From 2de9c0dae89ec2799ab75c802096cb45b6946102 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Martin Geisler Date: Sun, 8 Jan 2023 22:56:01 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Start a Danish translation --- po/da.po | 11929 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 11929 insertions(+) create mode 100644 po/da.po diff --git a/po/da.po b/po/da.po new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4975c935 --- /dev/null +++ b/po/da.po @@ -0,0 +1,11929 @@ +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: \n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-01-18 16:02+0100\n" +"Last-Translator: Martin Geisler \n" +"Language-Team: \n" +"Language: da\n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:3 +msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" +msgstr "Velkommen til Comprehensive Rust 🦀" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 +msgid "Running the Course" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 +msgid "Course Structure" +msgstr "Kursets struktur" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 +msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" +msgstr "Genvejstaster" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:7 +msgid "Using Cargo" +msgstr "Brug af Cargo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:8 +msgid "Rust Ecosystem" +msgstr "Rust's økosystem" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:9 +msgid "Code Samples" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:10 +msgid "Running Cargo Locally" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:13 +msgid "Day 1: Morning" +msgstr "Dag 1: Formiddag" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:17 src/SUMMARY.md:73 src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/SUMMARY.md:176 +msgid "Welcome" +msgstr "Velkommen" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 +msgid "What is Rust?" +msgstr "Hvad er Rust?" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 +msgid "Hello World!" +msgstr "Hej verden!" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 +msgid "Small Example" +msgstr "Et little eksempel" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 +msgid "Why Rust?" +msgstr "Hvorfor bruge Rust?" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 +msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 +msgid "Runtime Guarantees" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 +msgid "Modern Features" +msgstr "Moderne features" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 +msgid "Basic Syntax" +msgstr "Basal syntaks" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 +msgid "Scalar Types" +msgstr "Skalartyper" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 +msgid "Compound Types" +msgstr "Sammensatte typer" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 +msgid "References" +msgstr "Referencer" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 +msgid "Dangling References" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 +msgid "Slices" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 +msgid "String vs str" +msgstr "String og str" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 +msgid "Functions" +msgstr "Funktioner" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/SUMMARY.md:80 +msgid "Methods" +msgstr "Metoder" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 +msgid "Overloading" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/SUMMARY.md:117 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/SUMMARY.md:191 src/SUMMARY.md:218 +msgid "Exercises" +msgstr "Øvelser" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 +msgid "Implicit Conversions" +msgstr "Implicitte konverteringer" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 +msgid "Arrays and for Loops" +msgstr "Arrays of for-løkker" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 +msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" +msgstr "Dag 1: Eftermiddag" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:41 +msgid "Variables" +msgstr "Variabler" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:42 +msgid "Type Inference" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:43 +msgid "static & const" +msgstr "static & const" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 +msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 +msgid "Memory Management" +msgstr "Håndtering af hukommelse" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 +msgid "Stack vs Heap" +msgstr "Stak og heap" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 +msgid "Stack Memory" +msgstr "Stakhukommelse" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 +msgid "Manual Memory Management" +msgstr "Manuel hukommelseshåndtering" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 +msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 +msgid "Garbage Collection" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:51 +msgid "Rust Memory Management" +msgstr "Hukommelseshåndtering i Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 +msgid "Comparison" +msgstr "Sammenligning" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 +msgid "Ownership" +msgstr "Ejerskab" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 +msgid "Move Semantics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 +msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 +msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 +msgid "Moves in Function Calls" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 +msgid "Copying and Cloning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 +msgid "Borrowing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 +msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 +msgid "Lifetimes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 +msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 +msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 +msgid "Designing a Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 +msgid "Iterators and Ownership" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 +msgid "Day 2: Morning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:74 +msgid "Structs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:75 +msgid "Tuple Structs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 +msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 +msgid "Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 +msgid "Variant Payloads" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 +msgid "Enum Sizes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 +msgid "Method Receiver" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/SUMMARY.md:186 +msgid "Example" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 +msgid "Pattern Matching" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 +msgid "Destructuring Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 +msgid "Destructuring Structs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 +msgid "Destructuring Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 +msgid "Match Guards" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 +msgid "Health Statistics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 +msgid "Points and Polygons" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 +msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 +msgid "Control Flow" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 +msgid "Blocks" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 +msgid "if expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 +msgid "if let expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 +msgid "while expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 +msgid "while let expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 +msgid "for expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 +msgid "loop expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 +msgid "match expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 +msgid "break & continue" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 +msgid "Standard Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 +msgid "String" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 +msgid "Option and Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 +msgid "Vec" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 +msgid "HashMap" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 +msgid "Box" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 +msgid "Recursive Data Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 +msgid "Niche Optimization" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 +msgid "Rc" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 +msgid "Modules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:114 +msgid "Visibility" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 +msgid "Paths" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 +msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 +msgid "Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 +msgid "Strings and Iterators" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 +msgid "Day 3: Morning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 +msgid "Traits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 +msgid "Deriving Traits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:129 +msgid "Default Methods" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 +msgid "Important Traits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 +msgid "Iterator" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 +msgid "FromIterator" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 +msgid "Read and Write" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:134 +msgid "Add, Mul, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:135 +msgid "Drop" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 +msgid "Generics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 +msgid "Generic Data Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 +msgid "Generic Methods" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 +msgid "Trait Bounds" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 +msgid "impl Trait" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 +msgid "Closures" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 +msgid "Monomorphization" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 +msgid "Trait Objects" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 +msgid "A Simple GUI Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 +msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 +msgid "Error Handling" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 +msgid "Panics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 +msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:152 +msgid "Structured Error Handling" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 +msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 +msgid "Converting Error Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 +msgid "Deriving Error Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 +msgid "Adding Context to Errors" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:157 +msgid "Testing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 +msgid "Unit Tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 +msgid "Test Modules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 +msgid "Documentation Tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 +msgid "Integration Tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 +msgid "Unsafe Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 +msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 +msgid "Mutable Static Variables" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 +msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:166 +msgid "Extern Functions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 +msgid "Unions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 +msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 +msgid "Day 4: Morning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 +msgid "Concurrency" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 +msgid "Threads" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 +msgid "Scoped Threads" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 +msgid "Channels" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 +msgid "Unbounded Channels" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 +msgid "Bounded Channels" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 +msgid "Shared State" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:184 +msgid "Arc" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 +msgid "Mutex" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 +msgid "Send and Sync" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 +msgid "Send" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 +msgid "Sync" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 +msgid "Examples" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:192 +msgid "Dining Philosophers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 +msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 +msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 +msgid "Android" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 +msgid "Setup" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 +msgid "Build Rules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:202 +msgid "Binary" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 +msgid "Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 +msgid "AIDL" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 +msgid "Interface" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:206 +msgid "Implementation" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 +msgid "Server" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 +msgid "Deploy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 +msgid "Client" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 +msgid "Changing API" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 +msgid "Logging" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 +msgid "Interoperability" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 +msgid "With C" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 +msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 +msgid "Calling Rust from C" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:216 +msgid "With C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 +msgid "With Java" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 +msgid "Final Words" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 +msgid "Thanks!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 +msgid "Other Resources" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 +msgid "Credits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 +msgid "Solutions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 +msgid "Day 1 Morning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 +msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +msgid "Day 2 Morning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 +msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 +msgid "Day 3 Morning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 +msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:239 +msgid "Day 4 Morning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome.md:1 +msgid "# Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" +msgstr "# Velkommen til Comprehensive Rust 🦀" + +#: src/welcome.md:3 +msgid "" +"This is a four day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course " +"covers\n" +"the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like " +"generics\n" +"and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on the last " +"day." +msgstr "" +"Dette er et fire dages Rust-kursus udviklet af Android-teamet. Kurset\n" +"dækker hele spektret af Rust, fra grundlæggende syntaks til avancerede\n" +"emner som generiske og fejlhåndtering. Det inkluderer også\n" +"Android-specifikt indhold på den sidste dag." + +#: src/welcome.md:7 +msgid "" +"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " +"anything\n" +"about Rust and hope to:" +msgstr "" +"Målet med kurset er at lære dig Rust. Vi antager, at du ikke ved noget\n" +"om Rust og håber at:" + +#: src/welcome.md:10 +msgid "" +"* Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language.\n" +"* Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust.\n" +"* Show you common Rust idioms." +msgstr "" +"* Giver dig en omfattende forståelse af Rust-syntaksen og sproget.\n" +"* Gøre det muligt for dig at ændre eksisterende programmer og skrive\n" +" nye programmer i Rust.\n" +"* Vis dig almindelige Rust idiomer." + +#: src/welcome.md:14 +msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:" +msgstr "På dag 4 vil vi dække Android-specifikke ting såsom:" + +#: src/welcome.md:16 +msgid "" +"* Building Android components in Rust.\n" +"* AIDL servers and clients.\n" +"* Interoperability with C, C++, and Java." +msgstr "" +"* Bygning af Android-komponenter i Rust\n" +"* AIDL servere og klienter.\n" +"* Interoperabilitet med C, C++ og Java." + +#: src/welcome.md:20 +msgid "" +"It is important to note that this course does not cover Android " +"**application** \n" +"development in Rust, and that the Android-specific parts are specifically " +"about\n" +"writing code for Android itself, the operating system. " +msgstr "" +"Det er vigtigt at bemærke, at dette kursus ikke dækker\n" +"Android-applikationsudvikling i Rust, og at de Android-specifikke dele\n" +"specifikt handler om at skrive kode til selve Android styresystemet." + +#: src/welcome.md:24 +msgid "## Non-Goals" +msgstr "## Ting som ikke dækkes" + +#: src/welcome.md:26 +msgid "" +"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " +"days.\n" +"Some non-goals of this course are:" +msgstr "" +"Rust er et stort sprog og vi vil ikke være i stand til at dække det\n" +"hele på et par dage. Nogle af ting som vi ikke dækker er:" + +#: src/welcome.md:29 +msgid "" +"* Learn how to use async Rust --- we'll only mention async Rust when\n" +" covering traditional concurrency primitives. Please see [Asynchronous\n" +" Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) instead for\n" +" details on this topic.\n" +"* Learn how to develop macros, please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust\n" +" Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by\n" +" Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome.md:37 +msgid "## Assumptions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome.md:39 +msgid "" +"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " +"statically\n" +"typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and C++ to " +"better\n" +"explain or contrast the Rust approach." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome.md:43 +msgid "" +"If you know how to program in a dynamically typed language such as Python " +"or\n" +"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome.md:46 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:19 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:22 src/cargo/running-locally.md:68 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:14 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:19 +#: src/hello-world.md:20 src/hello-world/small-example.md:21 src/why-rust.md:9 +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:14 src/why-rust/runtime.md:8 +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:18 +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:9 +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:15 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:24 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:46 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:23 src/memory-management/stack.md:26 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:12 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:20 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:18 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:33 +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:25 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:23 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:27 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:23 +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:9 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:33 +#: src/enums/sizes.md:31 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:9 +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:19 src/std/string.md:28 +#: src/std/option-result.md:16 src/std/box.md:32 src/std/rc.md:26 +#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:5 src/traits/iterator.md:30 +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:12 src/generics/impl-trait.md:22 +#: src/generics/closures.md:23 src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:53 +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 src/concurrency/threads.md:28 +#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:10 src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:10 +msgid "
" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome.md:48 +msgid "" +"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional\n" +"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " +"should\n" +"cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome.md:52 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:67 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:35 src/cargo/running-locally.md:74 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:42 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 +#: src/hello-world.md:36 src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 src/why-rust.md:24 +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:33 src/why-rust/runtime.md:22 +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:51 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:50 +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:30 src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:28 +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:20 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:44 +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:52 +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:37 src/memory-management/stack.md:32 +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:18 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:26 +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:25 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:51 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:29 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:30 +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:15 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 +#: src/enums/sizes.md:37 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:15 +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 src/std/string.md:34 +#: src/std/option-result.md:25 src/std/box.md:37 src/std/rc.md:32 +#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:11 src/traits/iterator.md:35 +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 src/generics/impl-trait.md:31 +#: src/generics/closures.md:38 src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:11 +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:55 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:60 +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:11 src/concurrency/threads.md:45 +#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:16 src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:15 +msgid "
" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:1 +msgid "# Running the Course" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3 +msgid "> This page is for the course instructor." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:5 +msgid "" +"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the " +"course\n" +"internally at Google." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:8 +msgid "To run the course, you need to:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:10 +msgid "" +"1. Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " +"notes\n" +" on some of the pages to help highlight the key points (please help us by\n" +" contributing more speaker notes!). You should make sure to open the " +"speaker\n" +" notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker\n" +" Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:16 +msgid "" +"2. Decide on the dates. Since the course is large, we recommend that you\n" +" schedule the four days over two weeks. Course participants have said " +"that\n" +" they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them " +"process\n" +" all the information we give them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:21 +msgid "" +"3. Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a\n" +" class size of 15-20 people. That's small enough that people are " +"comfortable\n" +" asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will " +"have\n" +" time to answer the questions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:26 +msgid "" +"4. On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set " +"things\n" +" up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on " +"your\n" +" laptop. This ensures optimal performance with no lag as you change " +"pages.\n" +" Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as you or the course\n" +" participants spot them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:32 +msgid "" +"5. Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. Make " +"sure to\n" +" ask people if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. " +"When\n" +" you see that several people have the same problem, call it out to the " +"class\n" +" and offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relvant\n" +" information in the standard library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:38 +msgid "" +"6. If you don't skip the Android specific parts on Day 4, you will need an " +"[AOSP\n" +" checkout][1]. Make a checkout of the [course repository][2] on the same\n" +" machine and move the `src/android/` directory into the root of your AOSP\n" +" checkout. This will ensure that the Android build system sees the\n" +" `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:44 +msgid "" +" Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-" +"build\n" +" all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " +"see\n" +" the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:48 +msgid "" +"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " +"for\n" +"you as it has been for us!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:51 +msgid "" +"Please [provide feedback][3] afterwards so that we can keep improving the\n" +"course. We would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made\n" +"better. Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback][4]!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:55 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://source.android.com/docs/setup/download/downloading\n" +"[2]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust\n" +"[3]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/86\n" +"[4]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 +msgid "# Course Structure" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5 +msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 +msgid "" +"* Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker.\n" +"* Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library.\n" +"* Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust.\n" +"* Day 4: Concurrency in Rust and interoperability with other languages" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12 +msgid "" +"> **Exercise for Day 4:** Do you interface with some C/C++ code in your " +"project\n" +"> which we could attempt to move to Rust? The fewer dependencies the " +"better.\n" +"> Parsing code would be ideal." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 +msgid "## Format" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 +msgid "" +"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the\n" +"questions drive the exploration of Rust!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 +msgid "# Keyboard Shortcuts" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3 +msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Arrow-Left: Navigate to the previous page.\n" +"* Arrow-Right: Navigate to the next page.\n" +"* Ctrl + Enter: Execute the code sample that has focus.\n" +"* s: Activate the search bar." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:1 +msgid "# Using Cargo" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:3 +msgid "" +"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool\n" +"used in the Rust ecosystem to build and run Rust applications. Here we want " +"to\n" +"give a brief overview of what Cargo is and how it fits into the wider " +"ecosystem\n" +"and how it fits into this training." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:8 +msgid "## Installation" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:10 +msgid "### Rustup (Recommended)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:12 +msgid "" +"You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among " +"other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup][3] tool, which is " +"maintained by the Rust Foundation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:14 +msgid "" +"Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line " +"utility that you can use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross " +"compilation, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:16 +msgid "### Package Managers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:18 +msgid "#### Debian" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:20 +msgid "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo and the Rust source with" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:22 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:26 +msgid "" +"This will allow [rust-analyzer][1] to jump to the definitions. We suggest " +"using\n" +"[VS Code][2] to edit the code (but any LSP compatible editor works)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:29 +msgid "" +"Some folks also like to use the [Jetbrains][4] family of IDEs, which do " +"their own analysis but have their own tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can " +"install the [Rust Plugin][5]. Please take note that as of January 2023 " +"debugging only works on the CLion version of the Jetbrains IDEA suite." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:31 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://rust-analyzer.github.io/\n" +"[2]: https://code.visualstudio.com/\n" +"[3]: https://rustup.rs/\n" +"[4]: https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/\n" +"[5]: https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 +msgid "# The Rust Ecosystem" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5 +msgid "" +"* `rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and " +"other\n" +" intermediate formats[^rustc]." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8 +msgid "" +"* `cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to\n" +" download dependencies hosted on and it will pass them " +"to\n" +" `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test\n" +" runner which is used to execute unit tests[^cargo]." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 +msgid "" +"* `rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to\n" +" install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " +"released.\n" +" In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the standard\n" +" library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once and " +"`rustup`\n" +" will let you switch between them as needed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:19 src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:55 +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 +msgid "Key points:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23 +msgid "" +"* Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out\n" +" every six weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with\n" +" old releases --- plus they enable new functionality." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27 +msgid "" +"* There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29 +msgid "" +"* New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes\n" +" \"stable\" every six weeks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32 +msgid "" +"* Rust also has [editions]: the current edition is Rust 2021. Previous\n" +" editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35 +msgid "" +" * The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to\n" +" the language." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38 +msgid "" +" * To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the\n" +" edition for your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41 +msgid "" +" * To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code\n" +" written for different editions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44 +msgid "" +" * Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not " +"through `cargo` (most users never do)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 +msgid "" +" * It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful " +"and comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including " +"but not limited to: \n" +" * Project/package structure\n" +" * [workspaces]\n" +" * Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching\n" +" * [build scripting]\n" +" * [global installation]\n" +" * It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as " +"[cargo clippy]).\n" +" * Read more from the [official Cargo Book]" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 +msgid "[editions]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:57 +msgid "[workspaces]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:59 +msgid "" +"[build scripting]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." +"html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:61 +msgid "" +"[global installation]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-" +"install.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:63 +msgid "[cargo clippy]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:65 +msgid "[official Cargo Book]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1 +msgid "# Code Samples in This Training" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3 +msgid "" +"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through " +"examples\n" +"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier " +"and\n" +"ensures a consistent experience for everyone." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7 +msgid "" +"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do " +"the\n" +"exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you how " +"to\n" +"work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11 +msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 +msgid "" +"You can use Ctrl + Enter to execute the code when focus is in " +"the\n" +"text box." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24 +msgid "" +"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples\n" +"are not editable for various reasons:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27 +msgid "" +"* The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the\n" +" code and open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30 +msgid "" +"* The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate\n" +" away from the page! This is the reason that the students should\n" +" solve the exercises using a local Rust installation or via the\n" +" Playground." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1 +msgid "# Running Code Locally with Cargo" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3 +msgid "" +"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will " +"need\n" +"to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the Rust\n" +"Book][1]. This should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time " +"of\n" +"writing, the latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"% rustc --version\n" +"rustc 1.61.0 (fe5b13d68 2022-05-18)\n" +"% cargo --version\n" +"cargo 1.61.0 (a028ae4 2022-04-29)\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 +msgid "" +"With this is in place, then follow these steps to build a Rust binary from " +"one\n" +"of the examples in this training:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18 +msgid "" +"1. Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 +msgid "" +"2. Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your " +"code:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 +msgid "" +" ```shell\n" +" $ cargo new exercise\n" +" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" +" ```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:27 +msgid "" +"3. Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your " +"binary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 +msgid "" +" ```shell\n" +" $ cd exercise\n" +" $ cargo run\n" +" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" +" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" +" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" +" Hello, world!\n" +" ```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:38 +msgid "" +"4. Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For\n" +" example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look " +"like" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41 +msgid "" +" ```rust\n" +" fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +" }\n" +" ```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:47 +msgid "5. Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 +msgid "" +" ```shell\n" +" $ cargo run\n" +" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" +" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" +" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" +" Edit me!\n" +" ```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:57 +msgid "" +"6. Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " +"build`\n" +" to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" +"debug/`\n" +" for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an " +"optimized\n" +" release build in `target/release/`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:62 +msgid "" +"7. You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When " +"you\n" +" run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing\n" +" dependencies for you." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:66 +msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70 +msgid "" +"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a\n" +"local editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a\n" +"normal development environment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1 +msgid "# Welcome to Day 1" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3 +msgid "" +"This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground\n" +"today:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6 +msgid "" +"* Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs,\n" +" references, functions, and methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 +msgid "" +"* Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " +"memory\n" +" management, and garbage collection." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 +msgid "" +"* Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 +msgid "Please remind the students that:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 +msgid "" +"* They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end.\n" +"* The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " +"encouraged!\n" +" * As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i." +"e.,\n" +" keep the related to how Rust does things vs some other language. It can " +"be\n" +" hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing " +"discussions\n" +" since they engage people much more than one-way communication.\n" +"* The questions will likely mean that we about things ahead of the slides.\n" +" * This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of leaning. " +"Remember\n" +" that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as you\n" +" like." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 +msgid "" +"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " +"speak\n" +"about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a major " +"feature\n" +"and we should show students this right away." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 +msgid "" +"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the\n" +"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 +msgid "" +"* Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,\n" +"* Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 +msgid "" +"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " +"breaks,\n" +"we recommend a break every hour!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 +msgid "# What is Rust?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 +msgid "Rust is a new programming language which had its 1.0 release in 2015:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++\n" +" * `rustc` uses LLVM as its backend.\n" +"* Rust supports many [platforms and\n" +" architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support." +"html):\n" +" * x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ...\n" +" * Linux, Mac, Windows, ...\n" +"* Rust is used for a wide range of devices:\n" +" * firmware and boot loaders,\n" +" * smart displays,\n" +" * mobile phones,\n" +" * desktops,\n" +" * servers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 +msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 +msgid "" +"* High flexibility.\n" +"* High level of control.\n" +"* Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:1 +msgid "# Hello World!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World\n" +"program:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:12 +msgid "What you see:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:14 +msgid "" +"* Functions are introduced with `fn`.\n" +"* Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++.\n" +"* The `main` function is the entry point of the program.\n" +"* Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this.\n" +"* Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:22 +msgid "" +"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " +"see\n" +"a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " +"familiar." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:27 +msgid "" +"* Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is\n" +" imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless\n" +" absolutely necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:31 +msgid "* Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:33 +msgid "" +"* Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number " +"of\n" +" arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 +msgid "# Small Example" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 +msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() { // Program entry point\n" +" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" +" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" +" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" +" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" +" x = x / 2;\n" +" } else {\n" +" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" +" }\n" +" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 +msgid "" +"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " +"will\n" +"always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " +"different\n" +"inputs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 +msgid "" +"* Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " +"trigger\n" +" type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " +"overflow." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 +msgid "* Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 +msgid "" +"* Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match " +"the\n" +" format string." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 +msgid "" +"* Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an\n" +" expression which is more complex than just a single variable." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 +msgid "" +"* Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" +"fmt`\n" +" which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important that " +"the\n" +" students become familiar with searching in the standard library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust.md:1 +msgid "# Why Rust?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust.md:3 +msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Compile time memory safety.\n" +"* Lack of undefined runtime behavior.\n" +"* Modern language features." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust.md:11 +msgid "" +"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " +"Depending\n" +"on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust.md:14 +msgid "" +"* Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime " +"errors_\n" +" via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you " +"don't\n" +" have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language " +"with\n" +" constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust.md:19 +msgid "" +"* Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " +"safety\n" +" as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " +"addition\n" +" you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage " +"collector)\n" +" as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 +msgid "# Compile Time Guarantees" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 +msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 +msgid "" +"* No uninitialized variables.\n" +"* No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes).\n" +"* No double-frees.\n" +"* No use-after-free.\n" +"* No `NULL` pointers.\n" +"* No forgotten locked mutexes.\n" +"* No data races between threads.\n" +"* No iterator invalidation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 +msgid "" +"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples\n" +"are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 +msgid "" +"* You can for use [`Box::leak`] to leak a pointer. A use of this could\n" +" be to get runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables\n" +"* You can use [`std::mem::forget`] to make the compiler \"forget\" about\n" +" a value (meaning the destructor is never run).\n" +"* You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle] with `Rc` or\n" +" `Arc`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:26 +msgid "" +"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood\n" +"as \"Pretty much no *accidental* memory leaks\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:29 +msgid "" +"[`Box::leak`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html#method." +"leak\n" +"[`std::mem::forget`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget.html\n" +"[reference cycle]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles." +"html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 +msgid "# Runtime Guarantees" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 +msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Array access is bounds checked.\n" +"* Integer overflow is defined." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 +msgid "" +"* Integer overflow is defined via a compile-time flag. The options are\n" +" either a panic (a controlled crash of the program) or wrap-around\n" +" semantics. By default, you get panics in debug mode (`cargo build`)\n" +" and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo build --release`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:17 +msgid "" +"* Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also\n" +" not be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However,\n" +" `unsafe` allows you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked`\n" +" which does not do bounds checking." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:1 +msgid "# Modern Features" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 +msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 +msgid "## Language Features" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 +msgid "" +"* Enums and pattern matching.\n" +"* Generics.\n" +"* No overhead FFI." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:11 +msgid "## Tooling" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:13 +msgid "" +"* Great compiler errors.\n" +"* Built-in dependency manager.\n" +"* Built-in support for testing." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 +msgid "" +"* Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to\n" +" ignore lengthly compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more\n" +" talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with " +"_actionable_\n" +" feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:26 +msgid "" +"* The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, " +"Python,\n" +" and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " +"and\n" +" essential:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:30 +msgid "" +" * a random number generator, but see [rand].\n" +" * support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls].\n" +" * support for JSON, but see [serde_json]." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:34 +msgid "" +" The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " +"cannot\n" +" go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the Rust\n" +" community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " +"there\n" +" isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:39 +msgid "" +" Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " +"makes\n" +" it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence of " +"this\n" +" is that the standard library can be smaller." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 +msgid "" +" Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like\n" +" help with this by letting you compare health metrics " +"for\n" +" crates to find a good and trusted one." +msgstr "" + +#: src/why-rust/modern.md:47 +msgid "" +"[rand]: https://docs.rs/rand/\n" +"[rusttls]: https://docs.rs/rustls/\n" +"[serde_json]: https://docs.rs/serde_json/" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax.md:1 +msgid "# Basic Syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax.md:3 +msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C or C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces.\n" +"* Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/" +"* ...\n" +" */`.\n" +"* Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same.\n" +"* Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 +msgid "# Scalar Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 +msgid "" +"| | Types | " +"Literals |\n" +"|------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|\n" +"| Signed integers | `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize` | " +"`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64` |\n" +"| Unsigned integers | `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize` | `0`, " +"`123`, `10u16` |\n" +"| Floating point numbers | `f32`, `f64` | " +"`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32` |\n" +"| Strings | `&str` | " +"`\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\\"#` |\n" +"| Unicode scalar values | `char` | " +"`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'` |\n" +"| Byte strings | `&[u8]` | " +"`b\"abc\"`, `br#\" \" \"#` |\n" +"| Booleans | `bool` | " +"`true`, `false` |" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:13 +msgid "The types have widths as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 +msgid "" +"* `iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,\n" +"* `isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,\n" +"* `char` is 32 bit wide,\n" +"* `bool` is 8 bit wide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 +msgid "# Compound Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 +msgid "" +"| | Types | Literals " +"|\n" +"|--------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------|\n" +"| Arrays | `[T; N]` | `[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]` " +"|\n" +"| Tuples | `()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ... | `()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ... " +"|" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 +msgid "Array assignment and access:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n" +" a[5] = 0;\n" +" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18 +msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n" +" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n" +" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:28 +msgid "" +"
\n" +" \n" +"Key points:\n" +" \n" +"Arrays:\n" +" \n" +"* Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a " +"compile-time constant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:36 +msgid "* We can use literals to assign values to arrays." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 +msgid "" +"* In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug " +"implementation with the `?` format parameter: `{a}` gives the default " +"output, `{a:?}` gives the debug output." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 +msgid "" +"* Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can " +"be easier to read." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:42 +msgid "Tuples:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:44 +msgid "* Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:46 +msgid "* Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:48 +msgid "" +"* Fields that can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, e.g. " +"`t.0`, `t.1`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 +msgid "# References" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 +msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n" +" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n" +" *ref_x = 20;\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14 +msgid "Some differences from C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16 +msgid "" +"* We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C pointers,\n" +"* Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking\n" +" methods (try `count_ones`).\n" +"* References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values " +"over their lifetime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 +msgid "# Dangling References" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 +msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let ref_x: &i32;\n" +" {\n" +" let x: i32 = 10;\n" +" ref_x = &x;\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16 +msgid "" +"* A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to.\n" +"* Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long\n" +" enough.\n" +"* We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 +msgid "# Slices" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 +msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" +" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:10 +msgid "" +" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n" +" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15 +msgid "" +"* Slices borrow data from the sliced type.\n" +"* Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20 +msgid "" +"* We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " +"indexes in brackets." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:22 +msgid "" +"* If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax means we can drop the " +"starting index. \n" +" \n" +"* The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " +"equal." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:26 +msgid "" +"* `s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` no " +"longer mentions the array length. This allows us to performing computations " +"on slices of different sizes.\n" +" \n" +"* Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to " +"remain 'alive' so we can take a slice from it. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 +msgid "# `String` vs `str`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 +msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s1: &str = \"Hello\";\n" +" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:10 +msgid "" +" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n" +" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" +" s2.push_str(s1);\n" +" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:17 +msgid "Rust terminology:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:19 +msgid "" +"* `&str` an immutable reference to a string slice.\n" +"* `String` a mutable string buffer." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:24 +msgid "" +"* `&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " +"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " +"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:26 +msgid "" +"* Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " +"`Vec`, it is mutable and owned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:28 +msgid "" +"* `String::from` creates a string from a string literal; `String::new` " +"creates a new empty string, to which string data can be added using the " +"`to_string` method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 +msgid "" +"* The `push_str` method appends a string slice to the string.\n" +" \n" +"
" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 +msgid "# Functions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 +msgid "" +"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" +"Fizz_buzz) interview question:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" fizzbuzz_to(20); // Defined below, no forward declaration needed\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:10 +msgid "" +"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" +" if rhs == 0 {\n" +" return false; // Corner case, early return\n" +" }\n" +" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression is the return value\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:17 +msgid "" +"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No return value means returning the unit " +"type `()`\n" +" match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) {\n" +" (true, true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"),\n" +" (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"),\n" +" (false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"),\n" +" (false, false) => println!(\"{n}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:26 +msgid "" +"fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` is normally omitted\n" +" for n in 1..=n {\n" +" fizzbuzz(n);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 src/methods.md:1 +msgid "# Methods" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has methods, they are simply functions that are associated with a " +"particular type. The\n" +"first argument of a method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Rectangle {\n" +" width: u32,\n" +" height: u32,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:12 +msgid "" +"impl Rectangle {\n" +" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n" +" self.width * self.height\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:17 +msgid "" +" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n" +" self.width += delta;\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:22 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n" +" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n" +" rect.inc_width(5);\n" +" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 +msgid "" +"* We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " +"class." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 +msgid "# Function Overloading" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 +msgid "Overloading is not supported:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Each function has a single implementation:\n" +" * Always takes a fixed number of parameters.\n" +" * Always takes a single set of parameter types.\n" +"* Default values are not supported:\n" +" * All call sites have the same number of arguments.\n" +" * Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 +msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n" +" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:19 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n" +" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 +msgid "# Day 1: Morning Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 +msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 +msgid "* Implicit conversions between types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 +msgid "* Arrays and `for` loops." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 +msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 +msgid "" +"* Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get\n" +" auto-completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo] for " +"details\n" +" on installing Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 +msgid "* Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 +msgid "" +"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets " +"lose\n" +"their state if you navigate away from the page." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:12 +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions] provided." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:24 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:13 +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:14 +msgid "[solutions]: solutions-morning.md" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:26 +msgid "[Using Cargo]: ../../cargo.md" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 +msgid "# Implicit Conversions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " +"([unlike\n" +"C++][3]). You can see this in a program like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n" +" x * y\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:11 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x: i8 = 15;\n" +" let y: i16 = 1000;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:15 +msgid "" +" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19 +msgid "" +"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`][1] and [`Into`][2]\n" +"traits to let us convert between them. The `From` trait has a single " +"`from()`\n" +"method and similarly, the `Into` trait has a single `into()` method.\n" +"Implementing these traits is how a type expresses that it can be converted " +"into\n" +"another type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25 +msgid "" +"The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " +"means\n" +"that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by calling \n" +"`i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for i16`\n" +"implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for i8`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30 +msgid "1. Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:32 +msgid "2. Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:34 +msgid "" +"3. Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`,\n" +" `i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try\n" +" converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the\n" +" [standard library documentation][1] to see if `From` is implemented " +"for\n" +" the pairs you check." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:40 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html\n" +"[3]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/implicit_conversion" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 +msgid "# Arrays and `for` Loops" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 +msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 +msgid "" +"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" +"`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" +" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18 +msgid "" +"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for`\n" +"keyword:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" +" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" +" for n in array {\n" +" print!(\" {n}\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:30 +msgid "" +" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n" +" for i in 0..3 {\n" +" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n" +" }\n" +" println!();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38 +msgid "" +"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " +"and\n" +"a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " +"columns):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n" +"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" +" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n" +"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" +" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n" +"```" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47 +msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and implement the\n" +"functions:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:20 +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 +msgid "" +"```rust,should_panic\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:56 +msgid "" +"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:60 +msgid "" +"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:64 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let matrix = [\n" +" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" +" [201, 202, 203],\n" +" [301, 302, 303],\n" +" ];" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:71 +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:70 +msgid "" +" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" +" pretty_print(&matrix);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:74 +msgid "" +" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" +" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" +" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80 +msgid "## Bonus Question" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 +msgid "" +"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your\n" +"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional\n" +"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87 +msgid "" +"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production " +"quality\n" +"implementation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 +msgid "# Variables" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " +"by\n" +"default:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x: i32 = 10;\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" // x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 +msgid "" +"* Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " +"types less and less as the type progresses.\n" +"* Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the " +"function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 +msgid "# Type Inference" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 +msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" +" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:10 +msgid "" +"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" +" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:14 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x = 10;\n" +" let y = 20;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:18 +msgid "" +" takes_u32(x);\n" +" takes_i8(y);\n" +" // takes_u32(y);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 +msgid "" +"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " +"constraints given by variable declarations and usages." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 +msgid "" +"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " +"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " +"using `_` as a placeholder:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:30 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" +" v.push((10, false));\n" +" v.push((20, true));\n" +" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:37 +msgid "" +" let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" +" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:42 +msgid "" +"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +"html#method.collect) relies on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implements." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 +msgid "# Static and Constant Variables" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 +msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5 +msgid "## `const`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7 +msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" +"const ZERO: Option = Some(42);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" +" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" +" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" +" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." +"wrapping_add(b);\n" +" }\n" +" digest\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:21 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" +" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27 +msgid "According the the [Rust RFC Book][1] these are inlined upon use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 +msgid "## `static`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 +msgid "You can also declare static variables:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:36 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41 +msgid "" +"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book][1], these are not inlined upon use and have " +"an actual associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and " +"embedded code, and have a `'static` lifetime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44 +msgid "" +"We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../" +"unsafe.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48 +msgid "" +"* Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`.\n" +"* `static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " +"global variable in C++.\n" +"* It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, " +"but it is helpful and safer than using a static." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:54 +msgid "[1]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 +msgid "# Scopes and Shadowing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 +msgid "" +"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " +"the\n" +"same scope:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let a = 10;\n" +" println!(\"before: {a}\");" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:11 +msgid "" +" {\n" +" let a = \"hello\";\n" +" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:15 +msgid "" +" let a = true;\n" +" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:19 +msgid "" +" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 +msgid "" +"* Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to " +"values after `.unwrap()`.\n" +"* The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " +"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " +"does not change." +msgstr "" + +#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let a = 1;\n" +" let b = &a;\n" +" let a = a + 1;\n" +" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:1 +msgid "# Memory Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:3 +msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ...\n" +"* Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " +"Haskell, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:8 +msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:10 +msgid "" +"> Full control *and* safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory\n" +"> management." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:13 +msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:15 +msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 +msgid "# The Stack vs The Heap" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 +msgid "" +"* Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables.\n" +" * Values have fixed sizes known at compile time.\n" +" * Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer.\n" +" * Easy to manage: follows function calls.\n" +" * Great memory locality." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 +msgid "" +"* Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls.\n" +" * Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime.\n" +" * Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed.\n" +" * No guarantee of memory locality." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 +msgid "# Stack Memory" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 +msgid "" +"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically " +"sized\n" +"data on the heap:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" +": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" Stak Bunke\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | a | l | l | o | :\n" +": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 +msgid "" +"* Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " +"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 +msgid "" +"* If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is " +"heap allocated using the [System Allocator] and custom allocators can be " +"implemented using the [Allocator API]" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 +msgid "" +"[System Allocator]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html\n" +"[Allocator API]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:1 +msgid "# Manual Memory Management" +msgstr "# Manuel hukommelseshåndtering" + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 +msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." +msgstr "Du allokerer og deallokerer din heap-memory." + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 +msgid "" +"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " +"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 +msgid "## C Example" +msgstr "## C-eksempel" + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 +msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 +msgid "" +"```c\n" +"void foo(size_t n) {\n" +" int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" +" //\n" +" // ... lots of code\n" +" //\n" +" free(int_array);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 +msgid "" +"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " +"the\n" +"pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 +msgid "# Scope-Based Memory Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 +msgid "" +"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 +msgid "" +"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is\n" +"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " +"is\n" +"raised." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 +msgid "" +"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " +"gives\n" +"you smart pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 +msgid "## C++ Example" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 +msgid "" +"```c++\n" +"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" +" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 +msgid "" +"* The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to\n" +" memory allocated on the heap.\n" +"* At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run.\n" +"* The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 +msgid "" +"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 +msgid "" +"```c++\n" +"std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" +"say_hello(std::move(person));\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 +msgid "# Automatic Memory Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 +msgid "" +"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " +"memory\n" +"management:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 +msgid "" +"* The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly.\n" +"* A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " +"programmer." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 +msgid "## Java Example" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 +msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 +msgid "" +"```java\n" +"void sayHello(Person person) {\n" +" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 +msgid "# Memory Management in Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 +msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector.\n" +"* Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you " +"choose, can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically " +"reference counted.\n" +"* Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence.\n" +"* A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " +"have no cost at runtime like C." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10 +msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14 +msgid "" +"* If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " +"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box], [Vec], [Rc], or [Arc]. These " +"encapsulate ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent " +"the potential errors in C." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16 +msgid "" +"* You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop] trait is the Rust " +"equivalent." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/rust.md:20 +msgid "" +"[Box]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html\n" +"[Vec]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html\n" +"[Rc]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html\n" +"[Arc]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html\n" +"[Drop]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:1 +msgid "# Comparison" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3 +msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5 +msgid "## Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 +msgid "" +"* Manual like C:\n" +" * No runtime overhead.\n" +"* Automatic like Java:\n" +" * Fully automatic.\n" +" * Safe and correct.\n" +"* Scope-based like C++:\n" +" * Partially automatic.\n" +" * No runtime overhead.\n" +"* Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:\n" +" * Enforced by compiler.\n" +" * No runtime overhead.\n" +" * Safe and correct." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20 +msgid "## Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:22 +msgid "" +"* Manual like C:\n" +" * Use-after-free.\n" +" * Double-frees.\n" +" * Memory leaks.\n" +"* Automatic like Java:\n" +" * Garbage collection pauses.\n" +" * Destructor delays.\n" +"* Scope-based like C++:\n" +" * Complex, opt-in by programmer.\n" +" * Potential for use-after-free.\n" +"* Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:\n" +" * Some upfront complexity.\n" +" * Can reject valid programs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership.md:1 +msgid "# Ownership" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership.md:3 +msgid "" +"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " +"to\n" +"use a variable outside its scope:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" {\n" +" let p = Point(3, 4);\n" +" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership.md:18 +msgid "" +"* At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed.\n" +"* A destructor can run here to free up resources.\n" +"* We say that the variable _owns_ the value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 +msgid "# Move Semantics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 +msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" +" let s2: String = s1;\n" +" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" +" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 +msgid "" +"* The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership.\n" +"* The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible.\n" +"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership.\n" +"* When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed.\n" +"* There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22 +msgid "" +"* Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " +"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:24 +msgid "* In Rust, you clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 +msgid "# Moved Strings in Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" +" let s2: String = s1;\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 +msgid "" +"* The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`.\n" +"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 +msgid "Before move to `s2`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 +msgid "After move to `s2`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": s2 : |\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" +": | len | 4 | :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ :\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" Stak Bunke\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | a | l | l | o | :\n" +": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 +msgid "# Double Frees in Modern C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 +msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 +msgid "" +"```c++\n" +"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" +"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 +msgid "" +"* The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent " +"copy.\n" +"* When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 +msgid "Before copy-assignment:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 +msgid "After copy-assignment:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +": s2 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" +": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" Stak Bunke\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | a | l | l | o | :\n" +": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" + +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 +msgid "# Moves in Function Calls" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 +msgid "" +"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function\n" +"parameter. This transfers ownership:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" +" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:11 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" +" say_hello(name);\n" +" // say_hello(name);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 +msgid "" +"* With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " +"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`.\n" +"* `main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) " +"and if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter.\n" +"* Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." +"clone()`).\n" +"* Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making " +"move semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones " +"explicit." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 +msgid "# Copying and Cloning" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 +msgid "" +"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x = 42;\n" +" let y = x;\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 +msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 +msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:22 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" +" let p2 = p1;\n" +" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" +" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 +msgid "" +"* After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data.\n" +"* We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 +msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 +msgid "" +"* Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " +"arbitrary objects.\n" +"* Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C+" +"+).\n" +"* Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " +"implementing the `Clone` trait.\n" +"* Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 +msgid "In the above example, try the following:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 +msgid "" +"* Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because " +"`String` is not a `Copy` type.\n" +"* Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in " +"the `println!` for `p1`.\n" +"* Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 +msgid "# Borrowing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 +msgid "" +"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a\n" +"function _borrow_ the value:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:10 +msgid "" +"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" +" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:14 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" +" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" +" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" +" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 +msgid "" +"* The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point.\n" +"* The caller retains ownership of the inputs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 +msgid "" +"Notes on stack returns:\n" +"* Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " +"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " +"and run it on the [Playground]. In the \"DEBUG\" optimization level, the " +"addresses should change, while the stay the same when changing to the " +"\"RELEASE\" setting:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 +msgid "" +" ```rust,editable\n" +" #[derive(Debug)]\n" +" struct Point(i32, i32);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:34 +msgid "" +" fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" +" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" +" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" +" p\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:40 +msgid "" +" fn main() {\n" +" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" +" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" +" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" +" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" +" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" +" }\n" +" ```\n" +"* The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO).\n" +"* In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification " +"because constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at " +"all." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:53 +msgid "[Playground]: https://play.rust-lang.org/" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 +msgid "# Shared and Unique Borrows" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 +msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 +msgid "" +"* You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_\n" +"* You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" +" let b: &i32 = &a;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:13 +msgid "" +" {\n" +" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" +" *c = 20;\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:18 src/std/rc.md:13 +msgid "" +" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" +" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 +msgid "" +"* The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable " +"(through `c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time.\n" +"* Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " +"to make the code compile.\n" +"* After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " +"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " +"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 +msgid "# Lifetimes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 +msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 +msgid "" +"* The lifetime can be elided: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`.\n" +"* Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`.\n" +"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n" +" lifetime `a`\".\n" +"* Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a " +"lifetime\n" +" yourself.\n" +" * Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that " +"there is\n" +" a valid solution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 +msgid "# Lifetimes in Function Calls" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 +msgid "" +"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " +"value:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" +" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" +" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" +" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" +" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 +msgid "" +"* `'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler.\n" +"* Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name.\n" +"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n" +" lifetime `a`\".\n" +" * The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 +msgid "" +"* Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a a new scope (`{ ... }`), " +"resulting in the following code:\n" +" ```rust,ignore\n" +" #[derive(Debug)]\n" +" struct Point(i32, i32);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:36 +msgid "" +" fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" +" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:40 +msgid "" +" fn main() {\n" +" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" +" let p3: &Point;\n" +" {\n" +" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" +" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" +" }\n" +" ```\n" +" Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 +msgid "" +"* Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " +"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " +"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 +msgid "# Lifetimes in Data Structures" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 +msgid "" +"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn erase(text: String) {\n" +" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." +"\");\n" +" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" +" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" +" // erase(text);\n" +" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" +" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 +msgid "" +"* In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " +"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " +"`Highlight` that uses that data.\n" +"* If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " +"the borrow checker throws an error.\n" +"* Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " +"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " +"somewhat harder to use.