a diferencia de los constructores de " -"copias de C++)." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 -msgid "" -"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " -"implementing the `Clone` trait." -msgstr "" -"Clonar es una operación más general y que permite un comportamiento " -"personalizado implementando el trait `Clone`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 -msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." -msgstr "Copiar no funciona en los tipos que implementan el trait `Drop`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 -msgid "In the above example, try the following:" -msgstr "En el ejemplo anterior, prueba lo siguiente:" - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 -msgid "" -"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " -"is not a `Copy` type." -msgstr "" -"Añade un campo `String` a `struct Point`. No se compilará porque `String` no " -"es de tipo `Copy`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 -msgid "" -"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " -"`println!` for `p1`." -msgstr "" -"Elimina `Copy` del atributo `derive`. El error del compilador se encuentra " -"ahora en `println!` para `p1`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 -msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." -msgstr "Demuestra que funciona si clonas `p1`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 -msgid "" -"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " -"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " -"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." -msgstr "" -"Si los alumnos preguntan por `derive`, basta con decir que se trata de una " -"forma de generar código en Rust durante el tiempo de compilación. En este " -"caso, se generan las implementaciones predeterminadas de los traits `Copy` y " -"`Clone`." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 -msgid "" -"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " -"function _borrow_ the value:" -msgstr "" -"En lugar de transferir el _ownership_ al llamar a una función, puedes " -"permitir que una función _tome prestado_ el valor:" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" -" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" -" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"[Exercise: Elevator Events](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 -msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." -msgstr "La función `add` _toma prestados_ dos puntos y devuelve uno nuevo." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 -msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." -msgstr "El llamador conserva el _ownership_ de las entradas." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 -msgid "Notes on stack returns:" -msgstr "Notas sobre la devolución de resultados de la _stack_:" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 -msgid "" -"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " -"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " -"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the " -"assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" " -"optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same " -"when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" -msgstr "" -"Demuestra que la instrucción de retorno de `add` es fácil porque el " -"compilador puede eliminar la operación de copia. Cambia el código anterior " -"para imprimir las direcciones de la _stack_ y ejecutarlas en el [Playground]" -"(https://play.rust-lang.org/) o consulta el ensamblador en [Godbolt](https://" -"rust.godbolt.org/). En el nivel de optimización \"DEBUG\", las direcciones " -"deberían cambiar. Sin embargo, deberían mantenerse igual modificar la " -"configuración \"RELEASE\":" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" -" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" -" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" -" p\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" -" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" -" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 -msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." -msgstr "" -"El compilador de Rust puede hacer la optimización del valor devuelto (RVO)." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 -msgid "" -"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " -"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " -"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " -"copy." -msgstr "" -"En C++, la elisión de copia tiene que definirse en la especificación del " -"lenguaje, ya que los constructores pueden tener efectos secundarios. En " -"Rust, esto no supone ningún problema. Si no hay RVO, Rust siempre realizará " -"una copia `memcpy` simple y eficiente." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 -msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" -msgstr "Rust limita las formas en que se pueden tomar prestados valores:" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 -msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" -msgstr "Puedes tener uno o varios valores `&T` en un momento dado, _o_" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 -msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." -msgstr "puedes tener exactamente un valor `&mut T`." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" -" let b: &i32 = &a;\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" -" *c = 20;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" -" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 -msgid "" -"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " -"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." -msgstr "" -"El código anterior no se compila porque `a` se toma prestada como mutable (a " -"través de `c`) y como inmutable (a través de `b`) al mismo tiempo." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 -msgid "" -"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " -"to make the code compile." -msgstr "" -"Mueve la instrucción `println!` de `b` antes del ámbito que introduce `c` " -"para que el código compile." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 -msgid "" -"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " -"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " -"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." -msgstr "" -"Después de ese cambio, el compilador se da cuenta de que `b` solo se usa " -"antes del nuevo préstamo mutable de `a` a través de `c`. Se trata de una " -"función del verificador de préstamos denominada \"tiempo de vida no léxico\"." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 -msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" -msgstr "Un valor que se toma prestado tiene un _tiempo de vida_:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 -msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." -msgstr "" -"El tiempo de vida puede ser implícito: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> " -"Point`." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 -msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." -msgstr "" -"Tiempo de vida también puede ser explícito: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 -msgid "" -"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " -"lifetime `a`\"." -msgstr "" -"Lee `&'a Point` como \"un `Point` prestado que es válido al menos durante el " -"tiempo de vida de `a`\"." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 -msgid "" -"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " -"yourself." -msgstr "" -"El compilador siempre infiere el tiempo de vida: no puedes asignarlos tú." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 -msgid "" -"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " -"a valid solution." -msgstr "" -"Las anotaciones durante el tiempo de vida crean restricciones. El compilador " -"verifica que hay una solución válida." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 -msgid "" -"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " -"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " -"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." -msgstr "" -"El tiempo de vida de los argumentos de las funciones y los valores devueltos " -"deben especificarse por completo, pero Rust permite que se puedan eludir en " -"la mayoría de los casos con [unas sencillas reglas](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 -msgid "" -"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " -"value:" -msgstr "" -"Además de tomar prestados sus argumentos, una función puede devolver un " -"valor que se ha tomado prestado:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" -" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" -" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" -" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 -msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." -msgstr "`'a` es un parámetro genérico que infiere el compilador." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 -msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." -msgstr "" -"Los tiempos de vida comienzan por `'` y `'a` suele ser un nombre " -"predeterminado habitual." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 -msgid "" -"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." -msgstr "" -"La parte _al menos_ es importante cuando los parámetros están en ámbitos " -"distintos." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 -msgid "" -"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " -"resulting in the following code:" -msgstr "" -"Mueve la declaración de `p2` y `p3` a un nuevo ámbito (`{ ... }`), lo que " -"dará como resultado el siguiente código:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" -" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" -" let p3: &Point;\n" -" {\n" -" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" -" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 -msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que no se puede compilar, ya que `p3` dura más tiempo que `p2`." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 -msgid "" -"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " -"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " -"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." -msgstr "" -"Restablece el espacio de trabajo y cambia la firma de la función a `fn " -"left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. No se " -"compilará porque la relación entre los tiempos de vida de `'a` y `'b` no " -"está clara." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 -msgid "Another way to explain it:" -msgstr "Otra forma de explicarlo:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 -msgid "" -"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " -"returns another reference." -msgstr "" -"Una función toma prestadas dos referencias a dos valores y devuelve otra " -"referencia." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 -msgid "" -"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." -msgstr "" -"Esta debe proceder de una de esas dos entradas (o de una variable global)." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 -msgid "" -"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " -"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " -"reference came from." -msgstr "" -"¿Cuál de ellas es? El compilador debe saberlo para que, en el sitio de la " -"llamada, la referencia devuelta no se use durante más tiempo que una " -"variable de la que procede la referencia." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 -msgid "" -"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" -msgstr "" -"Si un tipo de datos almacena datos prestados, se debe anotar con tiempo de " -"vida:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" -"\n" -"fn erase(text: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." -"\");\n" -" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" -" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" -" // erase(text);\n" -" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" -" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 -msgid "" -"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " -"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " -"`Highlight` that uses that data." -msgstr "" -"En el ejemplo anterior, la anotación en `Highlight` hace que los datos " -"subyacentes a la `&str` contenida tengan al menos la misma duración que " -"cualquier instancia de `Highlight` que utilice esos datos." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 -msgid "" -"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " -"the borrow checker throws an error." -msgstr "" -"Si `text` se consume antes de que acabe el tiempo de vida de `fox` (o " -"`dog`), el _borrow checker_ (verificador de préstamos) muestra un error." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 -msgid "" -"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " -"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " -"somewhat harder to use." -msgstr "" -"Los tipos con datos prestados (_borrowed_) obligan a los usuarios a " -"conservar los datos originales. Esto puede ser útil para crear vistas " -"ligeras aunque, por lo general, hace que sean un poco más difíciles de usar." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 -msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." -msgstr "" -"Siempre que sea posible, haz que las estructuras de datos sean propietarias " -"directas de sus datos." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 -msgid "" -"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " -"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " -"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " -"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." -msgstr "" -"Algunas estructuras con varias referencias dentro pueden tener más de una " -"anotación de tiempo de vida. Esto puede ser necesario si hay que describir " -"las relaciones de tiempo de vida entre las propias referencias, además del " -"tiempo de vida de la propia estructura. Estos son casos prácticos muy " -"avanzados." - -#: src/structs.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:3 msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" msgstr "Al igual que C y C++, Rust admite estructuras (struct) personalizadas:" -#: src/structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" peter.age = 28;\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" let jackie = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" -" ..peter\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:12 +msgid "\"{} is {} years old\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:33 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:16 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:87 +msgid "\"Peter\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:22 +msgid "\"Avery\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:27 +msgid "\"Jackie\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:37 msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "Las estructuras funcionan como en C o en C++." -#: src/structs.md:34 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:38 msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." msgstr "" "Al igual que en C++, y a diferencia de C, no se necesita typedef para " "definir un tipo." -#: src/structs.md:35 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:39 msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "A diferencia de C++, no existe ninguna herencia entre las estructuras." -#: src/structs.md:36 -msgid "" -"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " -"slides." -msgstr "" -"Los métodos están definidos en un bloque `impl` que veremos en las " -"siguientes diapositivas." - -#: src/structs.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:40 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " -"structs. " +"structs." msgstr "" "Puede que sea un buen momento para indicar a los alumnos que existen " "diferentes tipos de estructuras. " -#: src/structs.md:38 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:42 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " +"Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " -"value itself. " +"value itself." msgstr "" "Las estructuras de tamaño cero, como `struct Foo;`, se pueden utilizar al " "implementar un trait en algún tipo, pero no tienen ningún dato que te " "interese almacenar en el propio valor. " -#: src/structs.md:39 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:45 msgid "" "The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " "not important." @@ -7375,9 +4608,19 @@ msgstr "" "La siguiente diapositiva presentará las estructuras de tuplas, que se " "utilizan cuando los nombres de los campos no son importantes." -#: src/structs.md:40 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:47 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " +"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " +"struct using a shorthand." +msgstr "" +"Si ya dispones de variables con los nombres adecuados, puedes crear la " +"estructura con un método abreviado:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" @@ -7385,53 +4628,34 @@ msgstr "" "estructura anterior sin tener que escribirlos explícitamente. Siempre debe " "ser el último elemento." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:7 msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "" "Si los nombres de los campos no son importantes, puedes utilizar una " "estructura de tuplas:" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(17, 23);\n" -" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:14 +msgid "\"({}, {})\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:18 msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" msgstr "" "Esto se suele utilizar para envoltorios de campo único (denominados " "newtypes):" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n" -"struct Newtons(f64);\n" -"\n" -"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n" -" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" -" // ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" -" set_thruster_force(force);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:25 +msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:14 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:98 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:101 +msgid "// ...\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:41 msgid "" "Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " "a primitive type, for example:" @@ -7439,21 +4663,22 @@ msgstr "" "Los newtypes son una buena forma de codificar información adicional sobre el " "valor de un tipo primitivo, por ejemplo:" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:43 msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "" "El número se mide en algunas unidades: `Newtons` en el ejemplo anterior." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:44 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " -"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." +"to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`." msgstr "" "El valor ha pasado alguna validación cuando se ha creado, por lo que ya no " "tendrás que volver a validarlo cada vez que lo uses: `PhoneNumber(String)` u " "`OddNumber(u32)`." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:47 msgid "" "Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " "single field in the newtype." @@ -7461,7 +4686,7 @@ msgstr "" "Demuestra cómo se añade un valor `f64` a un tipo `Newtons` accediendo al " "campo único del newtype." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:49 msgid "" "Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " "for instance using booleans as integers." @@ -7469,11 +4694,11 @@ msgstr "" "Por lo general, a Rust no le gustan los elementos no explícitos, como el " "desenvolvimiento automático o, por ejemplo, el uso de booleanos como enteros." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:51 msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "El día 3 (genéricos), se explicará la sobrecarga del operador." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:52 msgid "" "The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." @@ -7481,117 +4706,901 @@ msgstr "" "El ejemplo es una sutil referencia al fracaso de la sonda [Mars Climate " "Orbiter](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter)." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:3 msgid "" -"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " -"struct using a shorthand:" +"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " +"variants:" msgstr "" -"Si ya dispones de variables con los nombres adecuados, puedes crear la " -"estructura con un método abreviado:" +"La palabra clave `enum` permite crear un tipo que tiene diferentes variantes:" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" -" Person { name, age }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" -" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:15 +msgid "// Simple variant\n" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 -msgid "" -"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " -"interchangeable with the struct type name" -msgstr "" -"La función `new` se podría escribir utilizando `Self` como tipo, ya que es " -"intercambiable con el nombre de tipo de estructura." - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n" -" Self { name, age }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:16 +msgid "// Tuple variant\n" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 -msgid "" -"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " -"default values for the other fields." -msgstr "" -"Implementa el trait `Default` en la estructura. Define algunos campos y usa " -"los valores predeterminados para el resto de los campos." - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"impl Default for Person {\n" -" fn default() -> Person {\n" -" Person {\n" -" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" -" age: 0,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"fn create_default() {\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" ..Person::default()\n" -" };\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" -" ..Person::default()\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:17 +msgid "// Struct variant\n" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 -msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." -msgstr "Los métodos se definen en el bloque `impl`." - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 -msgid "" -"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " -"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:22 +msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -"Utiliza la sintaxis de actualización de estructuras para definir una " -"estructura nueva con `peter`. Ten en cuenta que, después, ya no podrás " -"acceder a la variable `peter`." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 -msgid "" -"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type." msgstr "" -"Utiliza `{:#?}` al imprimir estructuras para solicitar la representación de " -"`Debug`." +"Las enumeraciones te permiten recoger un conjunto de valores en un solo tipo." -#: src/methods.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:32 +msgid "" +"`Direction` is a type with variants. There are two values of `Direction`: " +"`Direction::Left` and `Direction::Right`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:34 +msgid "" +"`PlayerMove` is a type with three variants. In addition to the payloads, " +"Rust will store a discriminant so that it knows at runtime which variant is " +"in a `PlayerMove` value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:" +msgstr "" +"Este es un buen momento para comparar las estructuras y las enumeraciones:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " +"with different types of fields (variant payloads)." +msgstr "" +"En ambas puedes tener una versión sencilla sin campos (estructura unitaria) " +"o una versión con distintos tipos de campos (variantes con carga útil). " + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " +"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " +"all defined in an enum." +msgstr "" +"Incluso podrías implementar las distintas variantes de una enumeración con " +"estructuras diferentes, pero entonces no serían del mismo tipo como lo " +"serían si estuvieran todas definidas en una enumeración. " + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:43 +msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:44 +msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:45 +msgid "" +"If the allowed variant values do not cover all bit patterns, it will use " +"invalid bit patterns to encode the discriminant (the \"niche " +"optimization\"). For example, `Option<&u8>` stores either a pointer to an " +"integer or `NULL` for the `None` variant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:49 +msgid "" +"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" +msgstr "" +"Puedes controlar el discriminante si es necesario (por ejemplo, para " +"asegurar la compatibilidad con C):" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:67 +msgid "" +"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " +"bytes." +msgstr "" +"Sin `repr`, el tipo discriminante ocupa 2 bytes, debido a que 10001 se cabe " +"en 2 bytes." + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:76 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:51 src/memory-management/move.md:100 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:84 src/borrowing/shared.md:33 +msgid "More to Explore" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:72 +msgid "" +"Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less " +"space." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:74 +msgid "" +"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " +"`size_of::>()`." +msgstr "" +"Optimización de puntero nulo: para [algunos tipos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/option/#representation), Rust asegura que `size_of::()` es igual a " +"`size_of:: >()`." + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:78 +msgid "" +"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " +"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " +"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." +msgstr "" +"Fragmento de código de ejemplo si quieres mostrar cómo puede ser la " +"representación bit a bit en la práctica. Es importante tener en cuenta que " +"el compilador no ofrece garantías con respecto a esta representación, por lo " +"tanto es totalmente inseguro. " + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" +"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " +"the program." +msgstr "" +"Las variables estáticas y constantes son dos formas diferentes de crear " +"valores de ámbito global que no se pueden mover ni reasignar durante la " +"ejecución del programa. " + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:6 +msgid "`const`" +msgstr "`const`" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:8 +msgid "" +"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " +"inlined wherever they are used:" +msgstr "" +"Las variables constantes se evalúan en tiempo de compilación y sus valores " +"se insertan dondequiera que se utilicen:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +msgstr "" +"Según el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), se insertan cuando se utilizan." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:33 +msgid "" +"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " +"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." +msgstr "" +"Sólo se pueden llamar a las funciones marcadas como `const` en tiempo de " +"compilación para generar valores `const`. Sin embargo, las funciones `const` " +"se pueden llamar en _runtime_." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:36 +msgid "`static`" +msgstr "`static`" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:38 +msgid "" +"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " +"therefore will not move:" +msgstr "" +"Las variables estáticas vivirán durante toda la ejecución del programa y, " +"por lo tanto, no se moverán:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" +msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida al Día 1" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:45 +msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " +"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and " +"the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " +"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " +"`const` is generally preferred." +msgstr "" +"Tal y como se indica en el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/" +"rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), no están insertadas y tienen una ubicación " +"de memoria real asociada. Esto resulta útil para código insertado y no " +"seguro. Además, la variable continúa durante toda la ejecución del programa. " +"Cuando un valor de ámbito global no tiene ningún motivo para necesitar " +"identidad de objeto, se suele preferir `const`." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:58 +msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." +msgstr "" +"Menciona que `const` se comporta semánticamente de forma similar a " +"`constexpr` de C++." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:59 +msgid "" +"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " +"global variable in C++." +msgstr "" +"Por su parte, `static` se parece mucho más a `const` o a una variable global " +"mutable de C++." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:61 +msgid "" +"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " +"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." +msgstr "" +"`static` proporciona la identidad del objeto: una dirección en la memoria y " +"en el estado que requieren los tipos con mutabilidad interior, como " +"`Mutex`." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:63 +msgid "" +"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " +"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +msgstr "" +"No es muy habitual que se necesite una constante evaluada en _runtime_, pero " +"es útil y más seguro que usar una estática." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:66 +msgid "Properties table:" +msgstr "Tabla de Propiedades:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:68 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +msgid "Property" +msgstr "Propiedad" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:68 +msgid "Static" +msgstr "Estático" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:68 +msgid "Constant" +msgstr "Constante" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +msgid "Has an address in memory" +msgstr "Tiene una dirección en la memoria" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:74 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes" +msgstr "Sí" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +msgid "No (inlined)" +msgstr "No (insertado)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" +msgstr "Vive durante toda la ejecución del programa" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:74 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "No" +msgstr "No" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +msgid "Can be mutable" +msgstr "Puede ser mutable" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +msgid "Yes (unsafe)" +msgstr "Sí (inseguro)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +msgid "Evaluated at compile time" +msgstr "Evaluado en tiempo de compilación" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" +msgstr "Sí (inicializado en tiempo de compilación)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:74 +msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" +msgstr "Insertado dondequiera que se utilice" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:78 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " +"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." +msgstr "" +"Dado que se puede acceder a las variables `static` desde cualquier hilo, es " +"necesario protegerlas, por ejemplo, mediante un comando [`Mutex`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), o que sean accesibles usando " +"código `unsafe`. Veremos la [mutación de datos estáticos](../unsafe/mutable-" +"static-variables.md) en el capítulo sobre Rust inseguro." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:83 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +msgstr "" +"Datos del `thread_local` se pueden crear con la macro `std::thread_local`." + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:3 +msgid "" +"A type alias creates a name for another type. The two types can be used " +"interchangeably." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:13 +msgid "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:23 +msgid "C programmers will recognize this as similar to a `typedef`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will create a data structure to represent an event in an elevator control " +"system. It is up to you to define the types and functions to construct " +"various events. Use `#[derive(Debug)]` to allow the types to be formatted " +"with `{:?}`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"This exercise only requires creating and populating data structures so that " +"`main` runs without errors. The next part of the course will cover getting " +"data out of these structures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:12 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:4 +msgid "" +"/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:15 +msgid "// TODO: add required variants\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:17 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:22 +msgid "/// A direction of travel.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:24 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:39 +msgid "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:29 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:44 +msgid "/// The car doors have opened.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:34 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:49 +msgid "/// The car doors have closed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:39 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:54 +msgid "" +"/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given " +"floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:44 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:59 +msgid "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:52 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:67 +msgid "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:55 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:70 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:56 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:71 +msgid "\"The car door opened: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:58 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:73 +msgid "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:61 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"The car door closed: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:62 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:7 +msgid "/// A button was pressed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:10 +msgid "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// The car's doors have opened.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// The car's doors have closed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:19 +msgid "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:29 +msgid "/// A user-accessible button.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:33 +msgid "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:36 +msgid "/// A floor button within the car.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Day 2" +msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida al día 2" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, today will focus on Rust's type " +"system:" +msgstr "" +"Ahora que ya sabemos bastante sobre Rust, continuaremos con lo siguiente:" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pattern matching: extracting data from structures." +msgstr "" +"Emparejamiento de Patrones: desestructuración de enums, structs y arrays." + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 +msgid "Methods: associating functions with types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 +msgid "Traits: behaviors shared by multiple types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 +msgid "Generics: parameterizing types on other types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 +msgid "" +"Standard library types and traits: a tour of Rust's rich standard library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "[Pattern Matching](./pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" +"Consulta de nuevo la sección de [coincidencia de patrones](../pattern-" +"matching.md) para obtener más información sobre los patrones de Rust." + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:17 +msgid "[Methods and Traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:18 +msgid "[Generics](./generics.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:20 src/welcome-day-4.md:19 +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 5 " +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:4 +msgid "[Destructuring](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:5 +msgid "[Let Control Flow](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Expression Evaluation](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:3 +msgid "Like tuples, structs and enums can also be destructured by matching:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:59 +msgid "Structs" +msgstr "Structs" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:17 +msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:26 +msgid "" +"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " +"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " +"`enum` type:" +msgstr "" +"Los patrones también se pueden usar para enlazar variables a partes de los " +"valores. Así es como se inspecciona la estructura de tus tipos. Empecemos " +"con un tipo `enum` sencillo:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:39 +msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:47 +msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:52 +msgid "" +"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " +"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " +"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." +msgstr "" +"Aquí hemos utilizado los brazos para _desestructurar_ el valor de `Result`. " +"En el primer brazo, `half` está vinculado al valor que hay dentro de la " +"variante `Ok`. En el segundo, `msg` está vinculado al mensaje de error." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:61 +msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." +msgstr "" +"Cambia los valores literales de `foo` para que coincidan con los demás " +"patrones." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:62 +msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." +msgstr "" +"Añade un campo nuevo a `Foo` y realiza los cambios necesarios en el patrón." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:63 +msgid "" +"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " +"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " +"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." +msgstr "" +"La diferencia entre una captura y una expresión constante puede ser difícil " +"de detectar. Prueba a cambiar el `2` del segundo brazo por una variable y " +"observa que no funciona. Cámbialo a `const` y verás que vuelve a funcionar." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:71 +msgid "" +"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " +"a `match`." +msgstr "" +"La expresión `if`/`else` devuelve una enumeración que más tarde se " +"descomprime con `match`." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:73 +msgid "" +"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " +"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " +"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." +msgstr "" +"Puedes probar a añadir una tercera variante a la definición de la " +"enumeración y mostrar los errores al ejecutar el código. Señala los lugares " +"en los que tu código está ahora incompleto y explica cómo el compilador " +"intenta dar sugerencias." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:76 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " +"matched." +msgstr "" +"Solo se puede acceder a los valores de las variantes de enumeración una vez " +"que coincidan con el patrón. El patrón vincula referencias a los campos del " +"\"brazo de coincidencias\" después de `=>`." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:78 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " +"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled." +msgstr "" +"Demuestra lo que pasa cuando la búsqueda no es exhaustiva. Ten en cuenta la " +"ventaja que ofrece el compilador de Rust al confirmar cuándo se gestionan " +"todos los casos. " + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:80 +msgid "" +"Save the result of `divide_in_two` in the `result` variable and `match` it " +"in a loop. That won't compile because `msg` is consumed when matched. To fix " +"it, match `&result` instead of `result`. That will make `msg` a reference so " +"it won't be consumed. This [\"match ergonomics\"](https://rust-lang.github." +"io/rfcs/2005-match-ergonomics.html) appeared in Rust 2018. If you want to " +"support older Rust, replace `msg` with `ref msg` in the pattern." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " +"They are used for pattern matching:" +msgstr "" +"Rust tiene algunas construcciones de control de flujo que difieren de otros " +"lenguajes. Se utilizan para el patrón de coincidencia:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:6 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:10 +msgid "`if let` expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones `if let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:7 +msgid "`while let` expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:8 +msgid "`match` expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones `match`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:12 +msgid "" +"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " +"whether a value matches a pattern:" +msgstr "" +"La [expresión `if let`][(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) te permite ejecutar código diferente en " +"función de si un valor coincide con un patrón:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:24 +msgid "\"slept for {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`let else` expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:35 +msgid "" +"For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, " +"use [`let else`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/" +"let_else.html). The \"else\" case must diverge (`return`, `break`, or panic " +"- anything but falling off the end of the block)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:45 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:108 +msgid "\"got None\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:51 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:112 +msgid "\"got empty string\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:57 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:116 +msgid "\"not a hex digit\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:62 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:113 +msgid "\"result: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:62 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:16 +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:87 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:90 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +#: src/testing/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"foo\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:66 +msgid "" +"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " +"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" +msgstr "" +"Al igual que con `if let`, hay una variante [`while let`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) que " +"prueba repetidamente un valor con respecto a un patrón:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after " +"which it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through " +"all items." +msgstr "" +"Aquí, el iterador devuelto por `v.into_iter()` devolverá `Option` en " +"cada llamada a `next()`. Devuelve `Some(x)` hasta que finaliza y, a " +"continuación, devuelve `None`. `while let` nos permite seguir iterando a " +"través de todos los elementos." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:90 +msgid "if-let" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:92 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " +"it more concise than `match`." +msgstr "" +"A diferencia de `match`, `if let` no tiene que cubrir todas las ramas, " +"pudiendo así conseguir que sea más conciso que `match`." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:94 +msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." +msgstr "" +"Un uso habitual consiste en gestionar valores `Some` al trabajar con " +"`Option`." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:95 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." +msgstr "" +"A diferencia de `match`, `if let` no admite cláusulas guardia para la " +"coincidencia de patrones." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:97 +msgid "let-else" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:99 +msgid "" +"`if-let`s can pile up, as shown. The `let-else` construct supports " +"flattening this nested code. Rewrite the awkward version for students, so " +"they can see the transformation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:103 +msgid "The rewritten version is:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:123 +#, fuzzy +msgid "while-let" +msgstr "Bucles `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:125 +msgid "" +"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " +"matches the pattern." +msgstr "" +"Señala que el bucle `while let` seguirá funcionando siempre que el valor " +"coincida con el patrón." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " +"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The " +"`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." +msgstr "" +"Puedes reescribir el bucle `while let` como un ciclo infinito con una " +"instrucción if que deje de funcionar si `iter.next()` no tienen ningún valor " +"que desenvolver. `while let` proporciona azúcar sintáctico en la situación " +"anterior." + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:5 +msgid "" +"The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later " +"in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the " +"tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator (`*`) to " +"\"unbox\" it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:10 +msgid "" +"Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The standard " +"[`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result." +"html) type is an enum that represents either a successful value " +"(`Ok(Value)`) or an error (`Err(String)`). We will cover this type in detail " +"later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:15 +msgid "" +"Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing " +"`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use " +"`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one. You can also skip a test " +"temporarily with `#[ignore]`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:26 +msgid "" +"If you finish early, try writing a test that results in division by zero or " +"integer overflow. How could you handle this with `Result` instead of a panic?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:30 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:38 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:12 +msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:42 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:45 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:19 +msgid "/// A literal value\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:104 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:40 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:102 +msgid "\"division by zero\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:112 +msgid "\"expr: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:4 +msgid "[Methods](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:5 +msgid "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:6 +msgid "[Deriving](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:7 +msgid "[Trait Objects](./methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Generic Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:10 +msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:3 msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " "an `impl` block:" @@ -7599,103 +5608,52 @@ msgstr "" "Rust te permite asociar funciones a los nuevos tipos. Para ello, usa un " "bloque `impl`:" -#: src/methods.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" peter.say_hello();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:14 +msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods.md:31 -msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." -msgstr "Puede resultar útil presentar los métodos comparándolos con funciones." - -#: src/methods.md:32 -msgid "" -"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " -"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:19 +msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" msgstr "" -"Se llama a los métodos en una instancia de un tipo (como un estructura o una " -"enumeración) y el primer parámetro representa la instancia como `self`." -#: src/methods.md:33 -msgid "" -"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " -"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " -"all the implementation code in one predictable place." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:24 +msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" msgstr "" -"Los desarrolladores pueden optar por utilizar métodos para aprovechar la " -"sintaxis de los receptores de métodos y para ayudar a mantenerlos más " -"organizados. Mediante el uso de métodos podemos mantener todo el código de " -"implementación en un lugar predecible." -#: src/methods.md:34 -msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." -msgstr "Señala el uso de la palabra clave `self`, receptor de un método. " - -#: src/methods.md:35 -msgid "" -"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " -"the struct name could also be used." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:26 +msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" msgstr "" -"Indica que se trata de un término abreviado de `self:&Self` y muestra cómo " -"se podría utilizar también el nombre de la estructura. " -#: src/methods.md:36 -msgid "" -"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " -"can be used elsewhere in the block." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:28 +msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" msgstr "" -"Explica que `Self` es un tipo de alias para el tipo en el que está el bloque " -"`impl` y que se puede usar en cualquier parte del bloque." -#: src/methods.md:37 -msgid "" -"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " -"refer to individual fields." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:32 +msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que se puede usar `self` como otras estructuras y que la " -"notación de puntos puede utilizarse para referirse a campos concretos." -#: src/methods.md:38 -msgid "" -"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " -"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:35 +msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" msgstr "" -"Puede ser un buen momento para mostrar la diferencia entre `&self` y `self` " -"modificando el código e intentando ejecutar say_hello dos veces." -#: src/methods.md:39 -msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." -msgstr "A continuación, se describe la diferencia entre receptores de métodos." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:40 +msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/methods/receiver.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:47 +msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:51 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " -"There are other possible receivers for a method:" +"The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts " +"on. There are several common receivers for a method:" msgstr "" "`&self` indica que el método toma prestado el objeto de forma inmutable. Hay " "otros posibles receptores para un método:" -#: src/methods/receiver.md:6 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:54 msgid "" "`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." @@ -7703,7 +5661,7 @@ msgstr "" "`&self`: toma prestado el objeto del llamador utilizando una referencia " "compartida e inmutable. El objeto se puede volver a utilizar después." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:8 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:56 msgid "" "`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." @@ -7711,7 +5669,7 @@ msgstr "" "`&mut self`: toma prestado el objeto del llamador mediante una referencia " "única y mutable. El objeto se puede volver a utilizar después." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:10 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:58 msgid "" "`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " "method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " @@ -7724,12 +5682,13 @@ msgstr "" "que se transmita su _ownership_ de forma explícita. El _ownership_ completa " "no implica automáticamente una mutabilidad." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:14 -msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:62 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object." msgstr "" "`mut self`: igual que lo anterior, pero el método puede mutar el objeto. " -#: src/methods/receiver.md:15 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:63 msgid "" "No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " "create constructors which are called `new` by convention." @@ -7738,7 +5697,67 @@ msgstr "" "Normalmente se utiliza para crear constructores que se suelen denominar " "`new`." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:18 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:71 +msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." +msgstr "Puede resultar útil presentar los métodos comparándolos con funciones." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:72 +msgid "" +"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " +"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +msgstr "" +"Se llama a los métodos en una instancia de un tipo (como un estructura o una " +"enumeración) y el primer parámetro representa la instancia como `self`." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:74 +msgid "" +"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " +"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " +"all the implementation code in one predictable place." +msgstr "" +"Los desarrolladores pueden optar por utilizar métodos para aprovechar la " +"sintaxis de los receptores de métodos y para ayudar a mantenerlos más " +"organizados. Mediante el uso de métodos podemos mantener todo el código de " +"implementación en un lugar predecible." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:77 +msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." +msgstr "Señala el uso de la palabra clave `self`, receptor de un método. " + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:78 +msgid "" +"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " +"the struct name could also be used." +msgstr "" +"Indica que se trata de un término abreviado de `self:&Self` y muestra cómo " +"se podría utilizar también el nombre de la estructura. " + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:80 +msgid "" +"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " +"can be used elsewhere in the block." +msgstr "" +"Explica que `Self` es un tipo de alias para el tipo en el que está el bloque " +"`impl` y que se puede usar en cualquier parte del bloque." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:82 +msgid "" +"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " +"refer to individual fields." +msgstr "" +"Ten en cuenta que se puede usar `self` como otras estructuras y que la " +"notación de puntos puede utilizarse para referirse a campos concretos." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:84 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " +"by trying to run `finish` twice." +msgstr "" +"Puede ser un buen momento para mostrar la diferencia entre `&self` y `self` " +"modificando el código e intentando ejecutar say_hello dos veces." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:86 msgid "" "Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " @@ -7748,378 +5767,666 @@ msgstr "" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) que " "pueden ser tipos de receptor, como `Box`." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:24 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:3 msgid "" -"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " -"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " -"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " -"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." +"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "" -"Considera recalcar los conceptos \"compartido e inmutable\" y \"único y " -"mutable\". Estas restricciones siempre vienen juntas en Rust debido a las " -"reglas del _borrow checker_, y `self` no es una excepción. No es posible " -"referenciar una estructura desde varias ubicaciones y llamar a un método " -"mutable (`&mut self`) en ella." +"Rust te permite abstraer sobre tipos con _traits_. Son similares a las " +"interfaces:" -#: src/methods/example.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:18 +msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:24 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:20 +msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:30 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:26 +msgid "\"Miau!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:36 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:33 +msgid "\"Fido\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:46 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Race {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" laps: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Race {\n" -" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" -" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " -"access to self\n" -" self.laps.push(lap);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" -" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" -" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" -" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" -" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" -" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " -"total);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" -" race.add_lap(70);\n" -" race.add_lap(68);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.add_lap(71);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.finish();\n" -" // race.add_lap(42);\n" -"}\n" +"A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " +"implement the trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:49 +msgid "Traits are implemented in an `impl for { .. }` block." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:51 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Traits may specify pre-implemented (provided) methods and methods that users " +"are required to implement themselves. Provided methods can rely on required " +"methods. In this case, `greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." +msgstr "" +"Los _traits_ pueden especificar los métodos implementados previamente " +"(predeterminados) y los métodos que los usuarios deben implementar ellos " +"mismos. Los métodos con implementaciones predeterminadas pueden basarse en " +"métodos obligatorios." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:3 +msgid "" +"Supported traits can be automatically implemented for your custom types, as " +"follows:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:15 +msgid "// Default trait adds `default` constructor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:16 +msgid "// Clone trait adds `clone` method.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:17 +msgid "\"EldurScrollz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:18 +msgid "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:19 +msgid "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:26 +msgid "" +"Derivation is implemented with macros, and many crates provide useful derive " +"macros to add useful functionality. For example, `serde` can derive " +"serialization support for a struct using `#[derive(Serialize)]`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:3 +msgid "" +"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " +"collection:" +msgstr "" +"Los objetos de _traits_ permiten valores de diferentes tipos, por ejemplo, " +"en una colección:" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:36 +msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:41 +msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" +msgstr "Diseño de la memoria después de asignar `pets`:" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": pets : : +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ .->| F | i | d | o " +"| :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | | +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ " +"`---------. :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | data " +"| :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | | +-------+--|-------" +"+ :\n" +": : : | | | '-->| name | o, 4, 4 " +"| :\n" +": : : | | | | age | 5 " +"| :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | +-------+----------" +"+ :\n" +" : | | " +"| :\n" +" : | | | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | | '---->| \"::talk\" " +"| :\n" +" : | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | " +"| :\n" +" : | | " +"data :\n" +" : | | +-------+-------" +"+ :\n" +" : | '-->| lives | 9 " +"| :\n" +" : | +-------+-------" +"+ :\n" +" : " +"| :\n" +" : | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : '---->| \"::talk\" " +"| :\n" +" : +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" "```" msgstr "" - -#: src/methods/example.md:47 -msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." -msgstr "" -"Cada uno de estos cuatro métodos utilizan un receptor de método distinto." - -#: src/methods/example.md:48 -msgid "" -"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " -"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." -msgstr "" -"Puedes indicar cómo eso cambia lo que la función puede hacer con los valores " -"de las variables y si se puede utilizar de nuevo en `main` y, en caso " -"afirmativo, cómo." - -#: src/methods/example.md:49 -msgid "" -"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." -msgstr "" -"Puedes mostrar el error que aparece al intentar llamar a `finish` dos veces." - -#: src/methods/example.md:50 -msgid "" -"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " -"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " -"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " -"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que, aunque los receptores de los métodos sean diferentes, las " -"funciones no estáticas se llaman del mismo modo en el cuerpo principal. Rust " -"habilita la referenciación y desreferenciación automáticas al llamar a los " -"métodos. Además, añade automáticamente los caracteres `&`, `*` y `muts` para " -"que el objeto coincida con la firma del método." - -#: src/methods/example.md:51 -msgid "" -"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " -"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " -msgstr "" -"Podrías mencionar que `print_laps` está usando un vector sobre el que se " -"itera. Describiremos los vectores con más detalle por la tarde. " - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Mañana" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 -msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" -msgstr "Veremos la implementación de métodos en dos contextos:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 -msgid "Storing books and querying the collection" -msgstr "Almacenar libros y consultar la colección" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 -msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients" -msgstr "Hacer seguimiento de las estadísticas de salud de pacientes" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3 -msgid "" -"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " -"now, you just need to know part of its API:" -msgstr "" -"Mañana conoceremos mucho mejor _structs_ y el tipo `Vec`. Por ahora, solo " -"debes conocer parte de su API:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" -" vec.push(30);\n" -" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n" -" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n" -" for item in &vec {\n" -" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"```bob\n" +" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"pets : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" +"+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " +"| :\n" +": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" +"+ :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" +"+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " +"| :\n" +": : : | | | +---------------" +"+ :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " +"| :\n" +" : | | | +----------------------" +"+ : \n" +" : | | '---->| \"::name\" " +"| :\n" +" : | | +----------------------" +"+ : \n" +" : | " +"| : \n" +" : | | +-" +"+ : \n" +" : | '-->|" +"\\| : \n" +" : | +-" +"+ : \n" +" : " +"| : \n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ : \n" +" : '---->| \"::name\" " +"| : \n" +" : +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"\n" "```" -msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:78 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " -" and update the types to make it compile:" +"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " +"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" -"Crea un modelo de la colección de libros de una biblioteca con esta opción. " -"Copia el código que aparece abajo en y " -"actualiza los tipos para que compile:" +"Los tipos que implementan un trait determinado pueden tener diferentes " +"tamaños. Esto hace imposible tener elementos como `Vec` en el ejemplo " +"anterior." -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:21 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:80 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" -"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" -"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" -"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" -"impl Library {\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " -"year\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" -" //}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." -"is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " -"library.is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -" //\n" -" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" -" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " +"implements `Pet`." msgstr "" +"`dyn Pet` es una forma de indicar al compilador un tipo de tamaño dinámico " +"que implementa `Pet`." -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:102 -msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" -msgstr "[Soluciones](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:82 msgid "" -"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " -"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." +"In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " +"the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" msgstr "" -"Estás trabajando en la implementación de un sistema de monitorización de " -"salud. Por ello, debes realizar un seguimiento de las estadísticas de salud " -"de los usuarios." -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:84 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " -"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " -"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +"A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " +"the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) for the `Pet` " +"implementation of that particular object." msgstr "" -"Comenzarás con algunas funciones stub en un bloque `impl`, así como con una " -"definición de estructura `User`. Tu objetivo es implementar métodos con " -"stubs en la `struct` `User` definida en el bloque `impl`." +"En el ejemplo, `pets` contiene _punteros grandes_ en los objetos que " +"implementan `Pet`. El puntero grande consta de dos componentes: un puntero " +"al objeto real y un puntero a la tabla de métodos virtuales para la " +"implementación de `Pet` en ese objeto concreto." -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:87 msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " -"methods:" +"The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " +"has a `lives` field." msgstr "" -"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página y rellena los métodos que faltan:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:89 +msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" +msgstr "Compara estas salidas en el ejemplo anterior:" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:91 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:92 src/std-traits/closures.md:63 +msgid "\"{} {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:93 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:94 src/std-traits/exercise.md:23 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:29 src/modules/exercise.md:136 +#: src/modules/solution.md:78 src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:17 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:59 +msgid "\"{}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub struct User {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u32,\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" visit_count: usize,\n" -" last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Measurements {\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n" -" patient_name: &'a str,\n" -" visit_count: u32,\n" -" height_change: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl User {\n" -" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> " -"HealthReport {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_height() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_set_age() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" -" bob.set_age(33);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_visit() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n" -" });\n" -" assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n" -"\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Let's design a simple logging utility, using a trait `Logger` with a `log` " +"method. Code which might log its progress can then take an `&impl Logger`. " +"In testing, this might put messages in the test logfile, while in a " +"production build it would send messages to a log server." msgstr "" -#: src/std.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"However, the `StderrLogger` given below logs all messages, regardless of " +"verbosity. Your task is to write a `VerbosityFilter` type that will ignore " +"messages above a maximum verbosity." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:12 +msgid "" +"This is a common pattern: a struct wrapping a trait implementation and " +"implementing that same trait, adding behavior in the process. What other " +"kinds of wrappers might be useful in a logging utility?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:20 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:7 +msgid "/// Log a message at the given verbosity level.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:28 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:15 +msgid "\"verbosity={verbosity}: {message}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:33 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:20 +msgid "\"FYI\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:34 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:21 +msgid "\"Uhoh\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:36 +msgid "// TODO: Define and implement `VerbosityFilter`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// Only log messages up to the given verbosity level.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:4 +msgid "[Generic Functions](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:5 +msgid "[Generic Data Types](./generics/generic-data.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:6 +msgid "[Trait Bounds](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:7 +msgid "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:8 +msgid "[Exercise: Generic min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:10 src/smart-pointers.md:8 src/iterators.md:9 +#: src/error-handling.md:11 +msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust supports generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data " +"structures (such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." +msgstr "" +"Rust admite el uso de genéricos, lo que permite abstraer los algoritmos o " +"las estructuras de datos (como el orden o un árbol binario) sobre los tipos " +"utilizados o almacenados." + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:7 +msgid "/// Pick `even` or `odd` depending on the value of `n`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:17 +msgid "\"picked a number: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +msgid "\"picked a tuple: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +msgid "\"dog\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +msgid "\"cat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:25 +msgid "" +"Rust infers a type for T based on the types of the arguments and return " +"value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:27 +msgid "" +"This is similar to C++ templates, but Rust partially compiles the generic " +"function immediately, so that function must be valid for all types matching " +"the constraints. For example, try modifying `pick` to return `even + odd` if " +"`n == 0`. Even if only the `pick` instantiation with integers is used, Rust " +"still considers it invalid. C++ would let you do this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites. This " +"is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had " +"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." +msgstr "" +"Se trata de una abstracción sin coste: se obtiene exactamente el mismo " +"resultado que si se hubiesen programado de forma manual las estructuras de " +"datos sin la abstracción." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:3 +msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" +msgstr "Puedes usar genéricos para abstraer el tipo de campo concreto:" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:17 +msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:23 +msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:24 +msgid "\"coords: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:31 +msgid "" +"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " +"redundant?" +msgstr "" +"_P:_ ¿Por qué `T` se especifica dos veces en `impl Point {}`? ¿No es " +"redundante?" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:33 +msgid "" +"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " +"They are independently generic." +msgstr "" +"Esto se debe a que es una sección de implementación genérica para un tipo " +"genérico. Son genéricos de forma independiente." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:35 +msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." +msgstr "Significa que estos métodos están definidos para cualquier `T`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`." +msgstr "Es posible escribir `impl Point { .. }`. " + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:37 +msgid "" +"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " +"block will only be available for `Point`." +msgstr "" +"`Point` sigue siendo genérico y puedes usar `Point`, pero los métodos " +"de este bloque solo estarán disponibles para `Point`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:40 +msgid "" +"Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`. Update the " +"code to allow points that have elements of different types, by using two " +"type variables, e.g., `T` and `U`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3 +msgid "" +"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " +"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." +msgstr "" +"Cuando se trabaja con genéricos, a menudo se prefiere que los tipos " +"implementen algún trait, de forma que se pueda llamar a los métodos de este " +"trait." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6 +msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" +msgstr "Puedes hacerlo con `T: Trait` o `impl Trait`:" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:12 +msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:18 +msgid "\"{pair:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:25 +msgid "Try making a `NonClonable` and passing it to `duplicate`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:27 +msgid "When multiple traits are necessary, use `+` to join them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:29 +msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." +msgstr "" +"Muestra una cláusula `where` para que los alumnos la encuentren al leer el " +"código." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:40 +msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." +msgstr "Despeja la firma de la función si tienes muchos parámetros." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:41 +msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." +msgstr "Tiene funciones adicionales para que sea más potente." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:42 +msgid "" +"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " +"be arbitrary, like `Option`." +msgstr "" +"Si alguien pregunta, la función adicional es que el tipo que está a la " +"izquierda de \":\" puede ser arbitrario, como `Option`." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:45 +msgid "" +"Note that Rust does not (yet) support specialization. For example, given the " +"original `duplicate`, it is invalid to add a specialized `duplicate(a: u32)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3 +msgid "" +"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " +"arguments and return values:" +msgstr "" +"De forma similar a los límites de _traits_, se puede usar la sintaxis `impl " +"Trait` en argumentos de funciones y valores devueltos:" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:7 +msgid "" +"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" +"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19 +msgid "\"{many}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:21 +msgid "\"{many_more}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:23 +msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The " +"meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." +msgstr "La naturaleza de `impl Trait` varía ligeramente según la posición." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:33 +msgid "" +"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " +"trait bound." +msgstr "" +"En el caso de los parámetros, `impl Trait` es como un parámetro genérico " +"anónimo con un límite de trait." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:36 +msgid "" +"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " +"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " +"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." +msgstr "" +"En el caso de un tipo de resultado devuelto, significa que este es un tipo " +"concreto que implementa el trait, sin nombrar el tipo. Esto puede ser útil " +"cuando no quieres exponer el tipo concreto en una API pública." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:40 +msgid "" +"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " +"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " +"function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " +"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " +"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" +">()`." +msgstr "" +"La inferencia es más complicada en la posición de retorno. Una función que " +"devuelve `impl Foo` elige el tipo concreto que devuelve, sin escribirlo en " +"el código fuente. Una función que devuelve un tipo genérico como " +"`collect() -> B` puede devolver cualquier tipo que cumpla `B`, y es " +"posible que el llamador tenga que elegir uno, como con `let x: Vec<_> = foo." +"collect()` o con la sintaxis turbofish, `foo.collect::>()`." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:47 +msgid "" +"What is the type of `debuggable`? Try `let debuggable: () = ..` to see what " +"the error message shows." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that " +"determines the minimum of two values, using a `LessThan` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:8 src/generics/solution.md:5 +msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:29 +msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:33 src/generics/solution.md:36 +msgid "\"Shapiro\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:34 src/generics/exercise.md:35 +#: src/generics/solution.md:37 src/generics/solution.md:38 +msgid "\"Baumann\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Standard Library Types](./std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "[Standard Library Traits](./std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:4 +msgid "[Standard Library](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:5 +msgid "[Documentation](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:6 +msgid "[Option](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:7 +msgid "[Result](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:8 +msgid "[String](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:9 +msgid "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:10 +msgid "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:11 +msgid "[Exercise: Counter](./std-types/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:13 src/memory-management.md:13 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:11 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:18 +msgid "" +"For each of the slides in this section, spend some time reviewing the " +"documentation pages, highlighting some of the more common methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/std.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " -"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " +"types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work " "together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" "Rust viene con una biblioteca estándar que ayuda a establecer un conjunto de " @@ -8127,67 +6434,26 @@ msgstr "" "forma, dos bibliotecas pueden funcionar juntas sin problemas, puesto que " "ambas utilizan el mismo tipo `String`." -#: src/std.md:7 -msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" -msgstr "" -"Entre los tipos de vocabulario más habituales se incluyen los siguientes:" - -#: src/std.md:9 -msgid "" -"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " -"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." -msgstr "" -"Tipos [`Option` y `Result`](std/option-result.md): se utilizan para valores " -"opcionales y [gestión de errores](error-handling.md)." - -#: src/std.md:12 -msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." -msgstr "" -"[`String`](std/string.md): el tipo de cadena predeterminado que se usa para " -"los datos propios." - -#: src/std.md:14 -msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." -msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): un vector estándar extensible." - -#: src/std.md:16 -msgid "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " -"algorithm." -msgstr "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): un mapa hash con un algoritmo hash configurable." - -#: src/std.md:19 -msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." -msgstr "" -"[`Box`](std/box.md): un puntero propio para datos ubicados en el _heap_." - -#: src/std.md:21 -msgid "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " -"data." -msgstr "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): un puntero compartido de conteo de referencias para datos " -"asignados a _heap_." - -#: src/std.md:25 +#: src/std-types/std.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " -"`alloc` and `std`. " +"`alloc` and `std`." msgstr "" "De hecho, Rust contiene varias capas de la biblioteca estándar: `core`, " "`alloc` y `std`. " -#: src/std.md:26 +#: src/std-types/std.md:10 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " -"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " +"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system." msgstr "" "`core` incluye los tipos y funciones más básicos que no dependen de `libc`, " "de un _allocator_ (asignador de memoria) ni de la presencia de un sistema " "operativo. " -#: src/std.md:28 +#: src/std-types/std.md:12 msgid "" "`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " "`Box` and `Arc`." @@ -8195,44 +6461,203 @@ msgstr "" "`alloc` incluye tipos que requieren un _allocator_ de _heap_ global, como " "`Vec`, `Box` y `Arc`." -#: src/std.md:29 +#: src/std-types/std.md:14 msgid "" "Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" "Las aplicaciones embebidas en Rust menudo solo usan `core` y a algunas veces " "`alloc`." -#: src/std/option-result.md:1 -msgid "`Option` and `Result`" -msgstr "`Option` y `Result`" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:3 -msgid "The types represent optional data:" -msgstr "Los tipos representan datos opcionales:" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" -" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" -" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/docs.md:3 +msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:" msgstr "" -#: src/std/option-result.md:18 -msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." +#: src/std-types/docs.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" +"expressions/loop-expr.html)." +msgstr "" +"Si quieres salir de un bucle antes, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)." + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:7 +msgid "" +"Primitive types like [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive." +"u8.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" +"option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" +"std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." +msgstr "" +"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) y [`String`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:13 +msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:16 +msgid "" +"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " +"argument.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:27 +msgid "" +"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " +"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " +"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." +msgstr "" +"El contenido se trata como Markdown. Todos los crates de la biblioteca de " +"Rust publicados se documentan automáticamente\n" +" en [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) mediante la herramienta \n" +"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html). Es " +"propio\n" +"documentar todos los elementos públicos de una API usando este patrón." + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:32 +msgid "" +"To document an item from inside the item (such as inside a module), use `//!" +"` or `/*! .. */`, called \"inner doc comments\":" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:36 +msgid "" +"//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of " +"integers.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at ." +msgstr "" +"Muestra a los alumnos los documentos generados para el crate `rand` en " +"[`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." + +#: src/std-types/option.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Option" +msgstr "Excepciones" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:3 +msgid "" +"We have already seen some use of `Option`. It stores either a value of " +"type `T` or nothing. For example, [`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/string/struct.String.html#method.find) returns an `Option`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:10 +msgid "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:11 +msgid "'é'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:12 src/std-types/option.md:15 +msgid "\"find returned {position:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:14 +msgid "'Z'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:16 +msgid "\"Character not found\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library." msgstr "`Option` y `Result` se usan mucho, no solo en la biblioteca estándar." -#: src/std/option-result.md:19 -msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." -msgstr "`Option<&T>` no usa espacio adicional en comparación con `&T`." +#: src/std-types/option.md:24 +msgid "" +"`unwrap` will return the value in an `Option`, or panic. `expect` is similar " +"but takes an error message." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/option-result.md:20 +#: src/std-types/option.md:26 +msgid "" +"You can panic on None, but you can't \"accidentally\" forget to check for " +"None." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:28 +msgid "" +"It's common to `unwrap`/`expect` all over the place when hacking something " +"together, but production code typically handles `None` in a nicer fashion." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:30 +msgid "" +"The niche optimization means that `Option` often has the same size in " +"memory as `T`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:1 +msgid "Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:3 +msgid "" +"`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an " +"operation, each with a different type. This is similar to the `Res` defined " +"in the expression exercise, but generic: `Result` where `T` is used in " +"the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:13 +msgid "\"diary.txt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:18 +msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:20 +msgid "\"Could not read file content\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:24 +msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:33 +msgid "" +"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " +"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " +"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " +"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." +msgstr "" +"Al igual que con `Option`, el valor correcto se encuentra dentro de " +"`Result`, lo que obliga al desarrollador a extraerlo de forma explícita. " +"Esto fomenta la comprobación de errores. En el caso de que nunca se produzca " +"un error, se puede llamar a `unwrap()` o a `expect()`, y esto también es una " +"señal de la intención del desarrollador." + +#: src/std-types/result.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " +"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " +"that help functional-style programming." +msgstr "" +"La documentación sobre `Result` es una lectura recomendada. Aunque no se vea " +"durante este curso, merece la pena mencinarlo. Contiene muchos métodos y " +"funciones prácticos que ayudan a seguir una programación funcional. " + +#: src/std-types/result.md:40 msgid "" "`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " "Day 3." @@ -8240,24 +6665,11 @@ msgstr "" "`Result` es el tipo estándar para implementar la gestión de errores, tal y " "como veremos el día 3." -#: src/std/option-result.md:21 -msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." -msgstr "`binary_search` devuelve `Result`." +#: src/std-types/string.md:1 +msgid "String" +msgstr "String" -#: src/std/option-result.md:22 -msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." -msgstr "" -"Si se encuentra, `Result::Ok` contiene el índice donde se halla el elemento." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:23 -msgid "" -"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " -"inserted." -msgstr "" -"De lo contrario, `Result::Err` contendrá el índice donde se debe insertar " -"dicho elemento." - -#: src/std/string.md:3 +#: src/std-types/string.md:3 msgid "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " "standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" @@ -8265,27 +6677,34 @@ msgstr "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) es el " "búfer de cadena UTF-8 estándar, ampliable y asignado a un _heap_:" -#: src/std/string.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::new();\n" -" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" -" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" -" s2.push_str(&s1);\n" -" s2.push('!');\n" -" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" -" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" -" s3.chars().count());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/string.md:8 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:23 src/memory-management/review.md:58 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:32 src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:9 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:26 +msgid "\"Hello\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:22 +#: src/std-types/string.md:9 +msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:13 +msgid "'!'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:14 +msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:16 +msgid "\"🇨🇭\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:17 +msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:21 msgid "" "`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " @@ -8294,7 +6713,7 @@ msgstr "" "`String` implementa \\[`Deref`\\]\\[2\\], lo que significa que " "puedes llamar a todos los métodos `str` en una `String`." -#: src/std/string.md:30 +#: src/std-types/string.md:30 msgid "" "`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " "you know how much data you want to push to the string." @@ -8302,7 +6721,7 @@ msgstr "" "`String::new` devuelve una nueva cadena vacía. Usa `String::with_capacity` " "cuando sepas cuántos datos quieres guardar." -#: src/std/string.md:31 +#: src/std-types/string.md:32 msgid "" "`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " "different from its length in characters)." @@ -8310,7 +6729,7 @@ msgstr "" "`String::len` devuelve el tamaño de `String` en bytes (que puede ser " "diferente de su longitud en caracteres)." -#: src/std/string.md:32 +#: src/std-types/string.md:34 msgid "" "`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " "`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " @@ -8322,7 +6741,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"caracter\", debido a los [grupos de grafemas](https://docs.rs/unicode-" "segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." -#: src/std/string.md:33 +#: src/std-types/string.md:37 msgid "" "When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " "`String`." @@ -8330,7 +6749,7 @@ msgstr "" "Cuando la gente se refiere a cadenas, pueden estar hablando de `&str` o de " "`String`. " -#: src/std/string.md:34 +#: src/std-types/string.md:39 msgid "" "When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " "transparently call methods from `T`." @@ -8338,7 +6757,13 @@ msgstr "" "Cuando un tipo implementa `Deref`, el compilador te permite " "llamar a métodos de forma transparente desde `T`." -#: src/std/string.md:35 +#: src/std-types/string.md:41 +msgid "" +"We haven't discussed the `Deref` trait yet, so at this point this mostly " +"explains the structure of the sidebar in the documentation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:43 msgid "" "`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " "access to `str`'s methods." @@ -8346,11 +6771,12 @@ msgstr "" "`String` implementa `Deref`, que le proporciona acceso " "transparente a los métodos de `str`." -#: src/std/string.md:36 -msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." +#: src/std-types/string.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." msgstr "Escribe y compara `let s3 = s1.deref();` y `let s3 = &*s1`;." -#: src/std/string.md:37 +#: src/std-types/string.md:46 msgid "" "`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " "operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " @@ -8360,11 +6786,11 @@ msgstr "" "Muchas de las operaciones que ves como compatibles con vectores también lo " "son con `String`, pero con algunas garantías adicionales." -#: src/std/string.md:38 +#: src/std-types/string.md:49 msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" msgstr "Compara las diferentes formas de indexar `String`:" -#: src/std/string.md:39 +#: src/std-types/string.md:50 msgid "" "To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " "out-of-bounds." @@ -8372,7 +6798,7 @@ msgstr "" "A un carácter mediante `s3. chars().nth(i).unwrap()`, donde `i` está dentro " "o fuera de los límites" -#: src/std/string.md:40 +#: src/std-types/string.md:52 msgid "" "To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " "boundaries or not." @@ -8380,11 +6806,7 @@ msgstr "" "A una cadena secundaria mediante `s3[0..4]`, donde el slice está en los " "límites de caracteres o no." -#: src/std/vec.md:1 -msgid "`Vec`" -msgstr "`Vec`" - -#: src/std/vec.md:3 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:3 msgid "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " "resizable heap-allocated buffer:" @@ -8392,34 +6814,31 @@ msgstr "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) es el búfer " "estándar redimensionable asignado al _heap_:" -#: src/std/vec.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" -" v1.push(42);\n" -" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" -" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" -" v2.push(9999);\n" -" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" -" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" -"\n" -" // Retain only the even elements.\n" -" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" -" v3.dedup();\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:9 +msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/vec.md:29 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:14 +msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:16 +msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:19 +msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:21 src/std-types/vec.md:25 +msgid "\"{v3:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:23 +msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:29 msgid "" "`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " @@ -8429,18 +6848,19 @@ msgstr "" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), lo que significa que puedes llamar a " "métodos slice en un `Vec`." -#: src/std/vec.md:37 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:38 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " "it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " -"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." +"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" "`Vec` es un tipo de colección, junto con `String` y `HashMap`. Los datos que " "contiene se almacenan en el _heap_. Esto significa que no es necesario " "conocer la cantidad de datos durante la compilación. Puede aumentar o " "disminuir durante la ejecución." -#: src/std/vec.md:40 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:41 msgid "" "Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " "explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " @@ -8450,7 +6870,7 @@ msgstr "" "especificar `T` de forma explícita. Como siempre sucede con la inferencia de " "tipos de Rust, `T` se estableció durante la primera llamada a `push`." -#: src/std/vec.md:42 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:44 msgid "" "`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " "supports adding initial elements to the vector." @@ -8458,7 +6878,7 @@ msgstr "" "`vec![...]` es una macro canónica para usarla en lugar de `Vec::new()` y " "admite que se añadan elementos iniciales al vector." -#: src/std/vec.md:44 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:46 msgid "" "To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " "Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " @@ -8468,66 +6888,63 @@ msgstr "" "sale de los límites. También se puede usar `get` para obtener una `Option`. " "La función `pop` eliminará el último elemento." -#: src/std/vec.md:46 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:49 msgid "" -"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " -"+= 50; }`" +"Slices are covered on day 3. For now, students only need to know that a " +"value of type `Vec` gives access to all of the documented slice methods, too." msgstr "" -"Muestra la iteración sobre un vector y la mutación del valor: `for e in &mut " -"v { *e += 50; }`." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 -msgid "`HashMap`" -msgstr "`HashMap`" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:3 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:3 msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" msgstr "Mapa hash estándar con protección frente a ataques HashDoS:" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " -"207);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" -"\n" -" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" -" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" -" page_counts.len());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" match page_counts.get(book) {\n" -" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." -"or_insert(0);\n" -" *page_count += 1;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:10 +msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:38 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:11 +msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:12 src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:14 +msgid "\"Les Misérables\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:16 +msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:23 +msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:24 +msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:28 +msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:34 +msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:41 msgid "" "`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "`HashMap` no se ha explicado en el preludio y debe conocerse." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:39 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:42 msgid "" "Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " "hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " @@ -8538,25 +6955,21 @@ msgstr "" "La segunda línea insertará el valor alternativo en el hashmap si el libro no " "se encuentra." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:41 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let pc1 = page_counts\n" -" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" -" .unwrap_or(&336);\n" -" let pc2 = page_counts\n" -" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" -" .or_insert(374);\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:48 src/std-types/hashmap.md:60 +msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:49 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:51 src/std-types/hashmap.md:61 +msgid "\"The Hunger Games\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:54 msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "" "A diferencia de `vec!`, por desgracia no hay ninguna macro estándar de " "`hashmap!`." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:50 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:55 msgid "" "Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" @@ -8569,17 +6982,7 @@ msgstr "" "nos permite inicializar fácilmente un mapa hash a partir de un _array_ " "literal:" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" -" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" -" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" -" ]);\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:59 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:65 msgid "" "Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" "value tuples." @@ -8587,7 +6990,7 @@ msgstr "" "HashMap también se puede crear a partir de cualquier `Iterator` que genere " "tuplas de pares clave-valor." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:60 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:67 msgid "" "We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " "examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " @@ -8597,7 +7000,7 @@ msgstr "" "ejemplos sean más sencillos. Por supuesto, se pueden usar las referencias en " "las colecciones, pero pueden dar problemas con el _borrow checker_." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:62 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:70 msgid "" "Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " "compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" @@ -8605,7 +7008,7 @@ msgstr "" "Prueba a eliminar `to_string()` del ejemplo anterior para ver si aún sigue " "compilando. ¿Dónde crees que podríamos encontrar problemas?" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:64 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:73 msgid "" "This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" "collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " @@ -8617,11 +7020,1448 @@ msgstr "" "búsquedas de la documentación de Rust. Muestra a los estudiantes la " "documentación de este tipo y el enlace útil de vuelta al método `keys`." -#: src/std/box.md:1 -msgid "`Box`" -msgstr "`Box`" +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise you will take a very simple data structure and make it " +"generic. It uses a [`std::collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html) to keep track of which values " +"have been seen and how many times each one has appeared." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:3 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:9 +msgid "" +"The initial version of `Counter` is hard coded to only work for `u32` " +"values. Make the struct and its methods generic over the type of value being " +"tracked, that way `Counter` can track any type of value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:13 +msgid "" +"If you finish early, try using the [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) method to halve the " +"number of hash lookups required to implement the `count` method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:20 src/std-types/solution.md:6 +msgid "" +"/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:27 src/std-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// Create a new Counter.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:34 src/std-types/solution.md:18 +msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:43 src/std-types/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:59 src/std-types/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"saw {} values equal to {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:63 src/std-types/exercise.md:65 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:43 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:45 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"apple\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:64 src/std-types/solution.md:44 +msgid "\"orange\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"got {} apples\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:4 +msgid "[Comparisons](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:5 +msgid "[Operators](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:6 +msgid "[From and Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:7 +msgid "[Casting](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:8 +msgid "[Read and Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:9 +msgid "[Default, struct update syntax](./std-traits/default.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:10 +msgid "[Closures](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:11 +msgid "[Exercise: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:13 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 40 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:18 +msgid "" +"As with the standard-library types, spend time reviewing the documentation " +"for each trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:21 +msgid "This section is long. Take a break midway through." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:3 +msgid "" +"These traits support comparisons between values. All traits can be derived " +"for types containing fields that implement these traits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:6 +msgid "`PartialEq` and `Eq`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:8 +msgid "" +"`PartialEq` is a partial equivalence relation, with required method `eq` and " +"provided method `ne`. The `==` and `!=` operators will call these methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:23 +msgid "" +"`Eq` is a full equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) " +"and implies `PartialEq`. Functions that require full equivalence will use " +"`Eq` as a trait bound." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`" +msgstr "`Read` y `Write`" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:29 +msgid "" +"`PartialOrd` defines a partial ordering, with a `partial_cmp` method. It is " +"used to implement the `<`, `<=`, `>=`, and `>` operators." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:49 +msgid "`Ord` is a total ordering, with `cmp` returning `Ordering`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:54 +msgid "" +"`PartialEq` can be implemented between different types, but `Eq` cannot, " +"because it is reflexive:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:69 +msgid "" +"In practice, it's common to derive these traits, but uncommon to implement " +"them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:3 +msgid "" +"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" +msgstr "" +"La sobrecarga de operadores se implementa mediante _traits_ en [`std::ops`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:23 +msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:30 src/memory-management/drop.md:48 +msgid "Discussion points:" +msgstr "Cuestiones de debate:" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?" +msgstr "¿En qué situaciones sería útil implementar `Add` para `&Point`? " + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:33 +msgid "" +"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " +"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " +"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." +msgstr "" +"Respuesta: `Add:add` consume a `self`. Si el tipo `T` para el que se " +"sobrecarga el operador no es `Copy`, deberías plantearte también sobrecargar " +"el operador para `&T`. Así se evita la clonación innecesaria en el sitio de " +"la llamada." + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:36 +msgid "" +"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " +"method?" +msgstr "" +"¿Por qué `Output` es un tipo asociado? ¿Se podría convertir en un parámetro " +"tipo del método?" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " +"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementer of a " +"trait." +msgstr "" +"Respuesta corta: el llamador controla los parámetros tipo de la función, " +"pero los tipos asociados (como `Output`) los controla el implementador de un " +"trait ." + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:41 +msgid "" +"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " +"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." +msgstr "" +"Se podría implementar `Add` para dos tipos distintos; por ejemplo, `impl " +"Add<(i32, i32)> for Point` añadiría una tupla a un `Point`." + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:3 +msgid "" +"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." +"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " +"facilitate type conversions:" +msgstr "" +"Los tipos implementan [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." +"From.html) y [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) " +"para facilitar las conversiones de tipos:" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:11 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:23 +msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:15 +msgid "" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " +"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" +msgstr "" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) se " +"implementa automáticamente cuando se implementa [`From`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html):" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:30 +msgid "" +"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " +"`Into` implementation too." +msgstr "" +"Por eso se suele implementar solo `From`, ya que el tipo ya habrá " +"implementado también `Into`." + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:32 +msgid "" +"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " +"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " +"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " +"implement `Into`." +msgstr "" +"Cuando se declara un tipo de entrada de argumento de función como " +"\"cualquier elemento que se pueda convertir en `String`\", la regla es la " +"contraria y se debe usar `Into`. La función aceptará tipos que implementen " +"`From` y aquellos que _solo_ implementen `Into`." + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has no _implicit_ type conversions, but does support explicit casts " +"with `as`. These generally follow C semantics where those are defined." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:9 +msgid "\"as u16: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:10 +msgid "\"as i16: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:11 +msgid "\"as u8: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:15 +msgid "" +"The results of `as` are _always_ defined in Rust and consistent across " +"platforms. This might not match your intuition for changing sign or casting " +"to a smaller type -- check the docs, and comment for clarity." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:19 +msgid "" +"Casting with `as` is a relatively sharp tool that is easy to use " +"incorrectly, and can be a source of subtle bugs as future maintenance work " +"changes the types that are used or the ranges of values in types. Casts are " +"best used only when the intent is to indicate unconditional truncation (e.g. " +"selecting the bottom 32 bits of a `u64` with `as u32`, regardless of what " +"was in the high bits)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:25 +msgid "" +"For infallible casts (e.g. `u32` to `u64`), prefer using `From` or `Into` " +"over `as` to confirm that the cast is in fact infallible. For fallible " +"casts, `TryFrom` and `TryInto` are available when you want to handle casts " +"that fit differently from those that don't." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:33 +msgid "Consider taking a break after this slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:35 +msgid "" +"`as` is similar to a C++ static cast. Use of `as` in cases where data might " +"be lost is generally discouraged, or at least deserves an explanatory " +"comment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:38 +msgid "This is common in casting integers to `usize` for use as an index." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:3 +msgid "" +"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " +"abstract over `u8` sources:" +msgstr "" +"Usando [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) y " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), se puede " +"abstraer sobre fuentes `u8`:" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:14 +msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:15 +msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:18 +msgid "\"lines in file: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:23 +msgid "" +"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " +"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +msgstr "" +"De forma similar, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write." +"html) te permite abstraer sobre fuentes `u8`:" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:30 +msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:36 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:12 +msgid "\"World\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:37 +msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:1 +msgid "The `Default` Trait" +msgstr "El trait `Default`" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " +"produces a default value for a type." +msgstr "" +"El trait [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default." +"html) produce un valor predeterminado para un tipo." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:18 +msgid "\"John Smith\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:24 +msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:27 +msgid "\"Y is set!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:28 +msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:31 src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:211 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:214 +msgid "\"{:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:38 +msgid "" +"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." +msgstr "" +"Se puede implementar directamente o se puede derivar a través de " +"`#[derive(Default)]`." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:39 +msgid "" +"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " +"their default values." +msgstr "" +"Una implementación derivada producirá un valor en el que todos los campos " +"tendrán sus valores predeterminados." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:41 +msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." +msgstr "" +"Esto significa que todos los tipos de la estructura también deberán " +"implementar `Default`." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:42 +msgid "" +"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " +"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." +msgstr "" +"Los tipos estándar de Rust suelen implementar `Default` con valores " +"razonables (por ejemplo, `0`, `\"\"`, etc.)." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default." +msgstr "" +"La copia parcial de la estructura funciona correctamente con los valores " +"predeterminados. ." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " +"provides convenience methods that use it." +msgstr "" +"La biblioteca estándar de Rust tiene en cuenta que los tipos pueden " +"implementar `Default` y, por ello, proporciona métodos prácticos que lo " +"utilizan." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:47 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" +"with-struct-update-syntax)." +msgstr "" +"la sintaxis `..` se denomina [sintaxis de actualización de estructuras]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-" +"instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax)" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:3 +msgid "" +"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " +"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." +"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " +"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" +msgstr "" +"Los cierres o expresiones lambda tienen tipos que no pueden nombrarse. Sin " +"embargo, implementan _traits_ especiales [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"FnMut.html) y [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce." +"html):" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" +msgstr "Llamar Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:16 src/std-traits/closures.md:17 +msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:24 src/std-traits/closures.md:25 +msgid "\"accumulate: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:28 +msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:35 +msgid "" +"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " +"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " +"concurrently." +msgstr "" +"Un `Fn` (por ejemplo, `add_3`) no consume ni modifica los valores " +"capturados, o quizá no captura nada en absoluto. Se puede llamar varias " +"veces al mismo tiempo." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:38 +msgid "" +"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " +"multiple times, but not concurrently." +msgstr "" +"Un `FnMut` (por ejemplo, `accumulate`) puede modificar los valores " +"capturados. Se puede llamar varias veces, pero no de forma simultánea." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:41 +msgid "" +"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " +"might consume captured values." +msgstr "" +"Si tienes un `FnOnce` (por ejemplo, `multiply_sum`), solo puedes llamarlo " +"una vez. Puede consumir valores capturados." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:44 +msgid "" +"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " +"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " +"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." +msgstr "" +"`FnMut` es un subtipo de `FnOnce`, mientras que `Fn` es un subtipo de " +"`FnMut` y `FnOnce`. Es decir, puedes utilizar un `FnMut` siempre que se " +"llame a un `FnOnce`, y puedes usar un `Fn` siempre que se llame a un `FnMut` " +"o a un `FnOnce`." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:48 +msgid "" +"When you define a function that takes a closure, you should take `FnOnce` if " +"you can (i.e. you call it once), or `FnMut` else, and last `Fn`. This allows " +"the most flexibility for the caller." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:52 +msgid "" +"In contrast, when you have a closure, the most flexible you can have is `Fn` " +"(it can be passed everywhere), then `FnMut`, and lastly `FnOnce`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:55 +msgid "" +"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " +"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." +msgstr "" +"El compilador también infiere `Copy` (por ejemplo, `add_3`) y `Clone` (por " +"ejemplo, `multiply_sum`), dependiendo de lo que capture el cierre." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:58 +msgid "" +"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " +"keyword makes them capture by value." +msgstr "" +"De forma predeterminada, los cierres capturan, si pueden, por referencia. La " +"palabra clave `move` hace que capturen por valor." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:67 +msgid "\"Hi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:68 +msgid "\"there\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this example, you will implement the classic [\"ROT13\" cipher](https://" +"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13). Copy this code to the playground, and " +"implement the missing bits. Only rotate ASCII alphabetic characters, to " +"ensure the result is still valid UTF-8." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:15 +msgid "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:20 src/std-traits/exercise.md:33 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:26 src/std-traits/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:36 src/std-traits/solution.md:42 +msgid "\"To get to the other side!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:55 +msgid "" +"What happens if you chain two `RotDecoder` instances together, each rotating " +"by 13 characters?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +msgid "'A'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Day 3" +msgstr "Te damos la Bienvenida al Día 3" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 +msgid "Today, we will cover:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 +msgid "" +"Memory management, lifetimes, and the borrow checker: how Rust ensures " +"memory safety." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:7 +msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:12 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 +msgid "[Memory Management](./memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:14 +msgid "[Smart Pointers](./smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:16 +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 15 " +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:4 +msgid "[Review of Program Memory](./memory-management/review.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:5 +msgid "" +"[Approaches to Memory Management](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:6 +msgid "[Ownership](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:7 +msgid "[Move Semantics](./memory-management/move.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:8 +msgid "[Clone](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:9 +msgid "[Copy Types](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:10 +msgid "[Drop](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:11 +msgid "[Exercise: Builder Type](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:3 +msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:5 +msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." +msgstr "_Stack_: Zona de memoria continua para las variables locales." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:6 +msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." +msgstr "Los valores tienen tamaños fijos conocidos en tiempo de compilación." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:7 +msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." +msgstr "Muy rápida: mueve el _stack pointer_." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:8 +msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." +msgstr "Fácil de gestionar: sigue las llamadas de funciones." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:9 +msgid "Great memory locality." +msgstr "Excelente localidad de memoria." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:11 +msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." +msgstr "_Heap_: almacenamiento de valores fuera de las llamadas de funciones." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:12 +msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." +msgstr "Los valores tienen tamaños dinámicos determinados en _runtime_." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:13 +msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." +msgstr "Ligeramente más lento que el _stack_: requiere cierta trazabilidad." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:14 +msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." +msgstr "No se puede asegurar la localidad de la memoria." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:18 +msgid "" +"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " +"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" +msgstr "" +"Al crear un `String`, los metadatos de tamaño fijo se colocan en la _stack_ " +"y los datos de tamaño dinámico (la cadena real) en el _heap_:" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:44 +msgid "" +"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " +"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." +msgstr "" +"Menciona que un `String` está respaldado por un `Vec`, por lo que tiene " +"capacidad y longitud y, si es mutable, puede crecer mediante reasignación en " +"el _heap_." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:47 +msgid "" +"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " +"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" +"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " +"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" +msgstr "" +"Si los alumnos lo preguntan, puedes mencionar que la memoria subyacente " +"recibe una asignación de _heap_ mediante el [Asignador del Sistema](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html) y que se pueden implementar " +"asignadores personalizados mediante el [_Allocator API_](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:53 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " +"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" +msgstr "" +"Podemos inspeccionar la disposición de la memoria con código `unsafe`. Sin " +"embargo, debes señalar que esto no es seguro." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:59 src/testing/unit-tests.md:15 +msgid "' '" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:60 +msgid "\"world\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:61 +msgid "" +"// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" +" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " +"to\n" +" // undefined behavior.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:66 +msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:3 +msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" +msgstr "Tradicionalmente, los lenguajes se dividen en dos grandes categorías:" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:5 +msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." +msgstr "" +"Control total a través de la gestión manual de la memoria: C, C++, Pascal, " +"etc." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:6 +msgid "Programmer decides when to allocate or free heap memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:7 +msgid "" +"Programmer must determine whether a pointer still points to valid memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:8 +msgid "Studies show, programmers make mistakes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:9 +msgid "" +"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " +"Haskell, ..." +msgstr "" +"Seguridad total mediante la gestión automática de la memoria en _runtime_: " +"Java, Python, Go, Haskell, etc." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:11 +msgid "" +"A runtime system ensures that memory is not freed until it can no longer be " +"referenced." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:13 +msgid "" +"Typically implemented with reference counting, garbage collection, or RAII." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:15 +msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" +msgstr "Rust ofrece una mezcla de ambas:" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:17 +msgid "" +"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " +"management." +msgstr "" +"Control _y_ seguridad completa gracias a que el compilador se encarga del " +"correcto manejo de la memoria" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:20 +msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." +msgstr "" +"Para ello, se utiliza un concepto de _ownership_ (propiedad) explícito." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:25 +msgid "" +"This slide is intended to help students coming from other languages to put " +"Rust in context." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:28 +msgid "" +"C must manage heap manually with `malloc` and `free`. Common errors include " +"forgetting to call `free`, calling it multiple times for the same pointer, " +"or dereferencing a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:32 +msgid "" +"C++ has tools like smart pointers (`unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`) that take " +"advantage of language guarantees about calling destructors to ensure memory " +"is freed when a function returns. It is still quite easy to mis-use these " +"tools and create similar bugs to C." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:37 +msgid "" +"Java, Go, and Python rely on the garbage collector to identify memory that " +"is no longer reachable and discard it. This guarantees that any pointer can " +"be dereferenced, eliminating use-after-free and other classes of bugs. But, " +"GC has a runtime cost and is difficult to tune properly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:42 +msgid "" +"Rust's ownership and borrowing model can, in many cases, get the performance " +"of C, with alloc and free operations precisely where they are required -- " +"zero cost. It also provides tools similar to C++'s smart pointers. When " +"required, other options such as reference counting are available, and there " +"are even third-party crates available to support runtime garbage collection " +"(not covered in this class)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:3 +msgid "" +"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " +"to use a variable outside its scope:" +msgstr "" +"Todos los enlaces a variables tienen un _ámbito_ donde son válidos y se " +"produce un error cuando se usan fuera de él:" + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely " +"one owner at all times." +msgstr "Decimos que el valor _pertenece_ a la variable." + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A " +"destructor can run here to free up resources." +msgstr "Al final del ámbito, la variable _se elimina_ y los datos se liberan." + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:29 +msgid "" +"Students familiar with garbage-collection implementations will know that a " +"garbage collector starts with a set of \"roots\" to find all reachable " +"memory. Rust's \"single owner\" principle is a similar idea." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:3 +msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" +msgstr "Una asignación transferirá su _ownership_ entre variables:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello!\"" +msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:9 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:16 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:18 +msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:10 +msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:14 +msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." +msgstr "La asignación de `s1` a `s2` transfiere el _ownership_." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:15 +msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." +msgstr "" +"Cuando `s1` queda fuera del ámbito, no ocurre nada: no le pertenece nada." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:16 +msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." +msgstr "Cuando `s2` sale del ámbito, los datos de la cadena se liberan." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:18 +msgid "Before move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Antes de mover a `s2`:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:35 +msgid "After move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Después de mover a `s2`:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:37 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": s2 : |\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" +": | len | 4 | :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ :\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": s2 : |\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" +": | len | 4 | :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ :\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:58 +msgid "" +"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " +"parameter. This transfers ownership:" +msgstr "" +"Cuando pasas un valor a una función, el valor se asigna al parámetro de la " +"función. Esta acción transfiere el _ownership_:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:63 +msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:67 src/android/interoperability/java.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Alice\"" +msgstr "Slices" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:69 +msgid "// say_hello(name);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:76 +msgid "" +"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " +"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." +msgstr "" +"Menciona que es lo contrario de los valores predeterminados de C++, que se " +"copian por valor, a menos que utilices `std::move` (y que el constructor de " +"movimiento esté definido)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:79 +msgid "" +"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " +"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " +"are aggressively optimized away." +msgstr "" +"Es únicamente el ownership el que se mueve. Si se genera algún código " +"máquina para manipular los datos en sí, se trata de una cuestión de " +"optimización, y esas copias se optimizan de forma agresiva." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:83 +msgid "" +"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." +msgstr "" +"Los valores simples (como los enteros) se pueden marcar como `Copy` " +"(consulta las diapositivas posteriores)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:85 +msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." +msgstr "En Rust, la clonación es explícita (usando `clone`)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:87 +msgid "In the `say_hello` example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:89 +msgid "" +"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " +"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." +msgstr "" +"Con la primera llamada a `say_hello`, `main` deja de tener el _ownership_ de " +"`name`. Después, ya no se podrá usar `name` dentro de `main`." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:91 +msgid "" +"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " +"`say_hello` function." +msgstr "" +"La memoria de _heap_ asignada a `name` se liberará al final de la función " +"`say_hello`." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:93 +msgid "" +"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " +"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." +msgstr "" +"main` podrá conservar el _ownership_ si pasa`name` como referencia (`&name`) " +"y si `say_hello` acepta una referencia como parámetro." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:95 +msgid "" +"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." +"clone()`)." +msgstr "" +"Por otro lado, `main` puede pasar un clon de `name` en la primera llamada " +"(`name.clone()`)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:97 +msgid "" +"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " +"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." +msgstr "" +"Rust hace que resulte más difícil que en C++ crear copias por error al " +"definir la semántica de movimiento como predeterminada y al obligar a los " +"programadores a clonar sólo de forma explícita." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:102 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" +msgstr "Double free en código C++ moderno" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:104 +msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" +msgstr "La versión moderna de C++ soluciona este problema de forma diferente:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:107 +msgid "\"Cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:108 +msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:111 +msgid "" +"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." +msgstr "" +"Los datos de la _stack_ de `s1` se duplican y `s2` obtiene su propia copia " +"independiente." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:112 +msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." +msgstr "" +"Cuando `s1` y `s2` salen del ámbito, cada uno libera su propia memoria." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:114 +msgid "Before copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Antes de la asignación de copias:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:130 +msgid "After copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Después de la asignación de copia:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:155 +msgid "" +"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " +"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " +"either string goes out of scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:159 +msgid "" +"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " +"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " +"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " +"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " +"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:164 +msgid "" +"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " +"which is being copied or moved." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:1 +msgid "Clone" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:3 +msgid "" +"Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait " +"accomplishes this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:24 +msgid "" +"The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are " +"occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `Vec::new` or `Box::" +"new`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:27 +msgid "" +"It's common to \"clone your way out\" of problems with the borrow checker, " +"and return later to try to optimize those clones away." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:7 +msgid "" +"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" +msgstr "" +"Aunque la semántica de movimiento es la opción predeterminada, algunos tipos " +"se copian de forma predeterminada:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:20 +msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." +msgstr "Estos tipos implementan el trait `Copy`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:22 +msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" +msgstr "" +"Puedes habilitar tus propios tipos para que usen la semántica de copia:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:38 +msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." +msgstr "" +"Después de la asignación, tanto `p1` como `p2` tienen sus propios datos." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:39 +msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." +msgstr "" +"También podemos utilizar `p1.clone()` para copiar los datos de forma " +"explícita." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:44 +msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" +msgstr "Copiar y clonar no es lo mismo:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:46 +msgid "" +"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " +"arbitrary objects." +msgstr "" +"Copiar hace referencia a las copias bit a bit de regiones de memoria y no " +"funciona en cualquier objeto." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:48 +msgid "" +"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." +msgstr "" +"Copiar no permite lógica personalizada (a diferencia de los constructores de " +"copias de C++)." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:49 +msgid "" +"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " +"implementing the `Clone` trait." +msgstr "" +"Clonar es una operación más general y que permite un comportamiento " +"personalizado implementando el trait `Clone`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:51 +msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." +msgstr "Copiar no funciona en los tipos que implementan el trait `Drop`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:53 +msgid "In the above example, try the following:" +msgstr "En el ejemplo anterior, prueba lo siguiente:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:55 +msgid "" +"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " +"is not a `Copy` type." +msgstr "" +"Añade un campo `String` a `struct Point`. No se compilará porque `String` no " +"es de tipo `Copy`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " +"`println!` for `p1`." +msgstr "" +"Elimina `Copy` del atributo `derive`. El error del compilador se encuentra " +"ahora en `println!` para `p1`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:59 +msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." +msgstr "Demuestra que funciona si clonas `p1`." + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:1 +msgid "The `Drop` Trait" +msgstr "El Trait `Drop`" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:3 +msgid "" +"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." +"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" +msgstr "" +"Los valores que implementan [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"Drop.html) pueden especificar el código que se ejecutará cuando salgan del " +"ámbito:" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:13 +msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:18 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:93 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:125 +msgid "\"a\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:20 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"b\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:22 +msgid "\"c\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:23 +msgid "\"d\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:24 +msgid "\"Exiting block B\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:26 +msgid "\"Exiting block A\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:29 +msgid "\"Exiting main\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:36 +msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:37 +msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:38 +msgid "" +"When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::" +"drop` implementation will be called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:40 +msgid "" +"All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:41 +msgid "" +"`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The " +"significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its " +"scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop " +"values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:45 +msgid "" +"This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, " +"closing files, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:50 +msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" +msgstr "¿Por qué `Drop::drop` no acepta `self`?" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:51 +msgid "" +"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " +"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" +msgstr "" +"Respuesta corta: si lo hiciera, se llamaría a `std::mem::drop` al final del " +"bloque, lo que daría como resultado otra llamada a `Drop::drop` y un " +"desbordamiento de la _stack_." + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:53 +msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." +msgstr "Prueba a sustituir `drop(a)` por `a.drop()`." + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this example, we will implement a complex data type that owns all of its " +"data. We will use the \"builder pattern\" to support building a new value " +"piece-by-piece, using convenience functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:7 +msgid "Fill in the missing pieces." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:22 src/memory-management/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// A representation of a software package.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:34 src/memory-management/solution.md:28 +msgid "" +"/// Return a representation of this package as a dependency, for use in\n" +" /// building other packages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:37 +msgid "\"1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:40 src/memory-management/solution.md:37 +msgid "" +"/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:46 +msgid "\"2\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:49 src/memory-management/solution.md:52 +msgid "/// Set the package version.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:55 src/memory-management/solution.md:58 +msgid "/// Set the package authors.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:57 +msgid "\"3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:60 src/memory-management/solution.md:64 +msgid "/// Add an additional dependency.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:62 +msgid "\"4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:65 src/memory-management/solution.md:70 +msgid "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:67 +msgid "\"5\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"base64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"0.13\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:77 src/memory-management/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"base64: {base64:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"log\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"0.4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:80 src/memory-management/solution.md:86 +msgid "\"log: {log:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:81 src/memory-management/solution.md:87 +msgid "\"serde\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:82 src/memory-management/solution.md:88 +msgid "\"djmitche\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:83 src/memory-management/solution.md:89 +msgid "\"4.0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:87 src/memory-management/solution.md:93 +msgid "\"serde: {serde:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:45 +msgid "\"0.1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:4 +msgid "[Box" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:4 +msgid "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:5 +msgid "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:6 +msgid "[Exercise: Binary Tree](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:3 msgid "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " "pointer to data on the heap:" @@ -8629,45 +8469,11 @@ msgstr "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) es un puntero " "propio de datos en el _heap_:" -#: src/std/box.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let five = Box::new(5);\n" -" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:9 +msgid "\"five: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:13 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": five : : :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" -".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": five : : :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" -"```" - -#: src/std/box.md:26 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:26 msgid "" "`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " "methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" @@ -8677,91 +8483,45 @@ msgstr "" "a métodos desde `T` directamente en un `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." -#: src/std/box.md:34 -msgid "" -"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " -"not null. " -msgstr "" -"`Box` es igual que `std::unique_ptr` en C++, salvo que está asegurado que no " -"será nulo. " - -#: src/std/box.md:35 -msgid "" -"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " -"statement thanks to `Deref`. " -msgstr "" -"En el ejemplo anterior, incluso puedes omitir `*` en la instrucción `println!" -"` gracias a `Deref`. " - -#: src/std/box.md:36 -msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" -msgstr "Un `Box` puede resultar útil en los siguientes casos:" - -#: src/std/box.md:37 -msgid "" -"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " -"compiler wants to know an exact size." -msgstr "" -"Si tienes un tipo cuyo tamaño no se conoce durante la compilación, pero el " -"compilador de Rust quiere saber el tamaño exacto." - -#: src/std/box.md:38 -msgid "" -"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " -"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " -"so only the pointer is moved." -msgstr "" -"Si quieres transferir la propiedad de una gran cantidad de datos. Para " -"evitar que se copien grandes cantidades de datos en la _stack_, almacena los " -"datos del _heap_ en un `Box` para que solo se mueva el puntero." - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 -msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" -msgstr "Box con Estructuras de Datos Recursivos" - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:30 msgid "" "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" msgstr "" "Los tipos de datos recursivos o los tipos de datos con tamaños dinámicos " "deben utilizar un `Box`:" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum List {\n" -" Cons(T, Box>),\n" -" Nil,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" -"new(List::Nil))));\n" -" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:35 +msgid "/// A non-empty list: first element and the rest of the list.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:37 +msgid "/// An empty list.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:44 src/smart-pointers/box.md:98 +msgid "\"{list:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:48 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" ": " -"list : : :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " -"| :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" +"list : : :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // " +"| // | :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" @@ -8783,7 +8543,38 @@ msgstr "" "- -'\n" "```" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:64 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " +"not null." +msgstr "" +"`Box` es igual que `std::unique_ptr` en C++, salvo que está asegurado que no " +"será nulo. " + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:66 +msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" +msgstr "Un `Box` puede resultar útil en los siguientes casos:" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:67 +msgid "" +"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " +"compiler wants to know an exact size." +msgstr "" +"Si tienes un tipo cuyo tamaño no se conoce durante la compilación, pero el " +"compilador de Rust quiere saber el tamaño exacto." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:69 +msgid "" +"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " +"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " +"so only the pointer is moved." +msgstr "" +"Si quieres transferir la propiedad de una gran cantidad de datos. Para " +"evitar que se copien grandes cantidades de datos en la _stack_, almacena los " +"datos del _heap_ en un `Box` para que solo se mueva el puntero." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:73 msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " "`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " @@ -8793,7 +8584,7 @@ msgstr "" "de `List`, el compilador no calcularía un tamaño fijo de la estructura en la " "memoria (`List` tendría un tamaño infinito)." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:77 msgid "" "`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " "just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." @@ -8801,7 +8592,7 @@ msgstr "" "`Box` resuelve este problema, ya que tiene el mismo tamaño que un puntero " "normal y solo apunta al siguiente elemento de la `List` en el _heap_." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:80 msgid "" "Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " "\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " @@ -8812,7 +8603,11 @@ msgstr "" "usar un Box o referencia de algún tipo, en lugar de almacenar un valor " "directamente." -#: src/std/box-niche.md:16 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:86 +msgid "Niche Optimization" +msgstr "Optimización de la Memoria" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:102 msgid "" "A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " "allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" @@ -8820,51 +8615,42 @@ msgstr "" "`Box` no puede estar vacío, por lo que el puntero siempre es válido y no " "`null`. Esto permite que el compilador optimice el diseño de la memoria:" -#: src/std/box-niche.md:19 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:105 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " -"| :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": list : : :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | // | :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" -" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" +" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" ": " -"list : : :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " -"| :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" +"list : : :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " +"| :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" "```" -#: src/std/rc.md:1 -msgid "`Rc`" -msgstr "`Rc`" - -#: src/std/rc.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:3 msgid "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" "counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " @@ -8874,22 +8660,15 @@ msgstr "" "compartido de referencia contada. Utilízalo cuando necesites hacer " "referencia a los mismos datos desde varios lugares:" -#: src/std/rc.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::rc::Rc;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" -" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" -" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:13 +msgid "\"a: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:18 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:14 +msgid "\"b: {b}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:18 msgid "" "See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " @@ -8899,7 +8678,7 @@ msgstr "" "rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) si te encuentras en un contexto " "multihilo." -#: src/std/rc.md:19 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:19 msgid "" "You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." @@ -8907,7 +8686,7 @@ msgstr "" "Puedes _degradar_ un puntero compartido en un puntero [`Weak`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) para crear ciclos que se abandonarán." -#: src/std/rc.md:29 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:30 msgid "" "`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " "are references." @@ -8915,11 +8694,11 @@ msgstr "" "El recuento de `Rc` asegura que el valor que contiene sea válido mientras " "haya referencias." -#: src/std/rc.md:30 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:32 msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "`Rc` en Rust es como `std::shared_ptr` en C++." -#: src/std/rc.md:31 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:33 msgid "" "`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " "increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " @@ -8929,7 +8708,7 @@ msgstr "" "recuento de referencias. No hace clones completos y, por lo general, se " "puede ignorar cuando se buscan problemas de rendimiento en el código." -#: src/std/rc.md:32 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:36 msgid "" "`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " "and returns a mutable reference." @@ -8937,113 +8716,302 @@ msgstr "" "`make_mut` clona el valor interno si es necesario (\"copiar al escribir\") y " "devuelve una referencia mutable." -#: src/std/rc.md:33 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:38 msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "Comprueba el recuento de referencias con `Rc::strong_count`." -#: src/std/rc.md:34 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " -"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, " -"on the next slide)." +"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" "`Rc::downgrade` ofrece un objeto _de referencia contada baja_ para crear " "`Rc::downgrade` ofrece un objeto de _referencia contada débil_ para crear " "`RefCell`)." -#: src/std/cell.md:1 -msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" -msgstr "`Cell` y `RefCell`" - -#: src/std/cell.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust " -"calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context." -msgstr "" -"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) y [`RefCell`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implementan lo que " -"Rust llama _mutabilidad interna_: mutación de valores en un contexto " -"inmutable." - -#: src/std/cell.md:8 -msgid "" -"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " -"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " -"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." -msgstr "" -"Normalmente, `Cell` se utiliza para tipos simples, ya que requiere copiar o " -"mover valores. Los tipos internos más complejos normalmente utilizan " -"`RefCell`, que realiza un seguimiento de las referencias compartidas y " -"exclusivas en tiempo de ejecución y entra en pánico si se utilizan de forma " -"incorrecta." - -#: src/std/cell.md:12 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::cell::RefCell;\n" -"use std::rc::Rc;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct Node {\n" -" value: i64,\n" -" children: Vec>>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Node {\n" -" fn new(value: i64) -> Rc> {\n" -" Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value, ..Node::default() }))\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn sum(&self) -> i64 {\n" -" self.value + self.children.iter().map(|c| c.borrow().sum()).sum::" -"()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let root = Node::new(1);\n" -" root.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(5));\n" -" let subtree = Node::new(10);\n" -" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(11));\n" -" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(12));\n" -" root.borrow_mut().children.push(subtree);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" -" println!(\"graph sum: {}\", root.borrow().sum());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two " +"children (left and right). We will create a tree where each node stores a " +"value. For a given node N, all nodes in a N's left subtree contain smaller " +"values, and all nodes in N's right subtree will contain larger values." msgstr "" -#: src/std/cell.md:47 -msgid "" -"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " -"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " -"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, " -"but it's not ergonomic." +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:8 +msgid "Implement the following types, so that the given tests pass." msgstr "" -"Si estuviéramos utilizando `Cell` en lugar de `RefCell` en este ejemplo, " -"tendríamos que mover el `Node` fuera del `Rc` para insertar hijos y luego " -"volver a moverlo. Esto es seguro porque siempre hay un valor sin referenciar " -"en la celda, pero no es ergonómico." -#: src/std/cell.md:48 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:10 msgid "" -"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " -"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." +"Extra Credit: implement an iterator over a binary tree that returns the " +"values in order." msgstr "" -"Para hacer cualquier cosa con un Node, debes llamar a un método de " -"`RefCell`, normalmente `borrow` o `borrow_mut`." -#: src/std/cell.md:49 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:14 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:5 +msgid "/// A node in the binary tree.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:21 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// A possibly-empty subtree.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:25 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:17 +msgid "" +"/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:33 +msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:48 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:105 +msgid "// not a unique item\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:89 src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"bar\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Borrowing](./borrowing.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "" +"[Slices and Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 20 " +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:4 +msgid "[Borrowing a Value](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:5 +msgid "[Borrow Checking](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:6 +msgid "[Interior Mutability](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:7 +msgid "[Exercise: Health Statistics](./borrowing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, " +"you can let a function _borrow_ the value:" +msgstr "" +"En lugar de transferir el _ownership_ al llamar a una función, puedes " +"permitir que una función _tome prestado_ el valor:" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:24 +msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." +msgstr "La función `add` _toma prestados_ dos puntos y devuelve uno nuevo." + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:25 +msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." +msgstr "El llamador conserva el _ownership_ de las entradas." + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:30 +msgid "" +"This slide is a review of the material on references from day 1, expanding " +"slightly to include function arguments and return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:35 +msgid "Notes on stack returns:" +msgstr "Notas sobre la devolución de resultados de la _stack_:" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " +"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " +"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) " +"or look at the assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the " +"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " +"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" +msgstr "" +"Demuestra que la instrucción de retorno de `add` es fácil porque el " +"compilador puede eliminar la operación de copia. Cambia el código anterior " +"para imprimir las direcciones de la _stack_ y ejecutarlas en el [Playground]" +"(https://play.rust-lang.org/) o consulta el ensamblador en [Godbolt](https://" +"rust.godbolt.org/). En el nivel de optimización \"DEBUG\", las direcciones " +"deberían cambiar. Sin embargo, deberían mantenerse igual modificar la " +"configuración \"RELEASE\":" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:63 +msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +msgstr "" +"El compilador de Rust puede hacer la optimización del valor devuelto (RVO)." + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:64 +msgid "" +"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " +"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " +"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " +"copy." +msgstr "" +"En C++, la elisión de copia tiene que definirse en la especificación del " +"lenguaje, ya que los constructores pueden tener efectos secundarios. En " +"Rust, esto no supone ningún problema. Si no hay RVO, Rust siempre realizará " +"una copia `memcpy` simple y eficiente." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. " +"For a given value, at any time:" +msgstr "Rust limita las formas en que se pueden tomar prestados valores:" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_" +msgstr "Puedes tener uno o varios valores `&T` en un momento dado, _o_" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value." +msgstr "puedes tener exactamente un valor `&mut T`." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:29 +msgid "" +"Note that the requirement is that conflicting references not _exist_ at the " +"same point. It does not matter where the reference is dereferenced." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:31 +msgid "" +"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " +"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." +msgstr "" +"El código anterior no se compila porque `a` se toma prestada como mutable (a " +"través de `c`) y como inmutable (a través de `b`) al mismo tiempo." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:33 +msgid "" +"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " +"to make the code compile." +msgstr "" +"Mueve la instrucción `println!` de `b` antes del ámbito que introduce `c` " +"para que el código compile." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:35 +msgid "" +"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " +"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " +"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." +msgstr "" +"Después de ese cambio, el compilador se da cuenta de que `b` solo se usa " +"antes del nuevo préstamo mutable de `a` a través de `c`. Se trata de una " +"función del verificador de préstamos denominada \"tiempo de vida no léxico\"." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:38 +msgid "" +"The exclusive reference constraint is quite strong. Rust uses it to ensure " +"that data races do not occur. Rust also _relies_ on this constraint to " +"optimize code. For example, a value behind a shared reference can be safely " +"cached in a register for the lifetime of that reference." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:42 +msgid "" +"The borrow checker is designed to accommodate many common patterns, such as " +"taking exclusive references to different fields in a struct at the same " +"time. But, there are some situations where it doesn't quite \"get it\" and " +"this often results in \"fighting with the borrow checker.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:3 +msgid "" +"In some situations, it's necessary to modify data behind a shared (read-" +"only) reference. For example, a shared data structure might have an internal " +"cache, and wish to update that cache from read-only methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:7 +msgid "" +"The \"interior mutability\" pattern allows exclusive (mutable) access behind " +"a shared reference. The standard library provides several ways to do this, " +"all while still ensuring safety, typically by performing a runtime check." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`RefCell`" +msgstr "`RefCell`" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:41 +msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:42 +msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Cell`" +msgstr "`Cell`" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:48 +msgid "" +"`Cell` wraps a value and allows getting or setting the value, even with a " +"shared reference to the `Cell`. However, it does not allow any references to " +"the value. Since there are no references, borrowing rules cannot be broken." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:55 +msgid "" +"The main thing to take away from this slide is that Rust provides _safe_ " +"ways to modify data behind a shared reference. There are a variety of ways " +"to ensure that safety, and `RefCell` and `Cell` are two of them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:59 +msgid "" +"`RefCell` enforces Rust's usual borrowing rules (either multiple shared " +"references or a single exclusive reference) with a runtime check. In this " +"case, all borrows are very short and never overlap, so the checks always " +"succeed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:64 +msgid "" +"`Rc` only allows shared (read-only) access to its contents, since its " +"purpose is to allow (and count) many references. But we want to modify the " +"value, so we need interior mutability." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:68 +msgid "" +"`Cell` is a simpler means to ensure safety: it has a `set` method that takes " +"`&self`. This needs no runtime check, but requires moving values, which can " +"have its own cost." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:72 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." -"children` (don't try to print it!)." +"children`." msgstr "" "Demuestra que se pueden crear bucles de referencia añadiendo `root` a " "`subtree.children` (¡no intentes imprimirlo!)." -#: src/std/cell.md:50 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:75 msgid "" "To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " "`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " @@ -9055,41 +9023,952 @@ msgstr "" "Esto entrará en pánico en presencia del bucle de referencia, con `thread " "'main' panicked at 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." -#: src/modules.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " +"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." +msgstr "" +"Estás trabajando en la implementación de un sistema de monitorización de " +"salud. Por ello, debes realizar un seguimiento de las estadísticas de salud " +"de los usuarios." + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You'll start with a stubbed function in an `impl` block as well as a `User` " +"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out method on the " +"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +msgstr "" +"Comenzarás con algunas funciones stub en un bloque `impl`, así como con una " +"definición de estructura `User`. Tu objetivo es implementar métodos con " +"stubs en la `struct` `User` definida en el bloque `impl`." + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " +"method:" +msgstr "" +"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página y rellena los métodos que faltan:" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:51 +msgid "" +"\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the " +"doctor\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:56 src/borrowing/exercise.md:62 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:68 src/borrowing/solution.md:58 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:64 src/borrowing/solution.md:70 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 src/android/aidl/client.md:22 +msgid "\"Bob\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:57 src/borrowing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:4 +msgid "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:5 +msgid "[String References](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:6 +msgid "" +"[Lifetime Annotations](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) (10 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Lifetime Elision](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Struct Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:9 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Protobuf Parsing](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:1 +msgid "Slices" +msgstr "Slices" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:3 +msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" +msgstr "Un _slice_ ofrece una visión de una colección más amplia:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:18 +msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." +msgstr "Los slices toman prestados datos del tipo slice." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:19 +msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" +msgstr "" +"Pregunta: ¿Qué ocurre si se modifica `a[3]` justo antes de imprimir `s`?" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:24 +msgid "" +"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " +"indexes in brackets." +msgstr "" +"Creamos un slice tomando prestado `a` y especificando entre paréntesis los " +"índices de inicio y de fin." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:27 +msgid "" +"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " +"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Si el slice comienza en el índice 0, la sintaxis de rango de Rust nos " +"permite eliminar el índice inicial, lo que significa que `&a[0..a.len()]` y " +"`&a[..a.len()]` son idénticos." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:31 +msgid "" +"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Lo mismo ocurre con el último índice, por lo que `&a[2..a.len()]` y " +"`&a[2..]` son idénticos." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:34 +msgid "" +"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." +msgstr "" +"Para crear fácilmente un slice del array completo, podemos usar `&a[..]`." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:36 +msgid "" +"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " +"computation on slices of different sizes." +msgstr "" +"`s` es una referencia a un slice de `i32`s. Ten en cuenta que el tipo de `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) ya no menciona la longitud del array. Esto nos permite realizar " +"cálculos en slices de diferentes tamaños." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " +"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." +msgstr "" +"Los slices siempre tienen préstamos de otros objetos. En este ejemplo, `a` " +"tiene que permanecer \"con vida\" (en el ámbito) al menos durante el tiempo " +"que dure el slice. " + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " +"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " +"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " +"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " +"`println`, when the slice is no longer used." +msgstr "" +"La cuestión sobre la modificación de `a[3]` puede suscitar un debate " +"interesante, pero la respuesta es que, por razones de seguridad de memoria, " +"no se puede hacer mediante `a` en este punto de la ejecución, pero sí se " +"pueden leer los datos de `a` y `s` de forma segura. Funciona antes de crear " +"el slice y después de `println`, cuando el slice ya no se utiliza. En la " +"sección que trata sobre el _borrow checker_ se dará más información." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:7 +msgid "" +"We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like " +"`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:13 +msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello \"" +msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:21 +msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:25 +msgid "Rust terminology:" +msgstr "Terminología de Rust:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:27 +msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." +msgstr "`&str` es una referencia inmutable a un slice de una cadena." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:28 +msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." +msgstr "`String` es un búfer de cadena mutable." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " +"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " +"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." +msgstr "" +"`&str` introduce un slice de cadena, que es una referencia inmutable a los " +"datos de cadena codificados en UTF-8 y almacenados en un bloque de memoria. " +"Los literales de cadena (`\"Hello\"`) se almacenan en el binario del " +"programa." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:37 +msgid "" +"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " +"`Vec`, it is owned." +msgstr "" +"El tipo `String` de Rust es un envoltorio que rodea a un vector de bytes. " +"Como sucede con `Vec`, tiene propiedad." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " +"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " +"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." +msgstr "" +"Al igual que ocurre con muchos otros tipos, `String::from()` crea una cadena " +"a partir de un literal de cadena. `String::new()` crea una cadena vacía a la " +"que se pueden añadir los datos de la cadena mediante los métodos `push()` y " +"`push_str()`." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " +"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." +msgstr "" +"La macro `format!