Merge pull request #130 from google/translations

Add support for translations

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -39,3 +39,87 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Test Rust code
         run: cargo test
+
+      - name: Test i18n-helpers
+        run: cargo test
+        working-directory: i18n-helpers
+
+  i18n-helpers:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Rust cache
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+
+      - name: Install Gettext
+        run: sudo apt install gettext
+
+      - name: Install mdbook
+        run: cargo install mdbook --version 0.4.25
+
+      - name: Install mdbook-svgbob
+        run: cargo install mdbook-svgbob --version 0.2.1
+
+      - name: Install i18n-helpers
+        run: cargo install --path i18n-helpers --locked
+
+      - name: Generate po/messages.pot
+        run: mdbook build -d po
+        env:
+          MDBOOK_OUTPUT: '{"xgettext": {"pot-file": "messages.pot"}}'
+
+      - name: Test messages.pot
+        run: msgfmt --statistics -o /dev/null po/messages.pot
+
+      - name: Expand includes without translation
+        run: mdbook build -d expanded
+        env:
+          MDBOOK_OUTPUT: '{"markdown": {}}'
+
+      - name: Expand includes with no-op translation
+        run: mdbook build -d no-op
+        env:
+          MDBOOK_OUTPUT: '{"markdown": {}}'
+          MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__PO_FILE: po/messages.pot
+
+      - name: Compare no translation to no-op translation
+        run: diff -r expanded no-op
+
+  translations:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        language:
+          - da
+    env:
+      MDBOOK_BOOK__LANGUAGE: ${{ matrix.language }}
+      MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__PO_FILE: po/${{ matrix.language }}.po
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Rust cache
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+
+      - name: Install Gettext
+        run: sudo apt install gettext
+
+      - name: Install mdbook
+        run: cargo install mdbook --version 0.4.25
+
+      - name: Install mdbook-svgbob
+        run: cargo install mdbook-svgbob --version 0.2.1
+
+      - name: Install i18n-helpers
+        run: cargo install --path i18n-helpers --locked
+
+      - name: Test ${{ matrix.language }} translation
+        run: msgfmt --statistics -o /dev/null po/${{ matrix.language }}.po
+
+      - name: Build course with ${{ matrix.language }} translation
+        run: mdbook build
+
+      - name: Test code snippets with ${{ matrix.language }} translation
+        run: mdbook test

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 /book/
-/target/
+target/
+po/messages.pot