\n" +"* When possible, make data structures own their data directly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 +msgid "# Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 +msgid "We will look at two things:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 +msgid "* A small book library," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 +msgid "* Iterators and ownership (hard)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:13 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:9 +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:9 +msgid "[solutions]: solutions-afternoon.md" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1 +msgid "# Designing a Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " +"now,\n" +"you just need to know part of its API:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" +" vec.push(30);\n" +" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[vec.len() / 2]);\n" +" for item in vec.iter() {\n" +" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:17 +msgid "" +"Use this to create a library application. Copy the code below to\n" +" and update the types to make it compile:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:24 +msgid "" +"struct Library {\n" +" books: Vec,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:28 +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:27 +msgid "" +"struct Book {\n" +" title: String,\n" +" year: u16,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:33 +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:32 +msgid "" +"impl Book {\n" +" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" +" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" +" Book {\n" +" title: String::from(title),\n" +" year,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:43 +msgid "" +"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}.\n" +"impl std::fmt::Display for Book {\n" +" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\n" +" write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:50 +msgid "" +"impl Library {\n" +" fn new() -> Library {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:55 +msgid "" +" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:59 +msgid "" +" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:63 +msgid "" +" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:67 +msgid "" +" //fn print_books(self) {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:71 +msgid "" +" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:76 +msgid "" +"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" +"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" +"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" +"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let library = Library::new();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:83 +msgid "" +" //println!(\"Our library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n" +" //\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" //\n" +" //library.print_books();\n" +" //\n" +" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" +" // Some(book) => println!(\"My oldest book is {book}\"),\n" +" // None => println!(\"My library is empty!\"),\n" +" //}\n" +" //\n" +" //println!(\"Our library has {} books\", library.len());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 +msgid "# Iterators and Ownership" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 +msgid "" +"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the\n" +"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and\n" +"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +"html)\n" +"traits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 +msgid "## `Iterator`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 +msgid "" +"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. " +"The\n" +"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " +"back:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"pub trait Iterator {\n" +" type Item;\n" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 +msgid "You use this trait like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.iter();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:27 +msgid "" +" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 +msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.iter();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:41 +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:78 +msgid "" +" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" +" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 +msgid "Why is this type used?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 +msgid "## `IntoIterator`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 +msgid "" +"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an\n" +"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " +"iterator:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"pub trait IntoIterator {\n" +" type Item;\n" +" type IntoIter: Iterator;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:58 +msgid "" +" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 +msgid "" +"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must\n" +"declare two types:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 +msgid "" +"* `Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,\n" +"* `IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 +msgid "" +"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same\n" +"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 +msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" +"from(\"bar\")];\n" +" let mut iter = v.into_iter();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 +msgid "## `for` Loops" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 +msgid "" +"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " +"loops.\n" +"They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the resulting\n" +"iterator:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::from(\"bar\")];" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:93 +msgid "" +" for word in &v {\n" +" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:97 +msgid "" +" for word in v {\n" +" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 +msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 +msgid "" +"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for " +"[`impl\n" +"IntoIterator for\n" +"&Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-" +"IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n" +"and [`impl IntoIterator for\n" +"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" +"for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n" +"to check your answers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 +msgid "# Welcome to Day 2" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 +msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 +msgid "* Structs, enums, methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 +msgid "* Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 +msgid "" +"* Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, " +"and\n" +" `continue`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 +msgid "" +"* The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +"`Rc`\n" +" and `Arc`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 +msgid "* Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs.md:1 +msgid "# Structs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs.md:3 +msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Person {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u8,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs.md:11 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let peter = Person {\n" +" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" +" age: 27,\n" +" };" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs.md:17 +msgid "" +" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 +msgid "# Tuple Structs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 +msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Point(i32, i32);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:8 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p = Point(17, 23);\n" +" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 +msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"struct PoundOfForce(f64);\n" +"struct Newtons(f64);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:20 +msgid "" +"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundOfForce {\n" +" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:24 +msgid "" +"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" +" // ...\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:28 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" +" set_thruster_force(force);\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:33 src/generics/trait-objects.md:86 +msgid "```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 +msgid "# Field Shorthand Syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 +msgid "" +"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the\n" +"struct using a shorthand:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 src/methods.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Person {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u8,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:13 +msgid "" +"impl Person {\n" +" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" +" Person { name, age }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:19 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" +" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums.md:1 +msgid "# Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums.md:3 +msgid "" +"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few\n" +"different variants:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" +" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums.md:11 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"enum CoinFlip {\n" +" Heads,\n" +" Tails,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums.md:17 +msgid "" +"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" +" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" +" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" +" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" +" } else {\n" +" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums.md:26 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 +msgid "# Variant Payloads" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 +msgid "" +"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " +"the\n" +"`match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"enum WebEvent {\n" +" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" +" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" +" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:13 +msgid "" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" +" match event {\n" +" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" +" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" +" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:22 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" +" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" +" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:27 +msgid "" +" inspect(load);\n" +" inspect(press);\n" +" inspect(click);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 +msgid "" +"* In the above example, accessing the `char` in `KeyPress`, or `x` and `y` " +"in `Click` only works within a `match` statement.\n" +"* `match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`.\n" +"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" +"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " +"cannot implement traits, for example." +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:1 +msgid "# Enum Sizes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " +"account:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:8 +msgid "" +"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n" +" ($t:ty) => {\n" +" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" +" stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n" +" };\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:15 +msgid "" +"enum Foo {\n" +" A,\n" +" B,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:20 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" dbg_size!(Foo);\n" +" dbg_size!(bool);\n" +" dbg_size!(Option);\n" +" dbg_size!(&i32);\n" +" dbg_size!(Option<&i32>);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:29 +msgid "" +"* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." +"html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/enums/sizes.md:33 +msgid "" +"* `Option` is another example of tight packing.\n" +"* For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/#representation), " +"Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals `size_of::>()`.\n" +"* Zero-sized types allow for efficient implementation of `HashSet` using " +"`HashMap` with `()` as the value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " +"an\n" +"`impl` block:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods.md:13 +msgid "" +"impl Person {\n" +" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" +" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods.md:19 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let peter = Person {\n" +" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" +" age: 27,\n" +" };\n" +" peter.say_hello();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/receiver.md:1 +msgid "# Method Receiver" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/receiver.md:3 +msgid "" +"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " +"There\n" +"are other possible receivers for a method:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/receiver.md:6 +msgid "" +"* `&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable\n" +" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n" +"* `&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and " +"mutable\n" +" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n" +"* `self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. " +"The\n" +" method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " +"(deallocated)\n" +" when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly\n" +" transmitted.\n" +"* No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used " +"to\n" +" create constructors which are called `new` by convention." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/receiver.md:17 +msgid "" +"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also\n" +"[special wrapper types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-" +"and-traits.html)\n" +"allowed to be receiver types, such as `Box`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 +msgid "# Example" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/example.md:3 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Race {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" laps: Vec,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/example.md:10 +msgid "" +"impl Race {\n" +" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" +" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/example.md:15 +msgid "" +" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " +"access to self\n" +" self.laps.push(lap);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/example.md:19 +msgid "" +" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" +" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" +" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" +" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" +" }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/example.md:26 +msgid "" +" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" +" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" +" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " +"total);\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods/example.md:32 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" +" race.add_lap(70);\n" +" race.add_lap(68);\n" +" race.print_laps();\n" +" race.add_lap(71);\n" +" race.print_laps();\n" +" race.finish();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:1 +msgid "# Pattern Matching" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 +msgid "" +"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " +"The\n" +"comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 +msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let input = 'x';" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:12 +msgid "" +" match input {\n" +" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" +" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" +" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:21 +msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 +msgid "# Destructuring Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 +msgid "" +"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " +"how\n" +"you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple `enum` " +"type:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"enum Result {\n" +" Ok(i32),\n" +" Err(String),\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:12 +msgid "" +"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" +" if n % 2 == 0 {\n" +" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" +" } else {\n" +" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {} into two equal parts\", n))\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:20 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let n = 100;\n" +" match divide_in_two(n) {\n" +" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" +" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 +msgid "" +"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the " +"first\n" +"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " +"arm,\n" +"`msg` is bound to the error message." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 +msgid "# Destructuring Structs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 +msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Foo {\n" +" x: (u32, u32),\n" +" y: u32,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:11 +msgid "" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" +" match foo {\n" +" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" +" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, i = {i:?}\"),\n" +" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " +"ignored\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 +msgid "# Destructuring Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 +msgid "" +"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" +" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" +" match triple {\n" +" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" +" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 +msgid "# Match Guards" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 +msgid "" +"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " +"Boolean\n" +"expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let pair = (2, -2);\n" +" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" +" match pair {\n" +" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" +" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" +" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 +msgid "# Day 2: Morning Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 +msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 +msgid "* Simple struct which tracks health statistics." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 +msgid "* Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 +msgid "# Health Statistics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 +msgid "" +"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " +"you\n" +"need to keep track of users' health statistics." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 +msgid "" +"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " +"`User`\n" +"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods on the\n" +"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the " +"missing\n" +"methods:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:17 +msgid "" +"struct User {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" age: u32,\n" +" weight: f32,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:23 +msgid "" +"impl User {\n" +" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:28 +msgid "" +" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:32 +msgid "" +" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:36 +msgid "" +" pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:40 +msgid "" +" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:44 +msgid "" +" pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:49 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" +" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:54 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_weight() {\n" +" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" +" assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:60 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_set_age() {\n" +" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" +" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" +" bob.set_age(33);\n" +" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1 +msgid "# Polygon Struct" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " +"below\n" +"to and fill in the missing methods to make " +"the\n" +"tests pass:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23 +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:11 +msgid "" +"pub struct Point {\n" +" // add fields\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:15 +msgid "" +"impl Point {\n" +" // add methods\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:19 +msgid "" +"pub struct Polygon {\n" +" // add fields\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:23 +msgid "" +"impl Polygon {\n" +" // add methods\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:27 +msgid "" +"pub struct Circle {\n" +" // add fields\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:31 +msgid "" +"impl Circle {\n" +" // add methods\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:35 +msgid "" +"pub enum Shape {\n" +" Polygon(Polygon),\n" +" Circle(Circle),\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:40 src/testing/test-modules.md:15 +msgid "" +"#[cfg(test)]\n" +"mod tests {\n" +" use super::*;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:44 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:165 +msgid "" +" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" +" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:48 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:169 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" +" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:54 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:175 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_point_dist() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" +" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" +" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:61 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:182 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_point_add() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" +" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" +" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:68 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:189 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" +" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:73 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:194 +msgid "" +" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" +" poly.add_point(p1);\n" +" poly.add_point(p2);\n" +" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:79 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:200 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" +" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" +" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:84 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:205 +msgid "" +" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" +" poly.add_point(p1);\n" +" poly.add_point(p2);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:88 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:209 +msgid "" +" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" +" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:92 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_shape_circumferences() {\n" +" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" +" let shapes = vec![\n" +" Shape::from(poly),\n" +" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" +" ];\n" +" let circumferences = shapes\n" +" .iter()\n" +" .map(Shape::circumference)\n" +" .map(round_two_digits)\n" +" .collect::>();\n" +" assert_eq!(circumferences, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:111 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:68 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:233 +msgid "" +"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" +"fn main() {}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow.md:1 +msgid "# Control Flow" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow.md:3 +msgid "" +"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally\n" +"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " +"becomes\n" +"the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions work " +"similarly\n" +"in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 +msgid "# Blocks" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 +msgid "" +"A block in Rust has a value and a type: the value is the last expression of " +"the\n" +"block:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x = {\n" +" let y = 10;\n" +" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" +" let z = {\n" +" let w = {\n" +" 3 + 4\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" +" y * w\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" +" z - y\n" +" };\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:25 +msgid "" +"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the\n" +"return value:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" +" x + x\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:33 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 +msgid "# `if` expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 +msgid "You use `if` very similarly to how you would in other languages:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x = x / 2;\n" +" } else {\n" +" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:16 +msgid "" +"In addition, you can use it as an expression. This does the same as above:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x / 2\n" +" } else {\n" +" 3 * x + 1\n" +" };\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 +msgid "# `if let` expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 +msgid "If you want to match a value against a pattern, you can use `if let`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" +" if let Some(value) = arg {\n" +" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" +" } else {\n" +" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:16 +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:22 +msgid "" +"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " +"in\n" +"Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:21 +msgid "" +"* `if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is " +"interesting. In contrast, `match` requires all branches to be covered.\n" +"* A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`.\n" +"* Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern " +"matching." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 +msgid "# `while` expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 +msgid "The `while` keyword works very similar to other languages:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" while x != 1 {\n" +" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x / 2\n" +" } else {\n" +" 3 * x + 1\n" +" };\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 +msgid "# `while let` expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Like with `if`, there is a `while let` variant which repeatedly tests a " +"value\n" +"against a pattern:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.into_iter();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:11 +msgid "" +" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 +msgid "" +"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option` on " +"every\n" +"call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which it " +"will\n" +"return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all items." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 +msgid "# `for` expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 +msgid "" +"The `for` expression is closely related to the `while let` expression. It " +"will\n" +"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:10 +msgid "" +" for x in v {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:16 +msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 +msgid "# `loop` expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Finally, there is a `loop` keyword which creates an endless loop. Here you " +"must\n" +"either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut x = 10;\n" +" loop {\n" +" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" +" x / 2\n" +" } else {\n" +" 3 * x + 1\n" +" };\n" +" if x == 1 {\n" +" break;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 +msgid "# `match` expressions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 +msgid "" +"The `match` keyword is used to match a value against one or more patterns. " +"In\n" +"that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" +" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" +" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" +" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" +" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" +" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" +" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:19 +msgid "" +"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last\n" +"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 +msgid "# `break` and `continue`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 +msgid "" +"If you want to exit a loop early, use `break`, if you want to immediately " +"start\n" +"the next iteration use `continue`. Both `continue` and `break` can " +"optionally\n" +"take a label argument which is used to break out of nested loops:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" +" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" let mut i = 0;\n" +" while i < x {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" +" i += 1;\n" +" if i == 3 {\n" +" break 'outer;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:25 +msgid "" +"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:1 +msgid "# Standard Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " +"types\n" +"used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " +"together\n" +"smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:7 +msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:9 +msgid "" +"* [`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " +"values\n" +" and [error handling](error-handling.