()` es una forma práctica de generar una cadena propia a " +"partir de valores dinámicos. Acepta la misma especificación de formato que " +"`println!()`." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:47 +msgid "" +"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +"selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " +"boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over " +"characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " +"one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " +"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " +"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." +msgstr "" +"Para los programadores de C++: piensa en `&str` como el `const char*` de C+" +"+, pero el que siempre apunta a una cadena válida en la memoria. `String` de " +"Rust es parecido a `std::string` de C++ (la diferencia principal es que " +"solo puede contener bytes codificados en UTF-8 y nunca utilizará una " +"optimización de cadena pequeña)." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" +msgstr "Las cadenas de bytes te permiten crear un valor `&[u8]` directamente:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:3 +msgid "" +"A reference has a _lifetime_, which must not \"outlive\" the value it refers " +"to. This is verified by the borrow checker." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:6 +msgid "" +"The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes " +"can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with " +"`'` and `'a` is a typical default name. Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed " +"`Point` which is valid for at least the lifetime `a`\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " +"yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is " +"ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution." +msgstr "" +"Las anotaciones durante el tiempo de vida crean restricciones. El compilador " +"verifica que hay una solución válida." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:15 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and " +"returning values from functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:36 +msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:37 +msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:44 +msgid "" +"In this example, the the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for " +"`p3`. Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume " +"that `p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, " +"Rust requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and " +"return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:50 +msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:56 +msgid "" +"This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives " +"for at least `'a`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:59 +msgid "" +"In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" +msgstr "Tiempos de Vida en Llamadas a Función" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " +"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " +"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html). This is not " +"inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand." +msgstr "" +"El tiempo de vida de los argumentos de las funciones y los valores devueltos " +"deben especificarse por completo, pero Rust permite que se puedan eludir en " +"la mayoría de los casos con [unas sencillas reglas](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:8 +msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:9 +msgid "" +"If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated " +"return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:11 +msgid "" +"If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, " +"that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:53 +msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:55 +msgid "" +"The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple " +"references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:58 +msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:64 +msgid "" +"This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for " +"validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers " +"(unsafe), and this is a common source of errors with unsafe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:68 +msgid "" +"Students may ask when to use lifetimes. Rust borrows _always_ have " +"lifetimes. Most of the time, elision and type inference mean these don't " +"need to be written out. In more complicated cases, lifetime annotations can " +"help resolve ambiguity. Often, especially when prototyping, it's easier to " +"just work with owned data by cloning values where necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" +msgstr "Tiempos de vida en estructuras de datos" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:3 +msgid "" +"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" +msgstr "" +"Si un tipo de datos almacena datos prestados, se debe anotar con tiempo de " +"vida:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:10 +msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:14 +msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:17 +msgid "// erase(text);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:18 +msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:19 +msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:26 +msgid "" +"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " +"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " +"`Highlight` that uses that data." +msgstr "" +"En el ejemplo anterior, la anotación en `Highlight` hace que los datos " +"subyacentes a la `&str` contenida tengan al menos la misma duración que " +"cualquier instancia de `Highlight` que utilice esos datos." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:29 +msgid "" +"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " +"the borrow checker throws an error." +msgstr "" +"Si `text` se consume antes de que acabe el tiempo de vida de `fox` (o " +"`dog`), el _borrow checker_ (verificador de préstamos) muestra un error." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:31 +msgid "" +"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " +"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " +"somewhat harder to use." +msgstr "" +"Los tipos con datos prestados (_borrowed_) obligan a los usuarios a " +"conservar los datos originales. Esto puede ser útil para crear vistas " +"ligeras aunque, por lo general, hace que sean un poco más difíciles de usar." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:34 +msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." +msgstr "" +"Siempre que sea posible, haz que las estructuras de datos sean propietarias " +"directas de sus datos." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:35 +msgid "" +"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " +"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " +"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " +"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." +msgstr "" +"Algunas estructuras con varias referencias dentro pueden tener más de una " +"anotación de tiempo de vida. Esto puede ser necesario si hay que describir " +"las relaciones de tiempo de vida entre las propias referencias, además del " +"tiempo de vida de la propia estructura. Estos son casos prácticos muy " +"avanzados." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]" +"(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's " +"simpler than it seems! This illustrates a common parsing pattern, passing " +"slices of data. The underlying data itself is never copied." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, " +"indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` " +"file. In this exercise, we'll encode that information into `match` " +"statements in functions that get called for each field." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We'll use the following proto:" +msgstr "Puedes usar el siguiente archivo `Cargo.toml`:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:28 +msgid "" +"A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each " +"is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field " +"number (e.g., `2` for the `id` field of a `Person` message) and a wire type " +"defining how the payload should be determined from the byte stream." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:33 +msgid "" +"Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding " +"called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given " +"code also defines callbacks to handle `Person` and `PhoneNumber` fields, and " +"to parse a message into a series of calls to those callbacks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:38 +msgid "" +"What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function and the " +"`ProtoMessage` trait for `Person` and `PhoneNumber`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:49 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:11 +msgid "\"Invalid varint\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:51 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:13 +msgid "\"Invalid wire-type\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:53 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:15 +msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:55 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:17 +msgid "\"Invalid length\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:57 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:19 +msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:59 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:21 +msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:62 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:24 +msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:65 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:27 +msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:67 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:29 +msgid "" +"//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" +" /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " +"a\n" +" /// VARINT followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:71 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:33 +msgid "" +"/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n" +" /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:76 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:38 +msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:80 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:42 +msgid "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:85 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:47 +msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:102 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:64 +msgid "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:132 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:94 +msgid "" +"/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:140 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:102 +msgid "" +"// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" +" // a u64 and return it.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:150 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:112 +msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:153 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:115 +msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:161 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:122 +msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:167 +msgid "" +"\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as " +"necessary.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:169 +msgid "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:171 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:153 +msgid "" +"/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field " +"in\n" +"/// the message.\n" +"///\n" +"/// The entire input is consumed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:198 +msgid "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:146 +msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:187 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:198 +msgid "// skip everything else\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:225 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:232 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:239 +msgid "b\"hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Day 4" +msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 4" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today we will cover topics relating to building large-scale software in Rust:" +msgstr "Hoy vamos a tratar algunos temas más avanzados de Rust:" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:5 +msgid "Iterators: a deep dive on the `Iterator` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:6 +msgid "Modules and visibility." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing." +msgstr "Probando" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:8 +msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." +msgstr "" +"Gestión de errores: _panics_ (pánicos), `Result` y el operador _try_ `?`." + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:9 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust: the escape hatch when you can't express yourself in safe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:14 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:15 +msgid "[Iterators](./iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:16 +msgid "[Modules](./modules.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:17 +msgid "[Testing](./testing.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:4 +msgid "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:5 +msgid "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:6 +msgid "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:7 +msgid "" +"The [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait supports iterating over values in a collection. It requires a `next` " +"method and provides lots of methods. Many standard library types implement " +"`Iterator`, and you can implement it yourself, too:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:31 +msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " +"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " +"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " +"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " +"implementations." +msgstr "" +"El trait `Iterator` implementa muchas operaciones comunes de programación " +"funcional en colecciones (por ejemplo, `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc.). " +"Este es el trait que te permite encontrar toda la documentación sobre ellas. " +"En Rust, estas funciones deberían generar un código tan eficiente como las " +"implementaciones imperativas equivalentes." + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:44 +msgid "" +"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " +"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " +"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " +"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." +msgstr "" +"`IntoIterator` es el trait que hace que los bucles funcionen. Se implementa " +"a través de tipos de colecciones, como `Vec`, y de referencias a ellas, " +"como `&Vec` y `&[T]`. Los rangos también lo implementan. Esta es la razón " +"por la que se puede iterar sobre un vector con `for i in some_vec { .. }`, " +"pero `some_vec.next()` no existe." + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " +"iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) defines how to create an iterator for a type. " +"It is used automatically by the `for` loop." +msgstr "" +"El trait `Iterator` te indica cómo _iterar_ una vez que has creado un " +"iterador. El trait relacionado `IntoIterator` indica cómo crear el iterador:" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:49 +msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of " +"`IntoIterator` must declare two types:" +msgstr "" +"La sintaxis aquí significa que cada implementación de `IntoIterator` debe " +"declarar dos tipos:" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`," +msgstr "`Item`: el tipo sobre el que iteramos, como `i8`," + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:61 +msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." +msgstr "`IntoIter`: el tipo `Iterator` devuelto por el método `into_iter`." + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:63 +msgid "" +"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " +"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" +msgstr "" +"Ten en cuenta que `IntoIter` y `Item` están vinculados: el iterador debe " +"tener el mismo tipo de `Item`, lo que significa que devuelve `Option`." + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:66 +msgid "The example iterates over all combinations of x and y coordinates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:68 +msgid "" +"Try iterating over the grid twice in `main`. Why does this fail? Note that " +"`IntoIterator::into_iter` takes ownership of `self`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:71 +msgid "" +"Fix this issue by implementing `IntoIterator` for `&Grid` and storing a " +"reference to the `Grid` in `GridIter`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:74 +msgid "" +"The same problem can occur for standard library types: `for e in " +"some_vector` will take ownership of `some_vector` and iterate over owned " +"elements from that vector. Use `for e in &some_vector` instead, to iterate " +"over references to elements of `some_vector`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:1 +msgid "FromIterator" +msgstr "FromIterator" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." +msgstr "" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"permite construir una colección a partir de un [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:9 +msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Iterator` implements" +msgstr "`Iterator`" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:25 +msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:27 +msgid "" +"With the \"turbofish\": `some_iterator.collect::()`, as " +"shown. The `_` shorthand used here lets Rust infer the type of the `Vec` " +"elements." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:29 +msgid "" +"With type inference: `let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`. " +"Rewrite the example to use this form." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. " +"There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things " +"like convert an `Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." +msgstr "" +"También hay implementaciones que permiten hacer cosas interesantes, como " +"convertir un `Iterator>` en un `Result, E>`." + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods " +"in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait to implement a complex calculation." +msgstr "" +"Se puede implementar el trait [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"iter/trait.Iterator.html) en tus propios tipos:" + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the following code to and make the tests " +"pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the " +"return value." +msgstr "" +"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en la página para hacer la prueba. Prueba a no asignar un `Vec` a los resultados " +"intermedios:" + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:11 src/iterators/solution.md:4 +msgid "" +"/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by " +"`offset`,\n" +"/// wrapping around from the end of `values` to the beginning.\n" +"///\n" +"/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:4 +msgid "[Modules](./modules/modules.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:5 +msgid "[Filesystem Hierarchy](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:6 +msgid "[Visibility](./modules/visibility.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:7 +msgid "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library](./modules/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:10 +msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:3 msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "" "Hemos visto cómo los bloques `impl` nos permiten asignar espacios de nombres " "de funciones a un tipo." -#: src/modules.md:5 +#: src/modules/modules.md:5 msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" msgstr "" "Del mismo modo, `mod` nos permite asignar espacios de nombres a funciones y " "tipos:" -#: src/modules.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod foo {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"mod bar {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" foo::do_something();\n" -" bar::do_something();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/modules.md:10 +msgid "\"In the foo module\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules.md:28 +#: src/modules/modules.md:16 +msgid "\"In the bar module\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:29 msgid "" "Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " "describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." @@ -9097,7 +9976,7 @@ msgstr "" "Los paquetes ofrecen funciones e incluyen un archivo `Cargo.toml` que " "describe cómo compilar un paquete de más de un crate." -#: src/modules.md:29 +#: src/modules/modules.md:31 msgid "" "Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " "a library crate compiles to a library." @@ -9105,12 +9984,113 @@ msgstr "" "Los crates son un árbol de módulos, donde un crate binario crea un " "ejecutable y un crate de biblioteca compila una biblioteca." -#: src/modules.md:30 +#: src/modules/modules.md:33 msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "" "Los módulos definen la organización y el ámbito, y son el centro de esta " "sección." +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 +msgid "" +"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" +msgstr "" +"Omitir el contenido del módulo hará que Rust lo busque en otro archivo:" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 +msgid "" +"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." +"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" +"vegetables.rs`." +msgstr "" +"Esto indica que el contenido del módulo `garden` se encuentra en `src/garden." +"rs`. Del mismo modo, el módulo `garden::vegetables` se encuentra en `src/" +"garden/vegetables.rs`." + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:13 +msgid "The `crate` root is in:" +msgstr "La raíz de `crate` está en:" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 +msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" +msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (para un crate de biblioteca)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16 +msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` (para un crate binario)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:18 +msgid "" +"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " +"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " +"module." +msgstr "" +"Los módulos definidos en archivos también se pueden documentar mediante " +"\"comentarios internos del documento\". En ellos se indica el elemento que " +"los contiene, en este caso, un módulo." + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:22 +msgid "" +"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " +"germination\n" +"//! implementation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24 +msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:28 +msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:33 +msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:43 +msgid "" +"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " +"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." +msgstr "" +"Antes de Rust 2018, los módulos debían ubicarse en `module/mod.rs` en lugar " +"de en `module.rs`. Esta alternativa sigue existiendo en las ediciones " +"posteriores a 2018." + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:46 +msgid "" +"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." +"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." +msgstr "" +"El principal motivo de introducir `filename.rs` en lugar de `filename/mod." +"rs` se debe a que si muchos archivos llamados `mod.rs` puede ser difícil " +"distinguirlos en IDEs." + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:49 +msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" +msgstr "" +"Un anidamiento más profundo puede usar carpetas, incluso si el módulo " +"principal es un archivo:" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 +msgid "" +"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " +"directive:" +msgstr "" +"El lugar donde Rust buscará los módulos se puede cambiar con una directiva " +"del compilador:" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:62 +msgid "\"some/path.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:66 +msgid "" +"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " +"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." +msgstr "" +"Esto resulta útil, por ejemplo, si deseas colocar pruebas de un módulo en un " +"archivo denominado `some_module_test.rs`, similar a la convención en Go." + #: src/modules/visibility.md:3 msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" msgstr "Los módulos marcan el límite de la privacidad:" @@ -9133,41 +10113,27 @@ msgstr "" "Es decir, si un elemento está visible en el módulo `foo`, se verá en todos " "los elementos descendientes de `foo`." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod outer {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::public\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" mod inner {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" -" super::private();\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" outer::public();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:13 +msgid "\"outer::private\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:39 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:17 +msgid "\"outer::public\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:22 +msgid "\"outer::inner::private\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:26 +msgid "\"outer::inner::public\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:40 msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." msgstr "Haz que los módulos sean públicos con la palabra clave `pub`." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:41 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:42 msgid "" "Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " "of public visibility." @@ -9175,7 +10141,7 @@ msgstr "" "Además, hay especificadores `pub(...)` avanzados para restringir el ámbito " "de la visibilidad pública." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:43 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." @@ -9183,16 +10149,16 @@ msgstr "" "Consulta el libro [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" "visibility-and-privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:44 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:47 msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." msgstr "Configurar la visibilidad de `pub(crate)` es un patrón común." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:48 msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." msgstr "" "Aunque es menos frecuente, se puede dar visibilidad a una ruta específica." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:46 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:49 msgid "" "In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " "its descendants)." @@ -9200,35 +10166,11 @@ msgstr "" "En cualquier caso, se debe dar visibilidad a un módulo antecedente (y a " "todos sus descendientes)." +#: src/modules/paths.md:1 +msgid "use, super, self" +msgstr "" + #: src/modules/paths.md:3 -msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" -msgstr "Las rutas se resuelven de la siguiente manera:" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:5 -msgid "As a relative path:" -msgstr "Como ruta relativa:" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:6 -msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," -msgstr "`foo` o `self::foo` hacen referencia a `foo` en el módulo." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:7 -msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." -msgstr "`super::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en el módulo superior." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:9 -msgid "As an absolute path:" -msgstr "Como ruta absoluta:" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:10 -msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," -msgstr "`crate::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en la raíz del crate." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:11 -msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." -msgstr "`bar::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en el crate `bar`." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:13 msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " "will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" @@ -9236,2851 +10178,381 @@ msgstr "" "Un módulo puede incluir símbolos de otro módulo en el ámbito con `use`. " "Normalmente, se ve algo como esto en la parte superior de cada módulo:" +#: src/modules/paths.md:11 +msgid "Paths" +msgstr "Rutas" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:13 +msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" +msgstr "Las rutas se resuelven de la siguiente manera:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:15 +msgid "As a relative path:" +msgstr "Como ruta relativa:" + #: src/modules/paths.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::collections::HashSet;\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 -msgid "" -"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" -msgstr "" -"Omitir el contenido del módulo hará que Rust lo busque en otro archivo:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"mod garden;\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 -msgid "" -"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." -"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" -"vegetables.rs`." -msgstr "" -"Esto indica que el contenido del módulo `garden` se encuentra en `src/garden." -"rs`. Del mismo modo, el módulo `garden::vegetables` se encuentra en `src/" -"garden/vegetables.rs`." - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 -msgid "The `crate` root is in:" -msgstr "La raíz de `crate` está en:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 -msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" -msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (para un crate de biblioteca)" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 -msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" -msgstr "`src/main.rs` (para un crate binario)" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 -msgid "" -"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " -"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " -"module." -msgstr "" -"Los módulos definidos en archivos también se pueden documentar mediante " -"\"comentarios internos del documento\". En ellos se indica el elemento que " -"los contiene, en este caso, un módulo." - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:20 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " -"germination\n" -"//! implementation.\n" -"\n" -"// Re-export types from this module.\n" -"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n" -"pub use garden::Garden;\n" -"\n" -"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" -"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" -"\n" -"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" -"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 -msgid "" -"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " -"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." -msgstr "" -"Antes de Rust 2018, los módulos debían ubicarse en `module/mod.rs` en lugar " -"de en `module.rs`. Esta alternativa sigue existiendo en las ediciones " -"posteriores a 2018." - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 -msgid "" -"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." -"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." -msgstr "" -"El principal motivo de introducir `filename.rs` en lugar de `filename/mod." -"rs` se debe a que si muchos archivos llamados `mod.rs` puede ser difícil " -"distinguirlos en IDEs." - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 -msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" -msgstr "" -"Un anidamiento más profundo puede usar carpetas, incluso si el módulo " -"principal es un archivo:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44 -msgid "" -"```ignore\n" -"src/\n" -"├── main.rs\n" -"├── top_module.rs\n" -"└── top_module/\n" -" └── sub_module.rs\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 -msgid "" -"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " -"directive:" -msgstr "" -"El lugar donde Rust buscará los módulos se puede cambiar con una directiva " -"del compilador:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:54 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" -"mod some_module;\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 -msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " -"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." -msgstr "" -"Esto resulta útil, por ejemplo, si deseas colocar pruebas de un módulo en un " -"archivo denominado `some_module_test.rs`, similar a la convención en Go." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Tarde" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." -msgstr "" -"Los ejercicios de esta tarde se centrarán en las cadenas y los iteradores." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 -msgid "" -"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"traits." -msgstr "" -"El modelo de _ownership_ de Rust afecta a muchas APIs. Un ejemplo serían los " -"traits [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " -"y [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." -"html)." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 -msgid "`Iterator`" -msgstr "`Iterator`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 -msgid "" -"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " -"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " -"back:" -msgstr "" -"Los _traits_ son como las interfaces: describen el comportamiento (métodos) " -"de un tipo. El trait `Iterator` indica que se puede llamar a `next` hasta " -"que se obtenga `None`:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub trait Iterator {\n" -" type Item;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 -msgid "You use this trait like this:" -msgstr "Utiliza este trait de la siguiente forma:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 -msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" -msgstr "¿Qué tipo devuelve el iterador? Prueba tu respuesta aquí:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 -msgid "Why is this type used?" -msgstr "¿Por qué se usa este tipo?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 -msgid "`IntoIterator`" -msgstr "`IntoIterator`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 -msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " -"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " -"iterator:" -msgstr "" -"El trait `Iterator` te indica cómo _iterar_ una vez que has creado un " -"iterador. El trait relacionado `IntoIterator` indica cómo crear el iterador:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:53 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub trait IntoIterator {\n" -" type Item;\n" -" type IntoIter: Iterator;\n" -"\n" -" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 -msgid "" -"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " -"declare two types:" -msgstr "" -"La sintaxis aquí significa que cada implementación de `IntoIterator` debe " -"declarar dos tipos:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 -msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," -msgstr "`Item`: el tipo sobre el que iteramos, como `i8`," - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 -msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." -msgstr "`IntoIter`: el tipo `Iterator` devuelto por el método `into_iter`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 -msgid "" -"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " -"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que `IntoIter` y `Item` están vinculados: el iterador debe " -"tener el mismo tipo de `Item`, lo que significa que devuelve `Option`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 -msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" -msgstr "Al igual que antes, ¿qué tipo devuelve el iterador?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 -msgid "`for` Loops" -msgstr "Bucles `for`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 -msgid "" -"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " -"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " -"resulting iterator:" -msgstr "" -"Ahora que conocemos `Iterator` e `IntoIterator`, podemos crear bucles `for`. " -"Llaman a `into_iter()` sobre una expresión e iteran sobre el iterador " -"resultante:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" -"\n" -" for word in &v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" for word in v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 -msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" -msgstr "¿Cuál es el tipo de `word` en cada bucle?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 -msgid "" -"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " -"IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for " -"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" -"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." -msgstr "" -"Experimenta con el código anterior y consulta la documentación sobre [`impl " -"IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) y sobre [`impl IntoIterator " -"for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-" -"IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) para comprobar las respuestas." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 -msgid "" -"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " -"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " -"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " -"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." -msgstr "" -"En este ejercicio se va a implementar un componente de enrutamiento de un " -"servidor web. El servidor está configurado con un número de _prefijos de " -"ruta_ que se comparan con las _rutas de solicitud_. Los prefijos de ruta " -"pueden contener un carácter comodín que coincida con un segmento completo. " -"Consulta las pruebas unitarias más abajo." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 -msgid "" -"Copy the following code to and make the tests " -"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" -msgstr "" -"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en la página para hacer la prueba. Prueba a no asignar un `Vec` a los resultados " -"intermedios:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 -msgid "Welcome to Day 3" -msgstr "Te damos la Bienvenida al Día 3" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 -msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" -msgstr "Hoy vamos a tratar algunos temas más avanzados de Rust:" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 -msgid "" -"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " -"traits." -msgstr "" -"_Traits_: derivación de _traits_, métodos predeterminados y _traits_ " -"importantes de la _standard library_ (biblioteca estándar)." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 -msgid "" -"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " -"objects." -msgstr "" -"_Generics_ (Genéricos): tipos de datos genéricos, métodos genéricos, " -"monomorfización y objetos de _traits_." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 -msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." -msgstr "" -"Gestión de errores: _panics_ (pánicos), `Result` y el operador _try_ `?`." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 -msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." -msgstr "" -"Pruebas: pruebas unitarias, pruebas de documentación y pruebas de " -"integración." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 -msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " -"functions." -msgstr "" -"Rust inseguro: punteros sin formato, variables estáticas, funciones no " -"seguras y funciones externas." - -#: src/generics.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " -"(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." -msgstr "" -"Rust admite el uso de genéricos, lo que permite abstraer los algoritmos o " -"las estructuras de datos (como el orden o un árbol binario) sobre los tipos " -"utilizados o almacenados." +msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," +msgstr "`foo` o `self::foo` hacen referencia a `foo` en el módulo." -#: src/generics/data-types.md:3 -msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" -msgstr "Puedes usar genéricos para abstraer el tipo de campo concreto:" +#: src/modules/paths.md:17 +msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." +msgstr "`super::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en el módulo superior." -#: src/generics/data-types.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point {\n" -" x: T,\n" -" y: T,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" -" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" -" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:21 -msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." -msgstr "" -"Prueba a declarar una nueva variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." +#: src/modules/paths.md:19 +msgid "As an absolute path:" +msgstr "Como ruta absoluta:" -#: src/generics/data-types.md:23 -msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." -msgstr "" -"Corrige el código para permitir puntos que tengan elementos de distintos " -"tipos." +#: src/modules/paths.md:20 +msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," +msgstr "`crate::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en la raíz del crate." -#: src/generics/methods.md:3 -msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" -msgstr "Puedes declarar un tipo genérico en tu bloque `impl`:" +#: src/modules/paths.md:21 +msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." +msgstr "`bar::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en el crate `bar`." -#: src/generics/methods.md:5 +#: src/modules/paths.md:26 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(T, T);\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" -" &self.0 // + 10\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(5, 10);\n" -" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"It is common to \"re-export\" symbols at a shorter path. For example, the " +"top-level `lib.rs` in a crate might have" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:25 +#: src/modules/paths.md:36 msgid "" -"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " -"redundant?" +"making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a " +"convenient, short path." msgstr "" -"_P:_ ¿Por qué `T` se especifica dos veces en `impl Point {}`? ¿No es " -"redundante?" -#: src/generics/methods.md:26 +#: src/modules/paths.md:39 msgid "" -"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " -"They are independently generic." +"For the most part, only items that appear in a module need to be `use`'d. " +"However, a trait must be in scope to call any methods on that trait, even if " +"a type implementing that trait is already in scope. For example, to use the " +"`read_to_string` method on a type implementing the `Read` trait, you need to " +"`use std::io::Read`." msgstr "" -"Esto se debe a que es una sección de implementación genérica para un tipo " -"genérico. Son genéricos de forma independiente." - -#: src/generics/methods.md:27 -msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." -msgstr "Significa que estos métodos están definidos para cualquier `T`." -#: src/generics/methods.md:28 -msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " -msgstr "Es posible escribir `impl Point { .. }`. " - -#: src/generics/methods.md:29 +#: src/modules/paths.md:45 msgid "" -"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " -"block will only be available for `Point`." +"The `use` statement can have a wildcard: `use std::io::*`. This is " +"discouraged because it is not clear which items are imported, and those " +"might change over time." msgstr "" -"`Point` sigue siendo genérico y puedes usar `Point`, pero los métodos " -"de este bloque solo estarán disponibles para `Point`." -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 -msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" -msgstr "" -"El código genérico se convierte en código no genérico en función de los " -"sitios de llamada:" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Some(5);\n" -" let float = Some(5.0);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"In this exercise, you will reorganize a small GUI Library implementation. " +"This library defines a `Widget` trait and a few implementations of that " +"trait, as well as a `main` function." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 -msgid "behaves as if you wrote" -msgstr "se comporta como si se hubiera escrito" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:7 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum Option_i32 {\n" -" Some(i32),\n" -" None,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"enum Option_f64 {\n" -" Some(f64),\n" -" None,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n" -" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own " +"module, so each widget type should get its own module." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 -msgid "" -"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " -"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." -msgstr "" -"Se trata de una abstracción sin coste: se obtiene exactamente el mismo " -"resultado que si se hubiesen programado de forma manual las estructuras de " -"datos sin la abstracción." +#: src/modules/exercise.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cargo Setup" +msgstr "Configurar" -#: src/traits.md:3 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:12 msgid "" -"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" +"The Rust playground only supports one file, so you will need to make a Cargo " +"project on your local filesystem:" msgstr "" -"Rust te permite abstraer sobre tipos con _traits_. Son similares a las " -"interfaces:" -#: src/traits.md:5 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:21 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"trait Pet {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Dog {\n" -" name: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Cat;\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Dog {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" self.name.clone()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Cat {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " -"anyway.\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn greet(pet: &P) {\n" -" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n" -" greet(&fido);\n" -"\n" -" let captain_floof = Cat;\n" -" greet(&captain_floof);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Edit the resulting `src/main.rs` to add `mod` statements, and add additional " +"files in the `src` directory." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 -msgid "" -"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " -"collection:" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:24 +msgid "Source" msgstr "" -"Los objetos de _traits_ permiten valores de diferentes tipos, por ejemplo, " -"en una colección:" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"trait Pet {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Dog {\n" -" name: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Cat;\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Dog {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" self.name.clone()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Cat {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " -"anyway.\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" -" Box::new(Cat),\n" -" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n" -" ];\n" -" for pet in pets {\n" -" println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:26 +msgid "Here's the single-module implementation of the GUI library:" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40 -msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" -msgstr "Diseño de la memoria después de asignar `pets`:" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"pets : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" -"+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " -"| :\n" -": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" -"+ :\n" -": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | | '---->| \"::name\" " -"| :\n" -" : | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | " -"| : \n" -" : | | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : | '-->|" -"\\| : \n" -" : | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : " -"| : \n" -" : | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : '---->| \"::name\" " -"| : \n" -" : +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:30 src/modules/solution.md:36 +msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"pets : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" -"+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " -"| :\n" -": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" -"+ :\n" -": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | | '---->| \"::name\" " -"| :\n" -" : | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | " -"| : \n" -" : | | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : | '-->|" -"\\| : \n" -" : | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : " -"| : \n" -" : | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : '---->| \"::name\" " -"| : \n" -" : +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"\n" -"```" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 -msgid "" -"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " -"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." +#: src/modules/exercise.md:33 src/modules/solution.md:39 +msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" msgstr "" -"Los tipos que implementan un trait determinado pueden tener diferentes " -"tamaños. Esto hace imposible tener elementos como `Vec` en el ejemplo " -"anterior." -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73 -msgid "" -"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " -"implements `Pet`." +#: src/modules/exercise.md:36 src/modules/solution.md:42 +msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" msgstr "" -"`dyn Pet` es una forma de indicar al compilador un tipo de tamaño dinámico " -"que implementa `Pet`." -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 -msgid "" -"In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. " -"The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object " -"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of " -"that particular object." +#: src/modules/exercise.md:40 src/modules/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"{buffer}\"" msgstr "" -"En el ejemplo, `pets` contiene _punteros grandes_ en los objetos que " -"implementan `Pet`. El puntero grande consta de dos componentes: un puntero " -"al objeto real y un puntero a la tabla de métodos virtuales para la " -"implementación de `Pet` en ese objeto concreto." -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75 -msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" -msgstr "Compara estas salidas en el ejemplo anterior:" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::" -"());\n" -" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::" -"<&Cat>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:88 +msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:100 msgid "" -"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the " -"specified traits for a data structure." +"// TODO: Change draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use " +"the\n" +" // ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" msgstr "" -"Las macros de derivación de Rust funcionan generando automáticamente código " -"que implementa los _traits_ especificados para una estructura de datos." -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 -msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:102 src/modules/exercise.md:108 +#: src/modules/solution.md:165 src/modules/solution.md:171 +msgid "\"+-{:- bool;\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Centimeter(i16);\n" -"\n" -"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" -" fn equals(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" -" self.0 == other.0\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = Centimeter(10);\n" -" let b = Centimeter(20);\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equals(&b));\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equals(&b));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:104 src/modules/solution.md:167 +msgid "\"+={:= bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"trait NotEquals: Equals {\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 -msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." -msgstr "Proporciona una implementación general de `NotEquals` para `Equals`." -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:47 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"trait NotEquals {\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl NotEquals for T where T: Equals {\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:114 src/modules/solution.md:100 +msgid "// add a bit of padding\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 -msgid "" -"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " -"trait for `NotEqual`." +#: src/modules/exercise.md:122 src/modules/exercise.md:126 +#: src/modules/solution.md:110 src/modules/solution.md:114 +msgid "\"+{:-(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" -" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" -"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" -"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into) -> i32 {\n" -" x.into() + 42_000_000\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// struct NotClonable;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n" -" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n" -" println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n" -" println!(\"{many}\");\n" -" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n" -" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:141 src/modules/solution.md:183 +msgid "\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 -msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." +#: src/modules/exercise.md:142 src/modules/solution.md:185 +msgid "\"This is a small text GUI demo.\"" msgstr "" -"Muestra una cláusula `where` para que los alumnos la encuentren al leer el " -"código." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n" -"where\n" -" T: Clone,\n" -"{\n" -" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:143 src/modules/solution.md:186 +msgid "\"Click me!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 -msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." -msgstr "Despeja la firma de la función si tienes muchos parámetros." - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 -msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." -msgstr "Tiene funciones adicionales para que sea más potente." - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:151 msgid "" -"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " -"be arbitrary, like `Option`." +"Encourage students to divide the code in a way that feels natural for them, " +"and get accustomed to the required `mod`, `use`, and `pub` declarations. " +"Afterward, discuss what organizations are most idiomatic." msgstr "" -"Si alguien pregunta, la función adicional es que el tipo que está a la " -"izquierda de \":\" puede ser arbitrario, como `Option`." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 -msgid "`impl Trait`" -msgstr "`impl Trait`" - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 -msgid "" -"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " -"arguments and return values:" +#: src/modules/solution.md:30 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"De forma similar a los límites de _traits_, se puede usar la sintaxis `impl " -"Trait` en argumentos de funciones y valores devueltos:" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fmt::Display;\n" -"\n" -"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n" -" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n" -" println!(\"{x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/solution.md:56 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/label.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 -msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." +#: src/modules/solution.md:71 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" msgstr "" -"`impl Trait` permite trabajar con tipos a los que no se les puede asignar un " -"nombre." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 -msgid "" -"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." -msgstr "La naturaleza de `impl Trait` varía ligeramente según la posición." - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 -msgid "" -"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " -"trait bound." +#: src/modules/solution.md:75 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"En el caso de los parámetros, `impl Trait` es como un parámetro genérico " -"anónimo con un límite de trait." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 -msgid "" -"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " -"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " -"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." +#: src/modules/solution.md:77 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"En el caso de un tipo de resultado devuelto, significa que este es un tipo " -"concreto que implementa el trait, sin nombrar el tipo. Esto puede ser útil " -"cuando no quieres exponer el tipo concreto en una API pública." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 -msgid "" -"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " -"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " -"function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " -"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " -"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" -">()`." +#: src/modules/solution.md:84 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/button.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"La inferencia es más complicada en la posición de retorno. Una función que " -"devuelve `impl Foo` elige el tipo concreto que devuelve, sin escribirlo en " -"el código fuente. Una función que devuelve un tipo genérico como " -"`collect() -> B` puede devolver cualquier tipo que cumpla `B`, y es " -"posible que el llamador tenga que elegir uno, como con `let x: Vec<_> = foo." -"collect()` o con la sintaxis turbofish, `foo.collect::>()`." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 -msgid "" -"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " -"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " -"type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " -"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for " -"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what " -"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd " -"need two independent generic parameters." +#: src/modules/solution.md:99 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" msgstr "" -"Este ejemplo es fantástico porque usa `impl Display` dos veces. Nos ayuda " -"explicar que no hay nada que obligue a que sea _el mismo_ tipo `impl " -"Display`. Si se utiliza un solo `T: Display`, se aplicaría la restricción de " -"que el tipo de entrada `T` y el tipo de retorno `T` son iguales. No " -"funcionaría para esta función en concreto, ya que el tipo que esperamos como " -"entrada probablemente no sea el que devuelve `format!`. Si quisiéramos hacer " -"lo mismo a través de la sintaxis `: Display`, necesitaríamos dos parámetros " -"genéricos independientes." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 -msgid "" -"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " -"library:" +#: src/modules/solution.md:103 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"A continuación, veremos algunos de los _traits_ más comunes de la biblioteca " -"estándar de Rust:" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 -msgid "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"used in `for` loops," +#: src/modules/solution.md:105 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) y " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"se usan en los bucles `for`." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 -msgid "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " -"values," +#: src/modules/solution.md:120 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/window.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) y [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) se usan para " -"convertir valores." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 +#: src/modules/solution.md:147 msgid "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," +"// ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" +" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" msgstr "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) y [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) se usan para E/S." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 -msgid "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " -"overloading, and" +#: src/modules/solution.md:152 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... se usan para sobrecargar " -"operadores, y" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 -msgid "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " -"defining destructors." +#: src/modules/solution.md:154 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) se usa para " -"definir destructores." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 +#: src/modules/solution.md:162 msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " -"to construct a default instance of a type." +"// TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" +" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" +" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" msgstr "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) se usa " -"para construir una instancia predeterminada de un tipo." - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:1 -msgid "Iterators" -msgstr "Iteradores" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:3 -msgid "" -"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." -"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" +#: src/modules/solution.md:177 +msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"Se puede implementar el trait [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"iter/trait.Iterator.html) en tus propios tipos:" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Fibonacci {\n" -" curr: u32,\n" -" next: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" -" type Item = u32;\n" -"\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" -" self.curr = self.next;\n" -" self.next = new_next;\n" -" Some(self.curr)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" -" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" -" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/testing.md:4 +msgid "[Test Modules](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:32 -msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " -"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " -"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " -"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " -"implementations." +#: src/testing.md:5 +msgid "[Other Types of Tests](./testing/other.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"El trait `Iterator` implementa muchas operaciones comunes de programación " -"funcional en colecciones (por ejemplo, `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc.). " -"Este es el trait que te permite encontrar toda la documentación sobre ellas. " -"En Rust, estas funciones deberían generar un código tan eficiente como las " -"implementaciones imperativas equivalentes." -#: src/traits/iterator.md:37 -msgid "" -"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " -"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " -"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " -"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." +#: src/testing.md:6 +msgid "[Useful Crates](./testing/useful-crates.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "" -"`IntoIterator` es el trait que hace que los bucles funcionen. Se implementa " -"a través de tipos de colecciones, como `Vec`, y de referencias a ellas, " -"como `&Vec` y `&[T]`. Los rangos también lo implementan. Esta es la razón " -"por la que se puede iterar sobre un vector con `for i in some_vec { .. }`, " -"pero `some_vec.next()` no existe." -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 -msgid "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." +#: src/testing.md:7 +msgid "[GoogleTest](./testing/googletest.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"permite construir una colección a partir de un [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" -" let prime_squares = primes\n" -" .into_iter()\n" -" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/testing.md:8 +msgid "[Mocking](./testing/mocking.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 -msgid "" -"`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +#: src/testing.md:9 +msgid "[Compiler Lints and Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -"`Iterator` implementa `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`." -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 -msgid "" -"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " -"`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." -msgstr "" -"También hay implementaciones que permiten hacer cosas interesantes, como " -"convertir un `Iterator>` en un `Result, E>`." - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:1 -msgid "`From` and `Into`" -msgstr "`From` e `Into`" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:3 -msgid "" -"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." -"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " -"facilitate type conversions:" -msgstr "" -"Los tipos implementan [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"From.html) y [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) " -"para facilitar las conversiones de tipos:" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" -" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" -" let one = i16::from(true);\n" -" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:15 -msgid "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " -"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" -msgstr "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) se " -"implementa automáticamente cuando se implementa [`From`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html):" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:17 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" -" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" -" let one: i16 = true.into();\n" -" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:29 -msgid "" -"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " -"`Into` implementation too." -msgstr "" -"Por eso se suele implementar solo `From`, ya que el tipo ya habrá " -"implementado también `Into`." - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:30 -msgid "" -"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " -"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " -"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " -"implement `Into`." -msgstr "" -"Cuando se declara un tipo de entrada de argumento de función como " -"\"cualquier elemento que se pueda convertir en `String`\", la regla es la " -"contraria y se debe usar `Into`. La función aceptará tipos que implementen " -"`From` y aquellos que _solo_ implementen `Into`." - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:1 -msgid "`Read` and `Write`" -msgstr "`Read` y `Write`" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:3 -msgid "" -"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " -"abstract over `u8` sources:" -msgstr "" -"Usando [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) y " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), se puede " -"abstraer sobre fuentes `u8`:" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" -"\n" -"fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" -" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" -" buf_reader.lines().count()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" -" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" -"\n" -" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" -" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:23 -msgid "" -"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " -"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" -msgstr "" -"De forma similar, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write." -"html) te permite abstraer sobre fuentes `u8`:" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" -"\n" -"fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" -" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" -" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" -" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:1 -msgid "The `Drop` Trait" -msgstr "El Trait `Drop`" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:3 -msgid "" -"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." -"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" -msgstr "" -"Los valores que implementan [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"Drop.html) pueden especificar el código que se ejecutará cuando salgan del " -"ámbito:" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Droppable {\n" -" name: &'static str,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Drop for Droppable {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" -" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" -" }\n" -" drop(a);\n" -" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26 -msgid "Discussion points:" -msgstr "Cuestiones de debate:" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:36 -msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" -msgstr "¿Por qué `Drop::drop` no acepta `self`?" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:37 -msgid "" -"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " -"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" -msgstr "" -"Respuesta corta: si lo hiciera, se llamaría a `std::mem::drop` al final del " -"bloque, lo que daría como resultado otra llamada a `Drop::drop` y un " -"desbordamiento de la _stack_." - -#: src/traits/drop.md:40 -msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." -msgstr "Prueba a sustituir `drop(a)` por `a.drop()`." - -#: src/traits/default.md:1 -msgid "The `Default` Trait" -msgstr "El trait `Default`" - -#: src/traits/default.md:3 -msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " -"produces a default value for a type." -msgstr "" -"El trait [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default." -"html) produce un valor predeterminado para un tipo." - -#: src/traits/default.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct Derived {\n" -" x: u32,\n" -" y: String,\n" -" z: Implemented,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Implemented(String);\n" -"\n" -"impl Default for Implemented {\n" -" fn default() -> Self {\n" -" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let default_struct = Derived::default();\n" -" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" -" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" -" ..Derived::default()\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let nothing: Option = None;\n" -" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/default.md:40 -msgid "" -"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." -msgstr "" -"Se puede implementar directamente o se puede derivar a través de " -"`#[derive(Default)]`." - -#: src/traits/default.md:41 -msgid "" -"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " -"their default values." +#: src/testing.md:10 +msgid "[Exercise: Luhn Algorithm](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Una implementación derivada producirá un valor en el que todos los campos " -"tendrán sus valores predeterminados." -#: src/traits/default.md:42 -msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." -msgstr "" -"Esto significa que todos los tipos de la estructura también deberán " -"implementar `Default`." - -#: src/traits/default.md:43 -msgid "" -"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " -"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." -msgstr "" -"Los tipos estándar de Rust suelen implementar `Default` con valores " -"razonables (por ejemplo, `0`, `\"\"`, etc.)." - -#: src/traits/default.md:44 -msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." -msgstr "" -"La copia parcial de la estructura funciona correctamente con los valores " -"predeterminados. ." - -#: src/traits/default.md:45 -msgid "" -"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " -"provides convenience methods that use it." -msgstr "" -"La biblioteca estándar de Rust tiene en cuenta que los tipos pueden " -"implementar `Default` y, por ello, proporciona métodos prácticos que lo " -"utilizan." - -#: src/traits/default.md:46 -msgid "" -"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" -"with-struct-update-syntax)" -msgstr "" -"la sintaxis `..` se denomina [sintaxis de actualización de estructuras]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-" -"instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax)" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:1 -msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." -msgstr "`Add`, `Mul`, etc." - -#: src/traits/operators.md:3 -msgid "" -"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -msgstr "" -"La sobrecarga de operadores se implementa mediante _traits_ en [`std::ops`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" -"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" -" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" -" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" -" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:28 -msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " -msgstr "¿En qué situaciones sería útil implementar `Add` para `&Point`? " - -#: src/traits/operators.md:29 -msgid "" -"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " -"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " -"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." -msgstr "" -"Respuesta: `Add:add` consume a `self`. Si el tipo `T` para el que se " -"sobrecarga el operador no es `Copy`, deberías plantearte también sobrecargar " -"el operador para `&T`. Así se evita la clonación innecesaria en el sitio de " -"la llamada." - -#: src/traits/operators.md:33 -msgid "" -"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " -"method?" -msgstr "" -"¿Por qué `Output` es un tipo asociado? ¿Se podría convertir en un parámetro " -"tipo del método?" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:34 -msgid "" -"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " -"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " -"trait." -msgstr "" -"Respuesta corta: el llamador controla los parámetros tipo de la función, " -"pero los tipos asociados (como `Output`) los controla el implementador de un " -"trait ." - -#: src/traits/operators.md:37 -msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " -"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." -msgstr "" -"Se podría implementar `Add` para dos tipos distintos; por ejemplo, `impl " -"Add<(i32, i32)> for Point` añadiría una tupla a un `Point`." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:1 -msgid "Closures" -msgstr "Cierres" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:3 -msgid "" -"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " -"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." -"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " -"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" -msgstr "" -"Los cierres o expresiones lambda tienen tipos que no pueden nombrarse. Sin " -"embargo, implementan _traits_ especiales [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"FnMut.html) y [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce." -"html):" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" -" func(input)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" -" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" -" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n" -"\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n" -" v.push(x);\n" -" v.iter().sum::()\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n" -" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n" -"\n" -" let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::();\n" -" println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:34 -msgid "" -"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " -"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " -"concurrently." -msgstr "" -"Un `Fn` (por ejemplo, `add_3`) no consume ni modifica los valores " -"capturados, o quizá no captura nada en absoluto. Se puede llamar varias " -"veces al mismo tiempo." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:37 -msgid "" -"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " -"multiple times, but not concurrently." -msgstr "" -"Un `FnMut` (por ejemplo, `accumulate`) puede modificar los valores " -"capturados. Se puede llamar varias veces, pero no de forma simultánea." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:40 -msgid "" -"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " -"might consume captured values." -msgstr "" -"Si tienes un `FnOnce` (por ejemplo, `multiply_sum`), solo puedes llamarlo " -"una vez. Puede consumir valores capturados." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:43 -msgid "" -"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " -"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " -"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." -msgstr "" -"`FnMut` es un subtipo de `FnOnce`, mientras que `Fn` es un subtipo de " -"`FnMut` y `FnOnce`. Es decir, puedes utilizar un `FnMut` siempre que se " -"llame a un `FnOnce`, y puedes usar un `Fn` siempre que se llame a un `FnMut` " -"o a un `FnOnce`." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:47 -msgid "" -"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " -"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." -msgstr "" -"El compilador también infiere `Copy` (por ejemplo, `add_3`) y `Clone` (por " -"ejemplo, `multiply_sum`), dependiendo de lo que capture el cierre." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:50 -msgid "" -"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " -"keyword makes them capture by value." -msgstr "" -"De forma predeterminada, los cierres capturan, si pueden, por referencia. La " -"palabra clave `move` hace que capturen por valor." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n" -" return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n" -" hi(\"there\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la Mañana" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 -msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." -msgstr "Diseñaremos una biblioteca GUI clásica de _traits_ y objetos _trait_." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 -msgid "" -"We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " -"polygons." -msgstr "" -"También veremos la asignación de enumeraciones con un ejercicio que " -"involucra puntos y polígonos." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 -msgid "" -"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " -"trait objects." -msgstr "" -"Vamos a diseñar una biblioteca GUI clásica con nuestro recién adquirido " -"conocimiento sobre _traits_ y objetos trait." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 -msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" -msgstr "Tendremos varios widgets en nuestra biblioteca:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 -msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." -msgstr "`Window`: tiene un `title` y contiene otros widgets." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 -msgid "" -"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " -"button is pressed." -msgstr "" -"`Button`: tiene una `label` y una función de retrollamada que se invoca " -"cuando se pulsa el botón." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 -msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." -msgstr "`Label`: tiene una `label`." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 -msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." -msgstr "Los widgets implementarán un trait `Widget`, como se indica más abajo." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " -"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" -msgstr "" -"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en la página y rellena los métodos `draw_into` que faltan para implementar el trait " -"`Widget`:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -" callback: Box,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" callback,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" std::cmp::max(\n" -" self.title.chars().count(),\n" -" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" -" )\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Label {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Button {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\",\n" -" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 -msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" -msgstr "La salida del programa anterior puede ser algo sencillo como esto:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"========\n" -"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n" -"========\n" -"\n" -"This is a small text GUI demo.\n" -"\n" -"| Click me! |\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142 -msgid "" -"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " -"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " -"and how you can control alignment:" -msgstr "" -"Si quieres trazar texto alineado, puedes usar los operadores de formato " -"[relleno/alineación](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." -"html#fillalignment). En concreto, observa cómo puedes rellenar con distintos " -"caracteres (en este caso, `'/'`) y cómo puedes controlar la alineación:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let width = 10;\n" -" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156 -msgid "" -"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" -msgstr "" -"Con estos trucos de alineación puedes, por ejemplo, obtener resultados como " -"el siguiente:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"+--------------------------------+\n" -"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n" -"+================================+\n" -"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n" -"| +-----------+ |\n" -"| | Click me! | |\n" -"| +-----------+ |\n" -"+--------------------------------+\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1 -msgid "Polygon Struct" -msgstr "Estructura de polígono" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3 -msgid "" -"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " -"below to and fill in the missing methods to " -"make the tests pass:" -msgstr "" -"Crearemos una estructura `Polygon` que contenga algunos puntos. Copia el " -"siguiente fragmento de código en la página y " -"rellena los métodos que faltan para pasar las pruebas:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Point {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Polygon {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Polygon {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Circle {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Circle {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub enum Shape {\n" -" Polygon(Polygon),\n" -" Circle(Circle),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" -" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_dist() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_add() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" -" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -"\n" -" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" -" let shapes = vec![\n" -" Shape::from(poly),\n" -" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" -" ];\n" -" let perimeters = shapes\n" -" .iter()\n" -" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" -" .map(round_two_digits)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117 -msgid "" -"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " -"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " -"the tests." -msgstr "" -"Dado que faltan las firmas de los métodos en las instrucciones del problema, " -"la parte clave del ejercicio consiste en especificarlas correctamente. No " -"tienes que modificar las pruebas." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120 -msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" -msgstr "Otras partes interesantes del ejercicio:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122 -msgid "" -"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " -"don't borrow their arguments." -msgstr "" -"Deriva un trait `Copy` en algunas estructuras, ya que, en las pruebas, los " -"métodos a veces no toman prestados sus argumentos." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123 -msgid "" -"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " -"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." -msgstr "" -"Descubrir que hay que implementar el trait `Add` para que se puedan añadir " -"dos objetos mediante \"+\". Ten en cuenta que no hablaremos de los genéricos " -"hasta el día 3." - -#: src/error-handling.md:3 -msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" -msgstr "" -"La gestión de errores en Rust se realiza mediante un flujo de control " -"explícito:" - -#: src/error-handling.md:5 -msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," -msgstr "" -"Las funciones que pueden tener errores lo indican en su tipo de resultado " -"devuelto." - -#: src/error-handling.md:6 -msgid "There are no exceptions." -msgstr "No hay excepciones." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 -msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" -msgstr "Rust activará un _panic_ si se produce un error grave en _runtime_:" - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,should_panic\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 -msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." -msgstr "Los _panics_ se usan para errores irrecuperables e inesperados." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 -msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." -msgstr "Los _panics_ son un síntoma de que hay fallos en el programa." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 -msgid "" -"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." -msgstr "" -"Utiliza API que no activen _panics_ (como `Vec::get`) si no se admiten " -"fallos." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 -msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Capturar el Desenrrollado de la _Stack_" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 -msgid "" -"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " -"caught:" -msgstr "" -"De forma predeterminada, el _panic_ hará que la _stack_ se desenrolle. El " -"proceso de desenrrollado se puede detectar:" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::panic;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" println!(\"hello!\");\n" -" });\n" -" assert!(result.is_ok());\n" -" \n" -" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" -" });\n" -" assert!(result.is_err());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 -msgid "" -"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " -"request crashes." -msgstr "" -"Esto puede ser útil en los servidores que deben seguir ejecutándose aunque " -"una sola solicitud falle." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 -msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." -msgstr "No funciona si `panic = 'abort'` está definido en `Cargo.toml`." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:1 -msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" -msgstr "Gestión Estructurada de Errores con `Result`" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 -msgid "" -"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " -"are expected as part of normal operation:" -msgstr "" -"Ya hemos visto la _enum_ `Result`. Se utiliza normalmente cuando se esperan " -"errores como parte del funcionamiento normal:" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fs;\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" -" match file {\n" -" Ok(mut file) => {\n" -" let mut contents = String::new();\n" -" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" -" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" -" },\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:27 -msgid "" -"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " -"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " -"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " -"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." -msgstr "" -"Al igual que con `Option`, el valor correcto se encuentra dentro de " -"`Result`, lo que obliga al desarrollador a extraerlo de forma explícita. " -"Esto fomenta la comprobación de errores. En el caso de que nunca se produzca " -"un error, se puede llamar a `unwrap()` o a `expect()`, y esto también es una " -"señal de la intención del desarrollador." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:30 -msgid "" -"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " -"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " -"that help functional-style programming. " -msgstr "" -"La documentación sobre `Result` es una lectura recomendada. Aunque no se vea " -"durante este curso, merece la pena mencinarlo. Contiene muchos métodos y " -"funciones prácticos que ayudan a seguir una programación funcional. " - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 -msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" -msgstr "Propagar errores con `?`" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 -msgid "" -"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " -"turn the common" -msgstr "" -"El operador try `?` se utiliza para devolver errores al llamador. Te permite " -"convertir" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"match some_expression {\n" -" Ok(value) => value,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 -msgid "into the much simpler" -msgstr "en algo mucho más sencillo:" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"some_expression?\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 -msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" -msgstr "Podemos utilizarlo para simplificar el código de gestión de errores:" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" -" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" -" Ok(file) => file,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" -" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" -" Err(err) => Err(err),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 -msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." -msgstr "La variable `username` puede ser `Ok(string)` o `Err(error)`." - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 -msgid "" -"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " -"file, file with username." -msgstr "" -"Utiliza la llamada a `fs::write` para probar las distintas situaciones: sin " -"archivo, archivo vacío o archivo con nombre de usuario." - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 -msgid "" -"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " -"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " -"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " -"`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " -"`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " -"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." -msgstr "" -"El tipo de resultado de la función tiene que ser compatible con las " -"funciones anidadas que llama. Por ejemplo, una función que devuelve un " -"`Result` solo puede aplicar el operador `?` a una función que " -"devuelve un `Result`. No puede aplicar el operador `?` a una " -"función que devuelve un `Option` o `Result` a menos que " -"`OtherErr` implemente `From`. Recíprocamente, una función que devuelve " -"un `Option` solo puede aplicar el operador `?` a una función que devuelve " -"un `Option`." - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57 -msgid "" -"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " -"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " -"`Result::err`." -msgstr "" -"Puedes convertir tipos incompatibles entre sí con los distintos métodos de " -"`Option` y `Result` como `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, `Result::err`." - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 -msgid "" -"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " -"indicated:" -msgstr "" -"La expansión efectiva de `?` es un poco más complicada de lo que se ha " -"indicado anteriormente:" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"expression?\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 -msgid "works the same as" -msgstr "funciona igual que" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"match expression {\n" -" Ok(value) => value,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 -msgid "" -"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " -"type returned by the function:" -msgstr "" -"Aquí la llamada a `From::from` significa que intentamos convertir el tipo de " -"error al tipo que devuelve la función:" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" -"use std::fs::{self, File};\n" -"use std::io::{self, Read};\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" IoError(io::Error),\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" -"\n" -"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" -" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " -"in {filename}\"),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" -" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 -msgid "" -"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " -"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " -"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" -"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." -msgstr "" -"Se recomienda que todos los tipos de errores que no necesitan ser `no_std` " -"implementen `std::error::Error`, que requiere `Debug` y `Display`. El crate " -"`Error` para `core` solo está disponible en [nightly](https://github.com/" -"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), por lo que aún no es totalmente compatible " -"con `no_std`." - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57 -msgid "" -"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " -"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " -"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." -msgstr "" -"Por lo general, es útil que también implementen `Clone` y `Eq`, siempre que " -"sea posible, para facilitar las cosas a las pruebas y a los consumidores de " -"tu biblioteca. En este caso, no podemos hacerlo de forma sencilla porque " -"`io::Error` no los implementa." - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " -"an error enum like we did on the previous page:" -msgstr "" -"Uno de los métodos más populares para crear una _enum_ (enumeración) de " -"errores es el crate [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/), como hicimos en " -"la página anterior:" - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" -" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 -msgid "" -"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " -"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " -"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." -msgstr "" -"La macro de derivación de `thiserror` implementa automáticamente `std::" -"error::Error` y, de forma opcional, `Display` (si se proporcionan los " -"atributos `#[error(...)]`) y `From` (si se añade el atributo `#[from]`). " -"También funciona con estructuras." - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 -msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." -msgstr "" -"No afecta a tu API pública, lo que la hace idónea para las bibliotecas." - -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 -msgid "" -"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " -"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " -"makes this easy." -msgstr "" -"A veces, queremos permitir que se devuelva cualquier tipo de error sin " -"escribir nuestra propia _enum_ que cubra todas las posibilidades. `std::" -"error::Error` facilita este proceso." - -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::fs;\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" -"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 -msgid "" -"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " -"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " -"idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " -"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " -"somewhere." -msgstr "" -"Esto permite ahorrar código, pero no da la posibilidad de gestionar " -"eficazmente los distintos casos de error en el programa. Por lo general, no " -"es una buena idea utilizar `Box` en la API pública de una " -"biblioteca, pero puede ser una buena opción en un programa en el que solo " -"quieras mostrar el mensaje de error en alguna parte." - -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 -msgid "" -"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " -"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " -"error types:" -msgstr "" -"El crate [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/), que se utiliza con frecuencia, " -"puede ayudar a añadir información contextual a los errores y permite tener " -"menos tipos de errores personalizados:" - -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" fs::File::open(path)\n" -" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" -" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" -" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 -msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." -msgstr "" -"`anyhow::Result` es un alias de tipo para `Result`." - -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 -msgid "" -"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " -"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " -"is widely used in applications." -msgstr "" -"`anyhow::Error` es básicamente un envoltorio alrededor de `Box`. " -"Como tal, no suele ser una buena elección para la API pública de una " -"biblioteca, pero se usa con frecuencia en aplicaciones." - -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 -msgid "" -"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." -msgstr "" -"El tipo de error real que contiene se puede extraer para analizarlo si es " -"necesario." - -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 -msgid "" -"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " -"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " -"error)` from Go." -msgstr "" -"La funcionalidad proporcionada por `anyhow::Result` puede resultar " -"familiar a los desarrolladores de Go, ya que ofrece patrones de uso y " -"ergonomía similares a `(T, error)` de Go." +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 +msgid "Unit Tests" +msgstr "Pruebas Unitarias" -#: src/testing.md:3 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "Rust y Cargo incluyen un sencillo framework para pruebas unitarias:" -#: src/testing.md:5 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "Las pruebas unitarias se admiten en todo el código." -#: src/testing.md:7 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:7 msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "" "Las pruebas de integración se admiten a través del directorio `tests/`." -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 -msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" -msgstr "Marca pruebas unitarias con `#[test]`:" - -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:9 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,ignore\n" -"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" -" match text.find(' ') {\n" -" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" -" None => &text,\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_word() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_multiple_words() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Tests are marked with `#[test]`. Unit tests are often put in a nested " +"`tests` module, using `#[cfg(test)]` to conditionally compile them only when " +"building tests." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 -msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." -msgstr "Busca y ejecuta las pruebas unitarias con `cargo test`." +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello World\"" +msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 -msgid "" -"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" -"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" -msgstr "" -"Las pruebas unitarias se suelen incluir en un módulo anidado (ejecuta las " -"pruebas en el [_Playground_](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_helper() {\n" -" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:42 msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "Esto permite realizar pruebas unitarias de los ayudantes privados." -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:43 msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" "El atributo `#[cfg(test)]` solo está activo cuando se ejecuta `cargo test`." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:48 +msgid "Run the tests in the playground in order to show their results." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:3 +msgid "Integration Tests" +msgstr "Pruebas de Integración" + +#: src/testing/other.md:5 +msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." +msgstr "" +"Si quieres probar tu biblioteca como cliente, haz una prueba de integración." + +#: src/testing/other.md:7 +msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" +msgstr "Crea un archivo `.rs` en `tests/`:" + +#: src/testing/other.md:10 +msgid "// tests/my_library.rs\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:19 +msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." +msgstr "Estas pruebas solo tienen acceso a la API pública de tu crate." + +#: src/testing/other.md:21 +msgid "Documentation Tests" +msgstr "Pruebas de Documentación" + +#: src/testing/other.md:23 msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "Rust cuenta con asistencia integrada para pruebas de documentación:" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 +#: src/testing/other.md:26 msgid "" -"```rust\n" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" -"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" +"/// # use playground::shorten_string;\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" -"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" -" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 +#: src/testing/other.md:38 msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "" "Los bloques de código en los comentarios `///` se ven automáticamente como " "código de Rust." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 +#: src/testing/other.md:39 msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "El código se compilará y ejecutará como parte de `cargo test`." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 +#: src/testing/other.md:40 +msgid "" +"Adding `#` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/" +"run it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:42 msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." @@ -12089,35 +10561,6 @@ msgstr "" "org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 -msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." -msgstr "" -"Si quieres probar tu biblioteca como cliente, haz una prueba de integración." - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 -msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" -msgstr "Crea un archivo `.rs` en `tests/`:" - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"use my_library::init;\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_init() {\n" -" assert!(init().is_ok());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 -msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." -msgstr "Estas pruebas solo tienen acceso a la API pública de tu crate." - -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 -msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" -msgstr "Crates útiles para escribir pruebas" - #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." msgstr "Rust solo incluye asistencia básica para las pruebas de escritura." @@ -12136,13 +10579,13 @@ msgstr "" "[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): biblioteca completa de aserción de " "pruebas en la tradición de GoogleTest para C++." -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." msgstr "" "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): pruebas basadas en propiedades para " "Rust." -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:10 msgid "" "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " "tests." @@ -12150,17 +10593,856 @@ msgstr "" "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): asistencia para _fixtures_ y pruebas " "parametrizadas." -#: src/unsafe.md:3 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " +"assertions using _matchers_:" +msgstr "" +"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): biblioteca completa de aserción de " +"pruebas en la tradición de GoogleTest para C++." + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"baz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"xyz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:16 +msgid "" +"If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " +"error message pin-pointing the error:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:37 +msgid "" +"GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " +"example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " +"to an existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:41 +msgid "" +"The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " +"macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." +"html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:44 +msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:46 +msgid "" +"A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings strings " +"are shown as a diff:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:52 +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:57 +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:64 +msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:81 +msgid "" +"The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" +"googletest/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:86 +msgid "GoogleTest is available for use in AOSP." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:3 +msgid "" +"For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " +"You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " +"mock:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:27 +msgid "" +"The advice here is for Android (AOSP) where Mockall is the recommended " +"mocking library. There are other [mocking libraries available on crates.io]" +"(https://crates.io/keywords/mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP " +"services. The other mocking libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, " +"meaning that they make it easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:34 +msgid "" +"Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " +"isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " +"more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured " +"wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:39 +msgid "" +"If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " +"an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " +"means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast " +"and will automatically clean up after themselves." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:44 +msgid "" +"Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " +"binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " +"the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:48 +msgid "" +"Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " +"in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " +"existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:52 +msgid "" +"Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " +"expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " +"a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:70 +msgid "" +"You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " +"called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " +"isn't satisfied." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful " +"built-in lints. [Clippy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/) provides even " +"more lints, organized into groups that can be enabled per-project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:14 +msgid "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:21 +msgid "" +"Run the code sample and examine the error message. There are also lints " +"visible here, but those will not be shown once the code compiles. Switch to " +"the Playground site to show those lints." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:25 +msgid "" +"After resolving the lints, run `clippy` on the playground site to show " +"clippy warnings. Clippy has extensive documentation of its lints, and adds " +"new lints (including default-deny lints) all the time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:29 +msgid "" +"Note that errors or warnings with `help: ...` can be fixed with `cargo fix` " +"or via your editor." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:5 +msgid "" +"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " +"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " +"does the following to validate the credit card number:" +msgstr "" +"El [algoritmo de Luhn](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) se usa " +"para validar números de tarjetas de crédito. El algoritmo toma una cadena " +"como entrada y hace lo siguiente para validar el número de la tarjeta de " +"crédito:" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:9 +msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +msgstr "" +"Ignora todos los espacios. Rechaza los números con menos de dos dígitos." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:11 +msgid "" +"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " +"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." +msgstr "" +"De derecha a izquierda, duplica cada dos cifras: en el caso del número " +"`1234`, se duplica el `3` y el `1`. En el caso del número `98765`, se " +"duplica el `6` y el `8`." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:14 +msgid "" +"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " +"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." +msgstr "" +"Después de duplicar un dígito, se suman los dígitos si el resultado es mayor " +"a 9. Por tanto, si duplicas `7`, pasará a ser `14`, lo cual pasará a ser `1 " +"+4 = 5`." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:17 +msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." +msgstr "Suma todos los dígitos, no duplicados y duplicados." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:19 +msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." +msgstr "" +"El número de la tarjeta de crédito es válido si la suma termina en `0`." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:21 +msgid "" +"The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, " +"along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most the algorithm is " +"implemented correctly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and write additional " +"tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you " +"find." +msgstr "" +"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página y rellena los métodos y funciones que faltan:" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:57 src/testing/solution.md:69 +msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:58 src/testing/solution.md:70 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:59 src/testing/solution.md:71 +msgid "\"7992 7398 713\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:64 src/testing/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:65 src/testing/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:66 src/testing/solution.md:78 +msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:4 +msgid "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:27 +msgid "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:56 +msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:58 +msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"yes\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"no\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:84 +msgid "\"foo 0 0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:90 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:91 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:92 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:97 +msgid "\"0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:102 +msgid "\" 0 0 \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Error Handling](./error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "[Unsafe Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:4 +msgid "[Panics](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:5 +msgid "[Try Operator](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:6 +msgid "[Try Conversions](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:7 +msgid "[Error Trait](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:8 +msgid "" +"[thiserror and anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:9 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Rewriting with Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 +msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 +msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" +msgstr "Rust activará un _panic_ si se produce un error grave en _runtime_:" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:10 +msgid "\"v[100]: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 +msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." +msgstr "Los _panics_ se usan para errores irrecuperables e inesperados." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:15 +msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." +msgstr "Los _panics_ son un síntoma de que hay fallos en el programa." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:16 +msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:17 +msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:18 +msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:19 +msgid "" +"A panic will \"unwind\" the stack, dropping values just as if the functions " +"had returned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:21 +msgid "" +"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." +msgstr "" +"Utiliza API que no activen _panics_ (como `Vec::get`) si no se admiten " +"fallos." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:26 +msgid "" +"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " +"caught:" +msgstr "" +"De forma predeterminada, el _panic_ hará que la _stack_ se desenrolle. El " +"proceso de desenrrollado se puede detectar:" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:32 +msgid "\"No problem here!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:33 src/error-handling/panics.md:38 +msgid "\"{result:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:36 +msgid "\"oh no!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:42 +msgid "" +"Catching is unusual; do not attempt to implement exceptions with " +"`catch_unwind`!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:44 +msgid "" +"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " +"request crashes." +msgstr "" +"Esto puede ser útil en los servidores que deben seguir ejecutándose aunque " +"una sola solicitud falle." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:46 +msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." +msgstr "No funciona si `panic = 'abort'` está definido en `Cargo.toml`." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:3 +msgid "" +"Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with " +"the `Result` type, but matching this type on every call can be cumbersome. " +"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +"turn the common" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:15 +msgid "into the much simpler" +msgstr "en algo mucho más sencillo:" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:21 +msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" +msgstr "Podemos utilizarlo para simplificar el código de gestión de errores:" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:42 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:43 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:65 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:36 +msgid "\"config.dat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:44 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:66 +msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:51 +msgid "Simplify the `read_username` function to use `?`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:55 +msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." +msgstr "La variable `username` puede ser `Ok(string)` o `Err(error)`." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:56 +msgid "" +"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " +"file, file with username." +msgstr "" +"Utiliza la llamada a `fs::write` para probar las distintas situaciones: sin " +"archivo, archivo vacío o archivo con nombre de usuario." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:58 +msgid "" +"Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::" +"process:Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " +"The executable will print the `Err` variant and return a nonzero exit status " +"on error." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:3 +msgid "" +"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " +"indicated:" +msgstr "" +"La expansión efectiva de `?` es un poco más complicada de lo que se ha " +"indicado anteriormente:" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:10 +msgid "works the same as" +msgstr "funciona igual que" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " +"type returned by the function. This makes it easy to encapsulate errors into " +"higher-level errors." +msgstr "" +"Aquí la llamada a `From::from` significa que intentamos convertir el tipo de " +"error al tipo que devuelve la función:" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:42 +msgid "\"IO error: {e}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:43 +msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:35 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:73 +msgid "" +"The `?` operator must return a value compatible with the return type of the " +"function. For `Result`, it means that the error types have to be compatible. " +"A function that returns `Result` can only use `?` on a value " +"of type `Result` if `ErrorOuter` and `ErrorInner` are the " +"same type or if `ErrorOuter` implements `From`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:79 +msgid "" +"A common alternative to a `From` implementation is `Result::map_err`, " +"especially when the conversion only happens in one place." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:82 +msgid "" +"There is no compatibility requirement for `Option`. A function returning " +"`Option` can use the `?` operator on `Option` for arbitrary `T` and " +"`U` types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:86 +msgid "" +"A function that returns `Result` cannot use `?` on `Option` and vice versa. " +"However, `Option::ok_or` converts `Option` to `Result` whereas `Result::ok` " +"turns `Result` into `Option`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:1 +msgid "Dynamic Error Types" +msgstr "Tipos de Errores Dinámicos" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " +"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. The `std::error::" +"Error` trait makes it easy to create a trait object that can contain any " +"error." +msgstr "" +"A veces, queremos permitir que se devuelva cualquier tipo de error sin " +"escribir nuestra propia _enum_ que cubra todas las posibilidades. `std::" +"error::Error` facilita este proceso." + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 src/error-handling/error.md:21 +msgid "\"count.dat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 +msgid "\"1i3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:22 +msgid "\"Count: {count}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:23 +msgid "\"Error: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:31 +msgid "" +"The `read_count` function can return `std::io::Error` (from file operations) " +"or `std::num::ParseIntError` (from `String::parse`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Boxing errors saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle " +"different error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not " +"a good idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it " +"can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error " +"message somewhere." +msgstr "" +"Esto permite ahorrar código, pero no da la posibilidad de gestionar " +"eficazmente los distintos casos de error en el programa. Por lo general, no " +"es una buena idea utilizar `Box` en la API pública de una " +"biblioteca, pero puede ser una buena opción en un programa en el que solo " +"quieras mostrar el mensaje de error en alguna parte." + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:40 +msgid "" +"Make sure to implement the `std::error::Error` trait when defining a custom " +"error type so it can be boxed. But if you need to support the `no_std` " +"attribute, keep in mind that the `std::error::Error` trait is currently " +"compatible with `no_std` in [nightly](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/" +"issues/103765) only." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and [`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/" +"anyhow/) crates are widely used to simplify error handling." +msgstr "" +"Uno de los métodos más populares para crear una _enum_ (enumeración) de " +"errores es el crate [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/), como hicimos en " +"la página anterior:" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:7 +msgid "" +"`thiserror` is often used in libraries to create custom error types that " +"implement `From`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:9 +msgid "" +"`anyhow` is often used by applications to help with error handling in " +"functions, including adding contextual information to your errors." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:19 +msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:25 +msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:27 +msgid "\"Failed to read\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:37 +msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:38 +msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`thiserror`" +msgstr "`Error`" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:48 +msgid "" +"The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful " +"attributes to help define error types in a compact way." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:50 +msgid "The `std::error::Error` trait is derived automatically." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:51 +msgid "The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:53 +msgid "`anyhow`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:55 +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " +"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " +"is widely used in applications." +msgstr "" +"`anyhow::Error` es básicamente un envoltorio alrededor de `Box`. " +"Como tal, no suele ser una buena elección para la API pública de una " +"biblioteca, pero se usa con frecuencia en aplicaciones." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:58 +msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." +msgstr "" +"`anyhow::Result` es un alias de tipo para `Result`." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:59 +msgid "" +"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." +msgstr "" +"El tipo de error real que contiene se puede extraer para analizarlo si es " +"necesario." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:60 +msgid "" +"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " +"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " +"error)` from Go." +msgstr "" +"La funcionalidad proporcionada por `anyhow::Result` puede resultar " +"familiar a los desarrolladores de Go, ya que ofrece patrones de uso y " +"ergonomía similares a `(T, error)` de Go." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:63 +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Context` is a trait implemented for the standard `Result` and " +"`Option` types. `use anyhow::Context` is necessary to enable `.context()` " +"and `.with_context()` on those types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. " +"However, it handles errors by panicking. Rewrite it to instead use idiomatic " +"error handling and propagate errors to a return from `main`. Feel free to " +"use `thiserror` and `anyhow`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"HINT: start by fixing error handling in the `parse` function. Once that is " +"working correctly, update `Tokenizer` to implement " +"`Iterator>` and handle that in the parser." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:15 src/error-handling/solution.md:9 +msgid "/// An arithmetic operator.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:22 src/error-handling/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// A token in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:30 src/error-handling/solution.md:24 +msgid "/// An expression in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:34 src/error-handling/solution.md:28 +msgid "/// A reference to a variable.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:36 src/error-handling/solution.md:30 +msgid "/// A literal number.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:38 src/error-handling/solution.md:32 +msgid "/// A binary operation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:62 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:62 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'z'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'_'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:70 src/error-handling/solution.md:70 +msgid "'+'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:71 src/error-handling/solution.md:71 +msgid "'-'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:72 +msgid "\"Unexpected character {c}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:82 src/error-handling/solution.md:81 +msgid "\"Unexpected end of input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:86 +msgid "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:90 src/error-handling/exercise.md:100 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:92 src/error-handling/solution.md:104 +msgid "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:108 src/error-handling/solution.md:121 +msgid "\"10+foo+20-30\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:109 src/error-handling/solution.md:122 +msgid "\"{expr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:42 +msgid "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:79 +msgid "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"Invalid number\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:4 +msgid "[Unsafe](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:5 +msgid "" +"[Dereferencing Raw Pointers](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:6 +msgid "[Mutable Static Variables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:7 +msgid "[Unions](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:8 +msgid "[Unsafe Functions](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:9 +msgid "[Unsafe Traits](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:10 +msgid "[Exercise: FFI Wrapper](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:3 msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "El lenguaje Rust tiene dos partes:" -#: src/unsafe.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:5 msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "" "**_Safe_ Rust:** memoria segura, sin posibilidad de comportamiento " "indefinido." -#: src/unsafe.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:6 msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " "violated." @@ -12168,15 +11450,16 @@ msgstr "" "**_Unsafe_ Rust:** puede activar un comportamiento no definido si se " "infringen las condiciones previas." -#: src/unsafe.md:8 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " -"know what Unsafe Rust is." +"We saw mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know what " +"Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" "En este curso, casi todo lo que veremos es _Safe_ Rust, aunque es importante " "saber qué es _Unsafe_ Rust." -#: src/unsafe.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:11 msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " "carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." @@ -12185,31 +11468,31 @@ msgstr "" "corrección debe estar bien documentada. Suele estar envuelto en una capa de " "abstracción segura." -#: src/unsafe.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:14 msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "Rust inseguro te permite acceder a cinco nuevas funciones:" -#: src/unsafe.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:16 msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "Desreferenciar punteros sin formato." -#: src/unsafe.md:17 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:17 msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "Acceder o modificar variables estáticas mutables." -#: src/unsafe.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:18 msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "Acceder a los campos `union`." -#: src/unsafe.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:19 msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "Llamar a funciones `unsafe`, incluidas las funciones `extern`." -#: src/unsafe.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:20 msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "Implementar traits `unsafe`." -#: src/unsafe.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:22 msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " "[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" @@ -12220,10 +11503,11 @@ msgstr "" "de Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) y el " "documento [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." -#: src/unsafe.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:29 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " -"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " +"have turned off some compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." msgstr "" @@ -12232,37 +11516,49 @@ msgstr "" "que tienen que escribir el código correcto por su cuenta. Significa que el " "compilador ya no aplica las reglas de seguridad de memoria de Rust." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:3 msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" "La creación de punteros es un proceso seguro, pero para anular las " "referencias, es necesario utilizar `unsafe`:" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:7 +msgid "\"careful!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut num = 5;\n" -"\n" -" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" -" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" +"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" -" *r1 = 10;\n" -" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:18 +msgid "\"r1 is: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:19 +msgid "\"uhoh\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:20 +msgid "\"r2 is: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:23 +msgid "" +"// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS.\n" +" /*\n" +" let r3: &String = unsafe { &*r1 };\n" +" drop(s);\n" +" println!(\"r3 is: {}\", *r3);\n" +" */" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:35 msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " "a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " @@ -12273,7 +11569,7 @@ msgstr "" "que contiene cumple los requisitos de seguridad de las operaciones inseguras " "que realiza." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:39 msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" @@ -12282,11 +11578,11 @@ msgstr "" "deben ser [_válidos_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), " "por ejemplo:" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:42 msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "El puntero no puede ser nulo." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:43 msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " "allocated object)." @@ -12294,15 +11590,15 @@ msgstr "" "El puntero debe ser _desreferenciable_ (dentro de los límites de un único " "objeto asignado)." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:45 msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "El objeto no debe haberse desasignado." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:46 msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "No debe haber accesos simultáneos a la misma ubicación." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:47 msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " "must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." @@ -12311,28 +11607,33 @@ msgstr "" "debe estar activo y no puede utilizarse ninguna referencia para acceder a la " "memoria." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:50 msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "" "En la mayoría de los casos, el puntero también debe estar alineado " "adecuadamente." -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:52 +msgid "" +"The \"NOT SAFE\" section gives an example of a common kind of UB bug: `*r1` " +"has the `'static` lifetime, so `r3` has type `&'static String`, and thus " +"outlives `s`. Creating a reference from a pointer requires _great care_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:3 msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "Es seguro leer una variable estática inmutable:" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello, world!\"" +msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:9 +msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:13 msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " "static variables:" @@ -12340,24 +11641,19 @@ msgstr "" "Sin embargo, dado que pueden producirse carreras de datos, no es seguro leer " "y escribir variables estáticas mutables:" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" -"\n" -"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" -" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" add_to_counter(42);\n" -"\n" -" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:29 +msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:37 +msgid "" +"The program here is safe because it is single-threaded. However, the Rust " +"compiler is conservative and will assume the worst. Try removing the " +"`unsafe` and see how the compiler explains that it is undefined behavior to " +"mutate a static from multiple threads." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:42 msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " "where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " @@ -12367,30 +11663,26 @@ msgstr "" "casos puede encajar en código `no_std` de bajo nivel, como implementar una " "asignación de _heap_ o trabajar con algunas APIs C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:3 msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "" "Las uniones son como _enums_ (enumeraciones), pero eres tú quien debe hacer " "el seguimiento del campo activo:" -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[repr(C)]\n" -"union MyUnion {\n" -" i: u8,\n" -" b: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" -" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" -" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:14 +msgid "\"int: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +msgid "\"bool: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n" +msgstr "No hay comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:22 msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " "are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." @@ -12398,7 +11690,7 @@ msgstr "" "Las uniones raramente son necesarias en Rust, ya que se suele utilizar una " "_enum_. A veces se necesitan para interactuar con APIs de biblioteca C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:25 msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " "[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." @@ -12410,7 +11702,11 @@ msgstr "" "transmute.html) o una envoltura segura, como el crate [`zerocopy`](https://" "crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:3 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:75 +msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Llamar Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:5 msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " "you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" @@ -12419,37 +11715,68 @@ msgstr "" "previas adicionales que debes mantener para evitar un comportamiento " "indefinido:" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " -"of\n" -" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" -"\n" -" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" -" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" -" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" -" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:9 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:91 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:38 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:8 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:23 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:49 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:104 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:110 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:118 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:124 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:130 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:136 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:142 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:148 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:43 +msgid "\"C\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:14 +msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:16 +msgid "" +"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" +" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:21 +msgid "\"emoji: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:24 +msgid "\"char count: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" +msgstr "No hay comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:28 +msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:31 +msgid "" +"// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" +" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" +" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe {\n" +" // emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:42 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:87 +msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Escribir Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:44 msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " "conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." @@ -12457,92 +11784,39 @@ msgstr "" "Puedes marcar tus propias funciones como `unsafe` si requieren condiciones " "concretas para evitar un comportamiento indefinido." -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:48 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" -"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" -" let temp = *a;\n" -" *a = *b;\n" -" *b = temp;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = 42;\n" -" let mut b = 66;\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because ...\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 -msgid "" -"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " -"with references." -msgstr "" -"En realidad, no usaríamos punteros para este caso porque se puede hacer de " -"forma segura con referencias." - -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 -msgid "" -"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " -"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " -"Try adding it and see what happens." -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que el código inseguro se admite en una función insegura sin " -"un bloque `unsafe`. Podemos prohibirlo con " -"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Prueba a añadirlo para ver qué ocurre." - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 -msgid "Calling External Code" -msgstr "Llamar a código externo" - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 -msgid "" -"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " -"them is thus unsafe:" -msgstr "" -"Es posible que las funciones de otros lenguajes infrinjan las garantías de " -"Rust. Por lo tanto, no es seguro llamarlas:" - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" -" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:63 +msgid "// Safe because ...\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:68 +msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:77 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " -"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " -"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." +"`get_unchecked`, like most `_unchecked` functions, is unsafe, because it can " +"create UB if the range is incorrect. `abs` is incorrect for a different " +"reason: it is an external function (FFI). Calling external functions is " +"usually only a problem when those functions do things with pointers which " +"might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have " +"undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" "Esto solo suele suponer un problema para las funciones externas que hacen " "cosas con punteros que pueden infringir el modelo de memoria de Rust pero, " "en general, cualquier función C puede tener un comportamiento indefinido " "bajo cualquier circunstancia arbitraria." -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:84 msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." @@ -12550,7 +11824,32 @@ msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, `\"C\"` es la ABI.; [también hay otras ABI disponibles]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:89 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We wouldn't actually use pointers for a `swap` function - it can be done " +"safely with references." +msgstr "" +"En realidad, no usaríamos punteros para este caso porque se puede hacer de " +"forma segura con referencias." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:92 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " +"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " +"Try adding it and see what happens. This will likely change in a future Rust " +"edition." +msgstr "" +"Ten en cuenta que el código inseguro se admite en una función insegura sin " +"un bloque `unsafe`. Podemos prohibirlo con " +"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Prueba a añadirlo para ver qué ocurre." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:1 +msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" +msgstr "Implementación de Traits Unsafe (Inseguras) " + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " "must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." @@ -12559,7 +11858,7 @@ msgstr "" "implementación debe asegurar condiciones concretas para evitar un " "comportamiento indefinido." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:6 msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " "like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" @@ -12567,30 +11866,18 @@ msgstr "" "Por ejemplo, el crate `zerocopy` tiene un trait inseguro, [que se parece a " "esto](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" -"use std::slice;\n" -"\n" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" -" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " -"size_of_val(self))\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:26 +msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:34 msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " "the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." @@ -12598,7 +11885,7 @@ msgstr "" "Debería haber una sección `# Safety` en el Rustdoc para el trait explicando " "los requisitos para que el trait pueda implementarse de forma segura." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:37 msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " "complicated." @@ -12606,72 +11893,43 @@ msgstr "" "La sección de seguridad actual de `AsBytes` es bastante más larga y " "complicada." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:39 msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "Los traits integrados `Send` y `Sync` no son seguros." -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Día 3: ejercicios de la tarde" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "Envoltorio de FFI Seguro" -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" -msgstr "" -"Vamos a crear un envoltorio seguro para leer el contenido del directorio." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 -msgid "" -"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " -"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." -msgstr "" -"Para este ejercicio, recomendamos utilizar un entorno de desarrollo local, " -"en lugar del playground. De este modo, podrás ejecutar tu binario en tu " -"propia máquina." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 -msgid "" -"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " -"instructions." -msgstr "" -"Para empezar, sigue las instrucciones para [ejecutar a nivel local](../../" -"cargo/running-locally.md)." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." -msgstr "" -"Después de realizar el ejercicio, puedes consultar la [solución](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) proporcionada." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " "interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " -"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." +"functions you would use from C to read the names of files in a directory." msgstr "" "Rust ofrece una gran asisencia para llamar a funciones a través de una " "_interfaz de función externa_ (FFI). Usaremos esto para crear un envoltorio " "seguro para las funciones `libc` que usarías desde C para leer los nombres " "de archivo de un directorio." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:7 msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "Consulta las páginas del manual:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:9 msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:10 msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:11 msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:13 msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " @@ -12681,15 +11939,15 @@ msgstr "" "rust-lang.org/std/ffi/). Ahí encontrarás una serie de tipos de cadena que " "necesitas para el ejercicio:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 msgid "Encoding" msgstr "Codificación" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 msgid "Use" msgstr "Uso" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" @@ -12697,15 +11955,15 @@ msgstr "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) y [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "UTF-8" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "Procesar textos en Rust" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" @@ -12713,15 +11971,15 @@ msgstr "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) y [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "Terminado en NUL" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "Comunicarse con funciones C" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" @@ -12729,31 +11987,31 @@ msgstr "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) y [`OsString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "Específico del SO" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "Comunicarse con el SO" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:22 msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "Realizarás conversiones entre todos estos tipos:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:24 msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" "De `&str` a `CString`: debes asignar espacio para un carácter final `\\0`," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:25 msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" "De `CString` a `*const i8`: necesitas un puntero para llamar a funciones C," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:26 msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " "character," @@ -12761,15 +12019,16 @@ msgstr "" "De `*const i8` a `&CStr`: necesitas algo que pueda encontrar el carácter " "final `\\0`," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:28 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " -"unknow data\"," +"unknown data\"," msgstr "" "De `&CStr` a `&[u8]`: un slice de bytes es la interfaz universal para " "\"algunos datos desconocidos\"." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:30 msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," @@ -12777,7 +12036,7 @@ msgstr "" "De `&[u8]` a `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` es un paso hacia `OsString`, usa [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) para crearlo." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:33 msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " "return it and call `readdir` again." @@ -12785,7 +12044,7 @@ msgstr "" "De `OsStr` a `OsString`: debes clonar los datos en `&OsStr` para poder " "devolverlo y llamar a `readdir` de nuevo." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:36 msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " "useful chapter about FFI." @@ -12793,7 +12052,7 @@ msgstr "" "El [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) también tiene un " "capítulo muy útil sobre FFI." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:47 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "functions and methods:" @@ -12801,111 +12060,143 @@ msgstr "" "Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página y rellena los métodos y funciones que faltan:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:56 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:69 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:80 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:19 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"macos\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:59 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:9 +msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:66 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:16 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" -"\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " -"and\n" +"// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_off: c_long,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" -" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" -" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" -" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" -" pub d_type: u8,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -"\n" -" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " -"on\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:79 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:29 +msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"x86_64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:97 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:47 +msgid "" +"// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" -" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:103 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:53 +msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:121 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:71 +msgid "" +"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:130 +msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:137 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:105 +msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:143 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:116 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:44 +msgid "\".\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:144 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:117 +msgid "\"files: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:74 +msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:75 +msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:78 +msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:88 +msgid "" +"// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:92 +msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:95 +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" +" // terminated.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:107 +msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:109 +msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:128 +msgid "\"no-such-directory\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:136 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:151 +msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"..\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"foo.txt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 +msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"bar.png\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 +msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"crab.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 +msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\"" msgstr "" #: src/android.md:1 @@ -12913,10 +12204,11 @@ msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Rust en Android" #: src/android.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " -"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as " -"extending existing services." +"Rust is supported for system software on Android. This means that you can " +"write new services, libraries, drivers or even firmware in Rust (or improve " +"existing code as needed)." msgstr "" "Rust es compatible con el desarrollo de plataformas nativas en Android. Esto " "significa que puedes escribir nuevos servicios del sistema operativo en " @@ -12934,23 +12226,45 @@ msgstr "" "código a Rust. Cuantas menos dependencias y tipos \"exóticos\" tenga, mejor. " "Lo ideal sería algo que analizara bytes sin procesar." -#: src/android/setup.md:3 +#: src/android.md:14 msgid "" -"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " -"have access to one or create a new one with:" +"The speaker may mention any of the following given the increased use of Rust " +"in Android:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:17 +msgid "" +"Service example: [DNS over HTTP](https://security.googleblog.com/2022/07/dns-" +"over-http3-in-android.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:20 +msgid "" +"Libraries: [Rutabaga Virtual Graphics Interface](https://crosvm.dev/book/" +"appendix/rutabaga_gfx.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:23 +msgid "" +"Kernel Drivers: [Binder](https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-" +"rust-binder-v1-0-08ba9197f637@google.com/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:26 +msgid "" +"Firmware: [pKVM firmware](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-" +"rust-in-android.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We will be using a Cuttlefish Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make " +"sure you have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" "Utilizaremos un dispositivo Android virtual para probar el código. Asegúrate " "de que tienes acceso a uno o créalo con:" -#: src/android/setup.md:6 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"source build/envsetup.sh\n" -"lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n" -"acloud create\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/setup.md:12 msgid "" "Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/" @@ -12959,6 +12273,18 @@ msgstr "" "Consulta el [Codelab para desarrolladores de Android](https://source.android." "com/docs/setup/start) para obtener más información." +#: src/android/setup.md:20 +msgid "" +"Cuttlefish is a reference Android device designed to work on generic Linux " +"desktops. MacOS support is also planned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:23 +msgid "" +"The Cuttlefish system image maintains high fidelity to real devices, and is " +"the ideal emulator to run many Rust use cases." +msgstr "" + #: src/android/build-rules.md:3 msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" msgstr "" @@ -13060,6 +12386,44 @@ msgstr "" msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." msgstr "A continuación, hablaremos de `rust_binary` y `rust_library`." +#: src/android/build-rules.md:20 +msgid "Additional items speaker may mention:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:22 +msgid "" +"Cargo is not optimized for multi-language repos, and also downloads packages " +"from the internet." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:25 +msgid "" +"For compliance and performance, Android must have crates in-tree. It must " +"also interop with C/C++/Java code. Soong fills that gap." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:28 +msgid "" +"Soong has many similarities to Bazel, which is the open-source variant of " +"Blaze (used in google3)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:31 +msgid "" +"There is a plan to transition [Android](https://source.android.com/docs/" +"setup/build/bazel/introduction), [ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromiumos/bazel/), and [Fuchsia](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" +"build/bazel/introduction) to Bazel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:37 +msgid "Learning Bazel-like build rules is useful for all Rust OS developers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:39 +msgid "Fun fact: Data from Star Trek is a Soong-type Android." +msgstr "" + #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 msgid "Rust Binaries" msgstr "Binarios de Rust" @@ -13076,31 +12440,30 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:10 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:11 +msgid "\"hello_rust\"" msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:19 +#: src/android/logging.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/main.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/main.rs`:" + #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"//! Rust demo.\n" -"\n" -"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:19 src/android/build-rules/library.md:37 +msgid "//! Rust demo.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:20 src/android/build-rules/library.md:41 +msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:23 src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:9 +msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 @@ -13108,20 +12471,20 @@ msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" msgstr "Ahora puedes compilar, insertar y ejecutar el binario:" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust\" /data/local/tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "```" msgstr "" - -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:35 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Hello from Rust!\n" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" -msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 msgid "Rust Libraries" @@ -13149,94 +12512,51 @@ msgstr "" "(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" "crates/)." -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"libgreetings\",\n" -" \"libtextwrap\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"rust_library {\n" -" name: \"libgreetings\",\n" -" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:17 src/android/build-rules/library.md:18 +msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" msgstr "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"libgreetings\",\n" -" \"libtextwrap\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"rust_library {\n" -" name: \"libgreetings\",\n" -" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Rust demo.\n" -"\n" -"use greetings::greeting;\n" -"use textwrap::fill;\n" -"\n" -"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:21 src/android/build-rules/library.md:28 +msgid "\"libgreetings\"" msgstr "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Rust demo.\n" -"\n" -"use greetings::greeting;\n" -"use textwrap::fill;\n" -"\n" -"/// Imprime un saludo en una salida estándar.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" -"}\n" -"```" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:22 +msgid "\"libtextwrap\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:24 +msgid "// Need this to avoid dynamic link error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:29 +msgid "\"greetings\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:30 src/android/aidl/implementation.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/main.rs`:" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Greeting library.\n" -"\n" -"/// Greet `name`.\n" -"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:51 +msgid "//! Greeting library.\n" msgstr "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Greeting library.\n" -"\n" -"/// Saludar a `name`.\n" -"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" -"}\n" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:52 +msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:55 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" +msgstr "" +"```text\n" +"Hello Bob, it is very\n" +"nice to meet you!\n" "```" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 @@ -13244,11 +12564,12 @@ msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" msgstr "Puedes compilar, insertar y ejecutar el binario como antes:" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -13259,18 +12580,6 @@ msgstr "" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:67 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Hello Bob, it is very\n" -"nice to meet you!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```text\n" -"Hello Bob, it is very\n" -"nice to meet you!\n" -"```" - #: src/android/aidl.md:3 msgid "" "The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." @@ -13279,12 +12588,12 @@ msgstr "" "El [lenguaje de definición de la interfaz de Android (AIDL)](https://" "developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) es compatible con Rust:" -#: src/android/aidl.md:6 +#: src/android/aidl.md:8 msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," msgstr "" "El código de Rust puede llamar a servidores AIDL que ya se hayan creado." -#: src/android/aidl.md:7 +#: src/android/aidl.md:9 msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "Puedes crear servidores de AIDL en Rust." @@ -13302,59 +12611,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" -"\n" -"/** Birthday service interface. */\n" -"interface IBirthdayService {\n" -" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" -" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:9 src/android/aidl/changing.md:8 +msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:12 src/android/aidl/changing.md:11 +msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" msgstr "" -"```java\n" -"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" -"\n" -"/** Birthday service interface. */\n" -"interface IBirthdayService {\n" -" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" -" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" -"}\n" -"```" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"aidl_interface {\n" -" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" -" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" -" unstable: true,\n" -" backend: {\n" -" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" -" enabled: true,\n" -" },\n" -" },\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:21 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" +msgstr "" +"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:25 +msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" msgstr "" -"```javascript\n" -"aidl_interface {\n" -" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" -" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" -" unstable: true,\n" -" backend: {\n" -" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" -" enabled: true,\n" -" },\n" -" },\n" -"}\n" -"```" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 msgid "" @@ -13376,49 +12657,43 @@ msgstr "Ahora podemos implementar el servicio de AIDL:" msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" -"pub struct BirthdayService;\n" -"\n" -"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n" -"\n" -"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n" -" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::" -"Result {\n" -" Ok(format!(\n" -" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!" -"\"\n" -" ))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:8 +msgid "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" +msgstr "Implementación del servicio" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:19 +msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:24 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:36 msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_library {\n" -" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" ],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 src/android/aidl/server.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:30 src/android/aidl/server.md:13 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:36 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:44 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:33 src/android/aidl/server.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:45 +msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 @@ -13433,47 +12708,30 @@ msgstr "Por último, podemos crear un servidor que exponga el servicio:" msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Birthday service.\n" -"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" -"\n" -"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n" -" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n" -" birthday_service,\n" -" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n" -" );\n" -" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder." -"as_binder())\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n" -" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:8 src/android/aidl/client.md:8 +msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"birthday_server\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:14 +msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:23 +msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_server\"" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/bin/server.rs`:" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:40 src/android/aidl/client.md:47 +msgid "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 @@ -13481,59 +12739,31 @@ msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" msgstr "Ahora podemos crear, insertar e iniciar el servicio:" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb root\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"```" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:12 msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "Comprueba que el servicio funciona en otra terminal:" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"adb shell service check birthdayservice\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:17 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Service birthdayservice: found\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21 +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:22 msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "También puedes llamar al servicio con `service call`:" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:23 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:27 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Result: Parcel(\n" -" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n" -" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n" -" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n" -" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n" -" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n" -" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n" -" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n" -" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 msgid "AIDL Client" msgstr "Cliente de AIDL" @@ -13547,82 +12777,56 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Birthday service.\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" -"\n" -"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" -"pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::" -"StatusCode> {\n" -" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Call the birthday service.\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n" -" let name = std::env::args()\n" -" .nth(1)\n" -" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n" -" let years = std::env::args()\n" -" .nth(2)\n" -" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n" -" .unwrap_or(42);\n" -"\n" -" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n" -" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to " -"BirthdayService\");\n" -" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n" -" println!(\"{msg}\");\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:13 +msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"birthday_client\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:19 +msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:29 +msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:31 +msgid "\"{msg}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:40 src/android/aidl/client.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_client\"" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/bin/client.rs`:" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:51 msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "Ten en cuenta que el cliente no depende de `libbirthdayservice`." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:53 msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "Compila, inserta y ejecuta el cliente en tu dispositivo:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:55 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" msgstr "" - -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:62 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" -msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 msgid "" @@ -13632,19 +12836,6 @@ msgstr "" "Ampliemos la API con más funciones. Queremos que los clientes puedan indicar " "una lista de líneas para la tarjeta de cumpleaños:" -#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" -"\n" -"/** Birthday service interface. */\n" -"interface IBirthdayService {\n" -" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" -" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/logging.md:3 msgid "" "You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " @@ -13657,85 +12848,73 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/logging.md:8 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"liblog_rust\",\n" -" \"liblogger\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -" host_supported: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/logging.md:10 src/android/logging.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" +msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" + +#: src/android/logging.md:14 +msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:22 +#: src/android/logging.md:15 +msgid "\"liblogger\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:21 msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" #: src/android/logging.md:24 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Rust logging demo.\n" -"\n" -"use log::{debug, error, info};\n" -"\n" -"/// Logs a greeting.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" logger::init(\n" -" logger::Config::default()\n" -" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n" -" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n" -" );\n" -" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n" -" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n" -" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 +#: src/android/logging.md:27 +msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:32 +msgid "\"rust\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:35 +msgid "\"Starting program.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:36 +msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:37 +msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:96 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:72 msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "Compila, inserta y ejecuta el binario en tu dispositivo:" -#: src/android/logging.md:44 +#: src/android/logging.md:43 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_logs\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"```" -#: src/android/logging.md:50 +#: src/android/logging.md:49 msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" msgstr "Los registros se muestran en `adb logcat`:" -#: src/android/logging.md:52 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"adb logcat -s rust\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/android/logging.md:56 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n" -"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going " -"fine.\n" -"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went " -"wrong!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability.md:3 msgid "" "Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " @@ -13776,19 +12955,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "Si quieres, puedes hacerlo de forma manual:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = -42;\n" -" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n" -" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:16 +msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 @@ -13832,35 +13000,30 @@ msgstr "En primer lugar, crea una biblioteca de C pequeña:" msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"typedef struct card {\n" -" const char* name;\n" -" int years;\n" -"} card;\n" -"\n" -"void print_card(const card* card);\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \n" -"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" -"\n" -"void print_card(const card* card) {\n" -" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" -" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n" -" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n" -" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:22 +msgid "" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:50 +msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:29 +msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:27 +msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:28 +msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 @@ -13870,18 +13033,17 @@ msgstr "Añade lo siguiente a tu archivo `Android.bp`:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"cc_library {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday\",\n" -" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:39 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:63 +msgid "\"libbirthday\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:40 +msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 @@ -13896,105 +13058,96 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "Ahora puedes generar automáticamente los enlaces:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_bindgen {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n" -" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n" -" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n" -" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:59 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:75 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:61 +msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:62 +msgid "\"bindings\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "Por último, podemos utilizar los enlaces de nuestro programa de Rust:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n" -" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:73 +msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:74 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"main.rs\"" +msgstr "`main.rs`:" + #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"//! Bindgen demo.\n" -"\n" -"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n" -" let card = card {\n" -" name: name.as_ptr(),\n" -" years: 42,\n" -" };\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" print_card(&card as *const card);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:82 +msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:89 +msgid "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"```" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:104 msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" "Por último, podemos ejecutar pruebas generadas automáticamente para " "comprobar que los enlaces funcionan:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_test {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" -" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" -" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n" -" auto_gen_config: true,\n" -" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n" -" lints: \"none\",\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:112 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:111 +msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:113 +msgid "\"general-tests\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:116 +msgid "\"none\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 @@ -14009,58 +13162,41 @@ msgstr "Es fácil exportar las funciones y los tipos de Rust a C:" msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"//! Rust FFI demo.\n" -"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n" -"\n" -"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n" -"\n" -"/// Analyze the numbers.