TRANSLATIONS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# Translations of Comprehensive Rust 🦀
+
+We would love to have your help with translating the course into other
+languages! We use the [Gettext] system for translations. This means that you
+don't modify the Markdown files directly: instead you modify `.po` files in a
+`po/` directory. The `.po` files are small text-based translation databases.
+
+There is a `.po` file for each language. They are named after the [ISO 639]
+language codes: Danish would go into `po/da.po`, Korean would go into
+`po/ko.po`, etc. The `.po` files contain all the English text plus the
+translations. They are initialized from a `messages.pot` file (a PO template)
+which contains only the English text.
+
+We will show how to update and manipulate the `.po` and `.pot` files using the
+GNU Gettext utilities below.
+
+[Gettext]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/index.html
+[ISO 639]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes
+
+## I18n Helpers
+
+We use two helpers for the translations:
+
+* `mdbook-xgettext`: This program extracts the English text. It is an mdbook
+  renderer.
+* `mdbook-gettext`: This program translates the book into a target language. It
+  is an mdbook preprocessor.
+
+Install both helpers with the following command from the root of the course:
+
+```shell
+$ cargo install --path i18n-helpers
+```
+
+## Creating and Updating Translations
+
+First, you need to know how to update the `.pot` and `.po` files.
+
+As a general rule, you should never touch the auto-generated `po/messages.pot`
+file. You should also not edit the `msgid` entries in a `po/xx.po` file. If you
+find mistakes, you need to update the original English text instead. The fixes
+to the English text will flow into the `.po` files the next time the translators
+update them.
+
+### Generating the PO Template
+
+To extract the original English text and generate a `messages.pot` file, you run
+`mdbook` with a special renderer:
+
+```shell
+$ MDBOOK_OUTPUT='{"xgettext": {"pot-file": "messages.pot"}}' \
+  mdbook build -d po
+```
+
+You will find the generated POT file as `po/messages.pot`.
+
+### Initialize a New Translation
+
+To start a new translation, first generate the `po/messages.pot` file. Then use
+`msginit` to create a `xx.po` file for the fictional `xx` language:
+
+```shell
+$ msginit -i po/messages.pot -l xx -o po/xx.po
+```
+
+You can also simply copy `po/messages.pot` to `po/xx.po`. Then update the file
+header (the first entry with `msgid ""`) to the correct language.
+
+### Updating an Existing Translation
+
+As the English text changes, translations gradually become outdated. To update
+the `po/xx.po` file with new messages, first extract the English text into a
+`po/messages.pot` template file. Then run
+
+```shell
+$ msgmerge --update po/xx.po po/messages.pot
+```
+
+Unchanged messages will stay intact, deleted messages are marked as old, and
+updated messages are marked "fuzzy". A fuzzy entry will reuse the previous
+translation: you should then go over it and update it as necessary before you
+remove the fuzzy marker.
+
+## Using Translations
+
+This will show you how to use the translations to generate localized HTML
+output.
+
+## Building a Translation
+
+To use the `po/xx.po` file for your output, run the following command:
+
+```shell
+$ MDBOOK_BOOK__LANGUAGE='xx' \
+  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__PO_FILE='po/xx.po' \
+  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__RENDERERS='["html"]' \
+  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__BEFORE='["svgbob"]' \
+  mdbook build -d book/xx
+```
+
+This will update the book's language to `xx`, it will make the `mdbook-gettext`
+preprocessor become active and tell it to use the `po/xx.po` file, and finally
+it will redirect the output to `book/xx`.
+
+## Serving a Translation
+
+Like normal, you can use `mdbook serve` to view your translation as you work on
+it. You use the same command as with `mdbook build` above, but additionally
+we'll tell `mdbook` to watch the `po/` directory for changes:
+
+```shell
+$ MDBOOK_BOOK__LANGUAGE=xx \
+  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__PO_FILE=po/xx.po
+  MDBOOK_BUILD__EXTRA_WATCH_DIRS='["po"]'
+  mdbook serve -d book/xx
+```

book.toml

@@ -8,7 +8,14 @@ title = "Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
 [rust]
 edition = "2021"
 
+[preprocessor.links]
+renderers = ["html"]
+
+[preprocessor.index]
+renderers = ["html"]
+
 [preprocessor.svgbob]
+renderers = ["html"]
 class = "bob"
 
 [output.html]

i18n-helpers/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "i18n-helpers"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.68"
+mdbook = "0.4.25"
+once_cell = "1.17.0"
+polib = "0.1.0"
+regex = "1.7.0"
+semver = "1.0.16"
+serde_json = "1.0.91"