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:12 +msgid "" +"* [`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:14 +msgid "* [`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:16 +msgid "" +"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing\n" +" algorithm." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:19 +msgid "* [`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std.md:21 +msgid "" +"* [`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " +"data." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:1 +msgid "# String" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`String`][1] is the standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut s1 = String::new();\n" +" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" +" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:11 +msgid "" +" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" +" s2.push_str(&s1);\n" +" s2.push('!');\n" +" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:16 +msgid "" +" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" +" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" +" s3.chars().count());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:22 +msgid "" +"`String` implements [`Deref`][2], which means that you can " +"call all\n" +"`str` methods on a `String`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:25 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-" +"str" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/string.md:30 +msgid "" +"* `len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes, not its length in " +"characters.\n" +"* `chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters.\n" +"* `String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " +"access to `str`'s methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/option-result.md:1 +msgid "# `Option` and `Result`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/option-result.md:3 +msgid "The types represent optional data:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/option-result.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" +" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/option-result.md:11 +msgid "" +" let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" +" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/option-result.md:18 +msgid "" +"* `Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library.\n" +"* `Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`.\n" +"* `Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see " +"on Day 3.\n" +"* `binary_search` returns `Result`.\n" +" * If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found.\n" +" * Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should " +"be inserted." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/vec.md:1 +msgid "# `Vec`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/vec.md:3 +msgid "[`Vec`][1] is the standard resizable heap-allocated buffer:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/vec.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut numbers = Vec::new();\n" +" numbers.push(42);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/vec.md:10 +msgid "" +" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" +" v1.push(42);\n" +" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/vec.md:14 +msgid "" +" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" +" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" +" v2.push(9999);\n" +" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/vec.md:21 +msgid "" +"`Vec` implements [`Deref`][2], which means that you can call " +"slice\n" +"methods on a `Vec`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/vec.md:24 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-[T]" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 +msgid "# `HashMap`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/hashmap.md:3 +msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/hashmap.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::collections::HashMap;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/hashmap.md:8 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" +" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " +"207);\n" +" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" +" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/hashmap.md:14 +msgid "" +" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" +" println!(\"We've know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" +" page_counts.len());\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/hashmap.md:19 +msgid "" +" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " +"Wonderland\"] {\n" +" match page_counts.get(book) {\n" +" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" +" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box.md:1 +msgid "# `Box`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box.md:3 +msgid "[`Box`][1] is an owned pointer to data on the heap:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let five = Box::new(5);\n" +" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box.md:13 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": five : : :\n" +": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" +": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box.md:26 +msgid "" +"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " +"methods\n" +"from `T` directly on a `Box`][2]." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box.md:29 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-" +"coercion" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box.md:34 +msgid "" +"* `Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++.\n" +"* In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " +"statement thanks to `Deref`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 +msgid "# Box with Recursive Data Structures" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 +msgid "" +"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"enum List {\n" +" Cons(T, Box>),\n" +" Nil,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:12 src/std/box-niche.md:10 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" +"new(List::Nil))));\n" +" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"list : : :\n" +": +--------+-------+ : : +--------+--------+ +--------+------" +"+ :\n" +": | Tag | Cons | : : .->| Tag | Cons | .->| Tag | Nil " +"| :\n" +": | 0 | 1 | : : | | 0 | 2 | | | ////// | //// " +"| :\n" +": | 1 | o-----+----+-----+-' | 1 | o------+-' | ////// | //// " +"| :\n" +": +--------+-------+ : : +--------+--------+ +--------+------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-niche.md:1 +msgid "# Niche Optimization" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-niche.md:16 +msgid "" +"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. " +"This\n" +"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/box-niche.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"list : : :\n" +": +--------+-------+ : : +--------+--------+ +--------+------" +"+ :\n" +": | 0 | 1 | : : .->| 0 | 2 | .->| ////// | //// " +"| :\n" +": | \"1/Tag\"| o-----+----+-----+-' | \"1/Tag\"| o-----+-' | \"1/Tag\"| " +"null | :\n" +": +--------+-------+ : : +--------+--------+ +--------+------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" Stak Bunke\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | a | l | l | o | :\n" +": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" +": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" + +#: src/std/rc.md:1 +msgid "# `Rc`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/rc.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`Rc`][1] is a reference-counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to " +"refer\n" +"to the same data from multiple places:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/rc.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::rc::Rc;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/rc.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" +" let mut b = a.clone();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/rc.md:18 +msgid "" +"If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the " +"data in\n" +"a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`][2]. See [`Arc`][3] if you are in a " +"multi-threaded\n" +"context." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/rc.md:22 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/index.html\n" +"[3]: ../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std/rc.md:28 +msgid "" +"* Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`.\n" +"* `clone` is cheap: creates a pointer to the same allocation and increases " +"the reference count.\n" +"* `make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-" +"write\") and returns a mutable reference." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:1 +msgid "# Modules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:3 +msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:5 +msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"mod foo {\n" +" pub fn do_something() {\n" +" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:14 +msgid "" +"mod bar {\n" +" pub fn do_something() {\n" +" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:20 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" foo::do_something();\n" +" bar::do_something();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:1 +msgid "# Visibility" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 +msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Module items are private by default (hides implementation details).\n" +"* Parent and sibling items are always visible." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"mod outer {\n" +" fn private() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::private\");\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:14 +msgid "" +" pub fn public() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::public\");\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:18 +msgid "" +" mod inner {\n" +" fn private() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:23 +msgid "" +" pub fn public() {\n" +" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" +" super::private();\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:30 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" outer::public();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:1 +msgid "# Paths" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:3 +msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:5 +msgid "" +"1. As a relative path:\n" +" * `foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,\n" +" * `super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:9 +msgid "" +"2. As an absolute path:\n" +" * `crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,\n" +" * `bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:1 +msgid "# Filesystem Hierarchy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 +msgid "The module content can be omitted:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"mod garden;\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 +msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11 +msgid "" +"* `src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n" +"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 +msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16 +msgid "" +"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n" +"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:19 +msgid "The `crate` root is in:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21 +msgid "" +"* `src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)\n" +"* `src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 +msgid "# Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 +msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1 +msgid "# Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " +"to\n" +"validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and does " +"the\n" +"following to validate the credit card number:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7 +msgid "* Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:9 +msgid "" +"* Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number " +"`1234`,\n" +" we double `3` and `1`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:12 +msgid "" +"* After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` " +"which\n" +" becomes `5`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:15 +msgid "* Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:17 +msgid "* The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19 +msgid "" +"Copy the following code to and implement the\n" +"function:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:27 +msgid "" +"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:31 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:36 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:64 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:44 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:72 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:49 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:77 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:54 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:82 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" +" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:61 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 +msgid "# Strings and Iterators" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " +"The\n" +"server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " +"against\n" +"_request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character which\n" +"matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 +msgid "" +"Copy the following code to and make the tests\n" +"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:16 +msgid "" +"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:20 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" +"abc-123\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" +"books\"));" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:26 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:146 +msgid "" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" +"publishers\"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:31 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:151 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" +" ));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" +" ));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" +" ));" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:46 +msgid "" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" +"publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" +" ));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 +msgid "# Welcome to Day 3" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 +msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library\n" +" traits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 +msgid "" +"* Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and " +"trait\n" +" objects." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 +msgid "* Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 +msgid "* Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 +msgid "" +"* Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern\n" +" functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:1 +msgid "# Traits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"trait Greet {\n" +" fn say_hello(&self);\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:10 +msgid "" +"struct Dog {\n" +" name: String,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:14 +msgid "struct Cat; // No name, cats won't respond to it anyway." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:16 +msgid "" +"impl Greet for Dog {\n" +" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" +" println!(\"Wuf, my name is {}!\", self.name);\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:22 +msgid "" +"impl Greet for Cat {\n" +" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" +" println!(\"Miau!\");\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits.md:28 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" +" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n" +" Box::new(Cat),\n" +" ];\n" +" for pet in pets {\n" +" pet.say_hello();\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 +msgid "# Deriving Traits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 +msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" +"struct Player {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" strength: u8,\n" +" hit_points: u8,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p1 = Player::default();\n" +" let p2 = p1.clone();\n" +" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" +" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:1 +msgid "# Default Methods" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 +msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"trait Equals {\n" +" fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" +" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +" !self.equal(other)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:13 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Centimeter(i16);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:16 +msgid "" +"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" +" fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" +" self.0 == other.0\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/default-methods.md:22 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let a = Centimeter(10);\n" +" let b = Centimeter(20);\n" +" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n" +" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:1 +msgid "# Important Traits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " +"library:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 +msgid "" +"* `Iterator` and `IntoIterator` used in `for` loops,\n" +"* `From` and `Into` used to convert values,\n" +"* `Read` and `Write` used for IO,\n" +"* `Add`, `Mul`, ... used for operator overloading, and\n" +"* `Drop` used for defining destructors." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:1 +msgid "# Iterators" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:3 +msgid "You can implement the `Iterator` trait on your own types:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Fibonacci {\n" +" curr: u32,\n" +" next: u32,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:11 +msgid "" +"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" +" type Item = u32;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:14 +msgid "" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" +" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" +" self.curr = self.next;\n" +" self.next = new_next;\n" +" Some(self.curr)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:22 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" +" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" +" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/iterator.md:32 +msgid "" +"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " +"collection types such as\n" +"`Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` and `&[T]`. Ranges also " +"implement it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 +msgid "# FromIterator" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 +msgid "`FromIterator` lets you build a collection from an `Iterator`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" +" let prime_squares = primes.into_iter().map(|prime| prime * prime)." +"collect::>();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:14 +msgid "" +"`Iterator` implements\n" +"`fn collect(self) -> B\n" +"where\n" +" B: FromIterator,\n" +" Self: Sized`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:20 +msgid "" +"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an\n" +"`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:1 +msgid "# `Read` and `Write`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:3 +msgid "Using `Read` and `BufRead`, you can abstract over `u8` sources:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:8 +msgid "" +"fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" +" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" +" buf_reader.lines().count()\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" +" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" +" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:17 +msgid "" +" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" +" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:23 +msgid "Similarly, `Write` lets you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:25 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::io::{Result, Write};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:28 +msgid "" +"fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" +" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" +" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/read-write.md:33 +msgid "" +"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" +" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" +" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" +" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" +" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/operators.md:1 +msgid "# `Add`, `Mul`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/operators.md:3 +msgid "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in `std::ops`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/operators.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" +"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/operators.md:9 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:46 +msgid "" +"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" +" type Output = Self;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/operators.md:12 +msgid "" +" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" +" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/operators.md:17 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" +" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" +" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/drop.md:1 +msgid "# The `Drop` Trait" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/drop.md:3 +msgid "" +"Values which implement `Drop` can specify code to run when they go out of " +"scope:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/drop.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"struct Droppable {\n" +" name: &'static str,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/drop.md:10 +msgid "" +"impl Drop for Droppable {\n" +" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" +" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/traits/drop.md:16 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" +" {\n" +" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" +" {\n" +" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" +" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" +" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" +" }\n" +" drop(a);\n" +" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:1 +msgid "# Generics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract an algorithm (such as " +"sorting)\n" +"over the types used in the algorithm." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/data-types.md:1 +msgid "# Generic Data Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/data-types.md:3 +msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/data-types.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point {\n" +" x: T,\n" +" y: T,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/data-types.md:12 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" +" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" +" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/methods.md:1 +msgid "# Generic Methods" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/methods.md:3 +msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/methods.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct Point(T, T);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/methods.md:9 +msgid "" +"impl Point {\n" +" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" +" &self.0 // + 10\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/methods.md:14 +msgid "" +" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/methods.md:17 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let p = Point(5, 10);\n" +" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1 +msgid "# Trait Bounds" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3 +msgid "" +"When working with generics, you often want to limit the types. You can do " +"this\n" +"with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" +" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:11 +msgid "// struct NotClonable;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n" +" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:1 +msgid "# `impl Trait`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3 +msgid "" +"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function\n" +"arguments and return values:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:6 src/generics/trait-objects.md:5 +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:28 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::fmt::Display;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n" +" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n" +" println!(\"{x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19 +msgid "" +"* `impl Trait` cannot be used with the `::<>` turbo fish syntax.\n" +"* `impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:24 +msgid "" +"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:26 +msgid "" +"* For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with " +"a trait bound.\n" +"* For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type " +"that implements the trait,\n" +" without naming the type. This can be useful when you don't want to expose " +"the concrete type in a\n" +" public API." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:1 +msgid "# Closures" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:3 +msgid "" +"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " +"they\n" +"implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html),\n" +"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and\n" +"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" +" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" +" func(input)\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:14 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" +" let mul_5 = |x| x * 5;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:18 +msgid "" +" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" +" println!(\"mul_5: {}\", apply_with_log(mul_5, 20));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:25 +msgid "" +"If you have an `FnOnce`, you may only call it once. It might consume " +"captured values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:27 +msgid "" +"An `FnMut` might mutate captured values, so you can call it multiple times " +"but not concurrently." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:29 +msgid "" +"An `Fn` neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or perhaps captures " +"nothing at all, so it can\n" +"be called multiple times concurrently." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:32 +msgid "" +"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " +"I.e. you can use an\n" +"`FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can use an `Fn` wherever " +"an `FnMut` or `FnOnce`\n" +"is called for." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/closures.md:36 +msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 +msgid "# Monomorphization" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 +msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let integer = Some(5);\n" +" let float = Some(5.0);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 +msgid "behaves as if you wrote" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"enum Option_i32 {\n" +" Some(i32),\n" +" None,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:20 +msgid "" +"enum Option_f64 {\n" +" Some(f64),\n" +" None,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:25 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n" +" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 +msgid "" +"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " +"had\n" +"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:1 +msgid "# Trait Objects" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:3 +msgid "We've seen how a function can take arguments which implement a trait:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:8 +msgid "" +"fn print(x: T) {\n" +" println!(\"Your value: {}\", x);\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:12 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" print(123);\n" +" print(\"Hello\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:18 +msgid "" +"However, how can we store a collection of mixed types which implement " +"`Display`?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:20 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let xs = vec![123, \"Hello\"];\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:26 +msgid "For this, we need _trait objects_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:31 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let xs: Vec> = vec![Box::new(123), Box::" +"new(\"Hello\")];\n" +" for x in xs {\n" +" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:39 +msgid "Memory layout after allocating `xs`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:41 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"xs : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" +"+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " +"| :\n" +": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" +"+ :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +----+----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| H | e | l | l | o " +"| :\n" +": : : | | | +----+----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " +"| :\n" +" : | | | " +"+-------------------------+ :\n" +" : | | '---->| \"::" +"fmt\" | :\n" +" : | | " +"+-------------------------+ :\n" +" : | " +"| :\n" +" : | | +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +" : | '-->| 7b | 00 | 00 | 00 " +"| :\n" +" : | +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +" : " +"| :\n" +" : | +-------------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : '---->| \"::fmt\" " +"| :\n" +" : +-------------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:69 +msgid "" +"Similarly, you need a trait object if you want to return different values\n" +"implementing a trait:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:72 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn numbers(n: i32) -> Box> {\n" +" if n > 0 {\n" +" Box::new(0..n)\n" +" } else {\n" +" Box::new((n..0).rev())\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:81 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(-5).collect::>());\n" +" println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(5).collect::>());\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 +msgid "# Day 3: Morning Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 +msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 +msgid "# A Simple GUI Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and\n" +"trait objects." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 +msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 +msgid "" +"* `Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets.\n" +"* `Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the\n" +" button is pressed.\n" +"* `Label`: has a `label`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 +msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing\n" +"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 +msgid "" +"```rust,should_panic\n" +"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:22 +msgid "" +"pub trait Widget {\n" +" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:26 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:27 +msgid "" +" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:29 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:30 +msgid "" +" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" +" fn draw(&self) {\n" +" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" +" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" +" println!(\"{}\", &buffer);\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:37 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:38 +msgid "" +"pub struct Label {\n" +" label: String,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:41 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:42 +msgid "" +"impl Label {\n" +" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" +" Label {\n" +" label: label.to_owned(),\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:49 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:50 +msgid "" +"pub struct Button {\n" +" label: Label,\n" +" callback: Box,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:54 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:55 +msgid "" +"impl Button {\n" +" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" +" Button {\n" +" label: Label::new(label),\n" +" callback,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:63 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:64 +msgid "" +"pub struct Window {\n" +" title: String,\n" +" widgets: Vec>,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:68 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:69 +msgid "" +"impl Window {\n" +" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" +" Window {\n" +" title: title.to_owned(),\n" +" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" +" }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:76 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:77 +msgid "" +" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" +" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:82 +msgid "" +"impl Widget for Label {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:87 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:97 +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:107 +msgid "" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:92 +msgid "" +"impl Widget for Button {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:102 +msgid "" +"impl Widget for Window {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:112 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." +"\")));\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" +" \"Click me!\",\n" +" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" +" )));\n" +" window.draw();\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:123 +msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:125 +msgid "" +"```text\n" +"========\n" +"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n" +"========" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 +msgid "This is a small text GUI demo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132 +msgid "" +"| Click me! |\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:135 +msgid "" +"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the\n" +"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." +"html#fillalignment)\n" +"formatting operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different\n" +"characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:140 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let width = 10;\n" +" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:149 +msgid "" +"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:151 +msgid "" +"```text\n" +"+--------------------------------+\n" +"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n" +"+================================+\n" +"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n" +"| +-----------+ |\n" +"| | Click me! | |\n" +"| +-----------+ |\n" +"+--------------------------------+\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:1 +msgid "# Error Handling" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:3 +msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:5 +msgid "" +"* Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,\n" +"* There are no exceptions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:1 +msgid "# Panics" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 +msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,should_panic\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 +msgid "" +"* Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors.\n" +" * Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program.\n" +"* Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 +msgid "# Catching the Stack Unwinding" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 +msgid "" +"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " +"caught:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"use std::panic;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:8 +msgid "" +"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" +" println!(\"hello!\");\n" +"});\n" +"assert!(result.is_ok());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:13 +msgid "" +"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" +" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" +"});\n" +"assert!(result.is_err());\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:19 +msgid "" +"* This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single\n" +" request crashes.\n" +"* This does not work if `panic = abort` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md:1 +msgid "# Structured Error Handling with `Result`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 +msgid "" +"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " +"are\n" +"expected as part of normal operation:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"use std::fs::File;\n" +"use std::io::Read;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md:10 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" +" match file {\n" +" Ok(mut file) => {\n" +" let mut contents = String::new();\n" +" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" +" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" +" },\n" +" Err(err) => {\n" +" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 +msgid "# Propagating Errors with `?`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 +msgid "" +"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +"turn\n" +"the common" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"match some_expression {\n" +" Ok(value) => value,\n" +" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 +msgid "into the much simpler" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"some_expression?\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 +msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handing code:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::fs;\n" +"use std::io::{self, Read};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:25 +msgid "" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:28 +msgid "" +" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" +" Ok(file) => file,\n" +" Err(e) => return Err(e),\n" +" };" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:33 +msgid " let mut username = String::new();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:35 +msgid "" +" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" +" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" +" Err(e) => Err(e),\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:41 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" +" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" +" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:57 +msgid "" +"* The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`.\n" +"* Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, " +"empty file, file with username." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 +msgid "# Converting Error Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 +msgid "" +"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " +"indicated:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"expression?\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 +msgid "works the same as" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"match expression {\n" +" Ok(value) => value,\n" +" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 +msgid "" +"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to " +"the\n" +"type returned by the function:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:21 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::{fs, io};\n" +"use std::io::Read;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:25 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" +" IoError(io::Error),\n" +" EmptyUsername(String),\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:31 +msgid "" +"impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" +" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" +" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:37 +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:19 +msgid "" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" +" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" +" if username.is_empty() {\n" +" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(username)\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:46 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" +" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 +msgid "# Deriving Error Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " +"an\n" +"error enum like we did on the previous page:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::{fs, io};\n" +"use std::io::Read;\n" +"use thiserror::Error;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:11 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" +"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" +" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" +" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" +" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" +" EmptyUsername(String),\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:28 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" +" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" +" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 +msgid "# Adding Context to Errors" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 +msgid "" +"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add\n" +"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer\n" +"custom error types:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::{fs, io};\n" +"use std::io::Read;\n" +"use thiserror::Error;\n" +"use anyhow::{Context, Result};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:13 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" +"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" +" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" +" EmptyUsername(String),\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:19 +msgid "" +"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" +" fs::File::open(path)\n" +" .context(format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" +" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" +" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" +" if username.is_empty() {\n" +" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)))?;\n" +" }\n" +" Ok(username)\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:31 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" +" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" +" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:1 +msgid "# Testing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:3 +msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:5 +msgid "* Unit tests are supported throughout your code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:7 +msgid "* Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 +msgid "# Unit Tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 +msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" +" match text.find(' ') {\n" +" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" +" None => &text,\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:13 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_empty() {\n" +" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:18 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_single_word() {\n" +" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:23 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_multiple_words() {\n" +" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 +msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:1 +msgid "# Test Modules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the\n" +"[Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" +" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:11 +msgid "" +"pub fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:19 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_helper() {\n" +" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 +msgid "" +"* This lets you unit test private helpers.\n" +"* The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 +msgid "# Documentation Tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 +msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" +"///\n" +"/// ```\n" +"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" +"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" +"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" +"/// ```\n" +"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" +" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 +msgid "" +"* Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code.\n" +"* The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`.\n" +"* Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 +msgid "# Integration Tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 +msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 +msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"use my_library::init;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:10 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_init() {\n" +" assert!(init().is_ok());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 +msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "# Unsafe Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe.md:3 +msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe.md:5 +msgid "" +"* **Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible.\n" +"* **Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " +"violated." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe.md:8 +msgid "" +"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " +"know\n" +"what Unsafe Rust is." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe.md:11 +msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe.md:13 +msgid "" +"* Dereference raw pointers.\n" +"* Access or modify mutable static variables.\n" +"* Access `union` fields.\n" +"* Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions.\n" +"* Implement `unsafe` traits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe.md:19 +msgid "" +"We will briefly cover these capabilities next. For full details, please see\n" +"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" +"unsafe-rust.html)\n" +"and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 +msgid "# Dereferencing Raw Pointers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 +msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut num = 5;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:9 +msgid "" +" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" +" let r2 = &num as *const i32;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:12 +msgid "" +" unsafe {\n" +" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" +" *r1 = 10; // Data race if r1 is being written concurrently!\n" +" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 +msgid "# Mutable Static Variables" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 +msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:8 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"name is: {}\", HELLO_WORLD);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 +msgid "" +"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable\n" +"static variables:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:19 +msgid "" +"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" +" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:23 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" add_to_counter(42);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:26 +msgid "" +" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {}\", COUNTER); } // Potential data race!\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-functions.md:1 +msgid "# Calling Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-functions.md:3 +msgid "" +"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " +"you\n" +"must uphold:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/unsafe-functions.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" // Undefined behavior if indices do not lie on UTF-8 sequence " +"boundaries.\n" +" println!(\"{}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" +" println!(\"{}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" +" println!(\"{}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 +msgid "# Calling External Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. " +"Calling\n" +"them is thus unsafe:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"extern \"C\" {\n" +" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:11 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" +" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:1 +msgid "# Unions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 +msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"#[repr(C)]\n" +"union MyUnion {\n" +" i: u8,\n" +" b: bool,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe/unions.md:12 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" +" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" +" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 +msgid "# Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 +msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:7 +msgid "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution] provided." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 +msgid "# Safe FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function\n" +"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper the `glibc` " +"functions\n" +"you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 +msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 +msgid "" +"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n" +"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n" +"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 +msgid "" +"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`] module, particular for " +"[`CStr`]\n" +"and [`CString`] types which are used to hold NUL-terminated strings coming " +"from\n" +"C. The [Nomicon] also has a very useful chapter about FFI." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:17 +msgid "" +"[`std::ffi`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/\n" +"[`CStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html\n" +"[`CString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html\n" +"[Nomicon]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the " +"missing\n" +"functions and methods:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:29 +msgid "" +"mod ffi {\n" +" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:32 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:26 +msgid "" +" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct DIR {\n" +" _data: [u8; 0],\n" +" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" +"PhantomPinned)>,\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:39 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +msgid "" +" // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-" +"gnu.\n" +" #[repr(C)]\n" +" pub struct dirent {\n" +" pub d_ino: c_long,\n" +" pub d_off: c_ulong,\n" +" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" +" pub d_type: c_char,\n" +" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:49 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:43 +msgid "" +" extern \"C\" {\n" +" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" +" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" +" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:56 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:50 +msgid "" +"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" +"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:59 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" +" path: CString,\n" +" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:65 +msgid "" +"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:73 +msgid "" +"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" type Item = OsString;\n" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" +" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:81 +msgid "" +"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" +" // Call closedir as needed.\n" +" unimplemented!()\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:88 +msgid "" +"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" +" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" +" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1 +msgid "# Welcome to Day 4" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3 +msgid "Today we will look at two main topics:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:5 +msgid "* Concurrency: threads, channels, shared state, `Send` and `Sync`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:7 +msgid "" +"* Android: building binaries and libraries, using AIDL, logging, and\n" +" interoperability with C, C++, and Java." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:10 +msgid "" +"> We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try " +"to\n" +"> find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of " +"code to\n" +"> Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something " +"that\n" +"> parses some raw bytes would be ideal." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency.md:1 +msgid "# Fearless Concurrency" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and\n" +"channels." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency.md:6 +msgid "" +"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency " +"bugs\n" +"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " +"you\n" +"can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:1 +msgid "# Threads" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 +msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" thread::spawn(|| {\n" +" for i in 1..10 {\n" +" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" +" }\n" +" });" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:17 +msgid "" +" for i in 1..5 {\n" +" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 +msgid "" +"* Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them.\n" +"* Thread panics are independent of each other.\n" +" * Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 +msgid "" +"* Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread " +"is\n" +" not waiting." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 +msgid "" +"* Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait " +"for\n" +" the thread to finish." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 +msgid "* Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 +msgid "" +"* Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " +"panic\n" +" payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`]." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:43 +msgid "[`Any`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 +msgid "# Scoped Threads" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 +msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::thread;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:8 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11 +msgid "" +" thread::spawn(|| {\n" +" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" +" });\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17 +msgid "However, you can use a [scoped thread][1] for this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::thread;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:25 +msgid "" +" thread::scope(|scope| {\n" +" scope.spawn(|| {\n" +" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" +" });\n" +" });\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:33 +msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.scope.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:1 +msgid "# Channels" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " +"parts\n" +"are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" +"use std::thread;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:10 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:10 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:13 +msgid "" +" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" +" tx.send(20).unwrap();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:16 +msgid "" +" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" +" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:19 +msgid "" +" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" +" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 +msgid "# Unbounded Channels" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 +msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:13 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:13 +msgid "" +" thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" +" for i in 1..10 {\n" +" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" +" });\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:23 +msgid "" +" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" +" println!(\"Main: got {}\", msg);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 +msgid "# Bounded Channels" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 +msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:10 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 +msgid "# Shared State" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This " +"is\n" +"primarily done via two types:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 +msgid "" +"* [`Arc`][1], atomic reference counted `T`: handled sharing between " +"threads and\n" +" takes care to deallocate `T` when the last thread exits,\n" +"* [`Mutex`][2]: ensures mutual exclusion access to the `T` value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:10 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 +msgid "# `Arc`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 +msgid "[`Arc`][1] allows shared read-only access via its `clone` method:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::sync::Arc;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" +" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" +" for _ in 1..5 {\n" +" let v = v.clone();\n" +" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" +" }));\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:20 +msgid "" +" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" +" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:25 +msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 +msgid "# `Mutex`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`Mutex`][1] ensures mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T`\n" +"behind a read-only interface:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"use std::sync::Mutex;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let v: Mutex> = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" +" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:13 +msgid "" +" {\n" +" let v: &Mutex> = &v;\n" +" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" +" guard.push(40);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:19 +msgid "" +" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:23 +msgid "" +"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`][2] blanket\n" +"implementation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:26 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-" +"Mutex%3CT%3E\n" +"[3]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 +msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:9 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" +" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" +" v.push(10);\n" +" });\n" +" v.push(1000);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:16 +msgid "" +" handle.join().unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 +msgid "# `Send` and `Sync`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 +msgid "" +"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " +"two traits:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 +msgid "" +"* [`Send`][1]: a type `T` is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a " +"thread\n" +" boundary.