\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n" -" if x < y {\n" -" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n" -" } else {\n" -" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:8 +msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:12 +msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:17 +msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:19 +msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n" -"#define ANALYSE_H\n" -"\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#endif\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_ffi {\n" -" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n" -" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n" -" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n" -" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:41 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:68 +msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:42 +msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:43 +msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 @@ -14071,45 +13207,40 @@ msgstr "Ahora podemos llamarlo desde un binario de C:" msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \"analyze.h\"\n" -"\n" -"int main() {\n" -" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n" -" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n" -" return 0;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:53 +msgid "\"analyze.h\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"cc_binary {\n" -" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n" -" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n" -" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:66 +msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:67 +msgid "\"main.c\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:74 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"```" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:82 msgid "" "`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " "will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " @@ -14132,61 +13263,452 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "El enfoque general es el siguiente:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:3 msgid "" -"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of " -"using this." +"CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " +"from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " +"blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." msgstr "" -"Consulta el [tutorial de CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) para ver un " -"ejemplo completo de su uso." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:9 +msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:11 +msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:17 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:6 +msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:18 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:9 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:10 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Rust\"" +msgstr "Rustdoc" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:6 +msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:25 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:15 +msgid "\"C++\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:8 +msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:40 +msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:41 msgid "" -"At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" -"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." +"From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " +"Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " +"both languages." msgstr "" -"En este punto, el instructor debería cambiar al [tutorial de CXX](https://" -"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16 -msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." -msgstr "Guía a los estudiantes a través del tutorial paso a paso." - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:44 msgid "" -"Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " -"languages_." +"To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" +"dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " +"examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module " +"(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." msgstr "" -"Destaca cómo CXX presenta una interfaz limpia sin código inseguro en _ambos " -"lenguajes_." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20 -msgid "" -"Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings." -"html):" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:47 +msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." msgstr "" -"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/" -"bindings.html):" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22 -msgid "" -"Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " -"does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " -"types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" -"string`, making it very ergonomic to use." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:1 +msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" msgstr "" -"Explica que una `String` de Rust no puede asignarse a una `std::string` de C+" -"+ (esta última no mantiene la invariante UTF-8). Muestra que, a pesar de ser " -"tipos diferentes, `rust::String` en C++ se puede construir fácilmente a " -"partir de una `std::string` de C++, lo que la hace muy ergonómica de usar." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28 -msgid "" -"Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " -"which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:7 +msgid "// Opaque type\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:8 +msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Free function\n" +msgstr "Funciones" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:28 +msgid "" +"Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " +"the parent module." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:30 +msgid "" +"The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" +"+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " +"header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, " +"except with a .rs.h file extension." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:1 +msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:20 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:30 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:39 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:56 +msgid "" +"The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " +"in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " +"correspond with what is declared in C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:59 +msgid "" +"`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " +"call from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:9 +msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:23 +msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:24 +msgid "" +"A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " +"Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " +"derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the " +"corresponding C++ type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generated Rust:" +msgstr "Unsafe Rust" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:33 +msgid "Generated C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:46 +msgid "" +"On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " +"wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " +"class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our " +"Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:13 +msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:16 +msgid "\"Success!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:22 +msgid "" +"Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " +"side." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:24 +msgid "" +"The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " +"exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " +"from the error type's `Display` impl." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:27 +msgid "" +"A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " +"immediately terminate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:7 +msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:14 +msgid "\"Error: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:22 +msgid "" +"C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " +"on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:24 +msgid "" +"If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " +"declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" +"terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown " +"through a `noexcept` C++ function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Type" +msgstr "Rust by Example" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Type" +msgstr "Ejemplo en C++" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::String`" +msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +msgid "`&str`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Str`" +msgstr "`rust_test`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxString`" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +msgid "`std::string`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Slice`" +msgstr "`rust_ffi`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +msgid "`rust::Box`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`UniquePtr`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Vec`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxVector`" +msgstr "`Cell`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`std::vector`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:16 +msgid "" +"These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " +"and returns of extern functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:18 +msgid "" +"Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " +"a few reasons for this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:20 +msgid "" +"`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:21 +msgid "" +"The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " +"directly between languages." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:23 +msgid "" +"`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " +"semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Building in Android" +msgstr "Rust en Android" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " +"generated header and source file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:10 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:9 +msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:11 +msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:10 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:14 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:19 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:20 +msgid "" +"Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " +"the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " +"are setup on the next slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " +"order to pull in common CXX definitions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" +"(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" +"android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share " +"that link with the class so that students know where they can find these " +"instructions again in the future." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " +"CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:7 +msgid "" +"// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" +"// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:20 +msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:12 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:13 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:8 +msgid "\"lib.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:14 +msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:16 +msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:21 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:23 +msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:29 +msgid "" +"The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " +"bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:31 +msgid "" +"By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " +"named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " +"convention isn't enforced, though." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:7 +msgid "\"cxx_test\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:9 +msgid "\"libcxx\"" msgstr "" -"Explica que una función de Rust que devuelve `Result` se convierte en " -"una función que lanza una excepción `E` en C++ (y viceversa)." #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 msgid "Interoperability with Java" @@ -14202,106 +13724,76 @@ msgstr "" "Java (JNI)](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). [El crate " "`jni`](https://docs.rs/jni/) permite crear una biblioteca compatible." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:8 msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" msgstr "En primer lugar, creamos una función de Rust para exportar a Java:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:10 msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" -"\n" -"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n" -"use jni::sys::jstring;\n" -"use jni::JNIEnv;\n" -"\n" -"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n" -" env: JNIEnv,\n" -" _class: JClass,\n" -" name: JString,\n" -") -> jstring {\n" -" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n" -" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n" -" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n" -" output.into_inner()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:13 +msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:18 +msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:21 +msgid "\"system\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:27 +msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:33 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:63 msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_ffi_shared {\n" -" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:37 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:70 +msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 -msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:38 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:53 +msgid "\"hello_jni\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:40 +msgid "\"libjni\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We then call this function from Java:" msgstr "Por último, podemos llamar a esta función desde Java:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:46 msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"class HelloWorld {\n" -" private static native String hello(String name);\n" -"\n" -" static {\n" -" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" public static void main(String[] args) {\n" -" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n" -" System.out.println(output);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:67 +msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"java_binary {\n" -" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n" -" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n" -" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n" -" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:68 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" +msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:69 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" +msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:74 msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "Ahora puedes compilar, sincronizar y ejecutar el binario:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m helloworld_jni\n" -"adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n" -"adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 msgid "" "This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " @@ -14326,6 +13818,2093 @@ msgstr "" "Aquí la solución es abierta, ya que depende de que alguno de los asistentes " "tenga un fragmento de código que se pueda convertir en Rust sobre la marcha." +#: src/chromium.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Rust en Android" + +#: src/chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party " +"glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium.md:6 +msgid "" +"Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've " +"got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, " +"feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the " +"exact part we talk about." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:3 +msgid "" +"Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build " +"flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position " +"1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:13 +msgid "" +"(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This " +"is the default!)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:16 +msgid "" +"See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-" +"the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to " +"build Chromium takes time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:21 +msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:23 +msgid "About the exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:25 +msgid "" +"This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. " +"We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. " +"If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can " +"catch up in the next slot." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated set of " +"dependencies." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:6 +msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:8 +msgid "" +"Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*." +"gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses " +"Chromium's audited toolchain and crates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:11 +msgid "" +"Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and " +"crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/" +"docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:13 +msgid "" +"Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates " +"downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:16 +msgid "" +"From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust " +"code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an " +"important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mini exercise" +msgstr "Ejercicios" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:22 +msgid "Split into small groups and:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:24 +msgid "" +"Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the " +"risk profile of these scenarios." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:26 +msgid "" +"Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when " +"using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:31 +msgid "" +"Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the " +"exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask them " +"to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:35 +msgid "" +"Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where " +"Cargo may offer an advantage\"):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:38 +msgid "" +"It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, " +"one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a " +"crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. " +"(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/" +"from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:44 +msgid "" +"`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo." +"toml` and start writing code)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:46 +msgid "" +"It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or " +"comparing with `python` + `pip`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:49 +msgid "" +"Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. " +"using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate " +"that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by " +"an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for " +"streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a " +"streamlined way to run benchmarks)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:56 +msgid "" +"`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:57 +msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:59 +msgid "" +"Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:61 +msgid "" +"Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry " +"for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is " +"comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich " +"typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted " +"language)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:66 +msgid "" +"Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like " +"Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be " +"used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) " +"should probably use Cargo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:71 +msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:72 +msgid "" +"`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which " +"resulted in PRs with performance improvements)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:74 +msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:75 +msgid "" +"`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` " +"for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:77 +msgid "" +"Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` " +"when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust " +"toolchain.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:80 +msgid "" +"`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on " +"third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, by `run_gnrt.py` asks " +"`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:84 +msgid "" +"Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly " +"trusted:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:87 +msgid "" +"`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the " +"Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust " +"compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:90 +msgid "" +"`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the " +"umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:92 +msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:93 +msgid "" +"Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for " +"distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:95 +msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:96 +msgid "" +"Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by " +"security@chromium.org)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:98 +msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:1 +msgid "Chromium Rust policy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as " +"approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:7 +msgid "" +"Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party." +"md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various " +"circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for " +"security." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:12 +msgid "" +"Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that " +"nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue " +"code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +"\"C++\" Rust\n" +".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " +"Rust :\n" +": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " +"crate :\n" +": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": | | : : | | | " +"| :\n" +": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " +"| :\n" +": | | : Language : | | Crate | " +"| :\n" +": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" _Stack_ _Heap_\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"list : : :\n" +": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" +"+ :\n" +": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " +"| :\n" +": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" +"```" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:30 +msgid "" +"First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should " +"normally be kept in `third_party/rust///wrapper`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:33 +msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:35 +msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:36 +msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:38 +msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules" +msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (Build)" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and " +"`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust " +"is no exception." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:7 +msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:9 +msgid "" +"In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:20 +msgid "" +"You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to " +"depend upon third party code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:25 +msgid "" +"You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The " +"`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root " +"file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete " +"list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when " +"rebuilds are necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:31 +msgid "" +"(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire " +"crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:34 +msgid "" +"Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using " +"[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource." +"com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that " +"this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit " +"tests, some of which we'll use later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:3 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " +"won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " +"the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is " +"necessary.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [\n" +" \"lib.rs\",\n" +" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" +" ]\n" +" allow_unsafe = true\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:3 +msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:5 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" +"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" +" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:3 +msgid "" +"Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " +"for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:6 +msgid "" +"Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " +"Rust support" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:8 +msgid "" +"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " +"directory)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:10 +msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:16 +msgid "" +"A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" +"analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:19 +msgid "" +"The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " +"piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:22 +msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:23 +msgid "" +"Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " +"\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:25 +msgid "" +"Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " +"K)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:27 +msgid "" +"Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " +"(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:29 +msgid "" +"Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " +"164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " +"bindings = space o)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:32 +msgid "" +"Demo **type annotations** (there are quote a few nice examples in the " +"`QrCode::with_bits` method)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:35 +msgid "" +"It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " +"need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " +"times throughout the exercises in this session)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules exercise" +msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (Build)" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " +"containing:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:13 +msgid "" +"**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " +"by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " +"target." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:16 +msgid "" +"Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " +"function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " +"see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:24 +msgid "" +"Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " +"we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " +"and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of " +"times." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:28 +msgid "" +"If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " +"in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" +"click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:32 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:48 +msgid "Where to find help" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:34 +msgid "" +"The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" +"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:35 +msgid "" +"Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" +"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:36 +msgid "" +"Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." +"extern.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:37 +msgid "" +"Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" +"gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:38 +msgid "" +"[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" +"languages/rust)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:44 +msgid "" +"This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" +"denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " +"call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to " +"Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:48 +msgid "" +"`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " +"Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " +"guarantee that the right one is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:52 +msgid "" +"If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " +"`rust_executable` gn template." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same " +"source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing." +"md) in the course and looks like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:17 +msgid "" +"In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to " +"follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable " +"and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` " +"configuration)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:22 +msgid "" +"This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:24 +msgid "" +"Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/" +"rust`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:26 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient " +"when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide " +"sufficient coverage for the feature." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:29 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its " +"public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the " +"subject of the next few slides." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:35 +msgid "" +"Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be " +"exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after " +"adding or updating third-party crates.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:39 +msgid "" +"Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be " +"used:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:42 +msgid "" +"QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a " +"thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing " +"both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parameterizing the tests so they " +"enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:47 +msgid "" +"Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe " +"implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but " +"missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such " +"functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" +"main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:5 +msgid "" +"Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " +"attribute)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:7 +msgid "" +"Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " +"panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example:" +msgstr "Ejemplo" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:3 +msgid "" +"The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " +"test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:6 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:14 +msgid "" +"Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " +"manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" +" testonly = true\n" +" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" +" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [\n" +" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" +" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" +" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:3 +msgid "" +"After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to " +"import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't " +"provided an explicit `crate_name` for `my_rust_lib` so its crate name is " +"computed based on the full target path and name. Fortunately we can avoid " +"working with such an unwieldy name by using the `chromium::import!` macro " +"from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:12 +msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:18 +msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:26 +msgid "" +"More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" +"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" +"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:31 +msgid "" +"`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` " +"property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the " +"crate name has to be globally unique. crates.io guarantees uniqueness of its " +"crate names so `cargo_crate` GN targets (generated by the `gnrt` tool " +"covered in a later section) use short crate names." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing exercise" +msgstr "Rust on Exercism" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "Time for another exercise!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:5 +msgid "In your Chromium build:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:7 +msgid "" +"Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " +"two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " +"summing integers in a slice, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:10 +msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:11 +msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:12 +msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new " +"tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool " +"called CXX." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:6 +msgid "" +"You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition " +"language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate " +"declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of " +"using this." +msgstr "" +"Consulta el [tutorial de CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) para ver un " +"ejemplo completo de su uso." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:19 +msgid "" +"Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just " +"the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has " +"the following benefits:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile " +"errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust " +"definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined " +"Behavior)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +msgid "" +"The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free " +"functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ " +"methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free " +"functions manually)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:31 +msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:32 +msgid "" +"`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't " +"guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::" +"span` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a " +"pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents " +"empty slices slightly differently)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:37 +msgid "" +"Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, and/or `Box` " +"are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-" +"compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety " +"risks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:41 +msgid "" +"`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in " +"string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can " +"build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-" +"terminate a string)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " +"modules inside `.rs` source code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:16 +msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:24 +msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:30 +msgid "Point out:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:32 +msgid "" +"Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " +"procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " +"bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called " +"`ffi` in your code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:36 +msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" +msgstr "Asistencia integrada para pruebas." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:38 +msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:39 +msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:41 +msgid "" +"**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " +"Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " +"simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ " +"compilers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" +"cxx.rs/bindings.html)." +msgstr "" +"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/" +"bindings.html):" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:5 +msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:7 +msgid "" +"Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " +"it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:8 +msgid "" +"You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " +"`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:11 +msgid "" +"It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " +"type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:14 +msgid "" +"These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " +"isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " +"considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to " +"draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple " +"enough." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:26 +msgid "" +"You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " +"example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:28 +msgid "" +"Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:29 +msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " +"on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:6 +msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:7 +msgid "" +"Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:9 +msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:10 +msgid "" +"A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " +"default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:12 +msgid "" +"Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " +"when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " +"cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:16 +msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:17 +msgid "" +"Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " +"representing failure)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:19 +msgid "" +"Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " +"needed in practice." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:3 +msgid "" +"The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." +"rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is " +"used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:8 +msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:23 +msgid "" +"Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " +"This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " +"admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of " +"the vector)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:27 +msgid "" +"It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " +"before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " +"points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, " +"when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:32 +msgid "" +"If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " +"references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " +"like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:3 +msgid "" +"A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " +"successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:7 +msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:10 +msgid "" +"/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result,\n" +" /// ()>`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:14 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:21 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:32 +msgid "" +"`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " +"types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " +"can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ " +"to store Rust objects by value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:37 +msgid "" +"This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " +"generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " +"manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the " +"example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into " +"appropriate methods of `Result` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or " +"`as_mut`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:1 +msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" +"node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " +"`rust_static_library`. Just add" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" +" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" +"allow_unsafe = true\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:13 +msgid "" +"to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " +"`sources`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:16 +msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:19 +msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:22 +msgid "" +"You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " +"C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;" +"l=21)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:27 +msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:29 +msgid "" +"The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " +"standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " +"to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of " +"_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise " +"ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/" +"writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust " +"binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:36 +msgid "" +"The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" +"interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " +"`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the " +"previous section." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +msgid "Part one" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:5 +msgid "" +"In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " +"specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " +"`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:8 +msgid "" +"Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " +"`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:10 +msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:11 +msgid "" +"In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " +"Instead, include the generated header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:13 +msgid "Build and run!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Part two" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:17 +msgid "" +"It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " +"flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Some things to try:" +msgstr "Algunas notas:" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:22 +msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " +"You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " +"`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" +"extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +msgid "" +"You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." +"h\"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:29 +msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:30 +msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:31 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:33 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:35 +msgid "" +"Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " +"own some C++ object." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:37 +msgid "" +"Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " +"need a `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:39 +msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:40 +msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:42 +msgid "Part three" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:44 +msgid "" +"Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " +"couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " +"sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:50 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" +msgstr "" +"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/" +"bindings.html):" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:51 +msgid "" +"The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:57 +msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:59 +msgid "" +"I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " +"and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " +"quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:62 +msgid "" +"I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " +"Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" +"sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although " +"CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So " +"they do!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ library" +msgstr "Biblioteca" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust crate" +msgstr "Ecosistema Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build system" +msgstr "Ecosistema Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Lots" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`" +msgstr "`Cargo.toml`:" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Typical library size" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Large-ish" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Small" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Few" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:12 +msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:14 +msgid "" +"All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into " +"Chromium..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:16 +msgid "" +"... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely " +"have to bring in multiple libraries." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:19 +msgid "We'll discuss:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:21 +msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:22 +msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:23 +msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " +"These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo." +"toml):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"bitflags = \"1\"\n" +"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" +"cxx = \"1\"\n" +"# lots more...\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:14 +msgid "" +"As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " +"dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" +"dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` " +"that you wish to enable in the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:18 +msgid "" +"When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " +"information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." +"toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " +"of:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:15 +msgid "For instance," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:22 +msgid "" +"Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " +"file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:25 +msgid "" +"Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " +"to resolve problems." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." +"gn` rules." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:6 +msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:13 +msgid "" +"Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " +"this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " +"`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security " +"decision." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:17 +msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Your crate" +msgstr "Crates Útiles" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:20 +msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:21 +msgid "" +"New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " +"set of crates required by Chromium." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:24 +msgid "" +"Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " +"patching fails you may need to take manual action." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:9 +msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" +"vendor`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:13 +msgid "" +"At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:15 +msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." +msgstr "" +"Consulta el libro [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-" +"layout.html)." + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:19 +msgid "" +"Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:23 +msgid "" +"Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " +"it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " +"discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:3 +msgid "" +"If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " +"arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " +"design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules " +"to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:8 +msgid "" +"Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "build script effect" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Supported by our gn templates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Work required by you" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "None" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generating code" +msgstr "Genéricos" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +msgid "Building C/C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Patch around it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Arbitrary other actions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:18 +msgid "" +"Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " +"build scripts only do the top two actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:3 +msgid "" +"If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " +"writes source code files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:6 +msgid "" +"If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " +"add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " +"that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add " +"`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that " +"file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:11 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" +"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" +"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:17 +msgid "" +"Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " +"`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " +"to subsequent build steps." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " +"link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" +"crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be " +"supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is " +"very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:8 +msgid "So, your options are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:10 +msgid "Avoid these crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:11 +msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:13 +msgid "" +"Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" +"` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by " +"`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " +"on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " +"`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Specifically," +msgstr "Específico del SO" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:9 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" +"lib\"\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:1 +msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." +"md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As " +"you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive " +"dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe " +"Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:9 +msgid "" +"Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" +"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:11 +msgid "" +"Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:13 +msgid "" +"Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " +"If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " +"macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium " +"is normally built?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:17 +msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:18 +msgid "" +"Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " +"vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " +"ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../" +"cargo.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:21 +msgid "" +"Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." +"md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:22 +msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:23 +msgid "" +"Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " +"that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " +"100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:27 +msgid "" +"These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." +"org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:1 +msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:3 +msgid "`git status` should reveal:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:5 +msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:6 +msgid "" +"Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" +"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:9 +msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:11 +msgid "" +"You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." +"toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:14 +msgid "" +"**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " +"files may result in some files being skipped." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:17 +msgid "" +"As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " +"language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " +"branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So " +"you may need to run:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:3 +msgid "" +"As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " +"keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is " +"hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's " +"still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:3 +msgid "" +"Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " +"crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" +"features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in " +"shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:7 +msgid "" +"(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " +"ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " +"[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/" +"+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:13 +msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:15 +msgid "The total crates needed are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`instant`," +msgstr "Constante" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:18 +msgid "`lock_api`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:19 +msgid "`parking_lot`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:20 +msgid "`parking_lot_core`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:21 +msgid "`redox_syscall`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:22 +msgid "`scopeguard`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:23 +msgid "`smallvec`, and" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:24 +msgid "`uwuify`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:26 +msgid "" +"If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to " +"turn off the default features." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:29 +msgid "" +"Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:1 +msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing " +"together everything you already learned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:6 +msgid "The Brief from Product Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:8 +msgid "" +"A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. " +"It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as " +"possible." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:11 +msgid "" +"The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie " +"language." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:13 +msgid "" +"There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie " +"language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate " +"which does the translation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:17 +msgid "" +"In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://" +"crates.io/crates/uwuify)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:19 +msgid "" +"(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and " +"diligence. Don't ship this!)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:22 +msgid "Steps" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:24 +msgid "" +"Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all " +"strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always " +"do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:28 +msgid "" +"If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, " +"you should have created Chrome for pixies!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:36 +msgid "" +"UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, " +"and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ " +"side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:39 +msgid "" +"If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to " +"consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which " +"[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/" +"slice.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:42 +msgid "" +"Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. " +"taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a " +"string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student " +"that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may " +"need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for " +"mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved " +"around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:49 +msgid "" +"The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will " +"need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably " +"already did this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:52 +msgid "" +"The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/" +"uwuify/v0_2:lib`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]" +"(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida a Bare Metal Rust" @@ -14343,7 +15922,7 @@ msgstr "" "también tuvieran experiencia con la programación bare-metal en otros " "lenguajes, como C." -#: src/bare-metal.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal.md:8 msgid "" "Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " "underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" @@ -14351,23 +15930,23 @@ msgstr "" "Hoy vamos a hablar de Rust \"bare-metal\": ejecutar código de Rust sin un " "sistema operativo. Se dividirá en varias partes:" -#: src/bare-metal.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal.md:11 msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" msgstr "¿Qué es `no_std` en Rust?" -#: src/bare-metal.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal.md:12 msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." msgstr "Escribir firmware para microcontroladores." -#: src/bare-metal.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal.md:13 msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." msgstr "Escribir código bootloader o kernel para procesadores de aplicaciones." -#: src/bare-metal.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal.md:14 msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." msgstr "Algunos crates útiles para el desarrollo de Rust bare-metal." -#: src/bare-metal.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal.md:16 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" @@ -14381,93 +15960,27 @@ msgstr "" "microcontrolador Nordic nRF51822 con algunos LED y botones, un acelerómetro " "y una brújula conectados mediante I2C y un depurador SWD integrado." -#: src/bare-metal.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal.md:22 msgid "" "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" "Para empezar, instala algunas de las herramientas que necesitarás más " "adelante. En gLinux o Debian:" -#: src/bare-metal.md:22 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-" -"config qemu-system-arm\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```bash\n" -"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-" -"config qemu-system-arm\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" - -#: src/bare-metal.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal.md:34 msgid "" "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" "Permite a los usuarios del grupo `plugdev` acceder al programador micro:bit:" -#: src/bare-metal.md:32 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " -"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" -" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" -"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```bash\n" -"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " -"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" -" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" -"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" -"```" - -#: src/bare-metal.md:38 +#: src/bare-metal.md:44 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:33 msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "En MacOS:" -#: src/bare-metal.md:40 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"xcode-select --install\n" -"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" -"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```bash\n" -"xcode-select --install\n" -"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" -"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 -msgid "`no_std`" -msgstr "`no_std`" - #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 msgid "`core`" msgstr "`core`" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 -msgid "`alloc`" -msgstr "`alloc`" - #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 msgid "`std`" msgstr "`std`" @@ -14568,47 +16081,21 @@ msgstr "`std` vuelve a exportar el contenido de `core` y `alloc`." msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "Un programa `no_std` mínimo" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "Se compilará en un binario vacío." -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." msgstr "" "`std` proporciona un controlador de _panic_; sin no hay, debemos " "proporcionar uno nuestro." -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:21 msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." msgstr "También puede proporcionarlo otro crate, como `panic-halt`." -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 msgid "" "Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " "avoid an error about `eh_personality`." @@ -14616,7 +16103,7 @@ msgstr "" "Dependiendo del objetivo, es posible que tengas que compilar con `panic = " "\"abort\"` para evitar un error sobre `eh_personality`." -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:24 msgid "" "Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " "define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " @@ -14635,73 +16122,25 @@ msgstr "" "Para utilizar `alloc`, debes implementar un [asignador global (de _heap_)]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:23 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate alloc;\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use alloc::string::ToString;\n" -"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" -"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" -"\n" -"#[global_allocator]\n" -"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" -"\n" -"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" -"\n" -"pub fn entry() {\n" -" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " -"once.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" -" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" -" .lock()\n" -" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" msgstr "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate alloc;\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use alloc::string::ToString;\n" -"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" -"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" -"\n" -"#[global_allocator]\n" -"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" -"\n" -"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" -"\n" -"pub fn entry() {\n" -" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " -"once.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" -" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" -" .lock()\n" -" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Ahora podemos hacer cosas que requieran asignación de _heap_.\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:25 +msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:29 +msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"A string\"" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:37 msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " @@ -14712,7 +16151,7 @@ msgstr "" "crates disponibles, pero también puedes escribir el tuyo propio o conectarte " "a tu asignador." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:40 msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." @@ -14720,7 +16159,7 @@ msgstr "" "El parámetro const de `LockedHeap` es el orden máximo del asignador. Es " "decir, en este caso, puede asignar regiones de hasta 2\\*\\*32 bytes." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:42 msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " @@ -14752,26 +16191,7 @@ msgstr "" "El crate `cortex_m_rt` proporciona (entre otras cosas) un controlador de " "reinicio para microcontroladores Cortex M." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"mod interrupts;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:24 msgid "" "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " "abstraction." @@ -14779,7 +16199,7 @@ msgstr "" "A continuación, veremos cómo se accede a los periféricos con niveles de " "abstracción cada vez mayores." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:29 msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" "> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." @@ -14787,7 +16207,7 @@ msgstr "" "La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` requiere que la función tenga el tipo `fn() -" "> !`, ya que no tiene sentido devolver resultados al controlador de reinicio." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:31 msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo embed --bin minimal`." @@ -14800,72 +16220,38 @@ msgstr "" "S asignada a la memoria. Vamos a probar a encender un LED en nuestro micro:" "bit:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"mod interrupts;\n" -"\n" -"use core::mem::size_of;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"\n" -"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" -"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n" -"\n" -"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" -"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n" -"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n" -"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n" -"\n" -"// PIN_CNF fields\n" -"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n" -"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n" -"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n" -"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n" -"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::()) as *mut " -"u32;\n" -" let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::()) as *mut " -"u32;\n" -" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " -"and\n" -" // no aliases exist.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n" -" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " -"SENSE_DISABLED,\n" -" );\n" -" pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n" -" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " -"SENSE_DISABLED,\n" -" );\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n" -" let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n" -" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " -"and\n" -" // no aliases exist.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n" -" gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:16 +msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:19 +msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:24 +msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:26 +msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:59 +msgid "" +"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" +" // no aliases exist.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:30 +msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:72 msgid "" "GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " "to the first row." @@ -14873,20 +16259,13 @@ msgstr "" "El pin 21 de GPIO 0 está conectado a la primera columna de la matriz de LED " "y el pin 28 a la primera fila." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:75 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:44 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:37 msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin mmio\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" msgstr "Crates de Acceso Periférico" @@ -14902,49 +16281,6 @@ msgstr "" "de archivos [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index." "html)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -" let gpio0 = p.P0;\n" -"\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n" -" w.dir().output();\n" -" w.input().disconnect();\n" -" w.pull().disabled();\n" -" w.drive().s0s1();\n" -" w.sense().disabled();\n" -" w\n" -" });\n" -" gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n" -" w.dir().output();\n" -" w.input().disconnect();\n" -" w.pull().disabled();\n" -" w.drive().s0s1();\n" -" w.sense().disabled();\n" -" w\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n" -" gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 msgid "" "SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " @@ -14972,11 +16308,11 @@ msgstr "" "existen varios proyectos que aplican parches a los errores, añaden detalles " "que faltan y publican los crates generados." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." msgstr "`cortex-m-rt` proporciona la tabla de vectores, entre otras cosas." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:57 msgid "" "If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " "pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." @@ -14984,13 +16320,6 @@ msgstr "" "Si instalas `cargo install cargo-binutils` puedes ejecutar `cargo objdump --" "bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` para ver el binario resultante." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin pac\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 msgid "HAL crates" msgstr "Crates HAL" @@ -15007,46 +16336,17 @@ msgstr "" "alrededor de varios periféricos. Por lo general, implementan traits de " "[`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" -" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" -"\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n" -" let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" -" row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:23 +msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 msgid "" "`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "" "`set_low` y `set_high` son métodos del trait `OutputPin` de `embedded_hal`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:41 msgid "" "HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " "STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." @@ -15054,13 +16354,6 @@ msgstr "" "Hay crates HAL para muchos dispositivos Cortex-M y RISC-V, incluidos varios " "microcontroladores STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR y PIC." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin hal\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 msgid "Board support crates" msgstr "Crates de compatibilidad de placa" @@ -15073,31 +16366,7 @@ msgstr "" "Los crates de compatibilidad de placa proporcionan un nivel adicional de " "envoltorio a una placa específica para mayor comodidad." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" -"use microbit::Board;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" -" board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:31 msgid "" "In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " "and a bit of initialisation." @@ -15105,7 +16374,7 @@ msgstr "" "En este caso, el crate de compatibilidad de placa proporciona solo nombres " "más útiles y un poco de inicialización." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:33 msgid "" "The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " "microcontroller itself." @@ -15113,55 +16382,23 @@ msgstr "" "El crate también puede incluir controladores para algunos dispositivos " "integrados fuera del propio microcontrolador ." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:35 msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "`microbit-v2` incluye un controlador sencillo para la matriz de LED." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin board_support\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "El patrón de tipo de estado" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" -"\n" -" let pin: P0_01 = gpio0.p0_01;\n" -"\n" -" // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" -" let pin_input: P0_01> = pin.into_floating_input();\n" -" if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n" -" // ...\n" -" }\n" -" let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n" -" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " -"Level::Low);\n" -" pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n" -" // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" -"\n" -" let _pin2: P0_02> = gpio0\n" -" .p0_02\n" -" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " -"Level::Low);\n" -" let _pin3: P0_03> = gpio0.p0_03." -"into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:11 +msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:19 +msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:33 msgid "" "Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " "exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." @@ -15170,7 +16407,7 @@ msgstr "" "instancia de cada uno. Cuando se quita un pin de la estructura del puerto, " "nadie más puede usarlo." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:35 msgid "" "Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " "can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." @@ -15178,7 +16415,7 @@ msgstr "" "Si cambias la configuración de un pin, se consumirá la instancia del pin " "anterior y no podrás seguir usando la instancia previa." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:37 msgid "" "The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " "the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " @@ -15192,7 +16429,7 @@ msgstr "" "se use un pin de cierta forma sin antes configurarlo correctamente. Las " "transiciones de estado ilegales se detectan durante el tiempo de compilación." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:42 msgid "" "You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " "not vice-versa." @@ -15200,14 +16437,10 @@ msgstr "" "Puedes llamar a `is_high` en un pin de entrada y a `set_high` en un pin de " "salida, pero no al revés." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:44 msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "Muchos crates HAL siguen este patrón." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 -msgid "`embedded-hal`" -msgstr "`embedded-hal`" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 msgid "" "The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " @@ -15252,7 +16485,7 @@ msgstr "" "traits. Por ejemplo, un controlador de acelerómetro podría necesitar una " "implementación de bus I2C o SPI." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:20 msgid "" "There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " "platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." @@ -15260,7 +16493,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hay implementaciones para muchos microcontroladores, así como otras " "plataformas como Linux en Raspberry Pi." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:22 msgid "" "There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " "isn't stable yet." @@ -15268,10 +16501,6 @@ msgstr "" "Se está trabajando en una versión `async` de `embedded-hal`, pero aún no es " "estable." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 -msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" -msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 msgid "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " @@ -15281,43 +16510,25 @@ msgstr "" "integradas muy útil, como OpenOCD, pero mejor integrado." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 -msgid "SWD" -msgstr "SWD" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 -msgid " and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" msgstr " y JTAG a través de comprobaciones CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link y J-Link" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " -msgstr "GDB stub y el servidor " - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -msgid "DAP" -msgstr "DAP" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -msgid " server" -msgstr " de Microsoft" +msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server" +msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 msgid "Cargo integration" msgstr "Integración de Cargo" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 -msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " -msgstr "" -"`cargo-embed` es un subcomando de Cargo para compilar e instalar binarios, " -"registrar salidas " - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 -msgid "RTT" -msgstr "TTR" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -" output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your " -"project directory." +"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT " +"(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed." +"toml` file in your project directory." msgstr "" " y conectar GDB. Se configura mediante un archivo `Embed.toml` en el " "directorio del proyecto." @@ -15335,7 +16546,7 @@ msgstr "" "procesadores Cortex de Arm. Es lo que utiliza el depurador integrado en el " "BBC micro:bit" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:20 msgid "" "ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " "is a range from SEGGER." @@ -15343,7 +16554,7 @@ msgstr "" "ST-Link es una gama de depuradores en circuito de ST Microelectronics. J-" "Link es una gama de SEGGER." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 msgid "" "The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " "Serial Wire Debug." @@ -15351,14 +16562,14 @@ msgstr "" "El puerto de acceso de depuración suele ser una interfaz JTAG de 5 pines o " "una SWD de 2 pines." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:24 msgid "" "probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " "want to." msgstr "" "probe-rs es una biblioteca que puedes integrar en tus propias herramientas." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 msgid "" "The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" "adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " @@ -15368,11 +16579,11 @@ msgstr "" "github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) permite que VSCode y otros IDEs depuren " "el código que se ejecuta en cualquier microcontrolador compatible." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:30 msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." msgstr "cargo-embed es un binario compilado con la biblioteca probe-rs." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:31 msgid "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " "host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." @@ -15382,59 +16593,26 @@ msgstr "" "circulares." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 -msgid "Embed.toml:" +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Embed.toml_:" msgstr "Embed.toml:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[default.general]\n" -"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" -"\n" -"[debug.gdb]\n" -"enabled = true\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "En un terminal en `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:23 msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "En otro terminal del mismo directorio:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-" -"command=\"target remote :1337\"\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:25 +msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:43 msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "En GDB, prueba a ejecutar:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29 -msgid "" -"```gdb\n" -"b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n" -"b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n" -"b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n" -"c\n" -"c\n" -"c\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 msgid "Other projects" @@ -15475,11 +16653,11 @@ msgstr "" "RTOS centrado en la seguridad con programación interrumpible y " "compatibilidad con la unidad de protección de memoria." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 msgid "" "Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " "unprivileged drivers, IPC" @@ -15487,11 +16665,11 @@ msgstr "" "RTOS de microkernel de Oxide Computer Company con protección de memoria, " "controladores sin privilegios, IPC, etc." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:14 msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" msgstr "[Enlaces para FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:15 msgid "" "Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." "github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." @@ -15499,15 +16677,15 @@ msgstr "" "Algunas plataformas tienen implementaciones `std`, como [esp-idf](https://" "esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." msgstr "RTIC se puede considerar un RTOS o un framework de concurrencia." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:21 msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." msgstr "No incluye ningún HAL." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 msgid "" "It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " "scheduling rather than a proper kernel." @@ -15515,18 +16693,18 @@ msgstr "" "Usa el NVIC (controlador de interrupción virtual anidado) Cortex‐M para la " "programación en lugar de un kernel propio." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 msgid "Cortex-M only." msgstr "Solo Cortex-M." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:25 msgid "" "Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." msgstr "" "Google utiliza TockOS en el microcontrolador Haven para las llaves de " "seguridad Titan." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:26 msgid "" "FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " "applications." @@ -15542,6 +16720,15 @@ msgstr "" "Leeremos la dirección desde una brújula I2C, y registraremos las lecturas en " "un puerto serie." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:8 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"morning.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Después de realizar los ejercicios, puedes consultar las [soluciones]" +"(solutions-morning.md) correspondientes." + #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " @@ -15552,11 +16739,11 @@ msgstr "" "un puerto serie. Si tienes tiempo, prueba a mostrarlo también en los LED o " "usa los botones de alguna forma." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:7 msgid "Hints:" msgstr "Sugerencias:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:9 msgid "" "Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" "latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" @@ -15568,20 +16755,20 @@ msgstr "" "latest/microbit/), así como [el hardware de micro:bit](https://tech.microbit." "org/hardware/)." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 msgid "" "The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "" "La unidad de medición inercial LSM303AGR está conectada al bus I2C interno." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:14 msgid "" "TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "" "TWI es otro nombre para I2C, por lo que el periférico I2C maestro se llama " "TWIM." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:15 msgid "" "The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" "blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" @@ -15592,7 +16779,7 @@ msgstr "" "Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) " "implementa esto." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 msgid "" "You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." @@ -15601,7 +16788,7 @@ msgstr "" "microbit/struct.Board.html) con campos para los distintos pines y " "periféricos." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:22 msgid "" "You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." "com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " @@ -15611,7 +16798,7 @@ msgstr "" "(https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) si quieres, " "pero no debería ser necesario para este ejercicio." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `compass` directory for the following files." @@ -15619,133 +16806,103 @@ msgstr "" "Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) " "y busca los siguientes archivos en el directorio `compass`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 -msgid "`src/main.rs`:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:29 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/main.rs_:" msgstr "`src/main.rs`:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Configure serial port.\n" -" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" -" board.UARTE0,\n" -" board.uart.into(),\n" -" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" -" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // TODO\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // TODO\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:47 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:34 +msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 -msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:55 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:42 +msgid "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:58 +msgid "" +"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +" // TODO\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:61 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:71 +msgid "\"Ready.