i18n-helpers/src/bin/mdbook-gettext.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! `gettext` for `mdbook`
+//!
+//! This program works like `gettext`, meaning it will translate
+//! strings in your book.
+//!
+//! The translations come from GNU Gettext `xx.po` files. You must set
+//! preprocessor.gettext.po-file to the PO file to use. If unset, a
+//! warning is issued while building the book.
+//!
+//! See `TRANSLATIONS.md` in the repository root for more information.
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+use i18n_helpers::extract_paragraphs;
+use mdbook::book::Book;
+use mdbook::preprocess::{CmdPreprocessor, PreprocessorContext};
+use mdbook::BookItem;
+use polib::catalog::Catalog;
+use polib::po_file;
+use semver::{Version, VersionReq};
+use std::io;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process;
+
+fn translate(text: &str, catalog: &Catalog) -> String {
+    let mut output = String::with_capacity(text.len());
+    let mut target_lineno = 1;
+
+    for (lineno, paragraph) in extract_paragraphs(text) {
+        // Fill in blank lines between paragraphs. This is important
+        // for code blocks where blank lines are significant.
+        while target_lineno < lineno {
+            output.push('\n');
+            target_lineno += 1;
+        }
+        // Subtract 1 because the paragraph is missing a final '\n'
+        // due to the splitting in `extract_paragraphs`.
+        target_lineno += paragraph.lines().count() - 1;
+
+        let translated = catalog
+            .find_message(paragraph)
+            .and_then(|msg| msg.get_msgstr().ok())
+            .filter(|msgstr| !msgstr.is_empty())
+            .map(|msgstr| msgstr.as_str())
+            .unwrap_or(paragraph);
+        output.push_str(translated);
+    }
+
+    let suffix = &text[text.trim_end_matches('\n').len()..];
+    output.push_str(suffix);
+    output
+}
+
+fn translate_book(ctx: &PreprocessorContext, mut book: Book) -> anyhow::Result<Book> {
+    let cfg = ctx
+        .config
+        .get_preprocessor("gettext")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Could not read preprocessor.gettext configuration"))?;
+    let path = cfg
+        .get("po-file")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Missing preprocessor.gettext.po-file config value"))?
+        .as_str()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Expected a string for preprocessor.gettext.po-file"))?;
+    let catalog = po_file::parse(Path::new(path))
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err}"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("Could not parse {path} as PO file"))?;
+
+    book.for_each_mut(|item| match item {
+        BookItem::Chapter(ch) => {
+            ch.content = translate(&ch.content, &catalog);
+            ch.name = translate(&ch.name, &catalog);
+        }
+        BookItem::Separator => {}
+        BookItem::PartTitle(title) => {
+            *title = translate(title, &catalog);
+        }
+    });
+
+    Ok(book)
+}
+
+fn preprocess() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (ctx, book) = CmdPreprocessor::parse_input(io::stdin())?;
+    let book_version = Version::parse(&ctx.mdbook_version)?;
+    let version_req = VersionReq::parse(mdbook::MDBOOK_VERSION)?;
+    if !version_req.matches(&book_version) {
+        eprintln!(
+            "Warning: The gettext preprocessor was built against \
+             mdbook version {}, but we're being called from version {}",
+            mdbook::MDBOOK_VERSION,
+            ctx.mdbook_version
+        );
+    }
+
+    let translated_book = translate_book(&ctx, book)?;
+    serde_json::to_writer(io::stdout(), &translated_book)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if std::env::args().len() == 3 {
+        assert_eq!(std::env::args().nth(1).as_deref(), Some("supports"));
+        // Signal that we support all renderers.
+        process::exit(0);
+    }
+
+    preprocess()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use polib::message::Message;
+
+    fn create_catalog(translations: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Catalog {
+        let mut catalog = Catalog::new();
+        for (msgid, msgstr) in translations {
+            let message = Message::new_singular("", "", "", "", msgid, msgstr);
+            catalog.add_message(message);
+        }
+        catalog
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_translate_single_line() {
+        let catalog = create_catalog(&[("foo bar", "FOO BAR")]);
+        assert_eq!(translate("foo bar", &catalog), "FOO BAR");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_translate_single_paragraph() {
+        let catalog = create_catalog(&[("foo bar", "FOO BAR")]);
+        assert_eq!(translate("foo bar\n", &catalog), "FOO BAR\n");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_translate_paragraph_with_leading_newlines() {
+        let catalog = create_catalog(&[("foo bar", "FOO BAR")]);
+        assert_eq!(translate("\n\n\nfoo bar\n", &catalog), "\n\n\nFOO BAR\n");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_translate_paragraph_with_trailing_newlines() {
+        let catalog = create_catalog(&[("foo bar", "FOO BAR")]);
+        assert_eq!(translate("foo bar\n\n\n", &catalog), "FOO BAR\n\n\n");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_translate_multiple_paragraphs() {
+        let catalog = create_catalog(&[("foo bar", "FOO BAR")]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            translate(
+                "first paragraph\n\
+                 \n\
+                 foo bar\n\
+                 \n\
+                 last paragraph\n",
+                &catalog
+            ),
+            "first paragraph\n\
+             \n\
+             FOO BAR\n\
+             \n\
+             last paragraph\n"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_translate_multiple_paragraphs_extra_newlines() {
+        // Notice how the translated paragraphs have more lines.
+        let catalog = create_catalog(&[
+            (
+                "first\n\
+                 paragraph",
+                "FIRST\n\
+                 TRANSLATED\n\
+                 PARAGRAPH",
+            ),
+            (
+                "last\n\
+                 paragraph",
+                "LAST\n\
+                 TRANSLATED\n\
+                 PARAGRAPH",
+            ),
+        ]);
+        // Paragraph separation is kept intact while translating.
+        assert_eq!(
+            translate(
+                "\n\
+                 first\n\
+                 paragraph\n\
+                 \n\
+                 \n\
+                 \n\
+                 last\n\
+                 paragraph\n\
+                 \n\
+                 \n",
+                &catalog
+            ),
+            "\n\
+             FIRST\n\
+             TRANSLATED\n\
+             PARAGRAPH\n\
+             \n\
+             \n\
+             \n\
+             LAST\n\
+             TRANSLATED\n\
+             PARAGRAPH\n\
+             \n\
+             \n"
+        );
+    }
+}

i18n-helpers/src/bin/mdbook-xgettext.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! `xgettext` for `mdbook`
+//!
+//! This program works like `xgettext`, meaning it will extract
+//! translatable strings from your book. The strings are saved in a
+//! GNU Gettext `messages.pot` file in your build directory (typically
+//! `po/messages.pot`).
+//!
+//! See `TRANSLATIONS.md` in the repository root for more information.
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+use mdbook::renderer::RenderContext;
+use mdbook::BookItem;
+use polib::catalog::Catalog;
+use polib::message::Message;
+use std::fs;
+use std::io;
+
+fn add_message(catalog: &mut Catalog, msgid: &str, source: &str) {
+    let sources = match catalog.find_message(msgid) {
+        Some(msg) => format!("{}\n{}", msg.source, source),
+        None => String::from(source),
+    };
+    let message = Message::new_singular("", &sources, "", "", msgid, "");
+
+    // Carefully update the existing message or add a new one. It's an
+    // error to create a catalog with duplicate msgids.
+    match catalog.find_message_index(msgid) {
+        Some(&idx) => catalog.update_message_by_index(idx, message).unwrap(),
+        None => catalog.add_message(message),
+    }
+}
+
+fn create_catalog(ctx: &RenderContext) -> anyhow::Result<Catalog> {
+    let mut catalog = Catalog::new();
+    if let Some(title) = &ctx.config.book.title {
+        catalog.metadata.project_id_version = String::from(title);
+    }
+    if let Some(lang) = &ctx.config.book.language {
+        catalog.metadata.language = String::from(lang);
+    }
+    catalog.metadata.mime_version = String::from("1.0");
+    catalog.metadata.content_type = String::from("text/plain; charset=UTF-8");
+    catalog.metadata.content_transfer_encoding = String::from("8bit");
+
+    let summary_path = ctx.config.book.src.join("SUMMARY.md");
+    let summary = std::fs::read_to_string(ctx.root.join(&summary_path))?;
+
+    // First, add all chapter names and part titles from SUMMARY.md.
+    // The book items are in order of the summary, so we can assign
+    // correct line numbers for duplicate lines by tracking the index
+    // of our last search.
+    let mut last_idx = 0;
+    for item in ctx.book.iter() {
+        let line = match item {
+            BookItem::Chapter(chapter) => &chapter.name,
+            BookItem::PartTitle(title) => title,
+            BookItem::Separator => continue,
+        };
+
+        let idx = summary[last_idx..].find(line).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow!(
+                "Could not find {line:?} in SUMMARY.md after line {} -- \
+                 please remove any formatting from SUMMARY.md",
+                summary[..last_idx].lines().count()
+            )
+        })?;
+        last_idx += idx;
+        let lineno = summary[..last_idx].lines().count();
+        let source = format!("{}:{}", summary_path.display(), lineno);
+        add_message(&mut catalog, line, &source);
+    }
+
+    // Next, we add the chapter contents.
+    for item in ctx.book.iter() {
+        if let BookItem::Chapter(chapter) = item {
+            let path = match &chapter.path {
+                Some(path) => ctx.config.book.src.join(path),
+                None => continue,
+            };
+            for (lineno, paragraph) in i18n_helpers::extract_paragraphs(&chapter.content)
+            {
+                let source = format!("{}:{}", path.display(), lineno);
+                add_message(&mut catalog, paragraph, &source);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(catalog)
+}
+
+fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = RenderContext::from_json(&mut io::stdin()).context("Parsing stdin")?;
+    let cfg = ctx
+        .config
+        .get_renderer("xgettext")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Could not read output.xgettext configuration"))?;
+    let path = cfg
+        .get("pot-file")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Missing output.xgettext.pot-file config value"))?
+        .as_str()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("Expected a string for output.xgettext.pot-file"))?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(&ctx.destination)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Could not create {}", ctx.destination.display()))?;
+    let output_path = ctx.destination.join(path);
+    if output_path.exists() {
+        fs::remove_file(&output_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("Removing {}", output_path.display()))?
+    }
+    let catalog = create_catalog(&ctx).context("Extracting messages")?;
+    polib::po_file::write(&catalog, &output_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Writing messages to {}", output_path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