\n" +"* [`Sync`][2]: a type `T` is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a " +"thread\n" +" boundary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html\n" +"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 +msgid "# `Send`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 +msgid "" +"> A type `T` is [`Send`][1] if it is safe to move a `T` value to another " +"thread." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 +msgid "" +"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " +"run\n" +"in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " +"thread\n" +"and deallocate it in another." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:9 +msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +msgid "# `Sync`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 +msgid "" +"> A type `T` is [`Sync`][1] if it is safe to access a `T` value from " +"multiple\n" +"> threads at the same time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 +msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 +msgid "> `T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:10 +msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 +msgid "# Examples" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 +msgid "## `Send + Sync`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 +msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 +msgid "" +"* `i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ...\n" +"* `(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ...\n" +"* `String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ...\n" +"* `Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count.\n" +"* `Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking.\n" +"* `AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 +msgid "" +"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are\n" +"`Send + Sync`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 +msgid "## `Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 +msgid "" +"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe.\n" +"Typically because of interior mutability:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 +msgid "" +"* `mpsc::Sender`\n" +"* `mpsc::Receiver`\n" +"* `Cell`\n" +"* `RefCell`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 +msgid "## `!Send + Sync`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 +msgid "" +"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 +msgid "" +"* `MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " +"the\n" +" thread which created them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 +msgid "## `!Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 +msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 +msgid "" +"* `Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a\n" +" non-atomic reference count.\n" +"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special\n" +" concurrency considerations." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:1 src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:1 +msgid "# Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:3 +msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:5 +msgid "* Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:7 +msgid "" +"* Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to\n" +" download dependencies and then check links in parallel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:1 +msgid "# Dining Philosophers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:3 +msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:5 +msgid "" +"> Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " +"their\n" +"> own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " +"served is\n" +"> a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each philosopher " +"can\n" +"> only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can only eat " +"their\n" +"> spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two forks will " +"only\n" +"> be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, not eating. " +"After\n" +"> an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put down both forks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:13 +msgid "" +"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " +"for\n" +"this exercise. Copy the code below to `src/main.rs` file, fill out the " +"blanks,\n" +"and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:17 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" +"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:23 +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:28 +msgid "struct Fork;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:25 +msgid "" +"struct Philosopher {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" // left_fork: ...\n" +" // right_fork: ...\n" +" // thoughts: ...\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:32 +msgid "" +"impl Philosopher {\n" +" fn think(&self) {\n" +" self.thoughts\n" +" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" +" .unwrap();\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:39 +msgid "" +" fn eat(&self) {\n" +" // Pick up forks...\n" +" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:46 +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:60 +msgid "" +"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" +" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:49 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" // Create forks" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:52 +msgid " // Create philosophers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:54 +msgid " // Make them think and eat" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:56 +msgid "" +" // Output their thoughts\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:1 +msgid "# Multi-threaded Link Checker" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " +"should\n" +"start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It should\n" +"recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this until " +"all\n" +"pages have been validated." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:8 +msgid "" +"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`][1]. Create a new\n" +"Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:11 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ cargo new link-checker\n" +"$ cd link-checker\n" +"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:17 +msgid "" +"> If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit " +"the\n" +"> `Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:20 +msgid "" +"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`][2] for that:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:22 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ cargo add scraper\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:26 +msgid "" +"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We [`thiserror`][3] for " +"that:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:28 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ cargo add thiserror\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:32 +msgid "" +"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:34 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:41 +msgid "" +"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as\n" +"`https://www.google.org/`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:44 +msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:46 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n" +"use reqwest::Url;\n" +"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" +"use thiserror::Error;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:52 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" +"enum Error {\n" +" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" +" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:58 +msgid "" +"fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result, Error> {\n" +" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" +" let document = response.text()?;\n" +" let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n" +" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:64 +msgid "" +" let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n" +" for element in html.select(&selector) {\n" +" if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n" +" match base_url.join(href) {\n" +" Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n" +" Err(err) => {\n" +" println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: " +"{err} (ignored)\",);\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:76 +msgid "" +" Ok(valid_urls)\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:79 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" +" let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n" +" match extract_links(response) {\n" +" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" +" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:89 +msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:91 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ cargo run\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:95 +msgid "## Tasks" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:97 +msgid "" +"* Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to " +"a\n" +" channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel.\n" +"* Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the\n" +" `www.google.org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that " +"you\n" +" don't end up being blocked by the site." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:103 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://docs.rs/reqwest/\n" +"[2]: https://docs.rs/scraper/\n" +"[3]: https://docs.rs/thiserror/" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:1 +msgid "# Android" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " +"that\n" +"you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as extending\n" +"existing services." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:1 +msgid "# Setup" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " +"have\n" +"access to one or create a new one with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:6 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n" +"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n" +"$ acloud create\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:12 +msgid "" +"Please see the [Android Developer\n" +"Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) for details." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:1 +msgid "# Build Rules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:5 +msgid "" +"| Module Type | " +"Description " +"|\n" +"|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n" +"| `rust_binary` | Produces a Rust " +"binary. " +"|\n" +"| `rust_library` | Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and " +"`dylib` variants. |\n" +"| `rust_ffi` | Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and " +"provides both static and shared variants. |\n" +"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are " +"analogous to compiler plugins. |\n" +"| `rust_test` | Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard " +"Rust test harness. |\n" +"| `rust_fuzz` | Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging " +"`libfuzzer`. |\n" +"| `rust_protobuf` | Generates source and produces a Rust library that " +"provides an interface for a particular protobuf. |\n" +"| `rust_bindgen` | Generates source and produces a Rust library " +"containing Rust bindings to C libraries. |" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:16 +msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 +msgid "# Rust Binaries" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " +"create\n" +"the following files:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13 +msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_binary {\n" +" name: \"hello_rust\",\n" +" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 +msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"//! Rust demo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:21 +msgid "" +"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 +msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m hello_rust\n" +"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\n" +"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" +"Hello from Rust!\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 +msgid "# Rust Libraries" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3 +msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5 +msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7 +msgid "" +"* `libgreeting`, which we define below,\n" +"* `libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in\n" +" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates]." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:11 +msgid "" +"[crates]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:" +"external/rust/crates/" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_binary {\n" +" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" +" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" +" rustlibs: [\n" +" \"libgreetings\",\n" +" \"libtextwrap\",\n" +" ],\n" +" prefer_rlib: true,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:27 +msgid "" +"rust_library {\n" +" name: \"libgreetings\",\n" +" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"//! Rust demo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:39 +msgid "" +"use greetings::greeting;\n" +"use textwrap::fill;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:42 +msgid "" +"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 +msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"//! Greeting library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:53 +msgid "" +"/// Greet `name`.\n" +"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" +" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 +msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"Hello Bob, it is very\n" +"nice to meet you!\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl.md:1 +msgid "# AIDL" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [Android Interface Definition Language\n" +"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in " +"Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl.md:6 +msgid "" +"* Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,\n" +"* You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1 +msgid "# AIDL Interfaces" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3 +msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5 +msgid "" +"*birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl*:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7 src/android/aidl/changing.md:6 +msgid "" +"```java\n" +"package com.example.birthdayservice;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:10 +msgid "" +"/** Birthday service interface. */\n" +"interface IBirthdayService {\n" +" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" +" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 +msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp*:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"aidl_interface {\n" +" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" +" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" +" unstable: true,\n" +" backend: {\n" +" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" +" enabled: true,\n" +" },\n" +" },\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 +msgid "" +"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " +"vendor\n" +"partition." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1 +msgid "# Service Implementation" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3 +msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5 +msgid "*birthday_service/src/lib.rs*:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" +"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" +"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" +"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:12 +msgid "" +"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" +"pub struct BirthdayService;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:15 +msgid "impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:17 +msgid "" +"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n" +" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::" +"Result {\n" +" Ok(format!(\n" +" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!" +"\"\n" +" ))\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37 +msgid "*birthday_service/Android.bp*:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_library {\n" +" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" +" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n" +" rustlibs: [\n" +" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" +" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" +" ],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 +msgid "# AIDL Server" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3 +msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5 +msgid "*birthday_service/src/server.rs*:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"//! Birthday service.\n" +"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n" +"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" +"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n" +"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:13 src/android/aidl/client.md:12 +msgid "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:15 +msgid "" +"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n" +" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n" +" birthday_service,\n" +" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n" +" );\n" +" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder." +"as_binder())\n" +" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n" +" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_binary {\n" +" name: \"birthday_server\",\n" +" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n" +" rustlibs: [\n" +" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" +" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" +" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" +" ],\n" +" prefer_rlib: true,\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 +msgid "# Deploy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 +msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m birthday_server\n" +"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/tmp\n" +"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11 +msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n" +"Service birthdayservice: found\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18 +msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n" +"Result: Parcel(\n" +" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n" +" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n" +" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n" +" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n" +" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n" +" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n" +" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n" +" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 +msgid "# AIDL Client" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3 +msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5 +msgid "*birthday_service/src/client.rs*:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"//! Birthday service.\n" +"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" +"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" +"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:14 +msgid "" +"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" +"pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::" +"StatusCode> {\n" +" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:19 +msgid "" +"/// Call the birthday service.\n" +"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n" +" let name = std::env::args()\n" +" .nth(1)\n" +" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n" +" let years = std::env::args()\n" +" .nth(2)\n" +" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n" +" .unwrap_or(42);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:29 +msgid "" +" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n" +" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to " +"BirthdayService\");\n" +" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n" +" println!(\"{msg}\");\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_binary {\n" +" name: \"birthday_client\",\n" +" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n" +" rustlibs: [\n" +" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" +" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" +" ],\n" +" prefer_rlib: true,\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 +msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 +msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m birthday_client\n" +"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/tmp\n" +"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" +"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 +msgid "# Changing API" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " +"specify a\n" +"list of lines for the birthday card:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:9 +msgid "" +"/** Birthday service interface. */\n" +"interface IBirthdayService {\n" +" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" +" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:1 +msgid "# Logging" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:3 +msgid "" +"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " +"or\n" +"`stdout` (on-host):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:6 +msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:8 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_binary {\n" +" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" +" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" +" rustlibs: [\n" +" \"liblog_rust\",\n" +" \"liblogger\",\n" +" ],\n" +" prefer_rlib: true,\n" +" host_supported: true,\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:22 +msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:24 +msgid "" +"```rust,ignore\n" +"//! Rust logging demo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:27 +msgid "use log::{debug, error};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:29 +msgid "" +"/// Logs a greeting.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" logger::init(\n" +" logger::Config::default()\n" +" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n" +" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n" +" );\n" +" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n" +" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 +msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:43 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m hello_rust_logs\n" +"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/tmp\n" +"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:49 +msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:51 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ adb logcat -s rust\n" +"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n" +"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going " +"fine.\n" +"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went " +"wrong!\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability.md:1 +msgid "# Interoperability" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " +"means\n" +"that you can:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability.md:6 +msgid "" +"* Call Rust functions from other languages.\n" +"* Call functions written in other languages from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability.md:9 +msgid "" +"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a\n" +"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1 +msgid "# Interoperability with C" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention.\n" +"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6 +msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"extern \"C\" {\n" +" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:13 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let x = -42;\n" +" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n" +" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 +msgid "" +"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper\n" +"exercise](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23 +msgid "" +"> This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for\n" +"> production." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26 +msgid "We will look at better options next." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1 +msgid "# Using Bindgen" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " +"tool\n" +"can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6 +msgid "First create a small C library:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10 +msgid "" +"```c\n" +"typedef struct card {\n" +" const char* name;\n" +" int years;\n" +"} card;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:16 +msgid "" +"void print_card(const card* card);\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21 +msgid "" +"```c\n" +"#include \n" +"#include \"libbirthday.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:25 +msgid "" +"void print_card(const card* card) {\n" +" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" +" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n" +" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n" +" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 +msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"cc_library {\n" +" name: \"libbirthday\",\n" +" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 +msgid "" +"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this\n" +"example):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49 +msgid "" +"```c\n" +"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 +msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_bindgen {\n" +" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n" +" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n" +" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n" +" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n" +" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 +msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_binary {\n" +" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n" +" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n" +" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"//! Bindgen demo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:84 +msgid "use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:86 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n" +" let card = card {\n" +" name: name.as_ptr(),\n" +" years: 42,\n" +" };\n" +" unsafe {\n" +" print_card(&card as *const card);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m print_birthday_card\n" +"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 +msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_test {\n" +" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" +" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" +" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" +" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n" +" auto_gen_config: true,\n" +" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n" +" lints: \"none\",\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 +msgid "# Calling Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3 +msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust,editable\n" +"//! Rust FFI demo.\n" +"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:11 +msgid "use std::os::raw::c_int;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:13 +msgid "" +"/// Analyze the numbers.\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n" +" if x < y {\n" +" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n" +" } else {\n" +" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26 +msgid "" +"```c\n" +"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n" +"#define ANALYSE_H" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30 +msgid "" +"extern \"C\" {\n" +"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:34 +msgid "" +"#endif\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_ffi {\n" +" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n" +" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n" +" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n" +" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 +msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52 +msgid "" +"```c\n" +"#include \"analyze.