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 +msgid "" +"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +" // TODO\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:70 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:387 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[workspace]\n" -"\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"compass\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n" -"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n" -"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n" -"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 -msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:92 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Embed.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[default.general]\n" -"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" -"\n" -"[debug.gdb]\n" -"enabled = true\n" -"\n" -"[debug.reset]\n" -"halt_afterwards = true\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 -msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:108 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:988 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`.cargo/config.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[build]\n" -"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n" -"\n" -"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n" -"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:121 msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "Consulta la salida de serie en Linux con:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:129 msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "" "En Mac OS debería ser algo como lo siguiente (el nombre del dispositivo " "puede ser algo diferente):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:137 msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "Pulsa Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q para salir de Picocom." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: Ejercicio de la Mañana" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](compass.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:45 +msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:46 +msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:64 +msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:74 +msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:82 +msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:120 +msgid "" +"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " +"LEDs\n" +" // on.\n" +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 msgid "Application processors" msgstr "Procesadores de aplicaciones" @@ -15762,7 +16919,7 @@ msgstr "" "solo trabajaremos con la placa ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/" "system/arm/virt.html) aarch64 de QEMU." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:10 msgid "" "Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " "privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " @@ -15772,7 +16929,7 @@ msgstr "" "niveles de privilegio (niveles de excepción en las CPU de Arm, anillos en " "x86), mientras que los procesadores de aplicaciones sí los tienen." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:13 msgid "" "QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " "architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " @@ -15886,7 +17043,7 @@ msgstr "" "inicializan a cero. Se omiten en la imagen para evitar malgastar espacio con " "ceros. El compilador asume que el cargador se encargará de ponerlos a cero." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:84 msgid "" "The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " "the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." @@ -15895,7 +17052,7 @@ msgstr "" "memoria y cómo se cargue la imagen, aunque se pone igualmente a cero para " "estar seguros." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 msgid "" "We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " "we don't:" @@ -15903,7 +17060,7 @@ msgstr "" "Necesitamos habilitar la MMU y la caché antes de leer o escribir memoria. Si " "no lo hacemos, sucederá lo siguiente:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:88 msgid "" "Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" "unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " @@ -15915,7 +17072,7 @@ msgstr "" "el compilador genere accesos no alineados. En este caso debería estar bien, " "pero no tiene por qué ser así en general." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:92 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " @@ -15934,7 +17091,7 @@ msgstr "" "otro se pierdan cuando se borre la caché o cuando la máquina virtual la " "habilite. (La caché está codificada por dirección física, no por VA ni IPA)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:99 msgid "" "For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " "identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " @@ -15946,7 +17103,7 @@ msgstr "" "para dispositivos, el siguiente GiB para DRAM y otro GiB más para más " "dispositivos. Esto coincide con la disposición de memoria que utiliza QEMU." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:103 msgid "" "We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " "later." @@ -15954,7 +17111,7 @@ msgstr "" "También configuramos el vector de excepción (`vbar_el1`), del que veremos " "más contenido en próximas dipositivas." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:105 msgid "" "All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " "(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " @@ -15969,58 +17126,58 @@ msgid "Inline assembly" msgstr "Ensamblaje integrado" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " -"Rust code. For example, to make an " +"Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the " +"firmware to power off the system:" msgstr "" "A veces necesitamos usar el ensamblador para hacer cosas que no son posibles " "con código Rust. Por ejemplo, hacer un " -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 -msgid "HVC" -msgstr "HVC" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 -msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:" -msgstr " para decirle al firmware que apague el sistema:" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:20 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use core::arch::asm;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"\n" -"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" +"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n" -" inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n" -" inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n" -" options(nomem, nostack)\n" -" );\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:23 +msgid "\"hvc #0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:24 +msgid "\"w0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:25 +msgid "\"w1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:26 +msgid "\"w2\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:27 +msgid "\"w3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:28 +msgid "\"w4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:29 +msgid "\"w5\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:30 +msgid "\"w6\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:31 +msgid "\"w7\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:40 msgid "" "(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" @@ -16028,7 +17185,7 @@ msgstr "" "(Si realmente quieres hacer esto, utiliza el crate [`smccc`](https://crates." "io/crates/smccc) que tiene envoltorios para todas estas funciones)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:45 msgid "" "PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " "functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " @@ -16039,7 +17196,7 @@ msgstr "" "del sistema y de la CPU, entre otras cosas. Lo implementan el firmware EL3 y " "los hipervisores en muchos sistemas." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:48 msgid "" "The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " "inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " @@ -16051,7 +17208,7 @@ msgstr "" "Necesitamos utilizar `inout` en lugar de `in` porque la llamada podría " "alterar el contenido de los registros." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:52 msgid "" "This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " "it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." @@ -16059,7 +17216,7 @@ msgstr "" "Esta función `main` debe ser `#[no_mangle]` y `extern \"C\"`, ya que se " "llama desde nuestro punto de entrada en `entry.S`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:54 msgid "" "`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " "used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " @@ -16076,7 +17233,7 @@ msgstr "" "no tiene que hacer nada especial, salvo asegurarse de que no cambia estos " "registros." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:60 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." @@ -16104,7 +17261,7 @@ msgstr "" "`addr_of!` permite obtener campos de estructuras sin crear una referencia " "intermedia." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:10 msgid "" "Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " "the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." @@ -16113,7 +17270,7 @@ msgstr "" "secundarios, por lo que se debe evitar que el compilador o el hardware las " "reordene, duplique u omita." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:12 msgid "" "Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " "compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " @@ -16124,7 +17281,7 @@ msgstr "" "mismo que el que se acaba de escribir, sin molestarse si quiera en leer " "realmente la memoria." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 msgid "" "Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " "this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " @@ -16134,7 +17291,7 @@ msgstr "" "aunque no es seguro. Siempre que exista una referencia, el compilador puede " "desreferenciarla." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:18 msgid "" "Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " "struct." @@ -16154,22 +17311,13 @@ msgstr "" "La máquina \"virt\" de QEMU tiene una UART [PL011]https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g), así que vamos a escribir un controlador para ella." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:9 +msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:13 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n" -"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n" -"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n" -"\n" -"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" base_address: *mut u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" @@ -16179,34 +17327,32 @@ msgid "" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n" -" Self { base_address }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:29 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:25 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:337 +msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:31 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:27 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:339 +msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:34 src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:46 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n" -" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)." -"read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:37 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:33 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:345 +msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:37 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:349 +msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 @@ -16226,7 +17372,7 @@ msgstr "" "`write_byte` más adelante, ya que podemos asumir\\ las condiciones previas " "necesarias." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:61 msgid "" "We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " "`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " @@ -16236,7 +17382,7 @@ msgstr "" "`write_byte` no seguro), pero\\sería mucho menos cómodo de usar, ya que cada " "lugar que llamase a `write_byte` tendría que pensar en la seguridad" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:64 msgid "" "This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " "the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " @@ -16258,27 +17404,14 @@ msgstr "" "Hemos derivado el trait `Debug`. También sería útil implementar algunos " "traits más." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:17 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:381 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:223 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" -"\n" -"impl Write for Uart {\n" -" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" -" self.write_byte(*c);\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 msgid "" "Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " "`Uart` type." @@ -16286,7 +17419,7 @@ msgstr "" "Implementar `Write` nos permite utilizar las macros `write!` y `writeln!` " "con nuestro tipo `Uart`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:27 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." @@ -16344,10 +17477,6 @@ msgstr "0x04" msgid "RSR" msgstr "RSR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 -msgid "4" -msgstr "4" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 msgid "0x18" msgstr "0x18" @@ -16368,10 +17497,6 @@ msgstr "0x20" msgid "ILPR" msgstr "ILPR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 -msgid "8" -msgstr "8" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 msgid "0x24" msgstr "0x24" @@ -16392,10 +17517,6 @@ msgstr "0x28" msgid "FBRD" msgstr "FBRD" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 -msgid "6" -msgstr "6" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 msgid "0x2c" msgstr "0x2c" @@ -16465,10 +17586,6 @@ msgstr "0x48" msgid "DMACR" msgstr "DMACR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 -msgid "3" -msgstr "3" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." msgstr "También hay algunos registros de ID que se han omitido para abreviar." @@ -16481,40 +17598,57 @@ msgstr "" "El crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) resulta útil para " "trabajar con bitflags." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use bitflags::bitflags;\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct Flags: u16 {\n" -" /// Clear to send.\n" -" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Data set ready.\n" -" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Data carrier detect.\n" -" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" -" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" -" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" -" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" -" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" -" /// Ring indicator.\n" -" const RI = 1 << 8;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:10 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:241 +msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:14 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:245 +msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:16 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:247 +msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:18 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:249 +msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:20 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:251 +msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:22 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:253 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:24 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:255 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:26 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:257 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:28 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:259 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:30 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:261 +msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:38 msgid "" "The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " "with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." @@ -16533,44 +17667,7 @@ msgstr "" "Podemos utilizar una estructura para representar la disposición de la " "memoria de los registros de UART." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" dr: u16,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" -" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" -" fr: Flags,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" -" ilpr: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" ibrd: u16,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" -" fbrd: u8,\n" -" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" -" lcr_h: u8,\n" -" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" -" cr: u16,\n" -" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" -" ifls: u8,\n" -" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" -" imsc: u16,\n" -" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" -" ris: u16,\n" -" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" -" mis: u16,\n" -" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" -" icr: u16,\n" -" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" -" dmacr: u8,\n" -" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:43 msgid "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " @@ -16591,72 +17688,31 @@ msgstr "" "Ahora vamos a utilizar la nueva estructura de `Registers` en nuestro " "controlador." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " -"received.\n" -" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" -" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" -" None\n" -" } else {\n" -" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" -" Some(data as u8)\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:6 +msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:54 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:342 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:366 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:41 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:353 +msgid "" +"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" +" /// received.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:48 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:360 +msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:63 msgid "" "Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " "fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." @@ -16678,51 +17734,40 @@ msgstr "" "Vamos a crear un pequeño programa con nuestro controlador para escribir en " "la consola serie y compartir los bytes entrantes." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:18 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:44 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:24 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:50 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:44 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::error;\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" +"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" if let Some(byte) = uart.read_byte() {\n" -" uart.write_byte(byte);\n" -" match byte {\n" -" b'\\r' => {\n" -" uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n" -" }\n" -" b'q' => break,\n" -" _ => {}\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:29 +msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:35 +msgid "b'\\r'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:36 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:27 +msgid "b'\\n'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:38 +msgid "b'q'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:44 +msgid "\"Bye!\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 @@ -16735,7 +17780,7 @@ msgstr "" "esta función `main` se llama desde nuestro código de punto de entrada en " "`entry.S`. Consulta las notas del orador para obtener más información." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:54 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" @@ -16750,53 +17795,15 @@ msgstr "" "Estaría bien poder utilizar las macros de registro del crate [`log`](https://" "crates.io/crates/log). Podemos hacerlo implementando el trait `Log`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"struct Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Log for Logger {\n" -" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" -" true\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" -" \"[{}] {}\",\n" -" record.level(),\n" -" record.args()\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn flush(&self) {}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " -"SetLoggerError> {\n" -" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" -"\n" -" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" -" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:193 +msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:35 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:202 +msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:48 msgid "" "The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " "`set_logger`." @@ -16808,47 +17815,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "Debemos inicializar el registrador antes de utilizarlo." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n" -"\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:38 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:72 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:115 +msgid "\"{info}\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 @@ -16879,70 +17848,13 @@ msgstr "" "AArch32). Implementamos esto en el ensamblaje para guardar los registros " "volátiles en la _stack_ antes de llamar al código de Rust:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use log::error;\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "" "EL significa nivel de excepción (por sus siglas en inglés); todos nuestros " "ejemplos de esta tarde se ejecutan en EL1." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:68 msgid "" "For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " "EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." @@ -16950,7 +17862,7 @@ msgstr "" "Para simplificar, no distinguimos entre SP0 y SPx para las excepciones del " "EL actual, ni entre AArch32 y AArch64 para las excepciones de EL inferiores." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:70 msgid "" "For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " "expect any of them to actually happen." @@ -16958,7 +17870,7 @@ msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, nos limitaremos a registrar la excepción y a apagarla, ya " "que no esperamos que se produzca ninguna." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:72 msgid "" "We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " "less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." @@ -17045,7 +17957,7 @@ msgstr "" "compilador genere accesos no alineados. Debería estar bien, pero no tiene " "por qué ser así, en general." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:23 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " @@ -17065,6 +17977,10 @@ msgstr "" "ejecuta directamente en el hardware sin hipervisor) pero, por lo general, no " "es un buen patrón." +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful crates" +msgstr "Crates Útiles" + #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 msgid "" "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " @@ -17073,10 +17989,6 @@ msgstr "" "A continuación, repasaremos algunos crates que resuelven ciertos problemas " "comunes en la programación bare-metal." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 -msgid "`zerocopy`" -msgstr "`zerocopy`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 msgid "" "The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " @@ -17087,44 +17999,7 @@ msgstr "" "traits y macros para realizar conversiones seguras entre secuencias de bytes " "y otros tipos." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n" -"\n" -"#[repr(u32)]\n" -"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" -"enum RequestType {\n" -" #[default]\n" -" In = 0,\n" -" Out = 1,\n" -" Flush = 4,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[repr(C)]\n" -"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n" -" request_type: RequestType,\n" -" reserved: u32,\n" -" sector: u64,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n" -" request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n" -" sector: 42,\n" -" ..Default::default()\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" request.as_bytes(),\n" -" &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:42 msgid "" "This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " "but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " @@ -17135,7 +18010,7 @@ msgstr "" "con hardware (por ejemplo, mediante DMA) o enviadas a través de alguna " "interfaz externa." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:48 msgid "" "`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " "valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." @@ -17144,7 +18019,7 @@ msgstr "" "bytes es válido, por lo que se puede convertir de forma segura a partir de " "una secuencia de bytes que no es fiable." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 msgid "" "Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " "`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " @@ -17154,14 +18029,14 @@ msgstr "" "pues `RequestType` no utiliza todos los valores u32 posibles como " "discriminantes y, por tanto, todos los patrones de bytes son válidos." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:53 msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` tiene tipos para primitivos numéricos conscientes del " "orden de bytes." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:54 msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " @@ -17171,10 +18046,6 @@ msgstr "" "example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la dependencia del " "crate)." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 -msgid "`aarch64-paging`" -msgstr "`aarch64-paging`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 msgid "" "The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " @@ -17185,27 +18056,16 @@ msgstr "" "crear tablas de páginas de acuerdo con la arquitectura del sistema de " "memoria virtual AArch64." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use aarch64_paging::{\n" -" idmap::IdMap,\n" -" paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"const ASID: usize = 1;\n" -"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n" -"\n" -"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" -"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n" -"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" -"idmap.map_range(\n" -" &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n" -" Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n" -").unwrap();\n" -"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" -"idmap.activate();\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:14 +msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:16 +msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:21 +msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 @@ -17234,10 +18094,6 @@ msgstr "" "No hay una forma sencilla de ejecutar este ejemplo, ya que debe hacerse en " "hardware real o en QEMU." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 -msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" -msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 msgid "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " @@ -17259,30 +18115,11 @@ msgstr "" "direcciones. Por ejemplo, podríamos querer asignar espacio MMIO para los " "registros de dirección base (BAR) de PCI:" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n" -"use core::alloc::Layout;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n" -" allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n" -"\n" -" let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n" -" let bar = allocator\n" -" .alloc_aligned(layout)\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n" -" println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:29 msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "Los BAR de PCI siempre tienen una alineación igual a su tamaño." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:30 msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " @@ -17292,10 +18129,6 @@ msgstr "" "allocator-example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la " "dependencia del crate)." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 -msgid "`tinyvec`" -msgstr "`tinyvec`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 msgid "" "Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " @@ -17311,23 +18144,7 @@ msgstr "" "elementos se usan, entrando en _panic_ si intentas utilizar más elementos de " "los asignados." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n" -" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" -" numbers.push(7);\n" -" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" -" numbers.remove(1);\n" -" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:25 msgid "" "`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " "initialisation." @@ -17335,17 +18152,13 @@ msgstr "" "`tinyvec` requiere que el tipo de elemento implemente `Default` para la " "inicialización." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:27 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" "El playground de Rust incluye `tinyvec`, por lo que este ejemplo se " "ejecutará bien aunque esté insertado." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 -msgid "`spin`" -msgstr "`spin`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 msgid "" "`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " @@ -17365,37 +18178,23 @@ msgstr "" "El crate [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) proporciona equivalentes " "basados en spinlocks de muchos de estos primitivos." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static counter: SpinMutex = SpinMutex::new(0);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" -" *counter.lock() += 2;\n" -" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "" "Intenta evitar interbloqueos si usas bloqueos en los controladores de las " "interrupciones." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:27 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " -"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." +"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." msgstr "" "`spin` también cuenta con una implementación de exclusión mutua de bloqueo " "de tickets; equivalentes de `RwLock`, `Barrier` y `Once` de `std::sync`, y " "`Lazy` para inicialización perezosa" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:29 msgid "" "The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " "useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " @@ -17405,7 +18204,7 @@ msgstr "" "algunos tipos útiles de inicialización tardía con un enfoque ligeramente " "distinto al de `spin::once::Once`." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:31 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" @@ -17425,47 +18224,9 @@ msgstr "" "binario en sí. Por último, un `raw_binary` para convertir el ELF en un " "binario sin formato que pueda ejecutarse." -#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7 -msgid "" -"```soong\n" -"rust_ffi_static {\n" -" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n" -" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"libvmbase\",\n" -" ],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"cc_binary {\n" -" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" -" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n" -" srcs: [\n" -" \"idmap.S\",\n" -" ],\n" -" static_libs: [\n" -" \"libvmbase_example\",\n" -" ],\n" -" linker_scripts: [\n" -" \"image.ld\",\n" -" \":vmbase_sections\",\n" -" ],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"raw_binary {\n" -" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n" -" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n" -" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n" -" enabled: false,\n" -" target: {\n" -" android_arm64: {\n" -" enabled: true,\n" -" },\n" -" },\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 +msgid "vmbase" +msgstr "vmbase" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 msgid "" @@ -17481,23 +18242,7 @@ msgstr "" "reglas de compilación, además de un punto de entrada, registro de la consola " "UART y mucho más." -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use vmbase::{main, println};\n" -"\n" -"main!(main);\n" -"\n" -"pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello world\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:24 msgid "" "The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " "entry point." @@ -17505,7 +18250,7 @@ msgstr "" "La macro `main!` indica tu función principal, que se llama desde el punto de " "entrada `vmbase`." -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:26 msgid "" "The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " "PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." @@ -17520,6 +18265,15 @@ msgstr "" "Escribiremos un controlador para el dispositivo de reloj en tiempo real " "PL031." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Luego de ver los ejercicios, puedes ver las [soluciones](solutions-afternoon." +"md) que se brindan." + #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "RTC driver" @@ -17555,7 +18309,7 @@ msgstr "" "(Llama a [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn." "spin_loop.html) dentro d+el bucle)." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:11 msgid "" "_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " "the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" @@ -17566,13 +18320,13 @@ msgstr "" "crate [`arm-gic`](https://docs.rs/arm-gic/) para configurar el controlador " "de interrupciones genérico (GIC) de Arm." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:14 msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "" "Utiliza la interrupción de RTC, que está conectada al GIC como `IntId::" "spi(2)`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:15 msgid "" "Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" "wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." @@ -17581,7 +18335,7 @@ msgstr "" "mediante `arm_gic::wfi()`, lo que hará que entre en suspensión hasta que " "reciba una interrupción." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." @@ -17589,75 +18343,44 @@ msgstr "" "Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) " "y busca en el directorio `rtc` los siguientes archivos." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" -"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" -"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " -"base\n" -" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" -" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" -" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " -"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" gic.setup();\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" -"\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:40 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:29 +msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:55 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:49 +msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:57 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:51 msgid "" -"`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " +"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" +" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:63 +msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:65 +msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:78 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " "the exercise):" msgstr "" "`src/exceptions.rs` (solo se debería cambiar esto en la tercera parte del " "ejercicio):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:84 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:159 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:218 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:418 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" @@ -17671,245 +18394,108 @@ msgid "" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n" -" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending " -"interrupt\");\n" -" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:105 +msgid "\"sync_exception_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:111 +msgid "\"irq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:113 +msgid "\"No pending interrupt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:114 +msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:119 +msgid "\"fiq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:125 +msgid "\"serr_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:131 +msgid "\"sync_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:137 +msgid "\"irq_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:143 +msgid "\"fiq_lower\"" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 -msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"struct Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Log for Logger {\n" -" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" -" true\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" -" \"[{}] {}\",\n" -" record.level(),\n" -" record.args()\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn flush(&self) {}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " -"SetLoggerError> {\n" -" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" -"\n" -" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" -" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgid "\"serr_lower\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 -msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:154 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:172 +msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:213 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:236 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:264 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:268 +msgid "" +"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:272 +msgid "/// Framing error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:274 +msgid "/// Parity error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:276 +msgid "/// Break error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:278 +msgid "/// Overrun error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:282 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:314 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:316 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"#![allow(unused)]\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" -"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Flags\n" -"use bitflags::bitflags;\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct Flags: u16 {\n" -" /// Clear to send.\n" -" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Data set ready.\n" -" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Data carrier detect.\n" -" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" -" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" -" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" -" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" -" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" -" /// Ring indicator.\n" -" const RI = 1 << 8;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n" -" /// Framing error.\n" -" const FE = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Parity error.\n" -" const PE = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Break error.\n" -" const BE = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// Overrun error.\n" -" const OE = 1 << 3;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Registers\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" dr: u16,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" -" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" -" fr: Flags,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" -" ilpr: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" ibrd: u16,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" -" fbrd: u8,\n" -" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" -" lcr_h: u8,\n" -" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" -" cr: u16,\n" -" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" -" ifls: u8,\n" -" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" -" imsc: u16,\n" -" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" -" ris: u16,\n" -" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" -" mis: u16,\n" -" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" -" icr: u16,\n" -" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" -" dmacr: u8,\n" -" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" -"\n" "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:325 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" @@ -17919,132 +18505,57 @@ msgid "" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " -"received.\n" -" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" -" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" -" None\n" -" } else {\n" -" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" -" Some(data as u8)\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" -"\n" -"impl Write for Uart {\n" -" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" -" self.write_byte(*c);\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[workspace]\n" -"\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"rtc\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n" -"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n" -"log = \"0.4.17\"\n" -"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n" -"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n" -"\n" -"[build-dependencies]\n" -"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:370 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 -msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:413 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`build.rs` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use cc::Build;\n" -"use std::env;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n" -" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n" -" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n" -"\n" -" Build::new()\n" -" .file(\"entry.S\")\n" -" .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n" -" .file(\"idmap.S\")\n" -" .compile(\"empty\")\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:438 +msgid "\"linux\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 -msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:437 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 +msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:437 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" +msgstr "aarch64-paging" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 +msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:442 +msgid "\"entry.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:443 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"exceptions.S\"" +msgstr "Excepciones" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:444 +msgid "\"idmap.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:445 +msgid "\"empty\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:449 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`entry.S` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:453 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -18206,11 +18717,12 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 -msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:598 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`exceptions.S` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:602 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -18404,11 +18916,12 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 -msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:783 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`idmap.S` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:787 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -18457,11 +18970,12 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 -msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:832 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`image.ld` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:836 msgid "" "```ld\n" "/*\n" @@ -18572,68 +19086,199 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 -msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:943 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Makefile` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944 -msgid "" -"```makefile\n" -"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"#\n" -"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"#\n" -"# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"#\n" -"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"# limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n" -"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n" -"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n" -"else\n" -"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n" -"endif\n" -"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n" -"\n" -".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n" -"\n" -"all: rtc.bin\n" -"\n" -"build:\n" -"\tcargo build\n" -"\n" -"rtc.bin: build\n" -"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n" -"\n" -"qemu: rtc.bin\n" -"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio " -"-display none -kernel $< -s\n" -"\n" -"clean:\n" -"\tcargo clean\n" -"\trm -f *.bin\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:948 +msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[build]\n" -"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n" -"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:962 +msgid "$(shell uname -s)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:964 +#, fuzzy +msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu" +msgstr "aarch64-paging" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:981 +msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:984 +msgid "cargo clean" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:999 msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "Ejecuta el código en QEMU con `make qemu`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" +msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: tarde" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](rtc.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_main.rs_:" +msgstr "`main.rs`:" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:36 +msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:57 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" +" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:62 +msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:70 +msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:73 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:91 +msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:75 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:83 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:96 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:104 +msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:87 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:108 +msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:89 +msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_pl031.rs_:" +msgstr "`pl031.rs`:" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:128 +msgid "/// Data register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:130 +msgid "/// Match register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:132 +msgid "/// Load register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:134 +msgid "/// Control register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:137 +msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:140 +msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:143 +msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:146 +msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" +msgstr "" +"Escribiremos un controlador para el dispositivo de reloj en tiempo real " +"PL031." + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:158 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:170 +msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:172 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:180 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:188 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:199 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:211 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:218 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:177 +msgid "" +"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" +" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " +"not\n" +" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:194 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" +" /// interrupt is masked.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:205 +msgid "" +"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " +"the\n" +" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:216 +msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" +msgstr "" + #: src/concurrency.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Concurrencia en Rust" @@ -18661,26 +19306,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgstr "Los hilos de Rust funcionan de forma similar a los de otros lenguajes:" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" for i in 1..5 {\n" -" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:12 +msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:18 +msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 @@ -18699,9 +19330,10 @@ msgstr "" "con `downcast_ref`." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " -"not waiting." +"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 --- the main thread " +"is not waiting." msgstr "" "Observa que el hilo se detiene antes de llegar a 10; el hilo principal no " "está esperando." @@ -18732,24 +19364,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "Los hilos normales no pueden tomar nada prestado de su entorno:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn foo() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" foo();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 msgid "" "However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" @@ -18758,23 +19372,6 @@ msgstr "" "Sin embargo, puedes usar un [hilo con ámbito](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "thread/fn.scope.html) para lo siguiente:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"\n" -" thread::scope(|scope| {\n" -" scope.spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 msgid "" "The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " @@ -18783,7 +19380,7 @@ msgstr "" "La razón es que, cuando se completa la función `thread::scope`, se asegura " "que todos los hilos están unidos, por lo que pueden devolver datos prestados." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:42 msgid "" "Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " "thread, or immutably by any number of threads." @@ -18801,29 +19398,12 @@ msgstr "" "partes están conectadas a través del canal, pero solo se ven los puntos " "finales." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" -" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"\n" -" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" -" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:15 src/concurrency/channels.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:20 +msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:26 msgid "" "`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " "implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " @@ -18845,31 +19425,24 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "Se obtiene un canal asíncrono y sin límites con `mpsc::channel()`:" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:16 +msgid "\"Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:17 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:19 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:24 +msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 @@ -18877,33 +19450,6 @@ msgid "" "With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" msgstr "Con canales limitados (síncronos), `send` puede bloquear el hilo:" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " @@ -18914,7 +19460,7 @@ msgstr "" "en el canal para el mensaje nuevo. El hilo se puede bloquear de forma " "indefinida si no hay nadie que lea el canal." -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:34 msgid "" "A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " "if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." @@ -18923,7 +19469,7 @@ msgstr "" "error (por eso devuelve `Result`). Un canal se cierra cuando se elimina el " "receptor." -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:36 msgid "" "A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." @@ -18931,19 +19477,16 @@ msgstr "" "Un canal delimitado con un tamaño de cero se denomina \"canal rendezvous\". " "Cada envío bloqueará el hilo actual hasta que otro hilo llame a `read`." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 -msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" -msgstr "`Send` y `Sync`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " +"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in " "two traits:" msgstr "" "¿Cómo sabe Rust que debe prohibir el acceso compartido entre hilos? La " "respuesta está en dos traits:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:6 msgid "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " "is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." @@ -18951,7 +19494,7 @@ msgstr "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): un tipo `T` " "es `Send` si es seguro mover un `T` entre los límites de un hilo." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:8 msgid "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " "is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." @@ -18959,7 +19502,7 @@ msgstr "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): un tipo `T` " "es `Sync` si es seguro mover un `&T` entre los límites de un hilo." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:11 msgid "" "`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " "compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " @@ -18971,7 +19514,7 @@ msgstr "" "contengan los tipos `Send` y `Sync`. También puedes implementarlos de forma " "manual cuando sepas que es válido." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 msgid "" "One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" "safety properties." @@ -18979,15 +19522,11 @@ msgstr "" "Se podría pensar en estos traits como marcadores que indican que el tipo " "tiene ciertas propiedades de seguridad en hilos." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:23 msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." msgstr "" "Se pueden utilizar en las restricciones genéricas como traits normales." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 -msgid "`Send`" -msgstr "`Send`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " @@ -19014,10 +19553,6 @@ msgstr "" "Por ejemplo, solo se puede acceder a una conexión a la biblioteca SQLite " "desde un único hilo." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 -msgid "`Sync`" -msgstr "`Sync`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " @@ -19044,7 +19579,7 @@ msgstr "" "tipo es seguro para los hilos en uso compartido, también lo es para pasar " "referencias de él a través de los hilos." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:18 msgid "" "This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " "multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " @@ -19143,9 +19678,10 @@ msgstr "" "mover a otro hilo:" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " -"thread which created them." +"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " +"the thread which created them." msgstr "" "`MutexGuard`: utiliza primitivos de nivel SO que se deben desasignar en " "el hilo que los creó." @@ -19201,10 +19737,6 @@ msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): asegura " "el acceso mutuamente excluyente al valor `T`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 -msgid "`Arc`" -msgstr "`Arc`" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " @@ -19213,27 +19745,14 @@ msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) permite el " "acceso compartido de solo lectura a través de `Arc::clone`:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" -" for _ in 1..5 {\n" -" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" -" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" -" }));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:16 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45 +msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 @@ -19269,44 +19788,28 @@ msgstr "" "Hay que prestar atención a los ciclos de referencia, ya que `Arc` no usa un " "recolector de memoria residual para detectarlos." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:37 msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` puede resultar útil." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 -msgid "`Mutex`" -msgstr "`Mutex`" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " "mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " -"interface:" +"interface (another form of [interior mutability](../../borrowing/interior-" +"mutability)):" msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) asegura " "la exclusión mutua _y_ permite un acceso mutable a `T` a través de una " "interfaz de solo lectura:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" guard.push(40);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:19 +msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:23 msgid "" "Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " @@ -19316,15 +19819,16 @@ msgstr "" "for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-" "Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E)." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " +"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " "protected data." msgstr "" "`Mutex` en Rust parece una colección con un solo elemento: los datos " "protegidos." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:34 msgid "" "It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " "protected data." @@ -19332,7 +19836,7 @@ msgstr "" "No es posible olvidarse de adquirir la exclusión mutua antes de acceder a " "los datos protegidos." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 msgid "" "You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " "`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." @@ -19341,7 +19845,7 @@ msgstr "" "`MutexGuard` asegura que `&mut T` no dure más tiempo que el bloqueo que se " "ha aplicado." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 msgid "" "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " "implements `Send`." @@ -19349,15 +19853,17 @@ msgstr "" "`Mutex` implementa tanto `Send` como `Sync` únicamente si `T` implementa " "`Send`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 -msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." msgstr "Un equivalente de bloqueo de lectura y escritura: `RwLock`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 -msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?" msgstr "¿Por qué `lock()` devuelve un `Result`? " -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:42 msgid "" "If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " "\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " @@ -19376,56 +19882,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "Veamos cómo funcionan `Arc` y `Mutex`:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" v.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:6 +msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "Solución posible:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" -"\n" -" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v2.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 msgid "Notable parts:" msgstr "Puntos a destacar:" @@ -19438,7 +19902,7 @@ msgstr "" "`v` se envuelve tanto en `Arc` como en `Mutex`, porque sus preocupaciones " "son ortogonales." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 msgid "" "Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " "between threads." @@ -19446,7 +19910,7 @@ msgstr "" "Envolver un `Mutex` en un `Arc` es un patrón habitual para compartir el " "estado mutable entre hilos." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:55 msgid "" "`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " "thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." @@ -19454,7 +19918,7 @@ msgstr "" "`v: Arc<_>` se debe clonar como `v2` antes de poder moverlo a otro hilo. Ten " "en cuenta que `move` se ha añadido a la firma lambda." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:57 msgid "" "Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " "possible." @@ -19514,49 +19978,90 @@ msgstr "" "aparece más abajo en un archivo denominado `src/main.rs`, rellena los " "espacios en blanco y comprueba que `cargo run` no presenta interbloqueos:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:28 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:23 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // left_fork: ...\n" +"// left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -"\n" -" // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:36 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:24 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:31 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:25 +msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:41 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:37 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:31 +msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:42 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:33 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:38 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Socrates\"" +msgstr "Crates HAL" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Hypatia\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Plato\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Aristotle\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:51 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:50 +msgid "// Create forks\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:53 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:50 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:54 +msgid "// Create philosophers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:55 +msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:57 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:54 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:88 +msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 @@ -19594,15 +20099,6 @@ msgstr "" "reqwest/). Crea un proyecto de Cargo y aplica `reqwest` como una dependencia " "con:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo new link-checker\n" -"cd link-checker\n" -"cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 msgid "" "If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " @@ -19619,13 +20115,6 @@ msgstr "" "También necesitarás una forma de encontrar enlaces. Podemos usar [`scraper`]" "(https://docs.rs/scraper/) para eso:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo add scraper\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 msgid "" "Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" @@ -19634,16 +20123,6 @@ msgstr "" "Por último, necesitaremos algún método para gestionar los errores. Para " "ello, usaremos [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/):" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo add thiserror\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo add thiserror\n" -"```" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 msgid "" "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" @@ -19693,155 +20172,49 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "El archivo `src/main.rs` debería tener un aspecto similar a este:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" -" BadResponse(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct CrawlCommand {\n" -" url: Url,\n" -" extract_links: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " -"Error> {\n" -" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" -" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" -" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" -" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" if !command.extract_links {\n" -" return Ok(link_urls);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" -" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" -"\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -" let href_values = document\n" -" .select(&selector)\n" -" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" -" for href in href_values {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(link_url) => {\n" -" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" -" }\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " -"{err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(link_urls)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let client = Client::new();\n" -" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" -" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " -"true };\n" -" match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" -" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:65 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:97 +msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" msgstr "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" -" BadResponse(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct CrawlCommand {\n" -" url: Url,\n" -" extract_links: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " -"Error> {\n" -" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" -" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" -" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" -" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" if !command.extract_links {\n" -" return Ok(link_urls);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" -" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" -"\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -" let href_values = document\n" -" .select(&selector)\n" -" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" -" for href in href_values {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(link_url) => {\n" -" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" -" }\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " -"{err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(link_urls)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let client = Client::new();\n" -" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" -" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " -"true };\n" -" match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" -" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:67 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:99 +msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:78 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:110 +msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:96 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:128 +msgid "\"href\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:103 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:135 +msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:112 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:245 +msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:115 +msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:116 +msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:121 msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "Ejecuta el código en `src/main.rs` con" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:122 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo run\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo run\n" -"```" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:129 msgid "" "Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " "channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." @@ -19849,7 +20222,7 @@ msgstr "" "Comprueba los enlaces en paralelo con los hilos: envía las URLs que se van a " "comprobar a un canal y deja que varios hilos comprueben las URLs en paralelo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:131 msgid "" "Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." "org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " @@ -19859,6 +20232,60 @@ msgstr "" "`www.google.org`. Define un límite máximo de 100 páginas para que el sitio " "no te bloquee." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 +msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Mañana" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:29 +msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:53 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:77 +msgid "\"{thought}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:82 +msgid "Link Checker" +msgstr "Comprobador de Enlaces" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:84 +msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](link-checker.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:154 +msgid "" +"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:162 +msgid "" +"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" +" /// been visited.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:188 +msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:229 +msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:247 +msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + #: src/async.md:1 msgid "Async Rust" msgstr "Async en Rust" @@ -19898,10 +20325,6 @@ msgstr "" "Los futuros se sondean mediante un tiempo de ejecución asíncrono y hay " "disponibles varios tiempos de ejecución diferentes." -#: src/async.md:17 -msgid "Comparisons" -msgstr "Comparaciones" - #: src/async.md:19 msgid "" "Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " @@ -19923,10 +20346,6 @@ msgstr "" "El tiempo de ejecución del lenguaje implementa el bucle de eventos, por lo " "que muchos de los detalles de la resolución de Promise están ocultos." -#: src/async/async-await.md:1 -msgid "`async`/`await`" -msgstr "`async`/`await`" - #: src/async/async-await.md:3 msgid "" "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " @@ -19935,43 +20354,9 @@ msgstr "" "En general, el código asíncrono de Rust se parece mucho al código secuencial " "\"normal\":" -#: src/async/async-await.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use futures::executor::block_on;\n" -"\n" -"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=count {\n" -" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" -" count_to(count).await;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" block_on(async_main(10));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/async-await.md:10 +msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use futures::executor::block_on;\n" -"\n" -"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=count {\n" -" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" -" count_to(count).await;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" block_on(async_main(10));\n" -"}\n" -"```" #: src/async/async-await.md:27 msgid "" @@ -19990,9 +20375,10 @@ msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." msgstr "Consulta el tipo con `let future: () = async_main(10);` en `main` ." #: src/async/async-await.md:33 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " -"type with a future. " +"type with a future." msgstr "" "La palabra clave \"async\" es azúcar sintáctico. El compilador sustituye el " "tipo de resultado devuelto por un futuro. " @@ -20006,9 +20392,10 @@ msgstr "" "al compilador sobre cómo usar el futuro devuelto." #: src/async/async-await.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " -"until the provided future has run to completion. " +"until the provided future has run to completion." msgstr "" "Se necesita un ejecutor para ejecutar el código asíncrono. `block_on` " "bloquea el hilo hasta que se complete el futuro proporcionado. " @@ -20022,9 +20409,10 @@ msgstr "" "diferencia de `block_on`, `.await` no bloquea el hilo." #: src/async/async-await.md:45 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " -"introduced later). " +"introduced later)." msgstr "" "`.await` solo se puede usar dentro de una función `async` (o bloqueo; estos " "se verán más tarde). " @@ -20041,25 +20429,6 @@ msgstr "" "aún no se haya completado. Se puede sondear un futuro y `poll` devuelve un " "[`Poll`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." -#: src/async/futures.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::pin::Pin;\n" -"use std::task::Context;\n" -"\n" -"pub trait Future {\n" -" type Output;\n" -" fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub enum Poll {\n" -" Ready(T),\n" -" Pending,\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/async/futures.md:23 msgid "" "An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " @@ -20181,64 +20550,49 @@ msgstr "" "Muy diferente de las promesas de JavaScript, por ejemplo, que se ejecutan " "hasta su finalización, aunque nunca se utilicen." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4 -msgid "Tokio provides: " +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tokio provides:" msgstr "Tokio ofrece lo siguiente: " -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:5 msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "Un tiempo de ejecución multihilo para ejecutar código asíncrono." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "Una versión asíncrona de la biblioteca estándar." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "Un amplio ecosistema de bibliotecas." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"\n" -"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=count {\n" -" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n" -"\n" -" for i in 1..5 {\n" -" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:14 +msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:24 +msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:32 msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "Con la macro `tokio::main`, podemos hacer que `main` sea asíncrono." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:34 msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "La función `spawn` crea una \"tarea\" simultánea." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:36 msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" "Nota: `spawn` utiliza un `Future`, no se llama a `.await` en `count_to`." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:38 msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "**Más información:**" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:40 msgid "" "Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " "cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " @@ -20248,11 +20602,11 @@ msgstr "" "cancelación asíncrona. `tokio::spawn` devuelve un controlador que puede " "esperarse hasta que termine." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:44 msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "Prueba `count_to(10).await` en lugar de usar spawn." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:46 msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "Intenta esperar a la correción de la tarea de `tokio::spawn`." @@ -20275,58 +20629,45 @@ msgstr "" "futuros secundarios , como una carrera de un temporizador y una operación de " "E/S." -#: src/async/tasks.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n" -"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n" -"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" return;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n" -" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n" -" Ok(n) => {\n" -" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()." -"trim();\n" -" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n" -" }\n" -" Err(e) => {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" return;\n" -" }\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/tasks.md:16 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 +#: src/async/tasks.md:17 +msgid "\"listening on port {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:22 +msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:25 +msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:25 src/async/tasks.md:28 src/async/tasks.md:31 +msgid "\"socket error\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:30 +msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:39 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 msgid "" "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" "Copia este ejemplo en el archivo `src/main.rs` que has preparado y ejecútalo " "desde ahí." -#: src/async/tasks.md:54 +#: src/async/tasks.md:41 +msgid "" +"Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." +"com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" +"telnet/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:45 msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " "a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" @@ -20334,17 +20675,18 @@ msgstr "" "Pide a los alumnos que vean cuál sería el estado del servidor de ejemplo con " "algunos clientes conectados. ¿Qué tareas hay? ¿Cuáles son sus futuros?" -#: src/async/tasks.md:57 +#: src/async/tasks.md:48 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " -"similar to an `async fn`. " +"similar to an `async fn`." msgstr "" "Esta es la primera vez que vemos un bloque `async`. Es similar a un cierre, " "pero no acepta argumentos. Su valor devuelto es un futuro, similar a `async " "fn`. " -#: src/async/tasks.md:61 +#: src/async/tasks.md:52 msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " "using `?`." @@ -20357,36 +20699,24 @@ msgid "" "Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" msgstr "Varios crates admiten canales asíncronos. Por ejemplo, `tokio`:" -#: src/async/channels.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" -"\n" -"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n" -" let mut count: usize = 0;\n" -"\n" -" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n" -" count += 1;\n" -" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n" -" for i in 0..10 {\n" -" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n" -" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" drop(sender);\n" -" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler " -"task.\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/channels.md:13 +msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:16 +msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:24 +msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:25 +msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:29 +msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:35 @@ -20458,34 +20788,20 @@ msgstr "" "devuelve una colección de sus resultados. Es similar a `Promise.all` en " "JavaScript o `asyncio.gather` en Python." -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use anyhow::Result;\n" -"use futures::future;\n" -"use reqwest;\n" -"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" -"\n" -"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n" -" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n" -" \"https://google.com\",\n" -" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n" -" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n" -" \"BAD_URL\",\n" -" ];\n" -" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n" -" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n" -" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n" -" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:21 +msgid "\"https://google.com\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:22 +msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:23 +msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:24 +msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 @@ -20500,9 +20816,10 @@ msgstr "" "se estabilizará en `std::future`." #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " -"cause your program to stall. " +"cause your program to stall." msgstr "" "El riesgo que supone 'join' es que puede que uno de los futuros no se " "resuelva nunca, causando que el programa se bloquee. " @@ -20534,68 +20851,44 @@ msgstr "" "return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`." #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " -"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " -"ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " -"the `future`'s result." +"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When a `future` is ready, " +"its return value is destructured by the `pattern`. The `statement` is then " +"run with the resulting variables. The `statement` result becomes the result " +"of the `select!` macro." msgstr "" "Al igual que en el caso de una instrucción _match_, el cuerpo de `select!` " "tiene una serie de brazos, cada uno de los cuales tiene la forma `pattern = " "future => statement`. Cuando `future` está listo, la instrucción se ejecuta " "con las variables de `pattern` vinculadas al resultado de `future`." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n" -"enum Animal {\n" -" Cat { name: String },\n" -" Dog { name: String },\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n" -" mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n" -" mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n" -") -> Option {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n" -" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n" -" cat_sender\n" -" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n" -" });\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n" -" dog_sender\n" -" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:40 +msgid "\"Felix\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:40 +msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:44 +msgid "\"Rex\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:44 +msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:49 +msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:51 +msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:57 msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " "`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " @@ -20606,7 +20899,7 @@ msgstr "" "`first_animal_to_finish_race` escucha a ambos canales y elige el que llegue " "primero. Como el perro tarda 50 ms, gana al gato, que tarda 500 ms." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 msgid "" "You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " "to receive only one `send`." @@ -20614,7 +20907,7 @@ msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, puedes usar canales `oneshot`, ya que se supone que solo " "recibirán un `send`." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:65 msgid "" "Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " "of futures." @@ -20622,7 +20915,7 @@ msgstr "" "Prueba a añadir un límite a la carrera y demuestra cómo se seleccionan " "distintos tipos de futuros." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:68 msgid "" "Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " "It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." @@ -20631,7 +20924,7 @@ msgstr "" "así sus futuros. Es más fácil de usar cuando cada ejecución de `select!` " "crea futuros." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:71 msgid "" "An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " "this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." @@ -20656,19 +20949,19 @@ msgstr "" "viene acompañado de errores y footguns. En este capítulo veremos algunos de " "ellos:" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" msgstr "[Bloqueo del ejecutor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:6 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" msgstr "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:9 msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" msgstr "[Traits asíncronos](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:10 msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" msgstr "[Cancelación](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" @@ -20689,27 +20982,12 @@ msgstr "" "tareas. Una solución alternativa y sencilla es utilizar métodos asíncronos " "equivalentes siempre que sea posible." -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use futures::future::join_all;\n" -"use std::time::Instant;\n" -"\n" -"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n" -" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n" -" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let start = Instant::now();\n" -" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n" -" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:14 +msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:19 +msgid "\"current_thread\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 @@ -20773,85 +21051,65 @@ msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 msgid "" -"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " -"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " -"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " -"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." +"Async blocks and functions return types implementing the `Future` trait. The " +"type returned is the result of a compiler transformation which turns local " +"variables into data stored inside the future." msgstr "" -"Cuando esperas un futuro, todas las variables locales (que normalmente se " -"almacenarían en un marco de pila) se almacenan en el futuro del bloque " -"asíncrono. Si tu futuro tiene punteros en datos de la pila, podrían " -"invalidarse. Es una acción insegura." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:7 msgid "" -"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " -"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " -"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." +"Some of those variables can hold pointers to other local variables. Because " +"of that, the future should never be moved to a different memory location, as " +"it would invalidate those pointers." msgstr "" -"Por lo tanto, debes asegurarte de que las direcciones a las que apunta el " -"futuro no cambien. Por ese motivo debemos fijar (`pin`) los futuros. Si se " -"usa el mismo futuro varias veces en un `select!`, se suelen producir " -"problemas en los valores fijados." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:11 +msgid "" +"To prevent moving the future type in memory, it can only be polled through a " +"pinned pointer. `Pin` is a wrapper around a reference that disallows all " +"operations that would move the instance it points to into a different memory " +"location." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:20 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n" -"use tokio::task::spawn;\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Work {\n" -" input: u32,\n" -" respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" -"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n" -" let mut iterations = 0;\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n" -" work.respond_on\n" -" .send(work.input * 1000)\n" -" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n" -" iterations += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" -"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n" -" work_queue\n" -" .send(Work {\n" -" input,\n" -" respond_on: tx,\n" -" })\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n" -" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" -" spawn(worker(rx));\n" -" for i in 0..100 {\n" -" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n" -" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:28 +msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:35 +msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:38 +msgid "\"failed to send response\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:41 +msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:45 +msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:52 +msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:53 +msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:62 +msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:69 msgid "" "You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " "call `select!` in a loop." @@ -20859,7 +21117,7 @@ msgstr "" "Puede que reconozcas esto como un ejemplo del patrón actor. Los actores " "suelen llamar a `select!` en un bucle." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:72 msgid "" "This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " "time with it." @@ -20867,7 +21125,7 @@ msgstr "" "Esta sección es un resumen de algunas de las lecciones anteriores, así que " "tómate tu tiempo ." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:75 msgid "" "Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " "the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" @@ -20875,26 +21133,13 @@ msgstr "" "Si añade un `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` a " "`select!`, nunca se ejecutará. ¿Por qué?" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:78 msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" "En su lugar, añade un `timeout_fut` que contenga ese futuro fuera de `loop`:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:79 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"loop {\n" -" select! {\n" -" ..,\n" -" _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:89 msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " "`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" @@ -20904,20 +21149,7 @@ msgstr "" "`timeout_fut` en `select!` para ir despejando el problema. A continuación, " "usa `Box::pin`:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:92 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n" -"loop {\n" -" select! {\n" -" ..,\n" -" _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:103 msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " "iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " @@ -20927,7 +21159,7 @@ msgstr "" "`Poll::Ready` en cada iteración (un futuro fusionado podría resultar útil). " "Actualiza para restablecer `timeout_fut` cada vez que expire." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:107 msgid "" "Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " "stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " @@ -20938,7 +21170,7 @@ msgstr "" "`tokio::pin!`) también es una opción, pero difícil de utilizar en un futuro " "que se reasigna." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:111 msgid "" "Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " "will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." @@ -20946,6 +21178,29 @@ msgstr "" "Otra alternativa es no utilizar `pin`, sino generar otra tarea que se " "enviará a un canal de `oneshot` cada 100 ms." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:114 +msgid "" +"Data that contains pointers to itself is called self-referential. Normally, " +"the Rust borrow checker would prevent self-referential data from being " +"moved, as the references cannot outlive the data they point to. However, the " +"code transformation for async blocks and functions is not verified by the " +"borrow checker." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:120 +msgid "" +"`Pin` is a wrapper around a reference. An object cannot be moved from its " +"place using a pinned pointer. However, it can still be moved through an " +"unpinned pointer." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:124 +msgid "" +"The `poll` method of the `Future` trait uses `Pin<&mut Self>` instead of " +"`&mut Self` to refer to the instance. That's why it can only be called on a " +"pinned pointer." +msgstr "" + #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " @@ -20958,7 +21213,7 @@ msgstr "" "estabilizarse a medio plazo.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-" "rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:6 msgid "" "The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " "provides a workaround through a macro:" @@ -20966,53 +21221,15 @@ msgstr "" "El crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " "proporciona una solución mediante una macro:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use async_trait::async_trait;\n" -"use std::time::Instant;\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" -"#[async_trait]\n" -"trait Sleeper {\n" -" async fn sleep(&self);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct FixedSleeper {\n" -" sleep_ms: u64,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[async_trait]\n" -"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n" -" async fn sleep(&self) {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, " -"n_times: usize) {\n" -" for _ in 0..n_times {\n" -" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n" -" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n" -" let start = Instant::now();\n" -" sleeper.sleep().await;\n" -" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n" -" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n" -" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n" -" ];\n" -" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:35 +msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:39 +msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:56 msgid "" "`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " "achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." @@ -21021,7 +21238,7 @@ msgstr "" "de montículos para conseguirlo. Esta asignación de montículo tiene una " "sobrecarga de rendimiento." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:59 msgid "" "The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " "probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " @@ -21035,7 +21252,7 @@ msgstr "" "babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/), por si te interesa " "investigar más a fondo." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:65 msgid "" "Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " "time and adding it to the Vec." @@ -21056,72 +21273,17 @@ msgstr "" "incluso cuando se cancelen los futuros. Por ejemplo, no debería sufrir " "interbloqueos o perder datos." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n" -"\n" -"struct LinesReader {\n" -" stream: DuplexStream,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl LinesReader {\n" -" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" -" Self { stream }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" -" let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n" -" let mut buf = [0];\n" -" while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n" -" bytes.push(buf[0]);\n" -" if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n" -" break;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" if bytes.is_empty() {\n" -" return Ok(None)\n" -" }\n" -" let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n" -" .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not " -"UTF-8\"))?;\n" -" Ok(Some(s))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::" -"Result<()> {\n" -" for b in source.bytes() {\n" -" dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n" -" tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n" -" let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n" -" let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), " -"client));\n" -"\n" -" let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n" -" let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n" -" line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n" -" print!(\"{}\", l)\n" -" } else {\n" -" break\n" -" },\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" handle.await.unwrap()?;\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" +msgstr "UTF-8" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:51 +msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:57 +msgid "\"tick!\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 @@ -21151,7 +21313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Cuando la rama `tick()` termina primero, se eliminan `next()` y su `buf`." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 msgid "" "`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " "struct:" @@ -21159,31 +21321,11 @@ msgstr "" "`LinesReader` se puede configurar para que no se cancele marcando `buf` como " "parte del _struct_:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"struct LinesReader {\n" -" stream: DuplexStream,\n" -" bytes: Vec,\n" -" buf: [u8; 1],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl LinesReader {\n" -" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" -" Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n" -" }\n" -" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" -" // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" -" // ...\n" -" let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n" -" let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n" -" // ...\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:97 +msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:106 msgid "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " @@ -21193,7 +21335,7 @@ msgstr "" "html#method.tick) es a prueba de cancelaciones, ya que registra si una marca " "se ha 'entregado'." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 msgid "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " @@ -21203,7 +21345,7 @@ msgstr "" "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) es a prueba de cancelaciones porque o " "devuelve los datos o no los lee." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:113 msgid "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " @@ -21239,7 +21381,8 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" msgstr "La Cena de Filósofos - Async" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 @@ -21261,55 +21404,12 @@ msgstr "" "aparece más abajo en un archivo denominado `src/main.rs`, rellena los " "espacios en blanco y comprueba que `cargo run` no presenta interbloqueos:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" -"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // left_fork: ...\n" -" // right_fork: ...\n" -" // thoughts: ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" async fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." -"await\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" async fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -"\n" -" // Make them think and eat\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:52 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:78 +msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:58 msgid "" "Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" @@ -21317,7 +21417,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dado que esta vez usas async, necesitarás una dependencia `tokio`. Puedes " "usar el siguiente `Cargo.toml`:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:63 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" @@ -21326,12 +21427,25 @@ msgid "" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" -"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " -"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " +"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"link-checker\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"publish = false\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:73 msgid "" "Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " "from the `tokio` crate." @@ -21339,8 +21453,9 @@ msgstr "" "Además, ten en cuenta que esta vez tienes que utilizar `Mutex` y el módulo " "`mpsc` del crate `tokio`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77 -msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? " +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:78 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?" msgstr "¿Puedes conseguir que tu implementación tenga un solo hilo? " #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 @@ -21362,23 +21477,24 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" -"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/tokio_websockets/) for the " -"communication between the client and the server." +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) for the communication between the client " +"and the server." msgstr "" "Para ello, usaremos \\[un canal en abierto](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/" "tokio/sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) en el servidor y [`tokio_websockets`]" "(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) para la " "comunicación entre el cliente y el servidor." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:12 msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "Crea un proyecto de Cargo y añade las siguientes dependencias:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 -msgid "`Cargo.toml`:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" msgstr "`Cargo.toml`:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "```toml\n" @@ -21388,10 +21504,10 @@ msgid "" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" -"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.28\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" -"http = \"0.2.9\"\n" +"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" +"http = \"1.0.0\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" -"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.4.0\", features = [\"client\", " +"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.5.1\", features = [\"client\", " "\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -21409,7 +21525,7 @@ msgstr "" "thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" "```" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:31 msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "Las APIs necesarias" @@ -21417,9 +21533,8 @@ msgstr "Las APIs necesarias" #, fuzzy msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " -"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/" -"tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " -"API. " +"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes " +"to familiarize yourself with the API." msgstr "" "Necesitarás las siguientes funciones de `tokio` y [`tokio_websockets`]" "(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/). Dedica unos " @@ -21429,7 +21544,7 @@ msgstr "" #, fuzzy msgid "" "[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" -"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " +"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" @@ -21437,9 +21552,10 @@ msgstr "" "enviar mensajes de forma asíncrona a través de un flujo WebSocket." #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" -"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " +"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" @@ -21464,11 +21580,12 @@ msgstr "" "[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): para suscribirse a un canal en abierto." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:45 msgid "Two binaries" msgstr "Dos binarios" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:47 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." "rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " @@ -21476,7 +21593,7 @@ msgid "" "but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " "For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " "(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" -"targets.html#binaries)). " +"targets.html#binaries))." msgstr "" "Normalmente, en un proyecto de Cargo, solo puedes tener un archivo binario y " "un archivo `src/main.rs`. En este proyecto, se necesitan dos binarios, uno " @@ -21486,96 +21603,60 @@ msgstr "" "servidor deben aparecer en `src/bin` (consulta la [documentación](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#binaries)). " -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:54 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" "bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " -"described below. " +"described below." msgstr "" "Copia el fragmento de código del servidor y del cliente que aparecen más " "abajo en `src/bin/server.rs` y `src/bin/client.rs`, respectivamente. Tu " "tarea es completar estos archivos como se describe a continuación. " -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:123 -msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:58 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:99 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" msgstr "`src/bin/server.rs`:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" -"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" -"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" -"\n" -"async fn handle_connection(\n" -" addr: SocketAddr,\n" -" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" -" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" -") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" -"\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" -"\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" -" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" -" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" -"\n" -" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:77 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:124 +msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:103 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:210 -msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:85 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:149 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:86 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:90 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:154 +msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:93 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:157 +msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:166 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" msgstr "`src/bin/client.rs`:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:107 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" -"use http::Uri;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" -" let (mut ws_stream, _) =\n" -" ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" -" .connect()\n" -" .await?;\n" -"\n" -" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" -" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" -"\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" -"\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:116 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:178 +msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:129 msgid "Running the binaries" msgstr "Ejecutar los binarios" @@ -21583,24 +21664,10 @@ msgstr "Ejecutar los binarios" msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "Ejecuta el servidor con:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:133 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo run --bin server\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:137 msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "y el cliente con:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:139 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo run --bin client\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:145 msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "Implementa la función `handle_connection` en `src/bin/server.rs`." @@ -21639,6 +21706,71 @@ msgstr "" "Opcional: cuando termines, cambia el código para difundir mensajes a todos " "los clientes, excepto al remitente." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" +msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Tarde" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers-async.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +msgid "" +"// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n" +" // to transfer to another task\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:41 +msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:61 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:75 +msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:90 +msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:97 +msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](chat-app.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:117 +msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" +" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" +" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" +msgstr "" +"Sugerencia: al igual que antes, usa `tokio::select!` en un bucle continuo " +"para realizar dos tareas simultáneamente: (1) leer los mensajes del usuario " +"desde la entrada estándar y enviarlos al servidor, y (2) recibir mensajes " +"del servidor y mostrárselos al usuario." + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:130 +msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:192 +msgid "\"From server: {}\"" +msgstr "" + #: src/thanks.md:3 msgid "" "_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " @@ -21659,6 +21791,463 @@ msgstr "" "mejorarlo, [ponte en contacto con nosotros en GitHub](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nos encantaría saber tu opinión." +#: src/glossary.md:3 +msgid "" +"The following is a glossary which aims to give a short definition of many " +"Rust terms. For translations, this also serves to connect the term back to " +"the English original." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:30 +msgid "" +"allocate: \n" +"Dynamic memory allocation on [the heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:32 +msgid "" +"argument: \n" +"Information that is passed into a function or method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:34 +msgid "" +"Bare-metal Rust: \n" +"Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating " +"system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:37 +msgid "" +"block: \n" +"See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:39 +msgid "" +"borrow: \n" +"See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:41 +msgid "" +"borrow checker: \n" +"The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:43 +msgid "" +"brace: \n" +"`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:45 +msgid "" +"build: \n" +"The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable " +"program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:48 +msgid "" +"call: \n" +"To invoke or execute a function or method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:50 +msgid "" +"channel: \n" +"Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:52 +msgid "" +"Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" +"The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:54 +msgid "" +"concurrency: \n" +"The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:56 +msgid "" +"Concurrency in Rust: \n" +"See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:58 +msgid "" +"constant: \n" +"A value that does not change during the execution of a program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:60 +msgid "" +"control flow: \n" +"The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in " +"a program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:63 +msgid "" +"crash: \n" +"An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:65 +msgid "" +"enumeration: \n" +"A data type that holds one of several named constants, possibly with an " +"associated tuple or struct." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:68 +msgid "" +"error: \n" +"An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:70 +msgid "" +"error handling: \n" +"The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program " +"execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:73 +msgid "" +"exercise: \n" +"A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:75 +msgid "" +"function: \n" +"A reusable block of code that performs a specific task." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:77 +msgid "" +"garbage collector: \n" +"A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are " +"no longer in use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:80 +msgid "" +"generics: \n" +"A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling " +"code reuse with different data types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:83 +msgid "" +"immutable: \n" +"Unable to be changed after creation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:85 +msgid "" +"integration test: \n" +"A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or " +"components of a system." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:88 +msgid "" +"keyword: \n" +"A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and " +"cannot be used as an identifier." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:91 +msgid "" +"library: \n" +"A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:93 +msgid "" +"macro: \n" +"Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when " +"normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes " +"a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:97 +msgid "" +"`main` function: \n" +"Rust programs start executing with the `main` function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:99 +msgid "" +"match: \n" +"A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the " +"value of an expression." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:102 +msgid "" +"memory leak: \n" +"A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer " +"needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:105 +msgid "" +"method: \n" +"A function associated with an object or a type in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:107 +msgid "" +"module: \n" +"A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, " +"to organize code in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:110 +msgid "" +"move: \n" +"The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:112 +msgid "" +"mutable: \n" +"A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been " +"declared." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:115 +msgid "" +"ownership: \n" +"The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for " +"managing the memory associated with a value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:118 +msgid "" +"panic: \n" +"An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of " +"the program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:121 +msgid "" +"parameter: \n" +"A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:123 +msgid "" +"pattern: \n" +"A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against " +"an expression in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:126 +msgid "" +"payload: \n" +"The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:128 +msgid "" +"program: \n" +"A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task " +"or solve a particular problem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:131 +msgid "" +"programming language: \n" +"A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:133 +msgid "" +"receiver: \n" +"The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which " +"the method is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:136 +msgid "" +"reference counting: \n" +"A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object " +"is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:139 +msgid "" +"return: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:141 +msgid "" +"Rust: \n" +"A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and " +"concurrency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:144 +msgid "" +"Rust Fundamentals: \n" +"Days 1 to 3 of this course." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:146 +msgid "" +"Rust in Android: \n" +"See [Rust in Android](android.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:148 +msgid "" +"Rust in Chromium: \n" +"See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:150 +msgid "" +"safe: \n" +"Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, " +"preventing memory-related errors." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:153 +msgid "" +"scope: \n" +"The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:155 +msgid "" +"standard library: \n" +"A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:157 +msgid "" +"static: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` " +"lifetime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:160 +msgid "" +"string: \n" +"A data type storing textual data. See [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/" +"string-slices.html) for more." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:163 +msgid "" +"struct: \n" +"A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different " +"types under a single name." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:166 +msgid "" +"test: \n" +"A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other " +"functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:169 +msgid "" +"thread: \n" +"A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:171 +msgid "" +"thread safety: \n" +"The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded " +"environment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:174 +msgid "" +"trait: \n" +"A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to " +"achieve polymorphism in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:177 +msgid "" +"trait bound: \n" +"An abstraction where you can require types to implement some traits of your " +"interest." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:180 +msgid "" +"tuple: \n" +"A composite data type that contains variables of different types. Tuple " +"fields have no names, and are accessed by their ordinal numbers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:183 +msgid "" +"type: \n" +"A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values " +"of a particular kind in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:186 +msgid "" +"type inference: \n" +"The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or " +"expression." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:189 +msgid "" +"undefined behavior: \n" +"Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading " +"to unpredictable program behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:192 +msgid "" +"union: \n" +"A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:194 +msgid "" +"unit test: \n" +"Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger " +"integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:197 +msgid "" +"unit type: \n" +"Type that holds no data, written as a tuple with no members." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:199 +msgid "" +"unsafe: \n" +"The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See " +"[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:202 +msgid "" +"variable: \n" +"A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_." +msgstr "" + #: src/other-resources.md:1 msgid "Other Rust Resources" msgstr "Otros recursos de Rust" @@ -21779,7 +22368,7 @@ msgstr "" "rust_for_c/): explica Rust desde la perspectiva de los desarrolladores que " "escriben _firmware_ en C." -#: src/other-resources.md:42 +#: src/other-resources.md:41 msgid "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " "covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " @@ -21789,7 +22378,7 @@ msgstr "" "trata la sintaxis de Rust comparándola con otros lenguajes, como C, C++, " "Java, JavaScript y Python." -#: src/other-resources.md:45 +#: src/other-resources.md:44 msgid "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " "you learn Rust." @@ -21797,7 +22386,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): más de 100 ejercicios " "para aprender Rust." -#: src/other-resources.md:47 +#: src/other-resources.md:46 msgid "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" "material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " @@ -21809,7 +22398,7 @@ msgstr "" "la parte básica como la parte más avanzada del lenguaje Rust. También se " "tratan otros temas como WebAssembly y async/await." -#: src/other-resources.md:52 +#: src/other-resources.md:50 msgid "" "[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" "series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." @@ -21824,7 +22413,7 @@ msgstr "" "conjunto de 11 módulos que cubren la sintaxis y las construcciones básicas " "de Rust." -#: src/other-resources.md:58 +#: src/other-resources.md:56 msgid "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " @@ -21835,7 +22424,7 @@ msgstr "" "de la memoria de Rust a través de la implementación de algunos tipos " "diferentes de estructuras de listas." -#: src/other-resources.md:63 +#: src/other-resources.md:61 msgid "" "Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " "for even more Rust books." @@ -21908,2296 +22497,3398 @@ msgstr "" "imagen de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Consulta el directorio `third_party/cxx/` " "para obtener más información, incluidos los términos de la licencia." -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 -msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." -msgstr "En las páginas siguientes encontrarás las soluciones a los ejercicios." +#~ msgid "Small Example" +#~ msgstr "Pequeño ejemplo" -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 -msgid "" -"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " -"different or better solution than what is presented here." -msgstr "" -"No dudes en hacer preguntas sobre las soluciones [en GitHub](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Ponte en contacto con nosotros " -"si tienes una solución distinta o mejor de la que se presenta aquí." +#~ msgid "Why Rust?" +#~ msgstr "¿Por qué Rust?" -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 -msgid "" -"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " -"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-" -"use parts of the solutions as the exercises." -msgstr "" -"**Nota:** Ignora los comentarios `// ANCHOR: label` y `// ANCHOR_END: label` " -"que aparecen en las soluciones. Están ahí para que sea posible reutilizar " -"algunas partes de las soluciones de los ejercicios." +#~ msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garantías en Tiempo de Compilación" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Mañana" +#~ msgid "Runtime Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garantías en Runtime (Tiempo de Ejecución)" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" -msgstr "([Volver al ejercicio](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgid "Modern Features" +#~ msgstr "Funcionalidades Modernas" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: transpose\n" -"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" -" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" -" for i in 0..3 {\n" -" for j in 0..3 {\n" -" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" return result;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" -" for row in matrix {\n" -" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_transpose() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], //\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" transposed,\n" -" [\n" -" [101, 201, 301], //\n" -" [102, 202, 302],\n" -" [103, 203, 303],\n" -" ]\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" -"\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Basic Syntax" +#~ msgstr "Sintaxis básica" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78 -msgid "Bonus question" -msgstr "Pregunta extra" +#~ msgid "String vs str" +#~ msgstr "String o str" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 -msgid "" -"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" -"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " -"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " -"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." -msgstr "" -"Requiere conceptos más avanzados. Es posible que parezca que se puede " -"utilizar un slice de slices (`&[&[i32]]`) como tipo de entrada para hacer " -"una trasposición y así lograr que nuestra función controle cualquier tamaño " -"de matriz. Sin embargo, esto se viene abajo rápidamente: el tipo de " -"resultado devuelto no puede ser `&[&[i32]]`, ya que necesita ser el " -"propietario de los datos que devuelve." +#~ msgid "Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Sobrecarga" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 -msgid "" -"You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " -"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " -"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." -msgstr "" -"Puedes probar a utilizar algo como `Vec>`, pero esto tampoco " -"funciona desde el principio: es difícil cambiar de `Vec>` a " -"`&[&[i32]]`, por lo que tampoco puedes usar `pretty_print` de forma sencilla." +#~ msgid "Arrays and for Loops" +#~ msgstr "Arrays y Loops for" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84 -msgid "" -"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" -"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " -"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." -msgstr "" -"Una vez que veamos los traits y los genéricos, podremos usar el trait [`std::" -"convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) " -"para abstraer cualquier elemento que se pueda referenciar, como un slice." +#~ msgid "if expressions" +#~ msgstr "expresiones if" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::convert::AsRef;\n" -"use std::fmt::Debug;\n" -"\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" -"where\n" -" T: Debug,\n" -" // A line references a slice of items\n" -" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" -" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" -" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" -"{\n" -" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // &[&[i32]]\n" -" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" -" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" -" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" -" // Vec>\n" -" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "for expressions" +#~ msgstr "expresiones for" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113 -msgid "" -"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " -"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." -msgstr "" -"Además, el propio tipo no requeriría que los slices secundarios fueran de la " -"misma longitud, por lo que dicha variable podría contener una matriz no " -"válida." +#~ msgid "while expressions" +#~ msgstr "expresiones while" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde" +#~ msgid "break & continue" +#~ msgstr "break y continue" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "loop expressions" +#~ msgstr "Expresiones loop" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: luhn\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" -" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" -" let mut sum = 0;\n" -" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." -"enumerate() {\n" -" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" -" Some(d) => {\n" -" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" -" let dd = d * 2;\n" -" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" -" } else {\n" -" d\n" -" };\n" -" digits_seen += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" None => return false,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" if digits_seen < 2 {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" sum % 10 == 0\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" -" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo 0 0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Variant Payloads" +#~ msgstr "Payloads Variantes" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:98 -msgid "Pattern matching" -msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" +#~ msgid "Enum Sizes" +#~ msgstr "Tamaños de Enum" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:100 -msgid "TBD." -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Novel Control Flow" +#~ msgstr "Control de Flujo" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Mañana" +#~ msgid "if let expressions" +#~ msgstr "expresiones if let" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "Designing a Library" -msgstr "Diseñando una Librería" +#~ msgid "while let expressions" +#~ msgstr "expresiones while let" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](book-library.md))" +#~ msgid "match expressions" +#~ msgstr "expresiones match" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" -"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" -"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" -"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" -"impl Library {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_new\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" -" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n" -" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" -" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" -" self.books.len()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" -" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" -" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" -" self.books.is_empty()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" -" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" -" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" -" self.books.push(book)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" -" //fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " -"year\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" -" fn print_books(&self) {\n" -" for book in &self.books {\n" -" println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" -" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" -" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" -" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" -"\n" -" // Longer hand-written solution:\n" -" let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n" -" for book in self.books.iter() {\n" -" if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n" -" oldest = Some(book);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" oldest\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." -"is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " -"library.is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -" //\n" -" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" -" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_len() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" -" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_print_books() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" -" // method to start with.\n" -" library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Destructuring Structs" +#~ msgstr "Desestructurando Structs" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la tarde" +#~ msgid "Destructuring Arrays" +#~ msgstr "Desestructurando Arrays" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](strings-iterators.md))" +#~ msgid "Match Guards" +#~ msgstr "Guardas de Match" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" -"\n" -" let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n" -"\n" -" for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n" -" let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n" -" return false;\n" -" };\n" -" if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" true\n" -"\n" -" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " -"prefix\n" -" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " -"of\n" -" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " -"request\n" -" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " -"chain()\n" -" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " -"segments,\n" -" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" +#~ msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la mañana" +#~ msgid "Stack Memory" +#~ msgstr "Memoria de la Pila (_Stack_)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgid "Manual Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Manejo Manual de Memoria" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -" callback: Box,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" callback,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" std::cmp::max(\n" -" self.title.chars().count(),\n" -" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" -" )\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" -" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" -" self.inner_width() + 4\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" -" let mut inner = String::new();\n" -" for widget in &self.widgets {\n" -" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" -" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" -" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" -" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" -" let width = self.width();\n" -" let mut label = String::new();\n" -" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" -" self.label\n" -" .lines()\n" -" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" -" .max()\n" -" .unwrap_or(0)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\",\n" -" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Manejo de Memoria basado en Scope (ámbitos)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:177 -msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Garbage Collection" +#~ msgstr "Recolección de memoria residual" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:179 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" -"// ANCHOR: Point\n" -"pub struct Point {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Point\n" -" x: i32,\n" -" y: i32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n" -" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n" -" Point { x, y }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n" -" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n" -" (self - other).magnitude()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" -" Self {\n" -" x: self.x + other.x,\n" -" y: self.y + other.y,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" -" Self {\n" -" x: self.x - other.x,\n" -" y: self.y - other.y,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n" -"pub struct Polygon {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n" -" points: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n" -"impl Polygon {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n" -" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n" -" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n" -" self.points.push(point);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option {\n" -" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n" -" self.points.iter()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" if self.points.is_empty() {\n" -" return 0.0;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut result = 0.0;\n" -" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n" -" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n" -" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n" -" last_point = *point;\n" -" }\n" -" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" -" result\n" -" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as " -"pairs\n" -" // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last " -"point\n" -" // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as " -"one of \n" -" // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine " -"Iterator::cycle\n" -" // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and " -"using map \n" -" // and sum to calculate the total length.\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Circle\n" -"pub struct Circle {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n" -" center: Point,\n" -" radius: i32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n" -"impl Circle {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n" -" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n" -" Circle { center, radius }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n" -" self.center.dist(other.center)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Shape\n" -"pub enum Shape {\n" -" Polygon(Polygon),\n" -" Circle(Circle),\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n" -"\n" -"impl From for Shape {\n" -" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n" -" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl From for Shape {\n" -" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n" -" Shape::Circle(circle)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Shape {\n" -" pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n" -" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" -" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_dist() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_add() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" -" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -"\n" -" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" -" let shapes = vec![\n" -" Shape::from(poly),\n" -" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" -" ];\n" -" let perimeters = shapes\n" -" .iter()\n" -" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" -" .map(round_two_digits)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Rust Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Manejo de la Memoria en Rust" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la Tarde" +#~ msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" +#~ msgstr "Cadenas movidas en Rust" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#~ msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" +#~ msgstr "Double free en código C++ moderno" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: ffi\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" -"\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " -"and\n" -" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" -" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_off: c_long,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" -" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" -" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" -" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" -" pub d_type: u8,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -"\n" -" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " -"on\n" -" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" -" //\n" -" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " -"refers\n" -" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " -"PowerPC.\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" -" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" -" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n" -" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " -"{err}\"))?;\n" -" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" -" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" -" if dir.is_null() {\n" -" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" -" } else {\n" -" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" -" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" -" if dirent.is_null() {\n" -" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" -" return None;\n" -" }\n" -" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" -" // terminated.\n" -" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" -" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" -" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Drop\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n" -" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" -" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" -" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -" use std::error::Error;\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n" -" assert!(iter.is_err());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" -" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" -" )?;\n" -" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" -" entries.sort();\n" -" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo " -"Diaries\\n\")?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"\\n\")?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" -" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" -" )?;\n" -" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" -" entries.sort();\n" -" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo." -"txt\"]);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Moves in Function Calls" +#~ msgstr "Movimientos en llamadas de función" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: Ejercicio de la Mañana" +#~ msgid "Copying and Cloning" +#~ msgstr "Copiar y clonar" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](compass.md))" +#~ msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" +#~ msgstr "Préstamos compartidos y únicos" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: top\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" -"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" -"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" -"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n" -"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" -"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n" -"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n" -"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n" -"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n" -"use microbit::Board;\n" -"\n" -"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" -"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Configure serial port.\n" -" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" -" board.UARTE0,\n" -" board.uart.into(),\n" -" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" -" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" -" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" -"K100);\n" -" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" -" imu.init().unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Set up display and timer.\n" -" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" -" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" -"\n" -" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" -" let mut button_pressed = false;\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: loop\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n" -" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" -" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" -" {}\n" -" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" -" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" serial,\n" -" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" -" compass_reading.x,\n" -" compass_reading.y,\n" -" compass_reading.z,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.z,\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" -" let (x, y) = match mode {\n" -" Mode::Compass => (\n" -" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" -" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" -" scale(\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" scale(\n" -" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" -" };\n" -" image[y][x] = 255;\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" -"\n" -" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " -"all LEDs on.\n" -" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" -" if !button_pressed {\n" -" mode = mode.next();\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" -" }\n" -" button_pressed = true;\n" -" } else {\n" -" button_pressed = false;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -"enum Mode {\n" -" Compass,\n" -" Accelerometer,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Mode {\n" -" fn next(self) -> Self {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" -" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" -"> i32 {\n" -" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" -" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" -" cap(\n" -" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" -" min_out,\n" -" max_out,\n" -" )\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" +#~ msgstr "Sintaxis abreviada de campos" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](rtc.md))" +#~ msgid "Method Receiver" +#~ msgstr "Receptor de método" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "`main.rs`:" -msgstr "`main.rs`:" +#~ msgid "Storing Books" +#~ msgstr "Almacenar libros" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: top\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" -"mod pl031;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n" -"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n" -"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" -"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n" -"// ANCHOR: imports\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" -"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" -"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" -"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" -"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" -"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " -"base\n" -" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" -" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" -" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " -"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" gic.setup();\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" let timestamp = rtc.read();\n" -" let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n" -" info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n" -"\n" -" GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n" -" gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n" -" gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n" -" irq_enable();\n" -" gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n" -"\n" -" // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" -" let target = timestamp + 3;\n" -" rtc.set_match(target);\n" -" info!(\n" -" \"Waiting for {}\",\n" -" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" -" );\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" while !rtc.matched() {\n" -" spin_loop();\n" -" }\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" -"\n" -" // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" -" let target = timestamp + 6;\n" -" info!(\n" -" \"Waiting for {}\",\n" -" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" -" );\n" -" rtc.set_match(target);\n" -" rtc.clear_interrupt();\n" -" rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n" -" wfi();\n" -" }\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: main_end\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Option and Result" +#~ msgstr "Option y Result" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149 -msgid "`pl031.rs`:" -msgstr "`pl031.rs`:" +#~ msgid "Vec" +#~ msgstr "Vec" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" -"\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" /// Data register\n" -" dr: u32,\n" -" /// Match register\n" -" mr: u32,\n" -" /// Load register\n" -" lr: u32,\n" -" /// Control register\n" -" cr: u8,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" -" imsc: u8,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" -" ris: u8,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" -" mis: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" -" icr: u8,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Rtc {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Rtc {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " -"the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" -" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an " -"interrupt\n" -" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" -" pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " -"not\n" -" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" -" pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" -" /// interrupt is masked.\n" -" pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " -"the\n" -" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" -" pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n" -" let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)." -"write_volatile(imsc) }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" -" pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "HashMap" +#~ msgstr "HashMap" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Mañana" +#~ msgid "Box" +#~ msgstr "Box" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgid "Recursive Data Types" +#~ msgstr "Tipos de datos recursivos" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" -"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" -" left_fork: Arc>,\n" -" right_fork: Arc>,\n" -" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" -" fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" -" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n" -" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" -" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n" -"\n" -" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n" -" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -"\n" -" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" -" let tx = tx.clone();\n" -" let mut left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" -" let mut right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()]);\n" -"\n" -" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n" -" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n" -" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n" -" thoughts: tx,\n" -" left_fork,\n" -" right_fork,\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" for _ in 0..100 {\n" -" philosopher.eat();\n" -" philosopher.think();\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" drop(tx);\n" -" for thought in rx {\n" -" println!(\"{thought}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Rc" +#~ msgstr "Rc" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:104 -msgid "Link Checker" -msgstr "Comprobador de Enlaces" +#~ msgid "Iterators and Ownership" +#~ msgstr "Iteradores y Ownership (Propiedad)" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:106 -msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](link-checker.md))" +#~ msgid "Strings and Iterators" +#~ msgstr "Cadenas e Iteradores" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:108 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use std::{sync::Arc, sync::Mutex, sync::mpsc, thread};\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" -" BadResponse(String),\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: visit_page\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct CrawlCommand {\n" -" url: Url,\n" -" extract_links: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " -"Error> {\n" -" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" -" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" -" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" -" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" if !command.extract_links {\n" -" return Ok(link_urls);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" -" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" -"\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -" let href_values = document\n" -" .select(&selector)\n" -" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" -" for href in href_values {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(link_url) => {\n" -" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" -" }\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " -"{err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(link_urls)\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: visit_page\n" -"\n" -"struct CrawlState {\n" -" domain: String,\n" -" visited_pages: std::collections::HashSet,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl CrawlState {\n" -" fn new(start_url: &Url) -> CrawlState {\n" -" let mut visited_pages = std::collections::HashSet::new();\n" -" visited_pages.insert(start_url.as_str().to_string());\n" -" CrawlState {\n" -" domain: start_url.domain().unwrap().to_string(),\n" -" visited_pages,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" -" fn should_extract_links(&self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" -" let Some(url_domain) = url.domain() else {\n" -" return false;\n" -" };\n" -" url_domain == self.domain\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n" -" /// been visited.\n" -" fn mark_visited(&mut self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" -" self.visited_pages.insert(url.as_str().to_string())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"type CrawlResult = Result, (Url, Error)>;\n" -"fn spawn_crawler_threads(\n" -" command_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" -" result_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" -" thread_count: u32,\n" -") {\n" -" let command_receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(command_receiver));\n" -"\n" -" for _ in 0..thread_count {\n" -" let result_sender = result_sender.clone();\n" -" let command_receiver = command_receiver.clone();\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let client = Client::new();\n" -" loop {\n" -" let command_result = {\n" -" let receiver_guard = command_receiver.lock().unwrap();\n" -" receiver_guard.recv()\n" -" };\n" -" let Ok(crawl_command) = command_result else {\n" -" // The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" -" break;\n" -" };\n" -" let crawl_result = match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) " -"{\n" -" Ok(link_urls) => Ok(link_urls),\n" -" Err(error) => Err((crawl_command.url, error)),\n" -" };\n" -" result_sender.send(crawl_result).unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn control_crawl(\n" -" start_url: Url,\n" -" command_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" -" result_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" -") -> Vec {\n" -" let mut crawl_state = CrawlState::new(&start_url);\n" -" let start_command = CrawlCommand { url: start_url, extract_links: " -"true };\n" -" command_sender.send(start_command).unwrap();\n" -" let mut pending_urls = 1;\n" -"\n" -" let mut bad_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" while pending_urls > 0 {\n" -" let crawl_result = result_receiver.recv().unwrap();\n" -" pending_urls -= 1;\n" -"\n" -" match crawl_result {\n" -" Ok(link_urls) => {\n" -" for url in link_urls {\n" -" if crawl_state.mark_visited(&url) {\n" -" let extract_links = crawl_state." -"should_extract_links(&url);\n" -" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand { url, " -"extract_links };\n" -" command_sender.send(crawl_command).unwrap();\n" -" pending_urls += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Err((url, error)) => {\n" -" bad_urls.push(url);\n" -" println!(\"Got crawling error: {:#}\", error);\n" -" continue;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" bad_urls\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn check_links(start_url: Url) -> Vec {\n" -" let (result_sender, result_receiver) = mpsc::channel::();\n" -" let (command_sender, command_receiver) = mpsc::channel::" -"();\n" -" spawn_crawler_threads(command_receiver, result_sender, 16);\n" -" control_crawl(start_url, command_sender, result_receiver)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let start_url = reqwest::Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\")." -"unwrap();\n" -" let bad_urls = check_links(start_url);\n" -" println!(\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\", bad_urls);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Generic Methods" +#~ msgstr "Métodos Genéricos" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" -msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Tarde" +#~ msgid "Monomorphization" +#~ msgstr "Monomorfización" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +#~ msgid "Default Methods" +#~ msgstr "Métodos por Default" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" -"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" -" left_fork: Arc>,\n" -" right_fork: Arc>,\n" -" thoughts: Sender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" async fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." -"await\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" -" async fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" -" let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n" -" // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the " -"execution\n" -" // to transfer to another task\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n" -" let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n" -"\n" -" // The locks are dropped here\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" // Create forks\n" -" let mut forks = vec![];\n" -" (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::" -"new(Fork))));\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -" let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n" -" let mut philosophers = vec![];\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" -" for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n" -" let left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" -" let right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS." -"len()]);\n" -" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -" if i == 0 {\n" -" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" -" }\n" -" philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n" -" name: name.to_string(),\n" -" left_fork,\n" -" right_fork,\n" -" thoughts: tx.clone(),\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -" (philosophers, rx)\n" -" // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" // Make them think and eat\n" -" for phil in philosophers {\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" for _ in 0..100 {\n" -" phil.think().await;\n" -" phil.eat().await;\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -" while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n" -" println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "impl Trait" +#~ msgstr "impl Trait" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 -msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](chat-app.md))" +#~ msgid "Important Traits" +#~ msgstr "Traits Importantes" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:125 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" -"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" -"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n" -"async fn handle_connection(\n" -" addr: SocketAddr,\n" -" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" -" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" -") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n" -"\n" -" ws_stream\n" -" .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n" -" .await?;\n" -" let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n" -"\n" -" // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) " -"receiving\n" -" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" -" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" -" match incoming {\n" -" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" -" if let Some(text) = msg.as_text() {\n" -" println!(\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\");\n" -" bcast_tx.send(text.into())?;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" None => return Ok(()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n" -" ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" // ANCHOR: main\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" -"\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" -" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" -" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" -"\n" -" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "From and Into" +#~ msgstr "From e Into" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:212 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" -"use http::Uri;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" -" let (mut ws_stream, _) =\n" -" ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" -" .connect()\n" -" .await?;\n" -"\n" -" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" -" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -" // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" -" match incoming {\n" -" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" -" if let Some(text) = msg.as_text() {\n" -" println!(\"From server: {}\", text);\n" -" }\n" -" },\n" -" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" None => return Ok(()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" res = stdin.next_line() => {\n" -" match res {\n" -" Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n" -" Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line." -"to_string())).await?,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." +#~ msgstr "Operadores: Add, Mul, …." + +#~ msgid "A Simple GUI Library" +#~ msgstr "Una Biblioteca GUI sencilla" + +#~ msgid "Points and Polygons" +#~ msgstr "Puntos y Polígonos" + +#~ msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Catching Stack Unwinding" + +#~ msgid "Structured Error Handling" +#~ msgstr "Manejo de Errores Estructurado" + +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" +#~ msgstr "Propagación de Errores con ?" + +#~ msgid "Converting Error Types" +#~ msgstr "Conversión de Tipos de Errores" + +#~ msgid "Deriving Error Enums" +#~ msgstr "Derivación de Enums de Error" + +#~ msgid "Adding Context to Errors" +#~ msgstr "Añadir Contexto a los Errores" + +#~ msgid "no_std" +#~ msgstr "no_std" + +#~ msgid "alloc" +#~ msgstr "alloc" + +#~ msgid "embedded-hal" +#~ msgstr "embedded-hal" + +#~ msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" +#~ msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" + +#~ msgid "zerocopy" +#~ msgstr "zerocopy" + +#~ msgid "buddy_system_allocator" +#~ msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" + +#~ msgid "tinyvec" +#~ msgstr "tinyvec" + +#~ msgid "spin" +#~ msgstr "girar" + +#~ msgid "Send and Sync" +#~ msgstr "Send y Sync" + +#~ msgid "Send" +#~ msgstr "Send" + +#~ msgid "Sync" +#~ msgstr "Sync" + +#~ msgid "Arc" +#~ msgstr "Arc" + +#~ msgid "Mutex" +#~ msgstr "Mutex" + +#~ msgid "async/await" +#~ msgstr "async / await" + +#~ msgid "Pin" +#~ msgstr "Fijar" + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Día 1: mañana" + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Día 1: tarde" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Día 2: mañana" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Día 2: tarde" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Día 3: mañana" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Día 3: tarde" + +#~ msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" +#~ msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: mañana" + +#~ msgid "Concurrency Morning" +#~ msgstr "Concurrencia: mañana" + +#~ msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Concurrencia: tarde" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Día 1: Rust Básico, sintaxis, control de flujo, creación y consumo de " +#~ "valores." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the " +#~ "standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Día 2: Gestión de memoria, _ownership_ (propiedad), tipos de datos " +#~ "compuestos y la biblioteca estándar." + +#~ msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Día 3: Genéricos, _traits_, gestión de errores, pruebas y _unsafe_ " +#~ "(inseguro) Rust." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo init concurrency\n" +#~ "cd concurrency\n" +#~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n" +#~ "cargo run\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo init concurrency\n" +#~ "cd concurrency\n" +#~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n" +#~ "cargo run\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" +#~ "```" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the " +#~ "code (but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://" +#~ "rust-analyzer.github.io/))." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Recomendamos usar [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) para editar " +#~ "el código (aunque cualquier editor compatible con LSP funciona con [rust-" +#~ "analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/))." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" +#~ "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " +#~ "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://" +#~ "www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 " +#~ "debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A algunos compañeros también les gusta usar la familia [JetBrains]" +#~ "(https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/) de IDEs, que hacen sus propios " +#~ "análisis, pero también tienen inconvenientes. Si lo prefieres, puedes " +#~ "instalar el [Rust Plugin](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Ten en cuenta " +#~ "que, a partir de enero del 2023, la depuración solo funciona en la " +#~ "versión CLion del paquete de JetBrains IDEA." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "% rustc --version\n" +#~ "rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" +#~ "% cargo --version\n" +#~ "cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "% rustc --version\n" +#~ "rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" +#~ "% cargo --version\n" +#~ "cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "$ cargo new exercise\n" +#~ " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "$ cargo new exercise\n" +#~ " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "$ cd exercise\n" +#~ "$ cargo run\n" +#~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" +#~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" +#~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" +#~ "Hello, world!\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "$ cd exercise\n" +#~ "$ cargo run\n" +#~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" +#~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" +#~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" +#~ "Hola Mundo!\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "$ cargo run\n" +#~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" +#~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" +#~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" +#~ "Edit me!\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "$ cargo run\n" +#~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" +#~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" +#~ " Running `target/debug/ejercicio`\n" +#~ "Modifícame!\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, " +#~ "and `continue`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Control de flujo: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, y " +#~ "`continue`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " +#~ "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " +#~ "major feature and we should show students this right away." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La idea del primer día es mostrar _lo suficiente_ de Rustcomo para poder " +#~ "hablar del famoso _borrow checker_. La forma en que Rust gestiona la " +#~ "memoria es una característica importante y debemos mostrarla a los " +#~ "estudiantes desde el principio." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over " +#~ "the schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the " +#~ "slides):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si estás impartiendo el curso en un aula, este es un buen lugar para " +#~ "repasar el calendario. Te recomendamos que dividas el día en dos partes " +#~ "(siguiendo las diapositivas):" + +#~ msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," +#~ msgstr "Mañana: 9:00 to 12:00," + +#~ msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." +#~ msgstr "Tarde: de 13:00 a 16:00." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " +#~ "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Por supuesto, puedes ajustar las horas según lo necesites. No olvides " +#~ "incluir pausas, recomendamos hacer un descanso cada hora." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Hola 🌍!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "A continuación, se muestra un pequeño programa de ejemplo de Rust:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() { // Program entry point\n" +#~ " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" +#~ " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" +#~ " while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" +#~ " if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" +#~ " x = x / 2;\n" +#~ " } else {\n" +#~ " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " println!();\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() { // Punto de entrada del programa\n" +#~ " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Variable mutable vinculante\n" +#~ " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro para printing, como printf\n" +#~ " while x != 1 { // Sin paréntesis alrededor de las expresiones\n" +#~ " if x % 2 == 0 { // Operaciones matemáticas como en otros " +#~ "lenguajes\n" +#~ " x = x / 2;\n" +#~ " } else {\n" +#~ " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " println!();\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " +#~ "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " +#~ "different inputs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El código implementa la conjetura de Collatz: se cree que el bucle " +#~ "terminará siempre, pero aún no se ha demostrado. Edita el código y prueba " +#~ "con diferentes entradas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " +#~ "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime " +#~ "integer overflow." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Explica que todas las variables están tipadas estáticamente. Prueba a " +#~ "quitar `i32` para activar la inferencia de tipos. Prueba con `i8` y " +#~ "provoca un desbordamiento de enteros en _runtime_." + +#~ msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "Cambia `let mut x` por `let x` y discute el error del compilador." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match " +#~ "the format string." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Muestra cómo `print!` da un error de compilación si los argumentos no " +#~ "coinciden con la cadena de formato." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " +#~ "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Muestra cómo se debe usar `{}` como marcador de posición para poder " +#~ "imprimir una expresión más compleja que una sola variable." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" +#~ "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " +#~ "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Muestra a los alumnos la biblioteca estándar y cómo buscar `std::fmt`, " +#~ "que tiene las reglas del mini-lenguaje de formato. Es importante que los " +#~ "alumnos se familiaricen con la búsqueda en la biblioteca estándar." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::" +#~ "fmt documentation" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En un shell, `rustup doc std::fmt` abrirá un navegador en la " +#~ "documentación local de std::fmt." + +#~ msgid "Compile time memory safety." +#~ msgstr "Seguridad de la memoria en tiempo de compilación." + +#~ msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." +#~ msgstr "Ausencia de comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_." + +#~ msgid "Modern language features." +#~ msgstr "Características de lenguajes modernos." + +#~ msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" +#~ msgstr "Gestión estática de la memoria en tiempo de compilación:" + +#~ msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." +#~ msgstr "No hay pérdidas de memoria (_casi siempre_, consulta las notas)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Es posible producir pérdidas de memoria en (_safe_) Rust. Estos son " +#~ "algunos ejemplos:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." +#~ "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get " +#~ "runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes usar [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." +#~ "html#method.leak) para perder un puntero. Esto podría usarse para obtener " +#~ "variables estáticas iniciadas y medidas en _runtime_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." +#~ "forget.html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the " +#~ "destructor is never run)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes usar [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." +#~ "forget.html) para que el compilador \"olvide\" un valor (lo que significa " +#~ "que el destructor nunca se ejecuta)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "También puedes crear por accidente una [referencia circular](https://doc." +#~ "rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) con `Rc` o `Arc`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory " +#~ "leak and Rust does not protect from those." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "De hecho, algunos consideran que poblar de forma infinita una colección " +#~ "es una fuga de memoria y Rust no protege de ellas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood " +#~ "as \"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En este curso, \"sin pérdidas de memoria\" debe entenderse como\n" +#~ " \"casi ninguna pérdida de memoria _accidental_\"." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " +#~ "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " +#~ "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " +#~ "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode " +#~ "(`cargo build --release`)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El overflow en Integer es definido vía un _flag_ en tiempo de " +#~ "compilación. Las opciones son alertas panic (un crash controlado del " +#~ "programa) o una semántica de _wrap-around_. Por defecto, obtienes el " +#~ "alerta en modo depuración (`cargo build`) y _wrap-around_ en el modo " +#~ "release (`cargo build —" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not " +#~ "be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows " +#~ "you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do " +#~ "bounds checking." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La comprobación de límites no se puede deshabilitar con una bandera de " +#~ "compilador. Tampoco se puede inhabilitar directamente con la palabra " +#~ "clave `unsafe`. Sin embargo, `unsafe` te permite llamar a funciones como " +#~ "`slice::get_unchecked`, que no realiza comprobaciones de límites." + +#~ msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust se ha creado a partir de toda la experiencia obtenida en las últimas " +#~ "décadas." + +#~ msgid "Language Features" +#~ msgstr "Características del Lenguaje" + +#~ msgid "Tooling" +#~ msgstr "Herramientas" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to " +#~ "'pay' for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For " +#~ "example, writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low " +#~ "level instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las abstracciones sin coste, similares a las de C++, significan que no " +#~ "tienes que 'pagar' por construcciones de programación de alto nivel con " +#~ "memoria o CPU. Por ejemplo, escribir un bucle utilizando `for` debería " +#~ "dar como resultado prácticamente las mismas instrucciones de bajo nivel " +#~ "que con la construcción `.iter().fold()`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', " +#~ "also known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things " +#~ "like `Option` and `Result`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Merece la pena mencionar que los enums de Rust son tipos de datos " +#~ "algebraicos, también denominados 'tipos suma', que permiten al sistema de " +#~ "tipos expresar cosas como `Option` y `Result`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " +#~ "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " +#~ "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with " +#~ "_actionable_ feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Recuerda a los alumnos que lean los errores, ya que muchos " +#~ "desarrolladores se han acostumbrado a ignorar los largos resultados del " +#~ "compilador. El compilador de Rust es mucho más comunicativo que otros. A " +#~ "menudo, te proporcionará sugerencias _prácticas_, que puedes copiar y " +#~ "pegar en tu código." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, " +#~ "Python, and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider " +#~ "standard and essential:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La biblioteca estándar de Rust es pequeña en comparación con la de " +#~ "lenguajes como Java, Python o Go. Rust no incluye elementos que se " +#~ "podrían considerar estándar o esenciales:" + +#~ msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "un generador de números aleatorios, pero consulta [rand](https://docs.rs/" +#~ "rand/)." + +#~ msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "compatibilidad con SSL o TLS, pero consulta [rusttls](https://docs.rs/" +#~ "rustls/)." + +#~ msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Compatibilidad con JSON, pero consulta [serde_json](https://docs.rs/" +#~ "serde_json/)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " +#~ "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " +#~ "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and " +#~ "perhaps there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La razón es que la funcionalidad de la biblioteca estándar no puede " +#~ "desaparecer, por lo que tiene que ser muy estable. En los ejemplos " +#~ "anteriores, la comunidad de Rust todavía está trabajando para encontrar " +#~ "la mejor solución, y puede que no exista una única \"mejor solución\" " +#~ "para algunas de estas cuestiones." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " +#~ "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A " +#~ "consequence of this is that the standard library can be smaller." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust incluye un gestor de paquetes integrado con la forma de Cargo, lo " +#~ "que hace que resulte sencillo descargar y compilar crates de terceros. " +#~ "Como consecuencia, la biblioteca estándar puede ser más pequeña." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates " +#~ "to find a good and trusted one." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Encontrar buenos crates de terceros puede ser un problema. Sitios como " +#~ " te ayudan a comparar métricas de salud de crates para " +#~ "encontrar uno bueno y fiable." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " +#~ "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) es una implementación " +#~ "de LSP bien respaldada y utilizada en los principales IDE y editores de " +#~ "texto." + +#~ msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" +#~ msgstr "Al igual que C++, Rust tiene referencias:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " +#~ "pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Debemos desreferenciar `ref_x` al asignarle un valor, de forma similar a " +#~ "los punteros de C y C++." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values " +#~ "over their lifetime." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las referencias que se declaran como `mut` se pueden vincular a distintos " +#~ "valores durante su tiempo de vida." + +#~ msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se dice que una referencia \"toma prestado\" el valor al que hace " +#~ "referencia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +#~ "enough." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust hace un seguimiento del tiempo de vida de todas las referencias para " +#~ "asegurarse de que duran lo suficiente." + +#~ msgid "`String` vs `str`" +#~ msgstr "`String` o `str`" + +#~ msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de cadenas de Rust:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +#~ "selection." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes tomar prestados slices `&str` desde `String` mediante `&` y, si " +#~ "quieres, puedes seleccionar rangos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" +#~ "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Una versión de Rust de la famosa pregunta de la entrevista de [FizzBuzz]" +#~ "(https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz):" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward " +#~ "declarations nor headers are necessary. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En `main` hacemos referencia a una función escrita más abajo. No se " +#~ "necesitan declaraciones de redirección ni encabezados. " + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " +#~ "`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La expresión de rango del bucle `for` en `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contiene " +#~ "`=n`, lo que hace que incluya el límite superior." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Todos los elementos del lenguaje de Rust se pueden documentar con la " +#~ "sintaxis especial `///`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but " +#~ "in real code they should be present." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Este curso no incluye diapositivas sobre rustdoc para ahorrar espacio, " +#~ "pero deben aparecer en el código real." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need " +#~ "not be addressed here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los comentarios internos de los documentos se tratarán más adelante (en " +#~ "la página de módulos), no es necesario tratarlos aquí." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " +#~ "`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" +#~ "testing/doc-tests.html)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los comentarios de rustdoc pueden contener fragmentos de código que " +#~ "podemos ejecutar y probar utilizando `cargo test`. Hablaremos de esto en " +#~ "la [sección de pruebas](../testing/doc-tests.html)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " +#~ "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los métodos son funciones asociadas a un tipo. El argumento `self` de un " +#~ "método es una instancia del tipo al que está asociada:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " +#~ "class." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Abordaremos en mayor profundidad los métodos en el ejercicio de hoy y en " +#~ "la clase de mañana." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Añade un método estático denominado `Rectangle::new` y llámalo desde " +#~ "`main`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" +#~ " Rectangle { width, height }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" +#~ " Rectangle { width, height }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static " +#~ "methods are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The " +#~ "actual constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called " +#~ "directly. See the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/" +#~ "constructors.html)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Aunque _técnicamente_ Rust no tiene constructores personalizados, los " +#~ "métodos estáticos se utilizan habitualmente para inicializar estructuras, " +#~ "pero no es obligatorio. El constructor real, `Rectangle { width, height }" +#~ "`, podría llamarse directamente. Consulta el [Rustnomicon](https://doc." +#~ "rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " +#~ "static methods can take arbitrary parameters." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Añade un constructor `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` para mostrar que " +#~ "esos métodos estáticos puede utilizar parámetros arbitrarios." + +#~ msgid "Function Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Sobrecarga de funciones" + +#~ msgid "Overloading is not supported:" +#~ msgstr "No se admite la sobrecarga:" + +#~ msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." +#~ msgstr "Siempre se utiliza un número fijo de parámetros." + +#~ msgid "Default values are not supported:" +#~ msgstr "No se admiten valores predeterminados:" + +#~ msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." +#~ msgstr "Todos los sitios de llamada tienen el mismo número de argumentos." + +#~ msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." +#~ msgstr "A veces, se utilizan macros como alternativa." + +#~ msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" +#~ msgstr "Sin embargo, los parámetros de función pueden ser genéricos:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind " +#~ "of limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a " +#~ "later section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cuando se utilizan genéricos, el `Into` de la biblioteca estándar " +#~ "puede proporcionar una especie de polimorfismo limitado en los tipos de " +#~ "argumentos. Veremos más información al respecto en una sección posterior." + +#~ msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 1: ejercicios de la mañana" + +#~ msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" +#~ msgstr "En estos ejercicios, estudiaremos dos partes de Rust:" + +#~ msgid "Implicit conversions between types." +#~ msgstr "Conversiones implícitas entre tipos." + +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." +#~ msgstr "Arrays y bucles `for`." + +#~ msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" +#~ msgstr "Ten en cuenta lo siguiente a la hora de resolver los ejercicios:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" +#~ "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo." +#~ "md) for details on installing Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si es posible, utiliza una instalación local de Rust. De esta forma, " +#~ "podrás autocompletar datos en tu editor. Consulta la página sobre \\[cómo " +#~ "usar Cargo\\] para obtener más información sobre cómo instalar Rust." + +#~ msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." +#~ msgstr "También puedes usar el playground de Rust." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets " +#~ "lose their state if you navigate away from the page." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los fragmentos de código no son editables a propósito: los que están " +#~ "insertados pierden su estado si se sale de la página." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " +#~ "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" +#~ "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust no aplicará automáticamente _conversiones implícitas_ entre tipos " +#~ "([a diferencia de C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" +#~ "implicit_conversion)). Puedes ver un ejemplo de esto en el siguiente " +#~ "programa:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between " +#~ "them. The `From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the " +#~ "`Into` trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits " +#~ "is how a type expresses that it can be converted into another type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Todos los tipos de enteros de Rust implementan los traits [`From`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) y [`Into`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) para permitirnos " +#~ "realizar conversiones entre ellos. El trait `From` tiene un único " +#~ "método `from()` y, del mismo modo, el trait `Into` tiene un único " +#~ "método `into()`. Un tipo expresa que se puede convertir en otro tipo " +#~ "implementando estos traits." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " +#~ "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " +#~ "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From " +#~ "for i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of " +#~ "`Into for i8`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La biblioteca estándar implementa `From for i16`, lo que significa " +#~ "que podemos convertir una variable `x` del tipo `i8` a `i16` llamando a " +#~ "`i16::from(x)`. O, más sencillo, con `x.into()`, ya que la implementación " +#~ "de `From for i16` crea automáticamente una implementación de " +#~ "`Into for i8`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, " +#~ "so it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " +#~ "implementation automatically." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lo mismo se aplica a tus implementaciones `From` para tus propios tipos, " +#~ "por lo que basta con implementar `From` para obtener la respectiva " +#~ "implementación `Into` de forma automática." + +#~ msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "Ejecuta el programa anterior y observa el error del compilador." + +#~ msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Actualiza el código anterior para usar `into()` y realizar la conversión." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " +#~ "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " +#~ "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " +#~ "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" +#~ "trait.From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you " +#~ "check." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cambia los tipos de `x` e `y` a otros elementos (por ejemplo, `f32`, " +#~ "`bool`, `i128`) para ver qué tipos puedes convertir. Prueba a convertir " +#~ "tipos pequeños en tipos grandes y viceversa. Consulta la [documentación " +#~ "de la biblioteca estándar](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." +#~ "From.html) para comprobar si se ha implementado `From` en los pares " +#~ "que elijas." + +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" +#~ msgstr "Arrays y bucles`for`" + +#~ msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" +#~ msgstr "Hemos visto que un array se puede declarar de la siguiente manera:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with " +#~ "`{:?}`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes imprimir dicho array solicitando su representación de depuración " +#~ "con `{:?}`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " +#~ "keyword:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust te permite iterar sobre elementos como arrays y rangos usando la " +#~ "palabra clave `for`:" + +#~ msgid "Bonus Question" +#~ msgstr "Pregunta Extra" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for " +#~ "your argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-" +#~ "dimensional slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "¿Se podrían usar slices `&[i32]` en lugar de matrices de 3 × 3 " +#~ "predefinidas en el código para tus argumentos y tipos de resultados " +#~ "devueltos? Por ejemplo, `&[&[i32]]` para un slice de slices de dos " +#~ "dimensiones. ¿Por qué? ¿Por qué no?" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production " +#~ "quality implementation." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Consulta el [crate `ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) para obtener una " +#~ "implementación con calidad de producción." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " +#~ "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La solución y la respuesta a la pregunta extra están disponibles en la " +#~ "sección [soluciones](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " +#~ "preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El uso de la referencia `&array` dentro de `for n in &array` es una vista " +#~ "previa sutil de los problemas de propiedad que se tratarán más tarde por " +#~ "la tarde." + +#~ msgid "Without the `&`..." +#~ msgstr "Sin el `&`..." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " +#~ "[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" +#~ "rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El bucle habría sido uno que consume el array. Este es un cambio " +#~ "[introducido en la edición de 2021](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-" +#~ "guide/rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "An implicit array copy would have occurred. Since `i32` is a copy type, " +#~ "then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se habría producido una copia implícita del array. Dado que `i32` es un " +#~ "tipo de copia, `[i32; 3]` también es un tipo de copia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to " +#~ "conditionally evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value " +#~ "which then becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow " +#~ "expressions work similarly in Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Como hemos visto, `if` es una expresión de Rust. Se utiliza para realizar " +#~ "una evaluación condicional de uno de los dos bloques, aunque estos pueden " +#~ "tener un valor que acaba convirtiéndose en el valor de la expresión `if`. " +#~ "Otras expresiones del flujo de control funcionan de forma similar en Rust." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is " +#~ "the return value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se utiliza la misma regla para las funciones: el valor del cuerpo de la " +#~ "función es el valor devuelto:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " +#~ "Rust. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El objetivo de esta diapositiva es mostrar que los bloques tienen un tipo " +#~ "y un valor en Rust. " + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is " +#~ "closely related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It " +#~ "will automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate " +#~ "over it:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El [bucle `for`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) está " +#~ "estrechamente relacionado con el [bucle `while let`](while-let-" +#~ "expressions.md). Llamará automáticamente a `into_iter()` en la expresión " +#~ "y después iterará sobre ella:" + +#~ msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." +#~ msgstr "Aquí puedes usar `break` y `continue` como de costumbre." + +#~ msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La iteración de índices no es una sintaxis especial en Rust para ese caso." + +#~ msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " +#~ msgstr "`(0..10)` es un rango que implementa un `Iterator` trait." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every " +#~ "other element. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`step_by` es un método que devuelve otro `Iterator` que salta cada otro " +#~ "elemento." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " +#~ "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Modifica los elementos del vector y explica los errores del compilador. " +#~ "Cambia el vector `v` para que sea mutable y el bucle `for x in v." +#~ "iter_mut()`." + +#~ msgid "`loop` expressions" +#~ msgstr "Expresiones `loop`" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +#~ "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Por último, la [palabra clave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +#~ "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) crea un bucle infinito." + +#~ msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" +#~ msgstr "Para detener el bucle, debes usar `break` o `return`:" + +#~ msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Interrumpe `loop` con un valor (por ejemplo, `break 8`) e imprímelo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " +#~ "types less and less as the course progresses." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Debido a la inferencia de tipos, `i32` es opcional. A medida que avance " +#~ "el curso, iremos mostrando cada vez menos los tipos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " +#~ "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " +#~ "using `_` as a placeholder:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El siguiente fragmento de código le indica al compilador que copie en un " +#~ "determinado contenedor genérico sin que el código especifique " +#~ "explícitamente el tipo contenido utilizando `_` como marcador de posición:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" +#~ "HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) se basa en [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), que implementa [`HashSet`](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-" +#~ "FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-HashSet%3CT,+S%3E)." + +#~ msgid "Static and Constant Variables" +#~ msgstr "Variables Estáticas y Constantes" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse " +#~ "memory locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if " +#~ "the type does not change." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El siguiente fragmento de código demuestra por qué el compilador no puede " +#~ "reutilizar ubicaciones de memoria cuando sombrea una variable inmutable " +#~ "en un ámbito, incluso si el tipo no cambia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" +#~ " // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" +#~ " 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" +#~ "enum CoinFlip {\n" +#~ " Heads,\n" +#~ " Tails,\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" +#~ " let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" +#~ " if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" +#~ " return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" +#~ " } else {\n" +#~ " return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" +#~ " // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" +#~ " 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" +#~ "enum CoinFlip {\n" +#~ " Heads,\n" +#~ " Tails,\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" +#~ " let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" +#~ " if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" +#~ " return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" +#~ " } else {\n" +#~ " return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " +#~ "`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En esta página se ofrece el tipo de enumeración `CoinFlip` (tirar moneda) " +#~ "con dos variantes: `Heads` (cara) y `Tails` (cruz). Puede que veas el " +#~ "espacio de nombres cuando utilices variantes." + +#~ msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En ambos casos, las funciones asociadas se definen en un bloque `impl`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then " +#~ "use the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes definir enumeraciones más completas en las que las variantes " +#~ "contienen datos. Después, puedes usar la instrucción `match` para extraer " +#~ "los datos de cada variante:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There " +#~ "is no fall-through like in C or C++." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La expresión se coteja con los patrones de arriba abajo. No hay ningún " +#~ "sistema de respaldo, como en C o C++." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " +#~ "match arm which was executed." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La expresión de coincidencia tiene un valor. El valor es la última " +#~ "expresión en el brazo de coincidencia que se ha ejecutado." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " +#~ "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Empezando por la parte superior, buscaremos el patrón que coincide con el " +#~ "valor y, a continuación, ejecutaremos el fragmento de código que sigue a " +#~ "la flecha. Cuando encontremos una coincidencia, pararemos. " + +#~ msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." +#~ msgstr "`match` inspecciona un campo discriminante oculto en `enum`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" +#~ "discriminant()`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se puede obtener el discriminante llamando a `std::mem::discriminant()`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs " +#~ "where comparing field values doesn't affect equality." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Esto resulta útil si, por ejemplo, se implementa `PartialEq` en " +#~ "estructuras en las que la comparación de valores de campos no afecta a la " +#~ "igualdad." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined " +#~ "version cannot implement traits, for example." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` no es exactamente lo mismo que `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` con un nivel superior `struct Click { ... }`. La versión " +#~ "insertada no puede implementar traits, por ejemplo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " +#~ "account:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las enumeraciones de Rust son densamente empaquetadas, ya que tienen en " +#~ "cuenta las restricciones debidas a la alineación:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " +#~ "variant." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust utiliza un campo (discriminante) de forma interna para hacer un " +#~ "seguimiento de la variante de enumeración." + +#~ msgid "Try out other types such as" +#~ msgstr "Prueba otros tipos, como" + +#~ msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," +#~ msgstr "`dbg_size!(bool)`: tamaño de 1 byte, alineación de 1 byte," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche " +#~ "optimization, see below)," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option)`: tamaño de 1 byte, alineación de 1 byte " +#~ "(optimización de nichos, consulta más abajo)," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: tamaño de 8 bytes, alineación de 8 bytes (en una " +#~ "máquina de 64 bits)," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " +#~ "optimization, see below)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: tamaño de 8 bytes, alineación de 8 bytes " +#~ "(optimización del puntero nulo, consulta más abajo)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " +#~ "discriminant." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Optimización de nichos: Rust combina los patrones de bits no utilizados " +#~ "para el discriminante de enumeración." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain " +#~ "more than 256 `Option`s together." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ejemplo más complejo si quieres hablar de lo que pasa cuando encadenamos " +#~ "más de 256 `Option`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-" +#~ "example/flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a " +#~ "destructuring assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is " +#~ "required to abort normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/" +#~ "`continue`):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A partir de la versión 1.65, una construcción [let-else](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/let_else.html) similar permite " +#~ "realizar una tarea de desestructuración o, si falla, ejecutar un bloque " +#~ "necesario para anular el flujo de control normal (con `panic`/`return`/" +#~ "`break`/`continue`)::" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +#~ "match-expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. " +#~ "In that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La \\[palabra clave `match`\\][`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "reference/expressions/match-expr.html) se usa para comparar un valor con " +#~ "uno o varios patrones. En ese sentido, funciona como una serie de " +#~ "expresiones `if let`:" + +#~ msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." +#~ msgstr "Guarda la expresión de coincidencia en una variable e imprímela." + +#~ msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." +#~ msgstr "Elimina `.as_deref()` y explica el error." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot " +#~ "match against `String`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`std::env::args().next()` devuelve `Option`, pero no podemos " +#~ "encontrar coincidencias con `String`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our " +#~ "case, this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`as_deref()` transforma `Option` en `Option<&T::Target>`. En nuestro " +#~ "caso, esto convierte `Option` en `Option<&str>`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside " +#~ "`Option`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ahora podemos usar la coincidencia de patrones para encontrar " +#~ "coincidencias con `&str` dentro de `Option`." + +#~ msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." +#~ msgstr "`_` es un patrón comodín que coincide con cualquier valor." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " +#~ "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puede ser útil para mostrar cómo funciona un enlace, por ejemplo, " +#~ "cambiando un carácter comodín por una variable o quitando las comillas " +#~ "alrededor de `q`. " + +#~ msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." +#~ msgstr "Puedes mostrar la coincidencia con una referencia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable " +#~ "patterns, as the term can show up in error messages." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Este puede ser un buen momento para mencionar el concepto de patrones " +#~ "irrefutables, ya que el término puede aparecer en mensajes de error." + +#~ msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" +#~ msgstr "También puedes desestructurar `structs`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of " +#~ "fixed length." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La desestructuración de slices de longitud desconocida también funciona " +#~ "con patrones de longitud fija." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " +#~ "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Al establecer coincidencias, puedes añadir un _guardia_ a un patrón. Se " +#~ "trata de una expresión booleana arbitraria que se ejecutará si el patrón " +#~ "coincide:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes usar las variables definidas en el patrón en tu expresión if." + +#~ msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde" + +#~ msgid "We will look at two things:" +#~ msgstr "Veremos todas estas cosas:" + +#~ msgid "The Luhn algorithm," +#~ msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" + +#~ msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." +#~ msgstr "Un ejercicio sobre coincidencia de patrones." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the code below to and implement the " +#~ "function." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en e " +#~ "implementa la función:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " +#~ "integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with " +#~ "iterators." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Intenta resolver el problema de la forma \"sencilla\" primero, usando " +#~ "bucles `for` e enteros. Luego, vuelve a la solución e intenta " +#~ "implementarla con iteradores." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " +#~ "memory management, and garbage collection." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gestión de la memoria: _stack_ (pila) vs _heap_ (montículo), gestión " +#~ "manual de la memoria, gestión de la memoria basada en ámbitos y _garbage " +#~ "collector_ (recolección de memoria residual)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "_Ownership_ (Propiedad): semántica de movimiento, copiar, clonar, " +#~ "_borrowing_ (préstamos) y _lifetimes_ (tiempos de vida)." + +#~ msgid "Structs and methods." +#~ msgstr "Estructuras (_Structs_) y métodos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +#~ "`Rc` and `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La Biblioteca Estándar (_Standard Library_): `String`, `Option` y " +#~ "`Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc` y `Arc`." + +#~ msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." +#~ msgstr "Módulos: visibilidad, rutas y jerarquía del sistema de archivos." + +#~ msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." +#~ msgstr "En primer lugar, veamos cómo funciona la gestión de la memoria." + +#~ msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" +#~ msgstr "_Stack_ (Pila) vs _Heap_ (Montículo)" + +#~ msgid "Stack and Heap Example" +#~ msgstr "Ejemplo de _Stack_ y de _Heap_" + +#~ msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." +#~ msgstr "Eres tú quien asigna y desasigna la memoria del _heap_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " +#~ "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si no lo haces con cuidado, podrían producirse fallos, errores, " +#~ "vulnerabilidades de seguridad y pérdidas de memoria." + +#~ msgid "C Example" +#~ msgstr "Ejemplo en C" + +#~ msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" +#~ msgstr "Debes llamar a `free` en cada puntero que asignes con `malloc`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and " +#~ "`free`: the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, " +#~ "freeing the pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to " +#~ "exploitable security vulnerabilities." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La memoria se pierde si la función devuelve un resultado antes de tiempo " +#~ "entre `malloc` y `free`: el puntero se pierde y no podemos anular la " +#~ "asignación de la memoria. Peor aún, si se libera el puntero dos veces o " +#~ "si se accede a uno liberado, pueden producirse vulnerabilidades de " +#~ "seguridad de las que otros podrían aprovecharse." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los constructores y destructores permiten acceder al tiempo de vida de un " +#~ "objeto." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object " +#~ "is destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an " +#~ "exception is raised." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Al envolver un puntero en un objeto, puedes liberar memoria cuando el " +#~ "objeto se destruya. El compilador asegura que esto ocurra, aunque se " +#~ "genere una excepción." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " +#~ "gives you smart pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A menudo, significa que la _adquisición de recursos es la inicialización_ " +#~ "(RAII) y te proporciona punteros inteligentes." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```c++\n" +#~ "void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" +#~ " std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```c++\n" +#~ "void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" +#~ " std::cout << \"Hola \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to " +#~ "memory allocated on the heap." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El objeto `std::unique_ptr` se reserva en el _stack_ y apunta a la " +#~ "memoria asignada en el _heap_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Al final de `say_hello`, se ejecuta el destructor `std::unique_ptr`." + +#~ msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." +#~ msgstr "El destructor libera el objeto `Person` al que apunta." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los constructores de movimiento especiales se utilizan cuando se pasa el " +#~ "_ownership_ a una función:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " +#~ "memory management:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Una alternativa a la gestión manual de la memoria basada en el ámbito es " +#~ "la gestión automática de la memoria:" + +#~ msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El programador nunca asigna ni desasigna la memoria de forma explícita." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " +#~ "programmer." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un _garbage collector_ (recolector de memoria residual) encuentra la que " +#~ "no se utiliza y la desasigna para el programador." + +#~ msgid "Java Example" +#~ msgstr "Ejemplo en Java" + +#~ msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El objeto `person` no se libera después de que `sayHello` devuelva el " +#~ "siguiente resultado:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```java\n" +#~ "void sayHello(Person person) {\n" +#~ " System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```java\n" +#~ "void sayHello(Person person) {\n" +#~ " System.out.println(\"Hola \" + person.getName());\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "Memory Management in Rust" +#~ msgstr "Gestión de la Memoria en Rust" + +#~ msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" +#~ msgstr "La gestión de la memoria en Rust es una mezcla:" + +#~ msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." +#~ msgstr "Segura y correcta como Java, pero sin _garbage collector_." + +#~ msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Está basada en el ámbito, como C++, pero el compilador cumple con todas " +#~ "las normas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " +#~ "have no cost at runtime like C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un usuario de Rust puede elegir la abstracción adecuada para cada " +#~ "situación, algunas ni siquiera tienen coste en _runtime_, como C." + +#~ msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." +#~ msgstr "Rust lo consigue modelando explícitamente el _ownership_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " +#~ "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +#~ "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." +#~ "Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " +#~ "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the " +#~ "potential errors in C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si en este momento te preguntan cómo, puedes mencionar que en Rust se " +#~ "suele gestionar con tipos de envoltorios RAII, como [Box](https://doc." +#~ "rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec]https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc." +#~ "html) o [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). Estos " +#~ "encapsulan el _ownership_ y la asignación de memoria a través de diversos " +#~ "medios, evitando así los posibles errores en C." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puede que aquí te pregunten por los destructores, así que debes saber que " +#~ "el trait [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) es el " +#~ "equivalente en Rust." + +#~ msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." +#~ msgstr "Se puede ejecutar un destructor para liberar recursos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" +#~ " let s2: String = s1;\n" +#~ " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" +#~ " // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " let s1: String = String::from(\"Hola!\");\n" +#~ " let s2: String = s1;\n" +#~ " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" +#~ " // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." +#~ msgstr "Siempre hay _exactamente_ un enlace a variable que posee un valor." + +#~ msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." +#~ msgstr "Los datos del _heap_ de `s1` se reutilizan en `s2`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." +#~ msgstr "Cuando `s1` sale del ámbito, no ocurre nada (ha sido movida)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```c++\n" +#~ "std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" +#~ "std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```c++\n" +#~ "std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" +#~ "std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicar datos en s1.\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " Stack Heap\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": s1 : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +#~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +#~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " _Stack_ _Heap_\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": s1 : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +#~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +#~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " Stack Heap\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": s1 : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +#~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": s2 : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +#~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +#~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " _Stack_ _Heap_\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": s1 : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +#~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": s2 : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +#~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +#~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a " +#~ "way to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " +#~ "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si los alumnos preguntan por `derive`, basta con decir que se trata de " +#~ "una forma de generar código en Rust durante el tiempo de compilación. En " +#~ "este caso, se generan las implementaciones predeterminadas de los traits " +#~ "`Copy` y `Clone`." + +#~ msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" +#~ msgstr "Un valor que se toma prestado tiene un _tiempo de vida_:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El tiempo de vida puede ser implícito: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> " +#~ "Point`." + +#~ msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tiempo de vida también puede ser explícito: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " +#~ "lifetime `a`\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lee `&'a Point` como \"un `Point` prestado que es válido al menos durante " +#~ "el tiempo de vida de `a`\"." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a " +#~ "lifetime yourself." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El compilador siempre infiere el tiempo de vida: no puedes asignarlos tú." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " +#~ "value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Además de tomar prestados sus argumentos, una función puede devolver un " +#~ "valor que se ha tomado prestado:" + +#~ msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." +#~ msgstr "`'a` es un parámetro genérico que infiere el compilador." + +#~ msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los tiempos de vida comienzan por `'` y `'a` suele ser un nombre " +#~ "predeterminado habitual." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La parte _al menos_ es importante cuando los parámetros están en ámbitos " +#~ "distintos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " +#~ "resulting in the following code:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mueve la declaración de `p2` y `p3` a un nuevo ámbito (`{ ... }`), lo que " +#~ "dará como resultado el siguiente código:" + +#~ msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ten en cuenta que no se puede compilar, ya que `p3` dura más tiempo que " +#~ "`p2`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn " +#~ "left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will " +#~ "not compile because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` " +#~ "is unclear." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Restablece el espacio de trabajo y cambia la firma de la función a `fn " +#~ "left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. No se " +#~ "compilará porque la relación entre los tiempos de vida de `'a` y `'b` no " +#~ "está clara." + +#~ msgid "Another way to explain it:" +#~ msgstr "Otra forma de explicarlo:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " +#~ "returns another reference." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Una función toma prestadas dos referencias a dos valores y devuelve otra " +#~ "referencia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global " +#~ "variable)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Esta debe proceder de una de esas dos entradas (o de una variable global)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " +#~ "returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " +#~ "reference came from." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "¿Cuál de ellas es? El compilador debe saberlo para que, en el sitio de la " +#~ "llamada, la referencia devuelta no se use durante más tiempo que una " +#~ "variable de la que procede la referencia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " +#~ "slides." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los métodos están definidos en un bloque `impl` que veremos en las " +#~ "siguientes diapositivas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " +#~ "interchangeable with the struct type name" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La función `new` se podría escribir utilizando `Self` como tipo, ya que " +#~ "es intercambiable con el nombre de tipo de estructura." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use " +#~ "the default values for the other fields." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Implementa el trait `Default` en la estructura. Define algunos campos y " +#~ "usa los valores predeterminados para el resto de los campos." + +#~ msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." +#~ msgstr "Los métodos se definen en el bloque `impl`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note " +#~ "that the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Utiliza la sintaxis de actualización de estructuras para definir una " +#~ "estructura nueva con `peter`. Ten en cuenta que, después, ya no podrás " +#~ "acceder a la variable `peter`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Utiliza `{:#?}` al imprimir estructuras para solicitar la representación " +#~ "de `Debug`." + +#~ msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A continuación, se describe la diferencia entre receptores de métodos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " +#~ "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker " +#~ "rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a " +#~ "struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method " +#~ "on it." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Considera recalcar los conceptos \"compartido e inmutable\" y \"único y " +#~ "mutable\". Estas restricciones siempre vienen juntas en Rust debido a las " +#~ "reglas del _borrow checker_, y `self` no es una excepción. No es posible " +#~ "referenciar una estructura desde varias ubicaciones y llamar a un método " +#~ "mutable (`&mut self`) en ella." + +#~ msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cada uno de estos cuatro métodos utilizan un receptor de método distinto." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " +#~ "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes indicar cómo eso cambia lo que la función puede hacer con los " +#~ "valores de las variables y si se puede utilizar de nuevo en `main` y, en " +#~ "caso afirmativo, cómo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` " +#~ "twice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes mostrar el error que aparece al intentar llamar a `finish` dos " +#~ "veces." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " +#~ "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables " +#~ "automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust " +#~ "automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches " +#~ "the method signature." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ten en cuenta que, aunque los receptores de los métodos sean diferentes, " +#~ "las funciones no estáticas se llaman del mismo modo en el cuerpo " +#~ "principal. Rust habilita la referenciación y desreferenciación " +#~ "automáticas al llamar a los métodos. Además, añade automáticamente los " +#~ "caracteres `&`, `*` y `muts` para que el objeto coincida con la firma del " +#~ "método." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " +#~ "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Podrías mencionar que `print_laps` está usando un vector sobre el que se " +#~ "itera. Describiremos los vectores con más detalle por la tarde. " + +#~ msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Mañana" + +#~ msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" +#~ msgstr "Veremos la implementación de métodos en dos contextos:" + +#~ msgid "Storing books and querying the collection" +#~ msgstr "Almacenar libros y consultar la colección" + +#~ msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients" +#~ msgstr "Hacer seguimiento de las estadísticas de salud de pacientes" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " +#~ "now, you just need to know part of its API:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mañana conoceremos mucho mejor _structs_ y el tipo `Vec`. Por ahora, " +#~ "solo debes conocer parte de su API:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " +#~ " and update the types to make it compile:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Crea un modelo de la colección de libros de una biblioteca con esta " +#~ "opción. Copia el código que aparece abajo en y actualiza los tipos para que compile:" + +#~ msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" +#~ msgstr "[Soluciones](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" + +#~ msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Entre los tipos de vocabulario más habituales se incluyen los siguientes:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " +#~ "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tipos [`Option` y `Result`](std/option-result.md): se utilizan para " +#~ "valores opcionales y [gestión de errores](error-handling.md)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md): el tipo de cadena predeterminado que se usa " +#~ "para los datos propios." + +#~ msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." +#~ msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): un vector estándar extensible." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " +#~ "algorithm." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): un mapa hash con un algoritmo hash " +#~ "configurable." + +#~ msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Box`](std/box.md): un puntero propio para datos ubicados en el _heap_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " +#~ "data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): un puntero compartido de conteo de referencias para " +#~ "datos asignados a _heap_." + +#~ msgid "`Option` and `Result`" +#~ msgstr "`Option` y `Result`" + +#~ msgid "The types represent optional data:" +#~ msgstr "Los tipos representan datos opcionales:" + +#~ msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." +#~ msgstr "`Option<&T>` no usa espacio adicional en comparación con `&T`." + +#~ msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." +#~ msgstr "`binary_search` devuelve `Result`." + +#~ msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si se encuentra, `Result::Ok` contiene el índice donde se halla el " +#~ "elemento." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should " +#~ "be inserted." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "De lo contrario, `Result::Err` contendrá el índice donde se debe insertar " +#~ "dicho elemento." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v " +#~ "{ *e += 50; }`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Muestra la iteración sobre un vector y la mutación del valor: `for e in " +#~ "&mut v { *e += 50; }`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " Stack Heap\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": five : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +#~ ": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" +#~ ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ "`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " _Stack_ _Heap_\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": five : : :\n" +#~ ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +#~ ": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" +#~ ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ "`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " +#~ "statement thanks to `Deref`. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En el ejemplo anterior, incluso puedes omitir `*` en la instrucción " +#~ "`println!` gracias a `Deref`. " + +#~ msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" +#~ msgstr "Box con Estructuras de Datos Recursivos" + +#~ msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" +#~ msgstr "`Cell` y `RefCell`" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and " +#~ "[`RefCell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) " +#~ "implement what Rust calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an " +#~ "immutable context." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) y " +#~ "[`RefCell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) " +#~ "implementan lo que Rust llama _mutabilidad interna_: mutación de valores " +#~ "en un contexto inmutable." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or " +#~ "moving values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which " +#~ "tracks shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are " +#~ "misused." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Normalmente, `Cell` se utiliza para tipos simples, ya que requiere copiar " +#~ "o mover valores. Los tipos internos más complejos normalmente utilizan " +#~ "`RefCell`, que realiza un seguimiento de las referencias compartidas y " +#~ "exclusivas en tiempo de ejecución y entra en pánico si se utilizan de " +#~ "forma incorrecta." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would " +#~ "have to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it " +#~ "back in. This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in " +#~ "the cell, but it's not ergonomic." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si estuviéramos utilizando `Cell` en lugar de `RefCell` en este ejemplo, " +#~ "tendríamos que mover el `Node` fuera del `Rc` para insertar hijos y luego " +#~ "volver a moverlo. Esto es seguro porque siempre hay un valor sin " +#~ "referenciar en la celda, pero no es ergonómico." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " +#~ "`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para hacer cualquier cosa con un Node, debes llamar a un método de " +#~ "`RefCell`, normalmente `borrow` o `borrow_mut`." + +#~ msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Tarde" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los ejercicios de esta tarde se centrarán en las cadenas y los iteradores." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) traits." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El modelo de _ownership_ de Rust afecta a muchas APIs. Un ejemplo serían " +#~ "los traits [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html) y [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." +#~ "IntoIterator.html)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. " +#~ "The `Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get " +#~ "`None` back:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los _traits_ son como las interfaces: describen el comportamiento " +#~ "(métodos) de un tipo. El trait `Iterator` indica que se puede llamar a " +#~ "`next` hasta que se obtenga `None`:" + +#~ msgid "You use this trait like this:" +#~ msgstr "Utiliza este trait de la siguiente forma:" + +#~ msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" +#~ msgstr "¿Qué tipo devuelve el iterador? Prueba tu respuesta aquí:" + +#~ msgid "Why is this type used?" +#~ msgstr "¿Por qué se usa este tipo?" + +#~ msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" +#~ msgstr "Al igual que antes, ¿qué tipo devuelve el iterador?" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " +#~ "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " +#~ "resulting iterator:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ahora que conocemos `Iterator` e `IntoIterator`, podemos crear bucles " +#~ "`for`. Llaman a `into_iter()` sobre una expresión e iteran sobre el " +#~ "iterador resultante:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl " +#~ "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." +#~ "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Experimenta con el código anterior y consulta la documentación sobre " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) y sobre [`impl " +#~ "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." +#~ "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) para comprobar las respuestas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web " +#~ "server. The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which " +#~ "are matched against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a " +#~ "wildcard character which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En este ejercicio se va a implementar un componente de enrutamiento de un " +#~ "servidor web. El servidor está configurado con un número de _prefijos de " +#~ "ruta_ que se comparan con las _rutas de solicitud_. Los prefijos de ruta " +#~ "pueden contener un carácter comodín que coincida con un segmento " +#~ "completo. Consulta las pruebas unitarias más abajo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " +#~ "traits." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "_Traits_: derivación de _traits_, métodos predeterminados y _traits_ " +#~ "importantes de la _standard library_ (biblioteca estándar)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and " +#~ "trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "_Generics_ (Genéricos): tipos de datos genéricos, métodos genéricos, " +#~ "monomorfización y objetos de _traits_." + +#~ msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pruebas: pruebas unitarias, pruebas de documentación y pruebas de " +#~ "integración." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " +#~ "functions." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust inseguro: punteros sin formato, variables estáticas, funciones no " +#~ "seguras y funciones externas." + +#~ msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Prueba a declarar una nueva variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." + +#~ msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Corrige el código para permitir puntos que tengan elementos de distintos " +#~ "tipos." + +#~ msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" +#~ msgstr "Puedes declarar un tipo genérico en tu bloque `impl`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El código genérico se convierte en código no genérico en función de los " +#~ "sitios de llamada:" + +#~ msgid "behaves as if you wrote" +#~ msgstr "se comporta como si se hubiera escrito" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements " +#~ "the specified traits for a data structure." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las macros de derivación de Rust funcionan generando automáticamente " +#~ "código que implementa los _traits_ especificados para una estructura de " +#~ "datos." + +#~ msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes dejar que el compilador derive una serie de _traits_ de la " +#~ "siguiente manera:" + +#~ msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los _traits_ pueden implementar comportamientos en función de otros " +#~ "métodos de _traits_:" + +#~ msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Mueve el método `not_equals` a un nuevo trait `NotEquals`." + +#~ msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Haz que `Equals` sea un supertrait para `NotEquals`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "trait NotEquals: Equals {\n" +#~ " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +#~ " !self.equals(other)\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "trait NotEquals: Equals {\n" +#~ " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +#~ " !self.equals(other)\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Proporciona una implementación general de `NotEquals` para `Equals`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " +#~ "trait for `NotEqual`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Con la implementación general, ya no necesitas `Equals` como supertrait " +#~ "para `NotEqual`." + +#~ msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`impl Trait` permite trabajar con tipos a los que no se les puede asignar " +#~ "un nombre." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " +#~ "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " +#~ "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " +#~ "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work " +#~ "for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely " +#~ "not what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` " +#~ "syntax, we'd need two independent generic parameters." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Este ejemplo es fantástico porque usa `impl Display` dos veces. Nos ayuda " +#~ "explicar que no hay nada que obligue a que sea _el mismo_ tipo `impl " +#~ "Display`. Si se utiliza un solo `T: Display`, se aplicaría la restricción " +#~ "de que el tipo de entrada `T` y el tipo de retorno `T` son iguales. No " +#~ "funcionaría para esta función en concreto, ya que el tipo que esperamos " +#~ "como entrada probablemente no sea el que devuelve `format!`. Si " +#~ "quisiéramos hacer lo mismo a través de la sintaxis `: Display`, " +#~ "necesitaríamos dos parámetros genéricos independientes." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " +#~ "library:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A continuación, veremos algunos de los _traits_ más comunes de la " +#~ "biblioteca estándar de Rust:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) used in `for` loops," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) y " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) se usan en los bucles `for`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and " +#~ "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to " +#~ "convert values," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) y [`Into`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) se usan para " +#~ "convertir valores." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) y [`Write`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) se usan para E/S." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " +#~ "overloading, and" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... se usan para " +#~ "sobrecargar operadores, y" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " +#~ "used to construct a default instance of a type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) se " +#~ "usa para construir una instancia predeterminada de un tipo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " +#~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Iterator` implementa `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " +#~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`." + +#~ msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." +#~ msgstr "`Add`, `Mul`, etc." + +#~ msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la Mañana" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Diseñaremos una biblioteca GUI clásica de _traits_ y objetos _trait_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " +#~ "polygons." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "También veremos la asignación de enumeraciones con un ejercicio que " +#~ "involucra puntos y polígonos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits " +#~ "and trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vamos a diseñar una biblioteca GUI clásica con nuestro recién adquirido " +#~ "conocimiento sobre _traits_ y objetos trait." + +#~ msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" +#~ msgstr "Tendremos varios widgets en nuestra biblioteca:" + +#~ msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." +#~ msgstr "`Window`: tiene un `title` y contiene otros widgets." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " +#~ "button is pressed." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Button`: tiene una `label` y una función de retrollamada que se invoca " +#~ "cuando se pulsa el botón." + +#~ msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." +#~ msgstr "`Label`: tiene una `label`." + +#~ msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los widgets implementarán un trait `Widget`, como se indica más abajo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " +#~ "`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en la página y rellena los métodos `draw_into` que faltan para implementar " +#~ "el trait `Widget`:" + +#~ msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" +#~ msgstr "La salida del programa anterior puede ser algo sencillo como esto:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting " +#~ "operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different " +#~ "characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si quieres trazar texto alineado, puedes usar los operadores de formato " +#~ "[relleno/alineación](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." +#~ "html#fillalignment). En concreto, observa cómo puedes rellenar con " +#~ "distintos caracteres (en este caso, `'/'`) y cómo puedes controlar la " +#~ "alineación:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Con estos trucos de alineación puedes, por ejemplo, obtener resultados " +#~ "como el siguiente:" + +#~ msgid "Polygon Struct" +#~ msgstr "Estructura de polígono" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the " +#~ "code below to and fill in the missing " +#~ "methods to make the tests pass:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Crearemos una estructura `Polygon` que contenga algunos puntos. Copia el " +#~ "siguiente fragmento de código en la página " +#~ "y rellena los métodos que faltan para pasar las pruebas:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the " +#~ "key part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to " +#~ "modify the tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dado que faltan las firmas de los métodos en las instrucciones del " +#~ "problema, la parte clave del ejercicio consiste en especificarlas " +#~ "correctamente. No tienes que modificar las pruebas." + +#~ msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" +#~ msgstr "Otras partes interesantes del ejercicio:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " +#~ "don't borrow their arguments." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Deriva un trait `Copy` en algunas estructuras, ya que, en las pruebas, " +#~ "los métodos a veces no toman prestados sus argumentos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be " +#~ "addable via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Descubrir que hay que implementar el trait `Add` para que se puedan " +#~ "añadir dos objetos mediante \"+\". Ten en cuenta que no hablaremos de los " +#~ "genéricos hasta el día 3." + +#~ msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La gestión de errores en Rust se realiza mediante un flujo de control " +#~ "explícito:" + +#~ msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las funciones que pueden tener errores lo indican en su tipo de resultado " +#~ "devuelto." + +#~ msgid "There are no exceptions." +#~ msgstr "No hay excepciones." + +#~ msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Capturar el Desenrrollado de la _Stack_" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when " +#~ "errors are expected as part of normal operation:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ya hemos visto la _enum_ `Result`. Se utiliza normalmente cuando se " +#~ "esperan errores como parte del funcionamiento normal:" + +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" +#~ msgstr "Propagar errores con `?`" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +#~ "turn the common" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El operador try `?` se utiliza para devolver errores al llamador. Te " +#~ "permite convertir" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " +#~ "functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " +#~ "can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " +#~ "`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " +#~ "`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " +#~ "apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El tipo de resultado de la función tiene que ser compatible con las " +#~ "funciones anidadas que llama. Por ejemplo, una función que devuelve un " +#~ "`Result` solo puede aplicar el operador `?` a una función que " +#~ "devuelve un `Result`. No puede aplicar el operador `?` a una " +#~ "función que devuelve un `Option` o `Result` a menos " +#~ "que `OtherErr` implemente `From`. Recíprocamente, una función que " +#~ "devuelve un `Option` solo puede aplicar el operador `?` a una función " +#~ "que devuelve un `Option`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " +#~ "`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " +#~ "`Result::err`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes convertir tipos incompatibles entre sí con los distintos métodos " +#~ "de `Option` y `Result` como `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, `Result::err`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " +#~ "implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " +#~ "`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github." +#~ "com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se recomienda que todos los tipos de errores que no necesitan ser " +#~ "`no_std` implementen `std::error::Error`, que requiere `Debug` y " +#~ "`Display`. El crate `Error` para `core` solo está disponible en [nightly]" +#~ "(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), por lo que aún no es " +#~ "totalmente compatible con `no_std`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " +#~ "possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " +#~ "this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement " +#~ "them." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Por lo general, es útil que también implementen `Clone` y `Eq`, siempre " +#~ "que sea posible, para facilitar las cosas a las pruebas y a los " +#~ "consumidores de tu biblioteca. En este caso, no podemos hacerlo de forma " +#~ "sencilla porque `io::Error` no los implementa." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, " +#~ "and optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) " +#~ "and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for " +#~ "structs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La macro de derivación de `thiserror` implementa automáticamente `std::" +#~ "error::Error` y, de forma opcional, `Display` (si se proporcionan los " +#~ "atributos `#[error(...)]`) y `From` (si se añade el atributo `#[from]`). " +#~ "También funciona con estructuras." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "No afecta a tu API pública, lo que la hace idónea para las bibliotecas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " +#~ "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " +#~ "error types:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El crate [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/), que se utiliza con " +#~ "frecuencia, puede ayudar a añadir información contextual a los errores y " +#~ "permite tener menos tipos de errores personalizados:" + +#~ msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" +#~ msgstr "Marca pruebas unitarias con `#[test]`:" + +#~ msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." +#~ msgstr "Busca y ejecuta las pruebas unitarias con `cargo test`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" +#~ "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las pruebas unitarias se suelen incluir en un módulo anidado (ejecuta las " +#~ "pruebas en el [_Playground_](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" + +#~ msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" +#~ msgstr "Crates útiles para escribir pruebas" + +#~ msgid "Calling External Code" +#~ msgstr "Llamar a código externo" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. " +#~ "Calling them is thus unsafe:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Es posible que las funciones de otros lenguajes infrinjan las garantías " +#~ "de Rust. Por lo tanto, no es seguro llamarlas:" + +#~ msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 3: ejercicios de la tarde" + +#~ msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vamos a crear un envoltorio seguro para leer el contenido del directorio." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of " +#~ "the Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own " +#~ "machine." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para este ejercicio, recomendamos utilizar un entorno de desarrollo " +#~ "local, en lugar del playground. De este modo, podrás ejecutar tu binario " +#~ "en tu propia máquina." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally." +#~ "md) instructions." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para empezar, sigue las instrucciones para [ejecutar a nivel local](../../" +#~ "cargo/running-locally.md)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" +#~ "afternoon.md) provided." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Después de realizar el ejercicio, puedes consultar la [solución]" +#~ "(solutions-afternoon.md) proporcionada." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```javascript\n" +#~ "rust_binary {\n" +#~ " name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" +#~ " crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" +#~ " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" +#~ " rustlibs: [\n" +#~ " \"libgreetings\",\n" +#~ " \"libtextwrap\",\n" +#~ " ],\n" +#~ " prefer_rlib: true,\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "rust_library {\n" +#~ " name: \"libgreetings\",\n" +#~ " crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" +#~ " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```javascript\n" +#~ "rust_binary {\n" +#~ " name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" +#~ " crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" +#~ " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" +#~ " rustlibs: [\n" +#~ " \"libgreetings\",\n" +#~ " \"libtextwrap\",\n" +#~ " ],\n" +#~ " prefer_rlib: true,\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "rust_library {\n" +#~ " name: \"libgreetings\",\n" +#~ " crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" +#~ " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,ignore\n" +#~ "//! Rust demo.\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "use greetings::greeting;\n" +#~ "use textwrap::fill;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,ignore\n" +#~ "//! Rust demo.\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "use greetings::greeting;\n" +#~ "use textwrap::fill;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/// Imprime un saludo en una salida estándar.\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,ignore\n" +#~ "//! Greeting library.\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/// Greet `name`.\n" +#~ "pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" +#~ " format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,ignore\n" +#~ "//! Greeting library.\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/// Saludar a `name`.\n" +#~ "pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" +#~ " format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```java\n" +#~ "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/** Birthday service interface. */\n" +#~ "interface IBirthdayService {\n" +#~ " /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" +#~ " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```java\n" +#~ "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/** Birthday service interface. */\n" +#~ "interface IBirthdayService {\n" +#~ " /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" +#~ " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```javascript\n" +#~ "aidl_interface {\n" +#~ " name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" +#~ " srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" +#~ " unstable: true,\n" +#~ " backend: {\n" +#~ " rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" +#~ " enabled: true,\n" +#~ " },\n" +#~ " },\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```javascript\n" +#~ "aidl_interface {\n" +#~ " name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" +#~ " srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" +#~ " unstable: true,\n" +#~ " backend: {\n" +#~ " rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" +#~ " enabled: true,\n" +#~ " },\n" +#~ " },\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" +#~ "cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En este punto, el instructor debería cambiar al [tutorial de CXX](https://" +#~ "cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." + +#~ msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." +#~ msgstr "Guía a los estudiantes a través del tutorial paso a paso." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " +#~ "languages_." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Destaca cómo CXX presenta una interfaz limpia sin código inseguro en " +#~ "_ambos lenguajes_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " +#~ "does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " +#~ "types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" +#~ "string`, making it very ergonomic to use." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Explica que una `String` de Rust no puede asignarse a una `std::string` " +#~ "de C++ (esta última no mantiene la invariante UTF-8). Muestra que, a " +#~ "pesar de ser tipos diferentes, `rust::String` en C++ se puede construir " +#~ "fácilmente a partir de una `std::string` de C++, lo que la hace muy " +#~ "ergonómica de usar." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " +#~ "which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Explica que una función de Rust que devuelve `Result` se convierte " +#~ "en una función que lanza una excepción `E` en C++ (y viceversa)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```bash\n" +#~ "sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom " +#~ "pkg-config qemu-system-arm\n" +#~ "rustup update\n" +#~ "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" +#~ "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" +#~ "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```bash\n" +#~ "sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom " +#~ "pkg-config qemu-system-arm\n" +#~ "rustup update\n" +#~ "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" +#~ "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" +#~ "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```bash\n" +#~ "echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " +#~ "GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" +#~ " sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" +#~ "sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```bash\n" +#~ "echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " +#~ "GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" +#~ " sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" +#~ "sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```bash\n" +#~ "xcode-select --install\n" +#~ "brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" +#~ "brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" +#~ "rustup update\n" +#~ "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" +#~ "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" +#~ "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```bash\n" +#~ "xcode-select --install\n" +#~ "brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" +#~ "brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" +#~ "rustup update\n" +#~ "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" +#~ "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" +#~ "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "#![no_main]\n" +#~ "#![no_std]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[panic_handler]\n" +#~ "fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" +#~ " loop {}\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "#![no_main]\n" +#~ "#![no_std]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[panic_handler]\n" +#~ "fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" +#~ " loop {}\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "#![no_main]\n" +#~ "#![no_std]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "extern crate alloc;\n" +#~ "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "use alloc::string::ToString;\n" +#~ "use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" +#~ "use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[global_allocator]\n" +#~ "static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "pub fn entry() {\n" +#~ " // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " +#~ "once.\n" +#~ " unsafe {\n" +#~ " // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +#~ " HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" +#~ " .lock()\n" +#~ " .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" +#~ " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" +#~ " v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "#![no_main]\n" +#~ "#![no_std]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "extern crate alloc;\n" +#~ "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "use alloc::string::ToString;\n" +#~ "use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" +#~ "use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[global_allocator]\n" +#~ "static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "pub fn entry() {\n" +#~ " // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " +#~ "once.\n" +#~ " unsafe {\n" +#~ " // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +#~ " HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" +#~ " .lock()\n" +#~ " .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " // Ahora podemos hacer cosas que requieran asignación de _heap_.\n" +#~ " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" +#~ " v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "SWD" +#~ msgstr "SWD" + +#~ msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " +#~ msgstr "GDB stub y el servidor " + +#~ msgid "DAP" +#~ msgstr "DAP" + +#~ msgid " server" +#~ msgstr " de Microsoft" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`cargo-embed` es un subcomando de Cargo para compilar e instalar " +#~ "binarios, registrar salidas " + +#~ msgid "RTT" +#~ msgstr "TTR" + +#~ msgid "HVC" +#~ msgstr "HVC" + +#~ msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:" +#~ msgstr " para decirle al firmware que apague el sistema:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo add thiserror\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo add thiserror\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,compile_fail\n" +#~ "use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" +#~ "use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" +#~ "use thiserror::Error;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" +#~ "enum Error {\n" +#~ " #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" +#~ " ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" +#~ " #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" +#~ " BadResponse(String),\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" +#~ "struct CrawlCommand {\n" +#~ " url: Url,\n" +#~ " extract_links: bool,\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> " +#~ "Result, Error> {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" +#~ " let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" +#~ " if !response.status().is_success() {\n" +#~ " return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" +#~ " if !command.extract_links {\n" +#~ " return Ok(link_urls);\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" +#~ " let body_text = response.text()?;\n" +#~ " let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" +#~ " let href_values = document\n" +#~ " .select(&selector)\n" +#~ " .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" +#~ " for href in href_values {\n" +#~ " match base_url.join(href) {\n" +#~ " Ok(link_url) => {\n" +#~ " link_urls.push(link_url);\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " Err(err) => {\n" +#~ " println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " +#~ "{err}\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " Ok(link_urls)\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " let client = Client::new();\n" +#~ " let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" +#~ " let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " +#~ "true };\n" +#~ " match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" +#~ " Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" +#~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,compile_fail\n" +#~ "use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" +#~ "use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" +#~ "use thiserror::Error;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" +#~ "enum Error {\n" +#~ " #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" +#~ " ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" +#~ " #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" +#~ " BadResponse(String),\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" +#~ "struct CrawlCommand {\n" +#~ " url: Url,\n" +#~ " extract_links: bool,\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> " +#~ "Result, Error> {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" +#~ " let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" +#~ " if !response.status().is_success() {\n" +#~ " return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" +#~ " if !command.extract_links {\n" +#~ " return Ok(link_urls);\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" +#~ " let body_text = response.text()?;\n" +#~ " let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ " let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" +#~ " let href_values = document\n" +#~ " .select(&selector)\n" +#~ " .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" +#~ " for href in href_values {\n" +#~ " match base_url.join(href) {\n" +#~ " Ok(link_url) => {\n" +#~ " link_urls.push(link_url);\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " Err(err) => {\n" +#~ " println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " +#~ "{err}\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " Ok(link_urls)\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " let client = Client::new();\n" +#~ " let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" +#~ " let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " +#~ "true };\n" +#~ " match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" +#~ " Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" +#~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo run\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo run\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "use futures::executor::block_on;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" +#~ " for i in 1..=count {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" +#~ " count_to(count).await;\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " block_on(async_main(10));\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "use futures::executor::block_on;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" +#~ " for i in 1..=count {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" +#~ " count_to(count).await;\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " block_on(async_main(10));\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " +#~ "stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " +#~ "async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " +#~ "pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cuando esperas un futuro, todas las variables locales (que normalmente se " +#~ "almacenarían en un marco de pila) se almacenan en el futuro del bloque " +#~ "asíncrono. Si tu futuro tiene punteros en datos de la pila, podrían " +#~ "invalidarse. Es una acción insegura." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to " +#~ "don't change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " +#~ "repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Por lo tanto, debes asegurarte de que las direcciones a las que apunta el " +#~ "futuro no cambien. Por ese motivo debemos fijar (`pin`) los futuros. Si " +#~ "se usa el mismo futuro varias veces en un `select!`, se suelen producir " +#~ "problemas en los valores fijados." + +#~ msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En las páginas siguientes encontrarás las soluciones a los ejercicios." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." +#~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " +#~ "different or better solution than what is presented here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "No dudes en hacer preguntas sobre las soluciones [en GitHub](https://" +#~ "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Ponte en contacto con " +#~ "nosotros si tienes una solución distinta o mejor de la que se presenta " +#~ "aquí." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " +#~ "comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to " +#~ "re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "**Nota:** Ignora los comentarios `// ANCHOR: label` y `// ANCHOR_END: " +#~ "label` que aparecen en las soluciones. Están ahí para que sea posible " +#~ "reutilizar algunas partes de las soluciones de los ejercicios." + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Mañana" + +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgstr "([Volver al ejercicio](for-loops.md))" + +#~ msgid "Bonus question" +#~ msgstr "Pregunta extra" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a " +#~ "slice-of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus " +#~ "make our function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks " +#~ "down: the return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the " +#~ "data you return." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Requiere conceptos más avanzados. Es posible que parezca que se puede " +#~ "utilizar un slice de slices (`&[&[i32]]`) como tipo de entrada para hacer " +#~ "una trasposición y así lograr que nuestra función controle cualquier " +#~ "tamaño de matriz. Sin embargo, esto se viene abajo rápidamente: el tipo " +#~ "de resultado devuelto no puede ser `&[&[i32]]`, ya que necesita ser el " +#~ "propietario de los datos que devuelve." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't " +#~ "work out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " +#~ "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes probar a utilizar algo como `Vec>`, pero esto tampoco " +#~ "funciona desde el principio: es difícil cambiar de `Vec>` a " +#~ "`&[&[i32]]`, por lo que tampoco puedes usar `pretty_print` de forma " +#~ "sencilla." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::" +#~ "convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) " +#~ "trait to abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Una vez que veamos los traits y los genéricos, podremos usar el trait " +#~ "[`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef." +#~ "html) para abstraer cualquier elemento que se pueda referenciar, como un " +#~ "slice." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are " +#~ "of the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Además, el propio tipo no requeriría que los slices secundarios fueran de " +#~ "la misma longitud, por lo que dicha variable podría contener una matriz " +#~ "no válida." + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde" + +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](luhn.md))" + +#~ msgid "Pattern matching" +#~ msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Mañana" + +#~ msgid "Designing a Library" +#~ msgstr "Diseñando una Librería" + +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](book-library.md))" + +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](strings-iterators.md))" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" +#~ msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la mañana" + +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](simple-gui.md))" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la Tarde" + +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" #~ msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++" #~ msgstr "Trabajo adicional en C++ moderno" @@ -24304,21 +25995,12 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." #~ msgstr "Varias estructuras y enumeraciones para una biblioteca de planos." -#~ msgid "Day 4: Morning" -#~ msgstr "Día 4: Mañana" - -#~ msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" -#~ msgstr "Día 4: Tarde" - #~ msgid "Day 4 Morning" #~ msgstr "Día 4 Mañana" #~ msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:" #~ msgstr "En el Día 4, cubriremos cosas específicas a Android como:" -#~ msgid "Building Android components in Rust." -#~ msgstr "Construir componentes en Rust." - #~ msgid "AIDL servers and clients." #~ msgstr "Clientes y servidores AIDL. " @@ -24459,17 +26141,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ "println!();\n" #~ "```" -#~ msgid "" -#~ "```rust,should_panic\n" -#~ "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -#~ "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -#~ "```" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "```rust,should_panic\n" -#~ "// TODO: borra esto cuando termines de implementarlo.\n" -#~ "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -#~ "```" - #~ msgid "" #~ "Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the " #~ "function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`" @@ -24566,6 +26237,3 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgstr "" #~ "impl Person { fn say_hello(&self) { println!(\"Hola, mi nombre es {}\", " #~ "self.name); } }" - -#~ msgid "Welcome to Day 4" -#~ msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 4"