i18n-helpers/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use regex::Regex;
+
+static PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\n\n+").unwrap());
+
+/// Extract paragraphs from text.
+///
+/// Paragraphs are separated by at least two newlines. Returns an
+/// iterator over line numbers (starting from 1) and paragraphs.
+pub fn extract_paragraphs(text: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, &str)> {
+    // TODO: This could be made more sophisticated by parsing the
+    // Markdown and stripping off the markup characters.
+    //
+    // As an example, a header like "## My heading" could become just
+    // "My heading" in the `.pot` file. Similarly, paragraphs could be
+    // unfolded and list items could be translated one-by-one.
+
+    // Skip over leading empty lines.
+    let trimmed = text.trim_start_matches('\n');
+    let mut matches = PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR.find_iter(trimmed);
+    let mut lineno = 1 + text.len() - trimmed.len();
+    let mut last = 0;
+
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || match matches.next() {
+        Some(m) => {
+            let result = (lineno, &trimmed[last..m.start()]);
+            lineno += trimmed[last..m.end()].lines().count();
+            last = m.end();
+            Some(result)
+        }
+        None => {
+            if last < trimmed.len() {
+                let result = (lineno, trimmed[last..].trim_end_matches('\n'));
+                last = trimmed.len();
+                Some(result)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    macro_rules! assert_iter_eq {
+        ($left_iter:expr, $right:expr) => {
+            assert_eq!($left_iter.collect::<Vec<_>>(), $right)
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_paragraphs_empty() {
+        assert_iter_eq!(extract_paragraphs(""), vec![]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_paragraphs_single_line() {
+        assert_iter_eq!(
+            extract_paragraphs("This is a paragraph."),
+            vec![(1, "This is a paragraph.")]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_paragraphs_simple() {
+        assert_iter_eq!(
+            extract_paragraphs(
+                "This is\n\
+                 the first\n\
+                 paragraph.\n\
+                 \n\
+                 Second paragraph."
+            ),
+            vec![
+                (1, "This is\nthe first\nparagraph."),
+                (5, "Second paragraph.")
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_paragraphs_leading_newlines() {
+        assert_iter_eq!(
+            extract_paragraphs(
+                "\n\
+                 \n\
+                 \n\
+                 This is the\n\
+                 first paragraph."
+            ),
+            vec![(4, "This is the\nfirst paragraph.")]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_paragraphs_trailing_newlines() {
+        assert_iter_eq!(
+            extract_paragraphs(
+                "This is\n\
+                 a paragraph.\n\
+                 \n\
+                 \n"
+            ),
+            vec![(1, "This is\na paragraph.")]
+        );
+    }
+}

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -28,19 +28,19 @@
   - [References](basic-syntax/references.md)
     - [Dangling References](basic-syntax/references-dangling.md)
   - [Slices](basic-syntax/slices.md)
-    - [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/string-slices.md)
+    - [String vs str](basic-syntax/string-slices.md)
   - [Functions](basic-syntax/functions.md)
     - [Methods](basic-syntax/methods.md)
     - [Overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md)
 - [Exercises](exercises/day-1/morning.md)
   - [Implicit Conversions](exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md)
-  - [Arrays and `for` Loops](exercises/day-1/for-loops.md)
+  - [Arrays and for Loops](exercises/day-1/for-loops.md)
 
 # Day 1: Afternoon
 
 - [Variables](basic-syntax/variables.md)
   - [Type Inference](basic-syntax/type-inference.md)
-  - [`static` & `const`](basic-syntax/static-and-const.md))
+  - [static & const](basic-syntax/static-and-const.md))
   - [Scopes and Shadowing](basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md)
 - [Memory Management](memory-management.md)
   - [Stack vs Heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)
@@ -93,23 +93,23 @@
 
 - [Control Flow](control-flow.md)
   - [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md)
-  - [`if` expressions](control-flow/if-expressions.md)
+  - [if expressions](control-flow/if-expressions.md)
-  - [`if let` expressions](control-flow/if-let-expressions.md)
+  - [if let expressions](control-flow/if-let-expressions.md)
-  - [`while` expressions](control-flow/while-expressions.md)
+  - [while expressions](control-flow/while-expressions.md)
-  - [`while let` expressions](control-flow/while-let-expressions.md)
+  - [while let expressions](control-flow/while-let-expressions.md)
-  - [`for` expressions](control-flow/for-expressions.md)
+  - [for expressions](control-flow/for-expressions.md)
-  - [`loop` expressions](control-flow/loop-expressions.md)
+  - [loop expressions](control-flow/loop-expressions.md)
-  - [`match` expressions](control-flow/match-expressions.md)
+  - [match expressions](control-flow/match-expressions.md)
-  - [`break` & `continue`](control-flow/break-continue.md)
+  - [break & continue](control-flow/break-continue.md)
 - [Standard Library](std.md)
-  - [`String`](std/string.md)
+  - [String](std/string.md)
-  - [`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md)
+  - [Option and Result](std/option-result.md)
-  - [`Vec`](std/vec.md)
+  - [Vec](std/vec.md)
-  - [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md)
+  - [HashMap](std/hashmap.md)
-  - [`Box`](std/box.md)
+  - [Box](std/box.md)
-    - [`Recursive Data Types`](std/box-recursive.md)
+    - [Recursive Data Types](std/box-recursive.md)
-    - [`Niche Optimization`](std/box-niche.md)
+    - [Niche Optimization](std/box-niche.md)
-  - [`Rc`](std/rc.md)
+  - [Rc](std/rc.md)
 - [Modules](modules.md)
   - [Visibility](modules/visibility.md)
   - [Paths](modules/paths.md)
@@ -128,17 +128,17 @@
   - [Deriving Traits](traits/deriving-traits.md)
   - [Default Methods](traits/default-methods.md)
   - [Important Traits](traits/important-traits.md)
-    - [`Iterator`](traits/iterator.md)
+    - [Iterator](traits/iterator.md)
-    - [`FromIterator`](traits/from-iterator.md)
+    - [FromIterator](traits/from-iterator.md)
-    - [`From` and `Into`](traits/from-into.md)
+    - [From and Into](traits/from-into.md)
-    - [`Read` and `Write`](traits/read-write.md)
+    - [Read and Write](traits/read-write.md)
-    - [`Add`, `Mul`, ...](traits/operators.md)
+    - [Add, Mul, ...](traits/operators.md)
-    - [`Drop`](traits/drop.md)
+    - [Drop](traits/drop.md)
 - [Generics](generics.md)
   - [Generic Data Types](generics/data-types.md)
   - [Generic Methods](generics/methods.md)
   - [Trait Bounds](generics/trait-bounds.md)
-  - [`impl Trait`](generics/impl-trait.md)
+  - [impl Trait](generics/impl-trait.md)
   - [Closures](generics/closures.md)
   - [Monomorphization](generics/monomorphization.md)
   - [Trait Objects](generics/trait-objects.md)
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
   - [Panics](error-handling/panics.md)
     - [Catching Stack Unwinding](error-handling/panic-unwind.md)
   - [Structured Error Handling](error-handling/result.md)
-  - [Propagating Errors with `?`](error-handling/try-operator.md)
+  - [Propagating Errors with ?](error-handling/try-operator.md)
     - [Converting Error Types](error-handling/converting-error-types.md)
     - [Deriving Error Enums](error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md)
     - [Adding Context to Errors](error-handling/error-contexts.md)
@@ -182,12 +182,12 @@
     - [Unbounded Channels](concurrency/channels/unbounded.md)
     - [Bounded Channels](concurrency/channels/bounded.md)
   - [Shared State](concurrency/shared_state.md)
-    - [`Arc`](concurrency/shared_state/arc.md)
+    - [Arc](concurrency/shared_state/arc.md)
-    - [`Mutex`](concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md)
+    - [Mutex](concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md)
     - [Example](concurrency/shared_state/example.md)
-  - [`Send` and `Sync`](concurrency/send-sync.md)
+  - [Send and Sync](concurrency/send-sync.md)
-    - [`Send`](concurrency/send-sync/send.md)
+    - [Send](concurrency/send-sync/send.md)
-    - [`Sync`](concurrency/send-sync/sync.md)
+    - [Sync](concurrency/send-sync/sync.md)
     - [Examples](concurrency/send-sync/examples.md)
 - [Exercises](exercises/day-4/morning.md)
   - [Dining Philosophers](exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md)