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:55 +msgid "" +"int main() {\n" +" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n" +" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n" +" return 0;\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"cc_binary {\n" +" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n" +" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n" +" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m analyze_numbers\n" +"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/tmp\n" +"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 +msgid "# With C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [CXX crate][1] makes it possible to do safe interoperability between " +"Rust\n" +"and C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6 +msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:8 +msgid "" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 +msgid "See the [CXX tutorial][2] for an full example of using this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:12 +msgid "" +"[1]: https://cxx.rs/\n" +"[2]: https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 +msgid "# Interoperability with Java" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3 +msgid "" +"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface\n" +"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni`\n" +"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7 +msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9 +msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11 +msgid "" +"```rust,compile_fail\n" +"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:14 +msgid "" +"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n" +"use jni::sys::jstring;\n" +"use jni::JNIEnv;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:18 +msgid "" +"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" +"#[no_mangle]\n" +"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n" +" env: JNIEnv,\n" +" _class: JClass,\n" +" name: JString,\n" +") -> jstring {\n" +" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n" +" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n" +" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n" +" output.into_inner()\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62 +msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"rust_ffi_shared {\n" +" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n" +" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n" +" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" +" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 +msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45 +msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47 +msgid "" +"```java\n" +"class HelloWorld {\n" +" private static native String hello(String name);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:51 +msgid "" +" static {\n" +" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:55 +msgid "" +" public static void main(String[] args) {\n" +" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n" +" System.out.println(output);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64 +msgid "" +"```javascript\n" +"java_binary {\n" +" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n" +" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n" +" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n" +" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 +msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75 +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"$ m helloworld_jni\n" +"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n" +"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:3 +msgid "" +"For the last exercise, we will look at one of the projects you work with. " +"Let us\n" +"group up and do this together. Some suggestions:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:6 +msgid "* Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:8 +msgid "* Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:12 +msgid "" +"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " +"in\n" +"the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/thanks.md:1 +msgid "# Thanks!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/thanks.md:3 +msgid "" +"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " +"that it\n" +"was useful." +msgstr "" + +#: src/thanks.md:6 +msgid "" +"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " +"perfect,\n" +"so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, please get " +"in\n" +"[contact with us on\n" +"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would " +"love\n" +"to hear from you." +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:1 +msgid "# Other Rust Resources" +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources\n" +"online." +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:6 +msgid "## Official Documentation" +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:8 +msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:10 +msgid "" +"* [The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the\n" +" canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes " +"a\n" +" few projects for people to build.\n" +"* [Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " +"Rust\n" +" syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " +"Sometimes\n" +" includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code in the\n" +" examples.\n" +"* [Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full " +"documentation of\n" +" the standard library for Rust.\n" +"* [The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " +"book\n" +" which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:22 +msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:24 +msgid "" +"* [The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe " +"Rust,\n" +" including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages\n" +" (FFI).\n" +"* [Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-" +"book/):\n" +" covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after " +"the\n" +" Rust Book was written.\n" +"* [The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " +"an\n" +" introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating system." +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:33 +msgid "## Unofficial Learning Material" +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:35 +msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:37 +msgid "" +"* [Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers " +"Rust\n" +" from the perspective of low-level C programmers.\n" +"* [Rust for Embedded C\n" +" Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/rust_for_c/): covers Rust " +"from\n" +" the perspective of developers who write firmware in C.\n" +"* [Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/):\n" +" covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " +"languages\n" +" such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python.\n" +"* [Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to " +"help\n" +" you learn Rust.\n" +"* [Ferrous Teaching\n" +" Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-material/index.html): " +"a\n" +" series of small presentations covering both basic and advanced part of " +"the\n" +" Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, and async/await are also\n" +" covered.\n" +"* [Beginner's Series to\n" +" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-series-to-rust/) " +"and\n" +" [Take your first steps with\n" +" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): " +"two\n" +" Rust guides aimed at new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and " +"the\n" +" second is a set of 11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic " +"constructs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md:59 +msgid "" +"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " +"for\n" +"even more Rust books." +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:1 +msgid "# Credits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:3 +msgid "" +"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " +"documentation.\n" +"See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a full list of " +"useful\n" +"resources." +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:7 +msgid "" +"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " +"2.0\n" +"license, please see [`LICENSE.txt`](../LICENSE.txt) for details." +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:10 +msgid "## Rust by Example" +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:12 +msgid "" +"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by\n" +"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the\n" +"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license\n" +"terms." +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:17 +msgid "## Rust on Exercism" +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:19 +msgid "" +"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on\n" +"Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the\n" +"`third_party/rust-on-exercism/` directory for details, including the " +"license\n" +"terms." +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:24 +msgid "## CXX" +msgstr "" + +#: src/credits.md:26 +msgid "" +"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " +"uses an\n" +"image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " +"directory\n" +"for details, including the license terms." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/solutions.md:1 +msgid "# Solutions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 +msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 +msgid "" +"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on\n" +"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us " +"know\n" +"if you have a different or better solution than what is presented here." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 +msgid "" +"> **Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label`\n" +"> comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to\n" +"> re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 +msgid "# Day 1 Morning Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 +msgid "## Arrays and `for` Loops" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:102 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:7 +msgid "" +"```rust\n" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License." +msgstr "" +"```rust\n" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License." + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:22 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: transpose\n" +"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" +" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" +" for i in 0..3 {\n" +" for j in 0..3 {\n" +" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" return result;\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:34 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" +"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" +" for row in matrix {\n" +" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:42 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: tests\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_transpose() {\n" +" let matrix = [\n" +" [101, 102, 103], //\n" +" [201, 202, 203],\n" +" [301, 302, 303],\n" +" ];\n" +" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" +" assert_eq!(\n" +" transposed,\n" +" [\n" +" [101, 201, 301], //\n" +" [102, 202, 302],\n" +" [103, 203, 303],\n" +" ]\n" +" );\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:62 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let matrix = [\n" +" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" +" [201, 202, 203],\n" +" [301, 302, 303],\n" +" ];" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:73 +msgid "" +" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" +" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" +" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" +"}\n" +"```\n" +"### Bonus question" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 +msgid "" +"It honestly doesn't work so well. It might seem that we could use a slice-of-" +"slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " +"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " +"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 +msgid "" +"You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " +"very well either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to `&[&[i32]]` " +"so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "# Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "## Designing a Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:22 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: setup\n" +"struct Library {\n" +" books: Vec,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:42 +msgid "" +"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}.\n" +"impl std::fmt::Display for Book {\n" +" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\n" +" write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year)\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: setup" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:50 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Library_new\n" +"impl Library {\n" +" fn new() -> Library {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" +" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:57 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n" +" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" +" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" +" self.books.len()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:66 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" +" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" +" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" +" self.books.is_empty()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:75 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" +" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" +" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" +" self.books.push(book)\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:84 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" +" //fn print_books(self) {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" +" fn print_books(&self) {\n" +" for book in &self.books {\n" +" println!(\"{}\", book);\n" +" }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:95 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" +" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" +" // unimplemented!()\n" +" //}\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" +" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" +" self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:105 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" +"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" +"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" +"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let library = Library::new();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:113 +msgid "" +" //println!(\"Our library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n" +" //\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" //\n" +" //library.print_books();\n" +" //\n" +" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" +" // Some(book) => println!(\"My oldest book is {book}\"),\n" +" // None => println!(\"My library is empty!\"),\n" +" //}\n" +" //\n" +" //println!(\"Our library has {} books\", library.len());\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:129 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_len() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" +" assert!(library.is_empty());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:135 +msgid "" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" +" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:141 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" assert!(library.is_empty());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:146 +msgid "" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_print_books() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" +" // method to start with.\n" +" library.print_books();\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:160 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" +" let mut library = Library::new();\n" +" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:165 +msgid "" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +" assert_eq!(\n" +" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" +" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" +" );" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:171 +msgid "" +" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +"1865));\n" +" assert_eq!(\n" +" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" +" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" +" );\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 +msgid "# Day 2 Morning Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 +msgid "## Points and Polygons" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:22 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" +"// ANCHOR: Point\n" +"pub struct Point {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Point\n" +" x: i32,\n" +" y: i32,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:30 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n" +"impl Point {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n" +" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n" +" Point { x, y }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:37 +msgid "" +" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n" +" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:41 +msgid "" +" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n" +" (self - other).magnitude()\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:49 +msgid "" +" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" +" Self {\n" +" x: self.x + other.x,\n" +" y: self.y + other.y,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:57 +msgid "" +"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n" +" type Output = Self;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:60 +msgid "" +" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" +" Self {\n" +" x: self.x - other.x,\n" +" y: self.y - other.y,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:68 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n" +"pub struct Polygon {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n" +" points: Vec,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:74 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n" +"impl Polygon {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n" +" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n" +" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:81 +msgid "" +" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n" +" self.points.push(point);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:85 +msgid "" +" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option {\n" +" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:89 +msgid "" +" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n" +" self.points.iter()\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:93 +msgid "" +" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n" +" if self.points.is_empty() {\n" +" return 0.0;\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:98 +msgid "" +" let mut result = 0.0;\n" +" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n" +" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n" +" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n" +" last_point = *point;\n" +" }\n" +" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" +" result\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:109 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Circle\n" +"pub struct Circle {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n" +" center: Point,\n" +" radius: i32,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:116 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n" +"impl Circle {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n" +" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n" +" Circle { center, radius }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:123 +msgid "" +" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" +" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:127 +msgid "" +" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n" +" self.center.dist(other.center)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:132 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Shape\n" +"pub enum Shape {\n" +" Polygon(Polygon),\n" +" Circle(Circle),\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: Shape" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:139 +msgid "" +"impl From for Shape {\n" +" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n" +" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:145 +msgid "" +"impl From for Shape {\n" +" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n" +" Shape::Circle(circle)\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:151 +msgid "" +"impl Shape {\n" +" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" +" match self {\n" +" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n" +" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:160 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" +"#[cfg(test)]\n" +"mod tests {\n" +" use super::*;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:213 +msgid "" +" #[test]\n" +" fn test_shape_circumferences() {\n" +" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" +" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" +" let shapes = vec![\n" +" Shape::from(poly),\n" +" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" +" ];\n" +" let circumferences = shapes\n" +" .iter()\n" +" .map(Shape::circumference)\n" +" .map(round_two_digits)\n" +" .collect::>();\n" +" assert_eq!(circumferences, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "# Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "## Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:22 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: luhn\n" +"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" +" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" +" let mut sum = 0;\n" +" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." +"enumerate() {\n" +" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" +" Some(d) => {\n" +" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" +" let dd = d * 2;\n" +" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" +" } else {\n" +" d\n" +" };\n" +" digits_seen += 1;\n" +" }\n" +" None => return false,\n" +" }\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:42 +msgid "" +" if digits_seen < 2 {\n" +" return false;\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "" +" sum % 10 == 0\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:49 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" +" println!(\n" +" \"Is {} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" +" cc_number,\n" +" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" +" );\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:58 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:89 +msgid "" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" +" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:98 +msgid "## Strings and Iterators" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:100 +msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:117 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" +"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" +" let prefixes = prefix.split('/');\n" +" let request_paths = request_path\n" +" .split('/')\n" +" .map(|p| Some(p))\n" +" .chain(std::iter::once(None));" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:126 +msgid "" +" for (prefix, request_path) in prefixes.zip(request_paths) {\n" +" match request_path {\n" +" Some(request_path) => {\n" +" if (prefix != \"*\") && (prefix != request_path) {\n" +" return false;\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" None => return false,\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" true\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:139 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" +"#[test]\n" +"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" +"abc-123\"));\n" +" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" +"books\"));" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:166 +msgid "" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" +"publishers\"));\n" +" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" +" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" +" ));\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 +msgid "# Day 3 Morning Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 +msgid "## A Simple GUI Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:22 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: setup\n" +"pub trait Widget {\n" +" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:82 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: setup" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:84 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" +"impl Widget for Window {\n" +" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" +" std::cmp::max(\n" +" self.title.chars().count(),\n" +" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" +" )\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:94 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" +" let mut inner = String::new();\n" +" for widget in &self.widgets {\n" +" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:102 +msgid " let window_width = self.width();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:104 +msgid "" +" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" +" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" +" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" +" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" +" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:124 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" +" let width = self.width();\n" +" let mut label = String::new();\n" +" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:131 +msgid "" +" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" +" self.label\n" +" .lines()\n" +" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" +" .max()\n" +" .unwrap_or(0)\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:150 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" +" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" +" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:157 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"fn main() {\n" +" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." +"\")));\n" +" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" +" \"Click me!\",\n" +" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" +" )));\n" +" window.draw();\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "# Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "## Safe FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:22 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: ffi\n" +"mod ffi {\n" +" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:53 +msgid "" +"#[derive(Debug)]\n" +"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" +" path: CString,\n" +" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: ffi" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:60 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n" +"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" +" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n" +" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " +"{err}\"))?;\n" +" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" +" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" +" if dir.is_null() {\n" +" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" +" } else {\n" +" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:77 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n" +"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" type Item = OsString;\n" +" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" +" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" +" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" +" if dirent.is_null() {\n" +" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" +" return None;\n" +" }\n" +" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" +" // terminated.\n" +" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" +" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" +" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:97 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Drop\n" +"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" +" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" +" // Call closedir as needed.\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n" +" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" +" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" +" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:111 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: main\n" +"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" +" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" +" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" +" Ok(())\n" +"}\n" +"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:1 +msgid "# Day 4 Morning Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:3 +msgid "## Dining Philosophers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:22 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" +"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" +"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" +"use std::thread;\n" +"use std::time::Duration;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:30 +msgid "" +"struct Philosopher {\n" +" name: String,\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" +" left_fork: Arc>,\n" +" right_fork: Arc>,\n" +" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender,\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:38 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" +"impl Philosopher {\n" +" fn think(&self) {\n" +" self.thoughts\n" +" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" +" .unwrap();\n" +" }\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:47 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" +" fn eat(&self) {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" +" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n" +" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" +" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:54 +msgid "" +" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" +" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" +" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" +" }\n" +"}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:63 +msgid "" +"fn main() {\n" +" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" +" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:67 +msgid "" +" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n" +" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n" +" .collect::>();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:71 +msgid "" +" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" +" let tx = tx.clone();\n" +" let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n" +" let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:76 +msgid "" +" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n" +" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:83 +msgid "" +" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n" +" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n" +" thoughts: tx,\n" +" left_fork,\n" +" right_fork,\n" +" };" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:90 +msgid "" +" thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" for _ in 0..100 {\n" +" philosopher.eat();\n" +" philosopher.think();\n" +" }\n" +" });\n" +" }" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:98 +msgid "" +" drop(tx);\n" +" for thought in rx {\n" +" println!(\"{}\", thought);\n" +" }\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr ""