From 395d58d7ce799946ae8402affb81e120c8facccd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: AdrienBaudemont <59776880+AdrienBaudemont@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 09:44:32 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] fr: running msgmerge on fr.po (update from the English main text). (#1435) fr: running msgmerge on fr.po (update from the English main text). --- po/fr.po | 30483 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 15182 insertions(+), 15301 deletions(-) diff --git a/po/fr.po b/po/fr.po index 34be5c03..5e70f659 100644 --- a/po/fr.po +++ b/po/fr.po @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-09-18\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-12-08T18:20:47-05:00\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2023-10-20 18:46-0400\n" "Last-Translator: Olivier Charrez \n" "Language-Team: French \n" @@ -12,1023 +12,1273 @@ msgstr "" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 3.3.2\n" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:3 src/index.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "Bienvenue à Comprehensive Rust (le guide complet de Rust) 🦀" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/running-the-course.md:1 msgid "Running the Course" msgstr "Comment présenter le cours" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 msgid "Course Structure" msgstr "Structure du cours" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" msgstr "Raccourcis clavier" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1 msgid "Translations" msgstr "Traductions" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:9 src/cargo.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/cargo.md:1 msgid "Using Cargo" msgstr "Utiliser Cargo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:10 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:9 msgid "Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "Écosystème de Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:11 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:10 msgid "Code Samples" msgstr "Exemples de code" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:12 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:11 msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "Exécuter Cargo localement" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:15 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:16 msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Jour 1 : Matin" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/SUMMARY.md:192 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/SUMMARY.md:268 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:70 src/SUMMARY.md:93 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/SUMMARY.md:184 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/SUMMARY.md:288 src/SUMMARY.md:340 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Bienvenue" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hello, World" +msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:1 msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "Qu'est-ce que Rust ?" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 -msgid "Hello World!" -msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/benefits.md:1 +msgid "Benefits of Rust" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 -msgid "Small Example" -msgstr "Petit exemple" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/hello-world/playground.md:1 +msgid "Playground" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1 -msgid "Why Rust?" -msgstr "Pourquoi Rust ?" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/types-and-values.md:1 +msgid "Types and Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 -msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" -msgstr "Garanties à la compilation" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/types-and-values/variables.md:1 +msgid "Variables" +msgstr "Variables" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 -msgid "Runtime Guarantees" -msgstr "Garanties à l'exécution" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/types-and-values/values.md:1 +msgid "Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1 -msgid "Modern Features" -msgstr "Fonctionnalités modernes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:1 +msgid "Arithmetic" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1 -msgid "Basic Syntax" -msgstr "Syntaxe de base" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/types-and-values/strings.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Strings" +msgstr "Cordes" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 -msgid "Scalar Types" -msgstr "Types scalaires" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/types-and-values/inference.md:1 +msgid "Type Inference" +msgstr "Inférence de type" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 -msgid "Compound Types" -msgstr "Types composés" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 -msgid "References" -msgstr "Références" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/SUMMARY.md:40 src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/SUMMARY.md:56 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/SUMMARY.md:89 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:134 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/SUMMARY.md:152 src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/SUMMARY.md:171 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/SUMMARY.md:192 src/SUMMARY.md:201 +#: src/types-and-values/solution.md:1 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:1 src/references/solution.md:1 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:1 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:1 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:1 src/generics/solution.md:1 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:1 src/std-traits/solution.md:1 +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:1 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:1 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:1 src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:1 +#: src/iterators/solution.md:1 src/modules/solution.md:1 +#: src/testing/solution.md:1 src/error-handling/solution.md:1 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Solution" +msgstr "Solutions" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 -msgid "Dangling References" -msgstr "Références invalides" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/control-flow-basics.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Control Flow Basics" +msgstr "Flux de contrôle" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 -msgid "Slices" -msgstr "Tranches" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:1 +msgid "Conditionals" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 -msgid "String vs str" -msgstr "String vs str" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Loops" +msgstr "Boucles `for`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`break` and `continue`" +msgstr "`pause` et `continue`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:1 +msgid "Blocks and Scopes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:1 msgid "Functions" msgstr "Fonctions" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1 -msgid "Rustdoc" -msgstr "Rustdoc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:1 +msgid "Macros" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 -#: src/methods.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:42 +msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" +msgstr "Jour 1 : Après-midi" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/SUMMARY.md:46 src/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +msgid "Tuples and Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Array Iteration" +msgstr "Iterator" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:1 +msgid "Pattern Matching" +msgstr "Filtrage par motif" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Destructuring" +msgstr "Déstructuration des énumérations" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/references.md:1 +msgid "References" +msgstr "Références" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/references/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared References" +msgstr "Références" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/references/exclusive.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exclusive References" +msgstr "Références invalides" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/references/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Geometry" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/user-defined-types.md:1 +msgid "User-Defined Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Named Structs" +msgstr "Structures" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:4 +msgid "Tuple Structs" +msgstr "Structures tuple" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/user-defined-types/enums.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:23 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:65 +msgid "Enums" +msgstr "Énumérations" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Static and Const" +msgstr "static & const" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:1 +msgid "Type Aliases" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 +msgid "Day 2: Morning" +msgstr "Jour 2 : Matin" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Let Control Flow" +msgstr "Flux de contrôle" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:74 src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/methods-and-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Methods and Traits" +msgstr "Read et Write" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:1 msgid "Methods" msgstr "Méthodes" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 -msgid "Overloading" -msgstr "Surcharge" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:1 +msgid "Traits" +msgstr "Traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/SUMMARY.md:125 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/SUMMARY.md:232 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 src/SUMMARY.md:282 src/SUMMARY.md:303 -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Deriving" +msgstr "Traits dérivés" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:1 +msgid "Trait Objects" +msgstr "Objets traits" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: GUI Library" +msgstr "Une bibliothèque d'interface graphique" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/generics.md:1 +msgid "Generics" +msgstr "Génériques" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/generics/generic-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generic Functions" +msgstr "Fonctions externes" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/generics/generic-data.md:1 +msgid "Generic Data Types" +msgstr "Types de données génériques" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1 +msgid "Trait Bounds" +msgstr "Traits lié" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/generics/impl-trait.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`impl Trait`" +msgstr "`Trait d'implémentation`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/generics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 +msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" +msgstr "Jour 2 : Après-midi" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/std-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Types" +msgstr "Bibliothèque standard" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/std-types/std.md:1 +msgid "Standard Library" +msgstr "Bibliothèque standard" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/std-types/docs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Documentation" +msgstr "Tests de documentation" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option`" +msgstr "`Durée`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Result`" +msgstr "`Option`, `Résultat`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String`" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/std-types/vec.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/std-types/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`HashMap`" +msgstr "`HashMap`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/std-types/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Counter" +msgstr "Exercices" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/std-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Traits" +msgstr "Bibliothèque standard" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/std-traits/comparisons.md:1 src/async.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Comparisons" +msgstr "Comparaison" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/std-traits/operators.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Operators" +msgstr "Itérateurs" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`From` and `Into`" +msgstr "`De` et `Dans`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/std-traits/casting.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Casting" +msgstr "Tester" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Read` and `Write`" +msgstr "`Lire` et `Ecrire`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 +msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std-traits/closures.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Closures" +msgstr "Fermetures" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 src/std-traits/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: ROT13" +msgstr "Exercices" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 +msgid "Day 3: Morning" +msgstr "Jour 3 : Matin" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 src/memory-management.md:1 +msgid "Memory Management" +msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/memory-management/review.md:1 +msgid "Review of Program Memory" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/memory-management/approaches.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Approaches to Memory Management" +msgstr "Gestion automatique de la mémoire" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/memory-management/ownership.md:1 +msgid "Ownership" +msgstr "Possession" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/memory-management/move.md:1 +msgid "Move Semantics" +msgstr "Sémantique de déplacement" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 +msgid "`Clone`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/memory-management/copy-types.md:4 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copy Types" +msgstr "Types composés" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Drop`" +msgstr "Drop" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/memory-management/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Builder Type" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/smart-pointers.md:1 +msgid "Smart Pointers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/smart-pointers/box.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Box`" +msgstr "`Boîte`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/smart-pointers/rc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Rc`" +msgstr "`Rc`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 +msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" +msgstr "Jour 3 : Après-midi" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/borrowing.md:1 +msgid "Borrowing" +msgstr "Emprunts" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/borrowing/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrowing a Value" +msgstr "Emprunts" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/borrowing/borrowck.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrow Checking" +msgstr "Emprunts" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:4 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interior Mutability" +msgstr "Interopérabilité" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/borrowing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics" +msgstr "Statistiques de santé" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices and Lifetimes" +msgstr "Durées de vie" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" +msgstr "Tranches" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:4 +#, fuzzy +msgid "String References" +msgstr "Références invalides" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Annotations" +msgstr "Durées de vie dans les appels de fonction" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Elision" +msgstr "Durées de vie" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Struct Lifetimes" +msgstr "Durées de vie" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 4: Morning" +msgstr "Jour 1 : Matin" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/iterators.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Iterators" +msgstr "Itérateurs" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/iterators/iterator.md:4 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Iterator`" +msgstr "`Itérateur`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/iterators/intoiterator.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`IntoIterator`" +msgstr "`IntoIterator`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`FromIterator`" +msgstr "FromIterator" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/iterators/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/modules.md:1 +#: src/modules/modules.md:1 +msgid "Modules" +msgstr "Modules" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 +msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" +msgstr "Hiérarchie du système de fichiers" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/modules/visibility.md:1 +msgid "Visibility" +msgstr "Visibilité" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 +msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/modules/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Modules for the GUI Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/SUMMARY.md:255 src/testing.md:1 +#: src/chromium/testing.md:1 +msgid "Testing" +msgstr "Tester" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 +msgid "Test Modules" +msgstr "Modules de test" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/other.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Other Types of Tests" +msgstr "Autres projets" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/SUMMARY.md:323 src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful Crates" +msgstr "Crates utiles" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/testing/googletest.md:1 +msgid "GoogleTest" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/testing/mocking.md:1 +msgid "Mocking" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/testing/lints.md:1 +msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/testing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algorithme de Luhn" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" +msgstr "Jour 1 : Après-midi" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/error-handling.md:1 +msgid "Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 +msgid "Panics" +msgstr "Paniques" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/error-handling/try.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Operator" +msgstr "Iterator" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Conversions" +msgstr "Conversions implicites" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Error` Trait" +msgstr "\"Erreur\"" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" +msgstr "`De` et `Dans`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`" +msgstr "Gestion structurée des erreurs avec `Result`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/unsafe-rust.md:1 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "Unsafe Rust" +msgstr "Rust non sécurisé (_unsafe_)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe" +msgstr "Rust non sécurisé (_unsafe_)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:1 +msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" +msgstr "Déréférencement des pointeurs nus" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:1 +msgid "Mutable Static Variables" +msgstr "Variables statiques mutables" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:1 +msgid "Unions" +msgstr "Unions" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Appel de fonctions non sécurisées" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Traits" +msgstr "Implémentation de traits non sécurisés" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "Enveloppe FFI sécurisée" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 +msgid "Android" +msgstr "Android" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/android/setup.md:1 +#: src/chromium/setup.md:1 +msgid "Setup" +msgstr "Installation" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/android/build-rules.md:1 +msgid "Build Rules" +msgstr "Règles de compilation" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 +msgid "Binary" +msgstr "Binaire" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 +msgid "Library" +msgstr "Bibliothèque" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/android/aidl.md:1 +msgid "AIDL" +msgstr "AIDL" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 +msgid "Interface" +msgstr "Interface" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 +msgid "Implementation" +msgstr "Mise en œuvre" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 +msgid "Server" +msgstr "Serveur" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:216 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 +msgid "Deploy" +msgstr "Déployer" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 +msgid "Client" +msgstr "Client" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 +msgid "Changing API" +msgstr "Modification de l'API" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 src/SUMMARY.md:319 src/android/logging.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 +msgid "Logging" +msgstr "Journalisation" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 src/android/interoperability.md:1 +msgid "Interoperability" +msgstr "Interopérabilité" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 +msgid "With C" +msgstr "Avec C" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 +msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" +msgstr "Appeler C avec Bindgen" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 +msgid "Calling Rust from C" +msgstr "Appeler Rust depuis C" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 +#, fuzzy +msgid "With C++)" +msgstr "Avec C++" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The Bridge Module" +msgstr "Modules de test" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Bridge" +msgstr "Binaires Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:1 +msgid "Generated C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 +msgid "C++ Bridge" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared Types" +msgstr "Types scalaires" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:1 +msgid "Shared Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:1 +msgid "Additional Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 +msgid "Building for Android: C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +msgid "Building for Android: Genrules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 +msgid "Building for Android: Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 +msgid "With Java" +msgstr "Avec Java" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/SUMMARY.md:331 src/SUMMARY.md:354 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:376 src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Exercices" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 -msgid "Implicit Conversions" -msgstr "Conversions implicites" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:40 -msgid "Arrays and for Loops" -msgstr "Tableaux et boucles for" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:42 -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" -msgstr "Jour 1 : Après-midi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/control-flow.md:1 -msgid "Control Flow" -msgstr "Flux de contrôle" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 -msgid "Blocks" -msgstr "Blocs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 -msgid "if expressions" -msgstr "expressions `if`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 -msgid "for expressions" -msgstr "expressions `for`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 -msgid "while expressions" -msgstr "expressions `while`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 -msgid "break & continue" -msgstr "break & continue" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 -msgid "loop expressions" -msgstr "expressions `loop`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 -msgid "Variables" -msgstr "Variables" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 -msgid "Type Inference" -msgstr "Inférence de type" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 -msgid "static & const" -msgstr "static & const" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 -msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" -msgstr "Portée et masquage" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/enums.md:1 -msgid "Enums" -msgstr "Énumérations" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 -msgid "Variant Payloads" -msgstr "Contenu variable" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/sizes.md:1 -msgid "Enum Sizes" -msgstr "Tailles d'énumération" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/control-flow/novel.md:1 -msgid "Novel Control Flow" -msgstr "Nouvelles structures de contrôle" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 -msgid "if let expressions" -msgstr "Expressions `if let`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 -msgid "while let expressions" -msgstr "Expressions `while let`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 -msgid "match expressions" -msgstr "Expressions `match`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/pattern-matching.md:1 -msgid "Pattern Matching" -msgstr "Filtrage par motif" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Enums" -msgstr "Déstructuration des énumérations" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Structs" -msgstr "Déstructuration des structures" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Arrays" -msgstr "Déstructuration des tableaux" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 -msgid "Match Guards" -msgstr "Contrôle de correspondance" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Luhn Algorithm" -msgstr "Algorithme de Luhn" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 -msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" -msgstr "Filtrage par motif" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:75 -msgid "Day 2: Morning" -msgstr "Jour 2 : Matin" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/memory-management.md:1 -msgid "Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 -msgid "Stack vs Heap" -msgstr "Pile et Tas" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 -msgid "Stack Memory" -msgstr "Mémoire de pile" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 -msgid "Manual Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestion manuelle de la mémoire" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 -msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 -msgid "Garbage Collection" -msgstr "Ramasse-miettes" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 -msgid "Rust Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/ownership.md:1 -msgid "Ownership" -msgstr "Possession" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 -msgid "Move Semantics" -msgstr "Sémantique de déplacement" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 -msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" -msgstr "String déplacés avec Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 -msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" -msgstr "Double libération de mémoire en C++ moderne" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Moves in Function Calls" -msgstr "Déplacements dans les appels de fonction" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 -msgid "Copying and Cloning" -msgstr "Copie et clonage" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 -msgid "Borrowing" -msgstr "Emprunts" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 -msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" -msgstr "Emprunts partagés et uniques" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes" -msgstr "Durées de vie" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" -msgstr "Durées de vie dans les appels de fonction" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" -msgstr "Durées de vie dans les structures de données" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/structs.md:1 -msgid "Structs" -msgstr "Structures" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 -msgid "Tuple Structs" -msgstr "Structures tuple" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 -msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" -msgstr "Syntaxe abrégée des champs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/methods/receiver.md:1 -msgid "Method Receiver" -msgstr "Récepteur de méthode" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/SUMMARY.md:281 -#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 -msgid "Example" -msgstr "Exemple" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1 -msgid "Storing Books" -msgstr "Stockage des livres" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 -msgid "Health Statistics" -msgstr "Statistiques de santé" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" -msgstr "Jour 2 : Après-midi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std.md:1 -msgid "Standard Library" -msgstr "Bibliothèque standard" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 -msgid "Option and Result" -msgstr "Option et Result" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/std/string.md:1 -msgid "String" -msgstr "String" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:114 -msgid "Vec" -msgstr "Vec" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 -msgid "HashMap" -msgstr "HashMap" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 -msgid "Box" -msgstr "Box" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 -msgid "Recursive Data Types" -msgstr "Types de données récursifs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/std/box-niche.md:1 -msgid "Niche Optimization" -msgstr "Optimisation niche" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 -msgid "Rc" -msgstr "Rc" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 -msgid "Cell/RefCell" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:242 +msgid "Chromium" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/modules.md:1 -msgid "Modules" -msgstr "Modules" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/chromium/cargo.md:1 +msgid "Comparing Chromium and Cargo Ecosystems" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/modules/visibility.md:1 -msgid "Visibility" -msgstr "Visibilité" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 +msgid "Policy" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/modules/paths.md:1 -msgid "Paths" -msgstr "Chemins" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 -msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" -msgstr "Hiérarchie du système de fichiers" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 -msgid "Iterators and Ownership" -msgstr "Itérateurs et propriété" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Strings and Iterators" -msgstr "Strings et Iterateurs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 -msgid "Day 3: Morning" -msgstr "Jour 3 : Matin" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/generics.md:1 -msgid "Generics" -msgstr "Génériques" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/generics/data-types.md:1 -msgid "Generic Data Types" -msgstr "Types de données génériques" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/generics/methods.md:1 -msgid "Generic Methods" -msgstr "Méthodes génériques" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 -msgid "Monomorphization" -msgstr "Monomorphisation" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/traits.md:1 -msgid "Traits" -msgstr "Traits" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 -msgid "Trait Objects" -msgstr "Objets traits" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Traits" -msgstr "Traits dérivés" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 -msgid "Default Methods" -msgstr "Méthodes par défaut" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 -msgid "Trait Bounds" -msgstr "Traits lié" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 -msgid "impl Trait" -msgstr "impl Trait" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 -msgid "Important Traits" -msgstr "Traits importants" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 -msgid "Iterator" -msgstr "Iterator" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 -msgid "FromIterator" -msgstr "FromIterator" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 -msgid "From and Into" -msgstr "From et Into" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 -msgid "Read and Write" -msgstr "Read et Write" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 -msgid "Drop" -msgstr "Drop" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 -msgid "Default" -msgstr "Default" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:152 -msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." -msgstr "Opérateurs : Add, Mul, ..." - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 -msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" -msgstr "Fermetures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "A Simple GUI Library" -msgstr "Une bibliothèque d'interface graphique" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:175 -msgid "Points and Polygons" -msgstr "Points et polygones" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" -msgstr "Jour 3 : Après-midi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling.md:1 -msgid "Error Handling" -msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 -msgid "Panics" -msgstr "Paniques" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 -msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Suspension du déroulement de la pile" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 -msgid "Structured Error Handling" -msgstr "Gestion structurée des erreurs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 -msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" -msgstr "Propagation des erreurs avec ?" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 -msgid "Converting Error Types" -msgstr "Conversion des types d'erreur" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Error Enums" -msgstr "Dérivation des énumérations d'erreur" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 -msgid "Dynamic Error Types" -msgstr "Types d'erreurs dynamiques" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 -msgid "Adding Context to Errors" -msgstr "Ajout de contexte aux erreurs" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/testing.md:1 -msgid "Testing" -msgstr "Tester" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 -msgid "Unit Tests" -msgstr "Tests unitaires" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 -msgid "Test Modules" -msgstr "Modules de test" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 -msgid "Documentation Tests" -msgstr "Tests de documentation" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 -msgid "Integration Tests" -msgstr "Tests d'intégration" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 -msgid "Useful crates" -msgstr "Crates utiles" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe.md:1 -msgid "Unsafe Rust" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:251 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Code" msgstr "Rust non sécurisé (_unsafe_)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 -msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" -msgstr "Déréférencement des pointeurs nus" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:1 +msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 -msgid "Mutable Static Variables" -msgstr "Variables statiques mutables" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:1 +msgid "Visual Studio Code" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 -msgid "Unions" -msgstr "Unions" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/SUMMARY.md:266 src/SUMMARY.md:279 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise" +msgstr "Exercices" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Appel de fonctions non sécurisées" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:1 +msgid "`rust_gtest_interop` Library" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Ecrire des fonctions non sécurisées" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:257 src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:1 +msgid "GN Rules for Rust Tests" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 -msgid "Extern Functions" -msgstr "Fonctions externes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interopérabilité avec C" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 -msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" -msgstr "Implémentation de traits non sécurisés" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example Bindings" +msgstr "Exemples" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" -msgstr "Enveloppe FFI sécurisée" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:1 +msgid "Limitations of CXX" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 -msgid "Android" -msgstr "Android" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/android/setup.md:1 -msgid "Setup" -msgstr "Installation" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:263 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 src/android/build-rules.md:1 -msgid "Build Rules" -msgstr "Règles de compilation" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 -msgid "Binary" -msgstr "Binaire" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:265 +msgid "Using CXX in Chromium" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 -msgid "Library" -msgstr "Bibliothèque" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:267 src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:1 +msgid "Adding Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/aidl.md:1 -msgid "AIDL" -msgstr "AIDL" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:268 +msgid "Configuring Cargo.toml" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 -msgid "Interface" -msgstr "Interface" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 -msgid "Implementation" -msgstr "Mise en œuvre" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:1 +msgid "Downloading Crates" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 -msgid "Server" -msgstr "Serveur" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:1 +msgid "Generating `gn` Build Rules" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 -msgid "Deploy" -msgstr "Déployer" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:1 +msgid "Resolving Problems" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:202 -msgid "Client" -msgstr "Client" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Generate Code" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 -msgid "Changing API" -msgstr "Modification de l'API" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Build C++ or Take Arbitrary Actions" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/logging.md:1 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 -msgid "Logging" -msgstr "Journalisation" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:1 +msgid "Depending on a Crate" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 src/android/interoperability.md:1 -msgid "Interoperability" -msgstr "Interopérabilité" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 +msgid "Reviews and Audits" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:206 -msgid "With C" -msgstr "Avec C" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 +msgid "Checking into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 -msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" -msgstr "Appeler C avec Bindgen" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:278 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:1 +msgid "Keeping Crates Up to Date" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 -msgid "Calling Rust from C" -msgstr "Appeler Rust depuis C" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 +msgid "Bringing It Together - Exercise" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 -msgid "With C++" -msgstr "Avec C++" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:281 src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise Solutions" +msgstr "Solutions" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 -msgid "With Java" -msgstr "Avec Java" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "Bare Metal : Matin" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 -msgid "no_std" -msgstr "no_std" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`no_std`" +msgstr "`no_std`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "Un exemple minimal" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 -msgid "alloc" -msgstr "alloc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`alloc`" +msgstr "`allouer`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "Microcontrôleurs" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "MMIO brut" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 msgid "PACs" msgstr "PACs" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "HAL Crates" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "Board Support Crates" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "Le modèle d'état de type" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 -msgid "embedded-hal" -msgstr "embedded-hal" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`embedded-hal`" +msgstr "`embedded-hal`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 -msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" -msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`" +msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "Débogage" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/SUMMARY.md:251 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/SUMMARY.md:322 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "Autres projets" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:303 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "Boussole" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:304 src/SUMMARY.md:333 src/SUMMARY.md:357 src/SUMMARY.md:379 +msgid "Solutions" +msgstr "Solutions" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:306 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "Bare Metal : Après-midi" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "Processeurs d'applications" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:309 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:239 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:310 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "Assembleur en ligne" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:311 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "MMIO" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:241 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "Écrivons un pilote UART" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:242 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:313 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "Plus de traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:243 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "Un meilleur pilote UART" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:315 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "Bitflags" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:245 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:316 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "Registres multiples" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "Pilote" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/SUMMARY.md:249 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:318 src/SUMMARY.md:320 msgid "Using It" msgstr "Utilisation" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:321 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "Exceptions" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 -msgid "Useful Crates" -msgstr "Crates utiles" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`zerocopy`" +msgstr "`zérocopie`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 -msgid "zerocopy" -msgstr "zerocopy" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`aarch64-paging`" +msgstr "`aarch64-pagination`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 -msgid "aarch64-paging" -msgstr "aarch64-paging" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" +msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 -msgid "buddy_system_allocator" -msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:327 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`tinyvec`" +msgstr "`tinyvec`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 -msgid "tinyvec" -msgstr "tinyvec" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`spin`" +msgstr "`tourner`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:257 -msgid "spin" -msgstr "spin" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 -msgid "vmbase" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`vmbase`" msgstr "vmbase" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:332 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "Pilote RTC" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:336 msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "Concurrence : Matin" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:341 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 msgid "Threads" msgstr "Threads" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:342 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "Threads délimités" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:343 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 msgid "Channels" msgstr "Canaux" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:344 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Canaux illimités" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:345 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Canaux limités" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 -msgid "Send and Sync" -msgstr "Send et Sync" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:346 src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" +msgstr "`Envoyer` et `Synchroniser`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 -msgid "Send" -msgstr "Send" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:347 src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send`" +msgstr "`Envoyer`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 -msgid "Sync" -msgstr "Sync" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:348 src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Sync`" +msgstr "`Synchroniser`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:349 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 msgid "Examples" msgstr "Exemples" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:278 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:350 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 msgid "Shared State" msgstr "État partagé" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:279 -msgid "Arc" -msgstr "Arc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:351 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Arc`" +msgstr "`Arc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 -msgid "Mutex" -msgstr "Mutex" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:352 src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Mutex`" +msgstr "`Mutex`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:283 src/SUMMARY.md:304 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:353 src/memory-management/review.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:22 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 +msgid "Example" +msgstr "Exemple" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:355 src/SUMMARY.md:377 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "Dîner des philosophes" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:356 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "Vérificateur de liens à plusieurs threads" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:286 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:359 msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "Concurrence : Après-midi" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:288 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:361 msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 -msgid "async/await" -msgstr "async/await" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:362 src/async/async-await.md:1 +msgid "`async`/`await`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/async/futures.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:363 src/async/futures.md:1 msgid "Futures" msgstr "Fermetures" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/async/runtimes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:364 src/async/runtimes.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Garanties d'exécution" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:365 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 msgid "Tokio" msgstr "Tokio" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 -#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:140 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:366 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 +#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 msgid "Tasks" msgstr "Tâches" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:367 src/async/channels.md:1 msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Canaux asynchrones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:368 +msgid "Control Flow" +msgstr "Flux de contrôle" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:369 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 msgid "Join" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:370 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 msgid "Select" msgstr "Select" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:298 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:371 msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "Pièges" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:372 msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "Bloquer l'exécuteur" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 -msgid "Pin" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:373 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 +msgid "`Pin`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:374 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Traits asynchrones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:375 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "Annulation" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:378 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:95 msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:382 msgid "Final Words" msgstr "Derniers mots" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 src/thanks.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:386 src/thanks.md:1 msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "Merci!" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:313 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:387 src/glossary.md:1 +msgid "Glossary" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:388 msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "Autres ressources" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 src/credits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:389 src/credits.md:1 msgid "Credits" msgstr "Crédits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 -msgid "Solutions" -msgstr "Solutions" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:322 -msgid "Day 1 Morning" -msgstr "Jour 1 Matin" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:323 -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" -msgstr "Jour 1 Après-midi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 -msgid "Day 2 Morning" -msgstr "Jour 2 Matin" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" -msgstr "Jour 2 Après-midi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 -msgid "Day 3 Morning" -msgstr "Jour 3 Matin" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:327 -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" -msgstr "Jour 3 Après-midi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" -msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Matin" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" -msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Après-midi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 -msgid "Concurrency Morning" -msgstr "Matin concurrence" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:331 -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" -msgstr "Après-midi concurrence" - #: src/index.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -1093,7 +1343,8 @@ msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "Vous montrer les constructions fréquentes (idiomes) en Rust." #: src/index.md:22 -msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals." +#, fuzzy +msgid "We call the first four course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "" "Nous appelons les trois premiers jours de ce cours les «Fondamentaux de " "Rust»." @@ -1115,6 +1366,17 @@ msgstr "" "couvre également l'interopérabilité avec les langages C, C++ et Java." #: src/index.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Chromium](chromium.md): a half-day course on using Rust within Chromium " +"based browsers. This includes interoperability with C++ and how to include " +"third-party crates in Chromium." +msgstr "" +"[Android](android.md): un cours d'une demi-journée consacré à l'utilisation " +"de Rust dans le cadre du développement pour la plate-forme Android. Ce cours " +"couvre également l'interopérabilité avec les langages C, C++ et Java." + +#: src/index.md:31 msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " @@ -1124,7 +1386,7 @@ msgstr "" "de Rust pour le développement embarqué. Le cours touche à la fois aux " "microcontrôleurs et aux processeurs d'applications." -#: src/index.md:31 +#: src/index.md:34 msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " @@ -1136,11 +1398,11 @@ msgstr "" "classique (planification à base de threads et mutex) ainsi que la " "concurrence async/await (multitâche coopératif à base de _futures_)." -#: src/index.md:37 +#: src/index.md:40 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "Non-objectifs" -#: src/index.md:39 +#: src/index.md:42 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" @@ -1148,7 +1410,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust est un vaste langage et nous ne pourrons pas tout couvrir en quelques " "jours. Certains non-objectifs de ce cours sont :" -#: src/index.md:42 +#: src/index.md:45 msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" @@ -1161,11 +1423,11 @@ msgstr "" "[le Chapitre 19.5 dans la traduction non-officielle du Rust Book](https://" "jimskapt.github.io/rust-book-fr/ch19-06-macros.html) en français." -#: src/index.md:46 +#: src/index.md:49 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "Prérequis" -#: src/index.md:48 +#: src/index.md:51 msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " @@ -1175,7 +1437,7 @@ msgstr "" "statiquement typé et nous ferons parfois des comparaisons avec C et C++ pour " "mieux expliquer ou contraster l'approche de Rust." -#: src/index.md:52 +#: src/index.md:55 msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." @@ -1183,7 +1445,7 @@ msgstr "" "Si vous savez programmer dans un langage à typage dynamique tel que Python " "ou JavaScript, vous pourrez également suivre ce cours sans problème." -#: src/index.md:57 +#: src/index.md:60 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " @@ -1207,13 +1469,12 @@ msgstr "" "le cours en interne chez Google." #: src/running-the-course.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We typically run classes from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " -"in the middle. This leaves 2.5 hours for the morning class and 2.5 hours for " -"the afternoon class. Note that this is just a recommendation: you can also " -"spend 3 hour on the morning session to give people more time for exercises. " -"The downside of longer session is that people can become very tired after 6 " -"full hours of class in the afternoon." +"We typically run classes from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " +"in the middle. This leaves 3 hours for the morning class and 3 hours for the " +"afternoon class. Both sessions contain multiple breaks and time for students " +"to work on exercises." msgstr "" "La plupart des classes sont organisées de 10 heures à 16 heures, avec une " "pause déjeuner d'une heure, soit deux heures et demi de cours le matin et " @@ -1223,12 +1484,12 @@ msgstr "" "L'inconvénient de sessions plus longues est une fatigue importante en fin de " "journée." -#: src/running-the-course.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course.md:13 msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "" "Avant de présenter le cours, nous vous recommandons les choses suivantes :" -#: src/running-the-course.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course.md:15 msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " @@ -1244,12 +1505,13 @@ msgstr "" "cette façon, vous affichez le cours sans les notes à la classe, et pouvez " "suivre les notes séparément." -#: src/running-the-course.md:24 +#: src/running-the-course.md:21 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " -"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " -"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " -"helps them process all the information we give them." +"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes four days, we recommend that you " +"schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that they " +"find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process all " +"the information we give them." msgstr "" "Décidez des dates de la classe en avance. Étant donné que le cours dure au " "moins trois jours complets, nous vous recommandons de programmer les jours " @@ -1257,7 +1519,7 @@ msgstr "" "précédentes ont en effet indiqué qu'il est utile d'espacer les jours de " "classe afin de mieux absorber le contenu." -#: src/running-the-course.md:29 +#: src/running-the-course.md:26 msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " @@ -1278,7 +1540,7 @@ msgstr "" "programmation en direct en tant qu'instructeur, donc un simple pupitre ne " "serait pas très pratique pour vous." -#: src/running-the-course.md:37 +#: src/running-the-course.md:34 msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " @@ -1295,7 +1557,7 @@ msgstr "" "L'utilisation de votre ordinateur portable vous permettra également de " "corriger les éventuelles fautes de frappe." -#: src/running-the-course.md:43 +#: src/running-the-course.md:40 msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " @@ -1313,7 +1575,7 @@ msgstr "" "et proposez une solution, par exemple en montrant aux participants où " "trouver les informations pertinentes dans la bibliothèque standard." -#: src/running-the-course.md:51 +#: src/running-the-course.md:48 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" @@ -1321,7 +1583,7 @@ msgstr "" "C'est tout, bonne chance pour la présentation du cours ! Nous espérons que " "vous y prendrez autant de plaisir que nous !" -#: src/running-the-course.md:54 +#: src/running-the-course.md:51 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " @@ -1341,50 +1603,37 @@ msgid "Rust Fundamentals" msgstr "Fondamentaux de Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The first three days make up [Rust Fundaments](../welcome-day-1.md). The " -"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground:" +"The first four days make up [Rust Fundaments](../welcome-day-1.md). The days " +"are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!" msgstr "" "Les trois premiers jours constituent les [Fondamentaux de Rust](../welcome-" "day-1.md). Le rythme est soutenu et nous couvrons beaucoup de sujets:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10 -msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." -msgstr "" -"Jour 1 : bases de Rust, syntaxe, flux de contrôle, création et consommation " -"de valeurs." - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 -msgid "" -"Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard " -"library." -msgstr "" -"Jour 2 : gestion de la mémoire, possession, types composés, bibliothèque " -"standard." +#, fuzzy +msgid "{{%course outline Fundamentals}}" +msgstr "Fondamentaux de Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12 -msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." -msgstr "" -"Jour 3 : génériques, caractéristiques, gestion des erreurs, tests, Rust non " -"sécurisé (_unsafe_)." - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14 msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "Approfondissements" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " +"In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Au delà des trois jours portant sur les Fondamentaux de Rust, nous couvrons " "également des sujets spécifiques:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:17 msgid "Rust in Android" msgstr "Rust pour Android" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 msgid "" "The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " "Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " @@ -1395,7 +1644,7 @@ msgstr "" "Android. Ce cours couvre également l'interopérabilité avec les langages C, C+" "+ et Java." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:23 msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" @@ -1410,7 +1659,7 @@ msgstr "" "assurera que le système de construction d'Android a accès aux fichiers " "`Android.bp` dans `src/android/`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:28 msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " @@ -1421,11 +1670,31 @@ msgstr "" "android/build_all.sh`. Lisez le script pour voir les commandes éxécutées et " "assurez-vous qu'elles fonctionnent lorsque vous les exécutez à la main." +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Rust pour Android" + #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37 +msgid "" +"The [Rust in Chromium](../chromium.md) deep dive is a half-day course on " +"using Rust as part of the Chromium browser. It includes using Rust in " +"Chromium's `gn` build system, bringing in third-party libraries (\"crates\") " +"and C++ interoperability." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:42 +msgid "" +"You will need to be able to build Chromium --- a debug, component build is " +"[recommended](../chromium/setup.md) for speed but any build will work. " +"Ensure that you can run the Chromium browser that you've built." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:46 msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "Bare-Metal Rust" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48 msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " "using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " @@ -1435,7 +1704,7 @@ msgstr "" "l'utilisation de Rust pour le développement embarqué. Le cours touche à la " "fois aux microcontrôleurs et aux processeurs d'applications." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:43 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:52 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " @@ -1447,11 +1716,11 @@ msgstr "" "Tous les participants à ce cours devront installer les paquets listés sur " "[la page de bienvenue](../bare-metal.md) du cours." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:57 msgid "Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Programmation concurrente en Rust" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:59 msgid "" "The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " "on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." @@ -1460,7 +1729,7 @@ msgstr "" "journée portant sur la programmation concurrente classique ainsi que `async`/" "`await`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:53 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:62 msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " @@ -1470,27 +1739,11 @@ msgstr "" "et installé les dépendances. Vous pourrez ensuite copier/coller les exemples " "dans `src/main.rs` et les modifier:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:57 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo init concurrency\n" -"cd concurrency\n" -"cargo add tokio --features full\n" -"cargo run\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo init concurrency\n" -"cd concurrency\n" -"cargo add tokio --features full\n" -"cargo run\n" -"```" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:64 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:73 msgid "Format" msgstr "Format du cours" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:66 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:75 msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" @@ -1547,7 +1800,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." -"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) and " +"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" "[portugais brésilien](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " @@ -1556,58 +1809,88 @@ msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 msgid "" +"[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " +"by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" +"wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/" +"kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://" +"github.com/superwhd), [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK), and [@nodmp]" +"(https://github.com/nodmp)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " +"by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" +"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), [@kuanhungchen](https://" +"github.com/kuanhungchen), and [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/" +"johnathan79717)." +msgstr "" +"[portugais brésilien](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " +"par [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) et [@hugojacob](https://" +"github.com/hugojacob)." + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" -"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and " +"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), and " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." msgstr "" "[coréen](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) par [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) et " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:10 +msgid "" +"[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]" +"(https://github.com/deavid)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:12 msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "" "Utilisez le sélecteur de langue dans le coin supérieur droit pour basculer " "entre les langues." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "Traductions" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:20 msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22 msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:24 msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " @@ -1645,13 +1928,24 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " "(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " -"use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc." +"use to install to different compiler versions." msgstr "" "Avec cargo et rustc, Rustup s'installera en tant qu'utilitaire de ligne de " "commande que vous pourrez utiliser pour installer/changer de chaînes " "d'outils, configurer une compilation croisée, etc." -#: src/cargo.md:16 +#: src/cargo.md:14 +msgid "" +"After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with " +"Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-" +"analyzer.github.io/), which provides auto-completion and jump-to-definition " +"functionality for [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://" +"rust-analyzer.github.io/manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-" +"analyzer.github.io/manual.html#vimneovim), and many others. There is also a " +"different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " @@ -1662,39 +1956,6 @@ msgstr "" "Sur Debian/Ubuntu, vous pouvez installer Cargo, la source Rust et le " "[formateur Rust](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) avec" -#: src/cargo.md:18 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/cargo.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " -"(but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-" -"analyzer.github.io/))." -msgstr "" -"Cela permettra à \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] de passer directement aux " -"définitions. Nous suggérons d'utiliser [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio." -"com/) pour modifier le code (mais tout éditeur LSP compatible fonctionne)." - -#: src/cargo.md:24 -msgid "" -"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" -"clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " -"tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www." -"jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging " -"only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." -msgstr "" -"Certaines personnes aiment également utiliser la famille d'IDE " -"\\[JetBrains\\] [4](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/), qui effectuent leur " -"propre analyse mais ont leurs propres compromis. Si vous les préférez, vous " -"pouvez installer le [Plugin Rust](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Veuillez " -"noter qu'à partir de janvier 2023, le débogage ne fonctionne que sur la " -"version CLion de la suite JetBrains IDEA." - #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "L'écosystème de Rust" @@ -1729,9 +1990,10 @@ msgstr "" "exécuter des tests unitaires." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " -"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " +"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust are " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." @@ -1743,13 +2005,10 @@ msgstr "" "standard. Vous pouvez avoir plusieurs versions de Rust installées à la fois " "et `rustup` vous permettra de basculer entre elles au besoin." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30 -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world/hello-world.md:25 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:36 src/references/exclusive.md:18 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:67 src/memory-management/move.md:146 +#: src/error-handling/try.md:52 src/android/setup.md:17 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Points clés:" @@ -1904,13 +2163,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "Les blocs de code de ce cours sont entièrement interactifs :" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:15 src/cargo/running-locally.md:45 +msgid "\"Edit me!\"" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 @@ -1968,16 +2222,6 @@ msgstr "" "fonctionnels. Au moment de l'écriture, la dernière version stable de Rust a " "ces numéros de version:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"% rustc --version\n" -"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" -"% cargo --version\n" -"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " @@ -2002,61 +2246,21 @@ msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:24 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo new exercise\n" -" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:31 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cd exercise\n" -"$ cargo run\n" -" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" -" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" -" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" -"Hello, world!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:43 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:51 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"$ cargo run\n" -" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" -" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" -" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" -"Edit me!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " @@ -2103,27 +2307,43 @@ msgstr "" "Syntaxe de base de Rust : variables, types scalaires et composés, " "énumérations, structures, références, fonctions et méthodes." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:8 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " -"`continue`." -msgstr "" -"Constructions de flux de contrôle : `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, " -"`break` et 'continuer'." +msgid "Types and type inference." +msgstr "Inférence de type" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 +msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:10 +msgid "User-defined types: structs and enums." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "" "Filtrage par motif : déstructuration des énumérations, des structures et des " "tableaux." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:13 src/welcome-day-2.md:12 src/welcome-day-3.md:8 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:11 +msgid "Schedule" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:15 src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:14 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:10 src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:13 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "{{%session outline}}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "Veuillez rappeler aux élèves que :" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." @@ -2131,7 +2351,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ils doivent poser des questions lorsqu'ils les reçoivent, ne les enregistrez " "pas jusqu'à la fin." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " @@ -2139,14 +2359,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Le cours se veut interactif et les discussions sont vivement encouragées !" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " -"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " -"language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " -"allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " -"communication." +"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other language. " +"It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing " +"discussions since they engage people much more than one-way communication." msgstr "" "En tant qu'instructeur, vous devez essayer de garder les discussions " "pertinentes, c'est-à-dire, garder le lien avec la façon dont Rust fait les " @@ -2154,7 +2373,7 @@ msgstr "" "bon équilibre, mais privilégiez les discussions car elles engagent les gens " "bien plus que la communication à sens unique." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." @@ -2162,7 +2381,7 @@ msgstr "" "Les questions signifieront probablement que nous parlons de choses avant les " "diapositives." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " @@ -2173,43 +2392,33 @@ msgstr "" "l'apprentissage. N'oubliez pas que les diapositives ne sont qu'un support et " "que vous êtes libre de les sauter si vous le souhaitez." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:32 msgid "" -"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " -"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " -"major feature and we should show students this right away." +"The idea for the first day is to show the \"basic\" things in Rust that " +"should have immediate parallels in other languages. The more advanced parts " +"of Rust come on the subsequent days." msgstr "" -"L'idée du premier jour est de montrer _juste assez_ de Rust pour pouvoir " -"parler du célèbre vérificateur d'emprunt. La façon dont Rust gère la mémoire " -"est une caractéristique majeure et nous devrions montrer cela aux élèves " -"tout de suite." - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 -msgid "" -"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " -"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" -msgstr "" -"Si vous enseignez cela dans une salle de classe, c'est un bon endroit pour " -"passer en revue le calendrier. Nous suggérons de diviser la journée en deux " -"parties (suivant les diapositives) :" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 -msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," -msgstr "Matin : 9h00 à 12h00," - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37 -msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." -msgstr "Après-midi : 13h00 à 16h00." - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 msgid "" -"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " -"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " +"schedule. Note that there is an exercise at the end of each segment, " +"followed by a break. Plan to cover the exercise solution after the break. " +"The times listed here are a suggestion in order to keep the course on " +"schedule. Feel free to be flexible and adjust as necessary!" msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez bien sûr ajuster cela si nécessaire. Assurez-vous d'inclure les " -"pauses, nous recommandons une pause toutes les heures !" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 +#: src/hello-world.md:3 src/types-and-values.md:3 src/control-flow-basics.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 src/references.md:3 src/user-defined-types.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 src/methods-and-traits.md:3 src/generics.md:3 +#: src/std-types.md:3 src/std-traits.md:3 src/memory-management.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers.md:3 src/borrowing.md:3 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:3 +#: src/iterators.md:3 src/modules.md:3 src/testing.md:3 src/error-handling.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:3 +msgid "{{%segment outline}}" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" @@ -2217,17 +2426,17 @@ msgstr "" "Rust est un nouveau langage de programmation qui a eu sa [version 1.0 en " "2015](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html) :" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "Rust est un langage compilé statiquement dans un rôle similaire à C++" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc` utilise LLVM comme backend." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" @@ -2236,74 +2445,74 @@ msgstr "" "Rust prend en charge de nombreuses [plates-formes et architectures](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ... \\*Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Rust est utilisé pour une large gamme d'appareils :" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "firmware et chargeurs de démarrage," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "écrans intelligents," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "smart displays," msgstr "téléphones portables," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "ordinateurs de bureau," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "desktops," msgstr "serveurs." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:16 msgid "servers." msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:21 msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "Rust s'inscrit dans le même domaine que C++ :" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:23 msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "Grande flexibilité." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:24 msgid "High level of control." msgstr "Haut niveau de contrôle." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "" "Peut être réduit à des appareils très limités comme les téléphones mobiles." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:26 msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "N'a pas de temps d'exécution ou de récupération d'ordures." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:27 msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" "Se concentre sur la fiabilité et la sécurité sans sacrifier les performances." -#: src/hello-world.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:3 msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" @@ -2311,59 +2520,48 @@ msgstr "" "Passons au programme Rust le plus simple possible, un Bonjour Monde " "classique programme:" -#: src/hello-world.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:8 +msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" msgstr "" -"```rust\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Bonjour 🌍!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -#: src/hello-world.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:12 msgid "What you see:" msgstr "Ce que tu vois:" -#: src/hello-world.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:14 msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "Les fonctions sont introduites avec `fn`." -#: src/hello-world.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:15 msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "Les blocs sont délimités par des accolades comme en C et C++." -#: src/hello-world.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:16 msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "La fonction `main` est le point d'entrée du programme." -#: src/hello-world.md:17 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:17 msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "Rust a des macros hygiéniques, `println!` en est un exemple." -#: src/hello-world.md:18 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:18 msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" "Les strings Rust sont encodées en UTF-8 et peuvent contenir n'importe quel " "caractère Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:22 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " -"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something " +"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "Cette diapositive tente de mettre les étudiants à l'aise avec le code Rust. " "Ils en verront une tonne durant les quatre prochains jours, alors nous " "commençons petit avec quelque chose de familier." -#: src/hello-world.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " @@ -2373,13 +2571,13 @@ msgstr "" "impératif (non fonctionnel) et il n'essaie pas de réinventer les choses à " "moins qu'absolument nécessaire." -#: src/hello-world.md:31 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "" "Rust est moderne avec un support complet pour des choses comme Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:33 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " @@ -2389,7 +2587,7 @@ msgstr "" "nombre variable d'arguments (pas de fonction [surchargées](basic-syntax/" "functions-interlude.md))." -#: src/hello-world.md:36 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " @@ -2402,7 +2600,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust ne sont en fait que [partiellement hygiénique](https://veykril.github." "io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." -#: src/hello-world.md:40 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " @@ -2410,125 +2608,113 @@ msgid "" "concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 -msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" -msgstr "Voici un petit exemple de programme en Rust :" - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() { // Program entry point\n" -" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" -" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" -" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" -" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() { // Entrée du programme\n" -" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Liaison mutable de variable\n" -" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro pour impression, comme printf\n" -" while x != 1 { // Pas de parenthèses autour des expressions\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 { // Les mathématiques comme dans d'autre langages\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" -" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 -msgid "" -"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " -"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " -"different inputs." -msgstr "" -"Le code implémente la conjecture de Collatz : on pense que la boucle " -"finissent toujours, mais cela n'est pas encore prouvé. Modifiez le code et " -"jouez avec différentes entrées." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " -"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " -"overflow." -msgstr "" -"Expliquez que toutes les variables sont typées statiquement. Essayez de " -"supprimer `i32` pour déclencher l'inférence de type. Essayez avec `i8` à la " -"place et déclenchez un débordement d'entier à l'exécution." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." -msgstr "" -"Remplacez `let mut x` par `let x`, discutez de l'erreur du compilateur." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the " -"format string." -msgstr "" -"Montrez comment `print!` génère une erreur de compilation si les arguments " -"ne correspondent pas aux format des string." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " -"expression which is more complex than just a single variable." -msgstr "" -"Montrez comment vous devez utiliser `{}` comme espace réservé si vous " -"souhaitez imprimer une expression qui est plus complexe qu'une simple " -"variable." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" -"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " -"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." -msgstr "" -"Montrez aux étudiants la bibliothèque standard, montrez-leur comment " -"rechercher `std :: fmt` qui a les règles du mini-langage de formatage. Il " -"est important que le les étudiants se familiarisent avec la recherche dans " -"la bibliothèque standard." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 -msgid "" -"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " -"documentation" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:3 msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Quelques arguments de vente uniques à Rust :" -#: src/why-rust.md:5 -msgid "Compile time memory safety." -msgstr "Sécurité de la mémoire à la compilation." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:5 +msgid "" +"_Compile time memory safety_ - whole classes of memory bugs are prevented at " +"compile time" +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust.md:6 -msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." -msgstr "Absence de comportement d'exécution indéfini." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:6 +msgid "No uninitialized variables." +msgstr "Aucune variable non initialisée." -#: src/why-rust.md:7 -msgid "Modern language features." -msgstr "Caractéristiques d'un langage moderne." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:7 +msgid "No double-frees." +msgstr "Pas de double libération de mémoire." -#: src/why-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:8 +msgid "No use-after-free." +msgstr "Aucune utilisation après la libération." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:9 +msgid "No `NULL` pointers." +msgstr "Pas de pointeurs `NULL`." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:10 +msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." +msgstr "Pas de mutex verrouillés oubliés." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:11 +msgid "No data races between threads." +msgstr "Pas de courses de données entre les threads." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:12 +msgid "No iterator invalidation." +msgstr "Aucune invalidation d'itérateur." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:14 +msgid "" +"_No undefined runtime behavior_ - what a Rust statement does is never left " +"unspecified" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Array access is bounds checked." +msgstr "L'accès au tableau est vérifié dans les limites." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." +msgstr "Le débordement d'entier est défini." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:19 +msgid "" +"_Modern language features_ - as expressive and ergonomic as higher-level " +"languages" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enums and pattern matching." +msgstr "Énumérations et filtrage par motif." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generics." +msgstr "Génériques." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "No overhead FFI." +msgstr "Pas de frais généraux FFI." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." +msgstr "Abstractions à coût zéro." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Great compiler errors." +msgstr "Grandes erreurs de compilation." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Built-in dependency manager." +msgstr "Gestionnaire de dépendances intégré." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Built-in support for testing." +msgstr "Support intégré pour les tests." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." +msgstr "Excellente prise en charge du protocole de serveur de langue." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:32 +msgid "" +"Do not spend much time here. All of these points will be covered in more " +"depth later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:35 msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" @@ -2537,7 +2723,7 @@ msgstr "" "l'expérience. Selon la réponse, vous pouvez mettre en évidence différentes " "fonctionnalités de Rust :" -#: src/why-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:38 msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " @@ -2550,7 +2736,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust est un langage moderne avec des constructions telles que le filtrage " "par motif et la gestion intégrée des dépendances." -#: src/why-rust.md:19 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:43 msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " @@ -2563,441 +2749,165 @@ msgstr "" "prévisibles comme C et C++ (pas de ramassage d'ordures) ainsi que l'accès au " "matériel de bas niveau (si l'on en a besoin)." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 -msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" -msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire statique à la compilation :" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 -msgid "No uninitialized variables." -msgstr "Aucune variable non initialisée." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6 -msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." -msgstr "Aucune fuite de mémoire (_surtout_, voir les notes)." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7 -msgid "No double-frees." -msgstr "Pas de double libération de mémoire." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8 -msgid "No use-after-free." -msgstr "Aucune utilisation après la libération." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9 -msgid "No `NULL` pointers." -msgstr "Pas de pointeurs `NULL`." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10 -msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." -msgstr "Pas de mutex verrouillés oubliés." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11 -msgid "No data races between threads." -msgstr "Pas de courses de données entre les threads." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12 -msgid "No iterator invalidation." -msgstr "Aucune invalidation d'itérateur." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:3 msgid "" -"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" +"The [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) provides an easy way to " +"run short Rust programs, and is the basis for the examples and exercises in " +"this course. Try running the \"hello-world\" program it starts with. It " +"comes with a few handy features:" msgstr "" -"Il est possible de produire des fuites de mémoire avec Rust (sûr). Quelques " -"exemples sont:" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:8 +msgid "" +"Under \"Tools\", use the `rustfmt` option to format your code in the " +"\"standard\" way." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:11 +msgid "" +"Rust has two main \"profiles\" for generating code: Debug (extra runtime " +"checks, less optimization) and Release (fewer runtime checks, lots of " +"optimization). These are accessible under \"Debug\" at the top." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:15 +msgid "" +"If you're interested, use \"ASM\" under \"...\" to see the generated " +"assembly code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:20 +msgid "" +"As students head into the break, encourage them to open up the playground " +"and experiment a little. Encourage them to keep the tab open and try things " +"out during the rest of the course. This is particularly helpful for advanced " +"students who want to know more about Rust's optimzations or generated " +"assembly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." -"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" -"initialized and runtime-sized static variables" +"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " +"`let`:" msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez utiliser [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/" -"struct.Box.html#method.leak) pour divulguer un pointeur. Une utilisation de " -"cela pourrait être d'obtenir des variables statiques initialisées et " -"dimensionnées à l'exécution" +"Rust fournit une sécurité de type via le typage statique. Les liaisons " +"variables sont immuables par défaut:" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21 -#, fuzzy +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:9 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:29 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:33 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:17 +msgid "\"x: {x}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:10 msgid "" -"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." -"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor " -"is never run)." +"// x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez utiliser [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/" -"fn.forget.html) pour que le compilateur \"oublie\" une valeur (ce qui " -"signifie que le destructeur n'est jamais exécuté)." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23 -#, fuzzy +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:17 msgid "" -"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." +"Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " +"default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez également créer accidentellement un \\[cycle de référence\\] " -"avec `Rc` ou \"Arc\"." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25 -#, fuzzy +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:20 msgid "" -"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak " -"and Rust does not protect from those." +"The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " +"time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " +"many cases." msgstr "" -"En fait, certains considéreront le fait de peupler à l'infini une collection " -"tel qu'une fuite de mémoire et Rust ne protège pas de celles-ci." -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:3 msgid "" -"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as " -"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." +"Here are some basic built-in types, and the syntax for literal values of " +"each type." msgstr "" -"Pour les besoins de ce cours, \"Aucune fuite de mémoire\" doit être compris " -"comme \"Pratiquement pas de fuites de mémoire _accidentelles_\"." -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" -msgstr "Aucun comportement indéfini à l'exécution :" - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Array access is bounds checked." -msgstr "L'accès au tableau est vérifié dans les limites." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." -msgstr "Le débordement d'entier est défini." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " -"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " -"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " -"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " -"build --release`)." -msgstr "" -"Le débordement d'entier est défini via un indicateur de compilation. Les " -"options sont soit une panique (un plantage contrôlé du programme) ou un " -"bouclage sémantique. Par défaut, vous obtenez des paniques en mode débogage " -"(`cargo build`) et bouclage en mode release (`cargo build --release`)." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " -"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " -"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds " -"checking." -msgstr "" -"La vérification des limites ne peut pas être désactivée avec un indicateur " -"de compilateur. Ça peut aussi ne pas être désactivé directement avec le mot-" -"clé `unsafe`. Cependant, `unsafe` vous permet d'appeler des fonctions telles " -"que `slice::get_unchecked` qui ne vérifie pas les bornes." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." -msgstr "" -"Rust est construit avec toute l'expérience acquise au cours des 40 dernières " -"années." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Language Features" -msgstr "Caractéristiques linguistiques" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Enums and pattern matching." -msgstr "Énumérations et filtrage par motif." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Generics." -msgstr "Génériques." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "No overhead FFI." -msgstr "Pas de frais généraux FFI." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." -msgstr "Abstractions à coût zéro." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Tooling" -msgstr "Outillage" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Great compiler errors." -msgstr "Grandes erreurs de compilation." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Built-in dependency manager." -msgstr "Gestionnaire de dépendances intégré." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Built-in support for testing." -msgstr "Support intégré pour les tests." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." -msgstr "Excellente prise en charge du protocole de serveur de langue." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' " -"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, " -"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level " -"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." -msgstr "" -"Les abstractions à coût nul, similaires à C++, signifient que vous n'avez " -"pas à \"payer\" pour les constructions de programmation de niveau supérieur " -"avec mémoire ou CPU. Par exemple, écrire une boucle en utilisant `for` " -"devrait aboutir à peu près au même niveau bas instructions comme utilisant " -"la construction `.iter().fold()`." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also " -"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like " -"`Option` and `Result`." -msgstr "" -"Il peut être utile de mentionner que les énumérations Rust sont des \"types " -"de données algébriques\", également connus sous le nom de \"types de " -"somme\", qui permettent au système de type d'exprimer des choses comme " -"`Option` et `Résultat`." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " -"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " -"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ " -"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." -msgstr "" -"Rappelez aux gens de lire les erreurs --- de nombreux développeurs se sont " -"habitués à ignorer la longue sortie du compilateur. Le compilateur Rust est " -"beaucoup plus bavard que les autres compilateurs. Il vous fournira souvent " -"_actionnable_ feedback, prêt à copier-coller dans votre code." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37 -msgid "" -"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, " -"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " -"and essential:" -msgstr "" -"La bibliothèque standard de Rust est petite comparée à des langages comme " -"Java, Python, et Go. Rust n'est pas distribué avec certains éléments que " -"vous pourriez considérer comme standard et essentiel:" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41 -#, fuzzy -msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." -msgstr "" -"un générateur de nombres aléatoires, mais voir [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." -msgstr "" -"prise en charge de SSL ou TLS, mais voir [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." -msgstr "" -"support pour JSON, mais voir [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " -"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " -"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " -"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." -msgstr "" -"Le raisonnement sous-jacent est que la fonctionnalité de la bibliothèque " -"standard ne peut pas s'en aller, il doit donc être très stable. Pour les " -"exemples ci-dessus, le Rust la communauté travaille toujours à trouver la " -"meilleure solution --- et peut-être là n'est pas une seule \"meilleure " -"solution\" pour certaines de ces choses." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " -"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence " -"of this is that the standard library can be smaller." -msgstr "" -"Rust est livré avec un gestionnaire de packages intégré sous la forme de " -"Cargo, ce qui rend il est trivial de télécharger et de compiler des caisses " -"tierces. Une conséquence de ce est que la bibliothèque standard peut être " -"plus petite." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to " -"find a good and trusted one." -msgstr "" -"Découvrir de bonnes caisses tierces peut être un problème. Des sites comme " -" aide à cela en vous permettant de comparer les mesures de " -"santé pour caisses pour en trouver une bonne et de confiance." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " -"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." -msgstr "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) est une implémentation LSP " -"bien prise en charge utilisée dans les principaux IDE et éditeurs de texte." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" -msgstr "" -"Une grande partie de la syntaxe de Rust vous sera familière en C, C++ ou " -"Java :" - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." -msgstr "Les blocs et les portées sont délimités par des accolades." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " -"*/`." -msgstr "" -"Les commentaires de ligne commencent par `//`, les commentaires de bloc sont " -"délimités par `/* ... */`." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." -msgstr "Des mots-clés comme `if` et `while` fonctionnent de la même manière." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." -msgstr "" -"L'affectation des variables se fait avec `=`, la comparaison se fait avec " -"`==`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:5 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Types" msgstr "Types" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:5 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Literals" msgstr "Littéraux" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "Entiers signés" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "Entiers non signés" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "`0`, `123`, `10u16`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "Nombres à virgule flottante" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "`f32`, `f64`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Strings" -msgstr "Cordes" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`&str`" -msgstr "`&str`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" -msgstr "`\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\\"#`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "Valeurs scalaires Unicode" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`char`" msgstr "`car`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Booleans" msgstr "Chaînes d'octets" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`bool`" msgstr "`&[u8]`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "" @@ -3009,1549 +2919,162 @@ msgstr "" "\n" "'vrai', 'faux'" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "Les types ont des largeurs comme suit :" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "`iN`, `uN` et `fN` ont une largeur de _N_ bits," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "`isize` et `usize` sont la largeur d'un pointeur," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "`char` a une largeur de 32 bits," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "`bool` a une largeur de 8 bits." -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:22 msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 -msgid "" -"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " -"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " -"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(r#\"link\"#);\n" -" println!(\"link\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34 -msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:24 msgid "" "All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " "`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " "as `123i64`." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "Arrays" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:9 +msgid "\"result: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[T; N]`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "Tuples" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Array assignment and access:" -msgstr "Affectation et accès aux baies :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:15 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n" -" a[5] = 0;\n" -" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"This is the first time we've seen a function other than `main`, but the " +"meaning should be clear: it takes three integers, and returns an integer. " +"Functions will be covered in more detail later." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" -msgstr "Affectation et accès aux tuples :" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:19 +msgid "Arithmetic is very similar to other languages, with similar precedence." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:21 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n" -" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n" -" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is " +"actually undefined, and might do different things on different platforms or " +"compilers. In Rust, it's defined." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Arrays:" -msgstr "Tableaux :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:25 msgid "" -"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " -"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " -"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " -"different types." +"Change the `i32`'s to `i16` to see an integer overflow, which panics " +"(checked) in a debug build and wraps in a release build. There are other " +"options, such as overflowing, saturating, and carrying. These are accessed " +"with method syntax, e.g., `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c).saturating_add(c * " +"a)`." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 -msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:30 msgid "" -"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation " -"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives " -"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without " -"specifying the value after the format string." +"In fact, the compiler will detect overflow of constant expressions, which is " +"why the example requires a separate function." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:3 msgid "" -"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " -"easier to read." +"Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in " +"more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "Tuples:" -msgstr "Tuples :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." -msgstr "Comme les tableaux, les tuples ont une longueur fixe." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." -msgstr "" -"Les tuples regroupent des valeurs de différents types dans un type composé." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " -"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." -msgstr "" -"Les champs d'un tuple sont accessibles par le point et l'index de la valeur, " -"par ex. `t.0`, `t.1`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " -"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its " -"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " -"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. " -msgstr "" -"Le tuple vide `()` est également appelé \"type d'unité\". C'est à la fois un " -"type et la seule valeur valide de ce type - c'est-à-dire à la fois le type " -"et sa valeur sont exprimés par `()`. Il est utilisé pour indiquer, par " -"exemple, qu'une fonction ou expression n'a pas de valeur de retour, comme " -"nous le verrons dans une prochaine diapositive." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " -"programming languages." -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez le considérer comme un \"vide\" qui peut vous être familier " -"d'autres langages de programmation." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" -msgstr "Comme C++, Rust a des références :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n" -" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n" -" *ref_x = 20;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Some notes:" -msgstr "Quelques notes:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " -"pointers." -msgstr "" -"Nous devons déréférencer `ref_x` lors de son affectation, comme pour les " -"pointeurs C et C++." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " -"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)." -msgstr "" -"Rust déréférencera automatiquement dans certains cas, en particulier lors de " -"l'appel méthodes (essayez `ref_x.count_ones()`)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over " -"their lifetime." -msgstr "" -"Les références déclarées comme \"mut\" peuvent être liées à différentes " -"valeurs au cours de leur durée de vie." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " -"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound " -"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable " -"value." -msgstr "" -"Assurez-vous de noter la différence entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` et `let " -"ref_x: &mut i32`. Le premier représente une référence mutable qui peut être " -"liée à différentes valeurs, tandis que la seconde représente une référence à " -"une valeur modifiable." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" -msgstr "Rust interdira statiquement les références pendantes :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let ref_x: &i32;\n" -" {\n" -" let x: i32 = 10;\n" -" ref_x = &x;\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." -msgstr "" -"Une référence est dite \"emprunter\" la valeur à laquelle elle se réfère." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " -"enough." -msgstr "" -"Rust suit la durée de vie de toutes les références pour s'assurer qu'elles " -"durent longtemps assez." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." -msgstr "" -"Nous parlerons davantage de l'emprunt lorsque nous arriverons à la propriété." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" -msgstr "Une tranche vous donne une vue dans une plus grande collection :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" -" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." -msgstr "" -"Les tranches empruntent des données au type en tranches. \\* Question : Que " -"se passe-t-il si vous modifiez `a[3]` ?" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17 -msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " -"indexes in brackets." -msgstr "" -"Nous créons une tranche en empruntant `a` et en spécifiant les index de " -"début et de fin entre parenthèses." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " -"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Si la tranche commence à l'index 0, la syntaxe de plage de Rust nous permet " -"de supprimer l'index de départ, ce qui signifie que `&a[0..a.len()]` et " -"`&a[..a.len()]` sont identiques ." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Il en va de même pour le dernier index, donc `&a[2..a.len()]` et `&a[2..]` " -"sont identiques." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." -msgstr "" -"Pour créer facilement une tranche du tableau complet, on peut donc utiliser " -"`&a[..]`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " -"computation on slices of different sizes." -msgstr "" -"`s` est une référence à une tranche de `i32`s. Notez que le type de `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) ne mentionne plus la longueur du tableau. Cela nous permet " -"d'effectuer des calculs sur des tranches de tailles différentes." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " -"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " -msgstr "" -"Les tranches empruntent toujours à un autre objet. Dans cet exemple, \"a\" " -"doit rester \"vivant\" (dans la portée) au moins aussi longtemps que notre " -"tranche." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " -"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " -"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " -"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " -"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained " -"in the borrow checker section." -msgstr "" -"La question sur la modification de `a[3]` peut susciter une discussion " -"intéressante, mais la réponse est que pour des raisons de sécurité de la " -"mémoire vous ne pouvez pas le faire via `a` après avoir créé une tranche, " -"mais vous pouvez lire les données de `a` et `s` en toute sécurité. Plus de " -"détails seront expliqués dans la section Vérificateur d'emprunt." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`String` vs `str`" -msgstr "`Chaîne` vs `chaîne`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" -msgstr "" -"Nous pouvons maintenant comprendre les deux types de string avec Rust :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n" -" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -"\n" -" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" s2.push_str(s1);\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" \n" -" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n" -" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust terminology:" -msgstr "Terminologie de Rust :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." -msgstr "`&str` une référence immuable à une tranche de chaîne." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." +msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string." msgstr "`String` un tampon de chaîne mutable." -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27 -msgid "" -"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " -"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " -"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 -msgid "" -"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " -"`Vec`, it is owned." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32 -msgid "" -"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " -"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " -"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35 -msgid "" -"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " -"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38 -msgid "" -"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " -"selection." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40 -msgid "" -"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one " -"that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " -"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " -"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" -"Fizz_buzz) interview question:" -msgstr "" -"Une version Rust de la célèbre question d'entrevue [FizzBuzz](https://en." -"wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n" -" if divisor == 0 {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -" n % divisor == 0\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n" -" let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n" -" let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n" -" if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n" -" return format!(\"{n}\");\n" -" }\n" -" format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=n {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35 -msgid "" -"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations " -"nor headers are necessary. " -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36 -msgid "" -"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " -"programming languages), then a return type." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37 -msgid "" -"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " -"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38 -msgid "" -"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " -"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 -msgid "" -"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " -"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." -msgstr "" -"Tous les éléments de langage de Rust peuvent être documentés à l'aide de la " -"syntaxe spéciale `///`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " -"argument.\n" -"///\n" -"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" -"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" -" if rhs == 0 {\n" -" return false; // Corner case, early return\n" -" }\n" -" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " -"value\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " -"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " -"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." -msgstr "" -"Le contenu est traité comme Markdown. Toutes les caisses de bibliothèque " -"Rust publiées sont automatiquement documenté sur [`docs.rs`](https://docs." -"rs) en utilisant le [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-" -"rustdoc.html). C'est idiomatic pour documenter tous les éléments publics " -"dans une API utilisant ce modèle." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]" -"(https://docs.rs/rand)." -msgstr "" -"Montrez aux élèves les documents générés pour la caisse \"rand\" sur [`docs." -"rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in " -"real code they should be present." -msgstr "" -"Ce cours n'inclut pas rustdoc sur les diapositives, juste pour économiser de " -"l'espace, mais dans code réel, ils doivent être présents." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not " -"be addressed here." -msgstr "" -"Les commentaires de la documentation interne sont discutés plus tard (dans " -"la page sur les modules) et n'ont pas besoin être abordé ici." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 -msgid "" -"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " -"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" -"testing/doc-tests.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " -"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" -msgstr "" -"Rust a des méthodes, ce sont simplement des fonctions qui sont associées à " -"un type particulier. Le le premier argument d'une méthode est une instance " -"du type auquel elle est associée :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Rectangle {\n" -" width: u32,\n" -" height: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Rectangle {\n" -" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" self.width * self.height\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n" -" self.width += delta;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n" -" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n" -" rect.inc_width(5);\n" -" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " -"class." -msgstr "" -"Nous nous pencherons beaucoup plus sur les méthodes dans l'exercice " -"d'aujourd'hui et dans le cours de demain." - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 -msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" -" Rectangle { width, height }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 -msgid "" -"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods " -"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual " -"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See " -"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 -msgid "" -"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " -"static methods can take arbitrary parameters." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Function Overloading" -msgstr "Surcharge de fonction" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Overloading is not supported:" -msgstr "La surcharge n'est pas prise en charge :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Each function has a single implementation:" -msgstr "Chaque fonction a une seule implémentation :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." -msgstr "Prend toujours un nombre fixe de paramètres." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types." -msgstr "Prend toujours un seul ensemble de types de paramètres." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Default values are not supported:" -msgstr "Les valeurs par défaut ne sont pas prises en charge :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." -msgstr "Tous les sites d'appel ont le même nombre d'arguments." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." -msgstr "Les macros sont parfois utilisées comme alternative." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" -msgstr "Cependant, les paramètres de fonction peuvent être génériques :" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n" -" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n" -" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of " -"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later " -"section." -msgstr "" -"Lors de l'utilisation de génériques, la bibliothèque standard `Into` peut " -"fournir une sorte de polymorphisme sur les types d'arguments. Nous verrons " -"plus de détails dans une section ultérieure." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Jour 1 : Exercices du matin" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" -msgstr "Dans ces exercices, nous allons explorer deux parties de Rust :" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Implicit conversions between types." -msgstr "Conversions implicites entre les types." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." -msgstr "Tableaux et boucles \"for\"." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" -msgstr "Quelques points à considérer lors de la résolution des exercices :" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" -"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) " -"for details on installing Rust." -msgstr "" -"Utilisez une installation Rust locale, si possible. De cette façon, vous " -"pouvez obtenir auto-complétion dans votre éditeur. Voir la page sur " -"\\[Utiliser Cargo\\] pour plus de détails lors de l'installation de Rust." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." -msgstr "Vous pouvez également utiliser le Rust Playground." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose " -"their state if you navigate away from the page." -msgstr "" -"Les extraits de code ne sont pas modifiables à dessein : les extraits de " -"code en ligne perdent leur état si vous quittez la page." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"morning.md) provided." -msgstr "" -"Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) fournie." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " -"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" -msgstr "" -"Rust n'appliquera pas automatiquement les _conversions implicites_ entre les " -"types ([contrairement à C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). Vous pouvez le voir dans un programme comme celui-ci :" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n" -" x * y\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x: i8 = 15;\n" -" let y: i16 = 1000;\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The " -"`From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into` " -"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type " -"expresses that it can be converted into another type." -msgstr "" -"Les types entiers Rust implémentent tous les [`From`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) et [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits pour nous permettre de convertir " -"entre eux. Le trait `From` a un seul `from()` et de même, le trait " -"`Into` a une seule méthode `into()`. La mise en œuvre de ces traits est " -"la façon dont un type exprime qu'il peut être converti en un autre type." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " -"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " -"calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for " -"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for " -"i8`." -msgstr "" -"La bibliothèque standard a une implémentation de `From for i16`, ce qui " -"signifie que nous pouvons convertir une variable `x` de type `i8` en un " -"`i16` en appelant `i16::from(x)`. Ou, plus simple, avec `x.into()`, car " -"`From for i16` créer automatiquement une implémentation de `Into " -"for i8`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so " -"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " -"implementation automatically." -msgstr "" -"Il en va de même pour vos propres implémentations `From` pour vos propres " -"types, il est donc suffisant pour implémenter uniquement `From` pour obtenir " -"automatiquement une implémentation `Into` respective." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." -msgstr "Exécutez le programme ci-dessus et examinez l'erreur du compilateur." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." -msgstr "" -"Mettez à jour le code ci-dessus pour utiliser `into()` pour effectuer la " -"conversion." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " -"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " -"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " -"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you check." -msgstr "" -"Remplacez les types de `x` et `y` par d'autres éléments (tels que `f32`, " -"`bool`, `i128`) pour voir quels types vous pouvez convertir vers quels " -"autres types. Essayer convertir de petits types en grands types et " -"inversement. Vérifier la [documentation de la bibliothèque standard](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) pour voir si `From` est " -"implémenté pour les paires que vous cochez." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" -msgstr "Tableaux et boucles `for`" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" -msgstr "Nous avons vu qu'un tableau peut être déclaré comme ceci :" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" -"`:" -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez imprimer un tel tableau en demandant sa représentation de " -"débogage avec `{:?}` :" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" -" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " -"keyword:" -msgstr "" -"Rust vous permet d'itérer sur des choses comme des tableaux et des plages en " -"utilisant le `for` mot-clé:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" -" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" -" for n in &array {\n" -" print!(\" {n}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"\n" -" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n" -" for i in 0..3 {\n" -" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " -"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " -"columns):" -msgstr "" -"Utilisez ce qui précède pour écrire une fonction `pretty_print` qui imprime " -"joliment une matrice et une fonction `transpose` qui va transposer une " -"matrice (transformer les lignes en colonnes):" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n" -"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" -" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." -msgstr "" -"Codez en dur les deux fonctions pour qu'elles fonctionnent sur des matrices " -"3 × 3." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and implement the " -"functions:" -msgstr "" -"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et implémentez " -"le les fonctions:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" -"\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Bonus Question" -msgstr "Question bonus" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your " -"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional " -"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" -msgstr "" -"Pourriez-vous utiliser des tranches `&[i32]` au lieu de matrices 3 × 3 " -"codées en dur pour votre types d'argument et de retour ? Quelque chose comme " -"`&[&[i32]]` pour un fichier bidimensionnel tranche de tranches. Pourquoi ou " -"pourquoi pas?" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality " -"implementation." -msgstr "" -"Voir le [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) pour une qualité de " -"production mise en œuvre." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " -"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." -msgstr "" -"La solution et la réponse à la section bonus sont disponibles dans le " -"Section [Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 -msgid "" -"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " -"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98 -msgid "Without the `&`..." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99 -msgid "" -"The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " -"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" -"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102 -msgid "" -"An implicit array copy would have occurred. Since `i32` is a copy type, " -"then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " -"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " -"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " -"work similarly in Rust." -msgstr "" -"Comme nous l'avons vu, `if` est une expression en Rust. Il est utilisé pour " -"conditionnellement évaluer l'un des deux blocs, mais les blocs peuvent avoir " -"une valeur qui devient alors la valeur de l'expression \"if\". D'autres " -"expressions de flux de contrôle fonctionnent de manière similaire à Rust." - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " -"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" -msgstr "" -"Un bloc en Rust a une valeur et un type : la valeur est la dernière " -"expression du bloc:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = {\n" -" let y = 10;\n" -" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" -" let z = {\n" -" let w = {\n" -" 3 + 4\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" -" y * w\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" -" z - y\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26 -msgid "" -"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " -"`()`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " -"return value:" -msgstr "" -"La même règle est utilisée pour les fonctions : la valeur du corps de la " -"fonction est le valeur de retour :" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" x + x\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28 -#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 -#: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Key Points:" -msgstr "Points clés:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " -"Rust. " -msgstr "" -"Le but de cette diapositive est de montrer que les blocs ont un type et une " -"valeur dans Rust." - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " -"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez montrer comment la valeur du bloc change en modifiant la " -"dernière ligne du bloc. Par exemple, ajouter/supprimer un point-virgule ou " -"utiliser un \"retour\"." - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`if` expressions" -msgstr "expressions \"si\"" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " -"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" -msgstr "" -"De plus, vous pouvez l'utiliser comme expression. Cela fait la même chose " -"que ci-dessus:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 -msgid "" -"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " -"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " -"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`for` loops" -msgstr "Boucles `for`" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " -"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " -"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" -msgstr "" -"L'expression `for` est étroitement liée à l'expression `while let`. Ce sera " -"appelez automatiquement `into_iter()` sur l'expression, puis parcourez-la :" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -"\n" -" for x in v {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -" \n" -" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" -" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." -msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser `break` et `continue` ici comme d'habitude." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." -msgstr "" -"L'itération d'index n'est pas une syntaxe spéciale dans Rust pour ce cas " -"précis." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " -msgstr "`(0..10)` est une plage qui implémente un trait `Iterator`." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " -"element. " -msgstr "" -"`step_by` est une méthode qui renvoie un autre `Iterator` qui saute tous les " -"autres éléments." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " -"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." -msgstr "" -"Modifier les éléments du vecteur et expliquer les erreurs du compilateur. " -"Modifiez le vecteur `v` pour qu'il soit modifiable et la boucle for en `for " -"x in v.iter_mut()`." - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`while` loops" -msgstr "Expressions `while`" - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" -"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" while x != 1 {\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`break` and `continue`" -msgstr "`pause` et `continue`" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 -msgid "" -"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:7 +msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 -msgid "" -"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:11 +msgid "\"Greetings\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " -"used to break out of nested loops:" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:12 +msgid "\"🪐\"" msgstr "" -"Si vous voulez quitter une boucle plus tôt, utilisez `break`, si vous voulez " -"commencer immédiatement la prochaine itération utilise `continue`. " -"`continue` et `break` peuvent éventuellement prenez un argument d'étiquette " -"qui est utilisé pour sortir des boucles imbriquées :" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" let mut i = 0;\n" -" while i < x {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" -" i += 1;\n" -" if i == 3 {\n" -" break 'outer;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:15 +msgid "\", \"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:17 +msgid "\"final sentence: {}\"" msgstr "" -"Dans ce cas, nous cassons la boucle externe après 3 itérations de la boucle " -"interne." -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`loop` expressions" -msgstr "\\# expressions de \"boucle\"" - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:18 src/async/control-flow/join.md:30 +msgid "\"{:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:19 +msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" msgstr "" -"Enfin, il existe un mot-clé `loop` qui crée une boucle sans fin. Ici, vous " -"devez soit `break` ou `return` pour arrêter la boucle :" -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:25 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut x = 10;\n" -" loop {\n" -" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" -" x / 2\n" -" } else {\n" -" 3 * x + 1\n" -" };\n" -" if x == 1 {\n" -" break;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more depth " +"later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to use strings." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 -msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:28 +msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:30 msgid "" -"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " -"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " -"`while` and `for` loops)." +"`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and methods " +"like `s.push_str(..)`." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:32 msgid "" -"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " -"by default:" +"The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover " +"references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a read-" +"only string\"." msgstr "" -"Rust fournit une sécurité de type via le typage statique. Les liaisons " -"variables sont immuables par défaut:" -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:35 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x: i32 = 10;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" // x = 20;\n" -" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. " +"`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. Adjust " +"it to a range that does, based on the error message." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 -#, fuzzy +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:39 msgid "" -"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " -"types less and less as the course progresses." +"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " +"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " +"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" msgstr "" -"En raison de l'inférence de type, le `i32` est facultatif. Nous montrerons " -"progressivement les types de moins en moins au fur et à mesure que le cours " -"avance." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "" "Rust examinera comment la variable est _utilisée_ pour déterminer le type :" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" -" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" -" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = 10;\n" -" let y = 20;\n" -"\n" -" takes_u32(x);\n" -" takes_i8(y);\n" -" // takes_u32(y);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " @@ -4561,7 +3084,7 @@ msgstr "" "fonction des contraintes données par les déclarations et les utilisations " "des variables." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " @@ -4576,253 +3099,282 @@ msgstr "" "à la déclaration explicite d'un type. Le compilateur fait le travail pour " "nous et nous aide à écrire un code plus concis." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:33 +msgid "" +"When nothing constrains the type of an integer literal, Rust defaults to " +"`i32`. This sometimes appears as `{integer}` in error messages. Similarly, " +"floating-point literals default to `f64`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:42 +msgid "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The first and second Fibonacci numbers are both `1`. For n>2, he n'th " +"Fibonacci number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and " +"n-2'th Fibonacci numbers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"Write a function `fib(n)` that calculates the n'th Fibonacci number. When " +"will this function panic?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:13 +msgid "// The base case.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:14 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:17 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:26 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Implement this\"" +msgstr "Mise en œuvre" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:16 +msgid "// The recursive case.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:23 src/types-and-values/solution.md:14 +msgid "\"fib(n) = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" +msgstr "" +"Une grande partie de la syntaxe de Rust vous sera familière en C, C++ ou " +"Java :" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces." +msgstr "Les blocs et les portées sont délimités par des accolades." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " -"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " -"using `_` as a placeholder:" +"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " +"*/`." msgstr "" -"Le code suivant indique au compilateur de copier dans un certain conteneur " -"générique sans que le code ne spécifie jamais explicitement le type contenu, " -"en utilisant `_` comme espace réservé :" +"Les commentaires de ligne commencent par `//`, les commentaires de bloc sont " +"délimités par `/* ... */`." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." +msgstr "Des mots-clés comme `if` et `while` fonctionnent de la même manière." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." +msgstr "" +"L'affectation des variables se fait avec `=`, la comparaison se fait avec " +"`==`." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`if` expressions" +msgstr "expressions \"si\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:13 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" v.push((10, false));\n" -" v.push((20, true));\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" -" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:21 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:38 +msgid "\"small\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:23 +msgid "\"biggish\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:25 +msgid "\"huge\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" -"HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " +"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) repose sur `FromIterator`, qui \\[`HashSet`\\](https:/ /" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implémente." +"De plus, vous pouvez l'utiliser comme expression. Cela fait la même chose " +"que ci-dessus:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:40 +msgid "\"large\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:42 +msgid "\"number size: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:48 +msgid "" +"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " +"branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` " +"after `\"small\"` in the second example." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:50 +msgid "" +"When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to " +"separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see " +"the compiler error." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:3 +msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "Static and Constant Variables" -msgstr "Variables statiques et constantes" +msgid "`while`" +msgstr "Expressions `while`" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 -msgid "" -"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" -"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " -"the program. " -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`const`" -msgstr "`const`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8 -msgid "" -"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " -"inlined wherever they are used:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" -"const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n" -"\n" -"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" -" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" -" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" -" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." -"wrapping_add(b);\n" -" }\n" -" digest\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" -" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" +"expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the " +"loop body as long as the condition is true." msgstr "" -"Selon le \\[Rust RFC Book\\] [1](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), ceux-ci sont intégrés lors de l'utilisation." +"Comme avec `if`, il existe une variante `while let` qui teste à plusieurs " +"reprises une valeur contre un modèle :" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 -msgid "" -"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " -"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:17 +msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "`static`" -msgstr "`statique`" +msgid "`for`" +msgstr "Boucles `for`" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35 -msgid "" -"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " -"therefore will not move:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:37 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " -"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " -"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " -"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " -"`const` is generally preferred." +"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates " +"over ranges of values:" msgstr "" -"Comme indiqué dans le \\[Rust RFC Book\\] [1](https://rust-lang.github.io/" -"rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), ceux-ci ne sont pas alignés lors de " -"l'utilisation et ont un emplacement de mémoire associé réel. Ceci est utile " -"pour le code non sécurisé et intégré, et la variable vit tout au long de " -"l'exécution du programme." +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) utilisé pour " +"définir les destructeurs." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 -msgid "" -"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " -"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible " -"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any " -"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../" -"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust." +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:34 +msgid "`loop`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." -msgstr "" -"Mentionnez que `const` se comporte sémantiquement de la même manière que " -"`constexpr` de C++." - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " -"global variable in C++." +"The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " +"loops forever, until a `break`." msgstr "" -"`static`, d'autre part, ressemble beaucoup plus à une variable globale " -"`const` ou mutable en C++." +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) utilisé pour " +"définir les destructeurs." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:44 +msgid "\"{i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:54 msgid "" -"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " -"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." +"We will discuss iteration later; for now, just stick to range expressions." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:55 +msgid "" +"Note that the `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax for " +"an inclusive range." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:3 +msgid "" +"If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " +"`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the " +"`loop` expression." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:7 +msgid "" +"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:23 +msgid "\"{result}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " -"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " +"used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" -"Il n'est pas très courant d'avoir besoin d'une constante évaluée à " -"l'exécution, mais c'est utile et plus sûr que d'utiliser un statique." +"Si vous voulez quitter une boucle plus tôt, utilisez `break`, si vous voulez " +"commencer immédiatement la prochaine itération utilise `continue`. " +"`continue` et `break` peuvent éventuellement prenez un argument d'étiquette " +"qui est utilisé pour sortir des boucles imbriquées :" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61 -msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:36 +msgid "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63 -msgid "Properties table:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Property" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:46 #, fuzzy -msgid "Static" -msgstr "`statique`" +msgid "" +"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +msgstr "" +"Dans ce cas, nous cassons la boucle externe après 3 itérations de la boucle " +"interne." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Constant" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:50 +msgid "" +"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " +"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " +"`while` and `for` loops)." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -msgid "Has an address in memory" -msgstr "" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:3 +msgid "Blocks" +msgstr "Blocs" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Yes" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -msgid "No (inlined)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" -msgstr "La fonction `main` est le point d'entrée du programme." +msgid "" +"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " +"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" +msgstr "" +"Un bloc en Rust a une valeur et un type : la valeur est la dernière " +"expression du bloc:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "No" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:14 +msgid "\"y: {y}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -msgid "Can be mutable" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:21 +msgid "" +"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " +"`()`." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -msgid "Yes (unsafe)" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:23 +msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" +msgstr "Portée et masquage" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:25 +msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Evaluated at compile time" -msgstr "Les valeurs ont des tailles fixes connues au moment de la compilation." - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " @@ -4831,44 +3383,62 @@ msgstr "" "Vous pouvez masquer des variables, à la fois celles des portées externes et " "celles des même périmètre :" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = 10;\n" -" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let a = \"hello\";\n" -" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" let a = true;\n" -" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:33 +msgid "\"before: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:7 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:19 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:216 +msgid "\"hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:36 +msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:39 +msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:42 +msgid "\"after: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " -"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " -"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " +"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " +"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." +msgstr "" +"Vous pouvez montrer comment la valeur du bloc change en modifiant la " +"dernière ligne du bloc. Par exemple, ajouter/supprimer un point-virgule ou " +"utiliser un \"retour\"." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:49 +msgid "" +"Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block " +"in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:50 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both " +"variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under " +"the same name, depending where you use it in the code." msgstr "" "Définition : l'occultation est différente de la mutation, car après " "l'occultation, les emplacements de mémoire des deux variables existent en " "même temps. Les deux sont disponibles sous le même nom, selon l'endroit où " "vous l'utilisez dans le code." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:51 #, fuzzy -msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " +msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type." msgstr "Une variable d'occultation peut avoir un type différent." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " @@ -4877,726 +3447,545 @@ msgstr "" "L'ombrage semble obscur au début, mais est pratique pour conserver les " "valeurs après `.unwrap()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:20 +msgid "" +"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " +"programming languages), then a return type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:21 +msgid "" +"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " +"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` " +"keyword can be used for early return, but the \"bare value\" form is " +"idiomatic at the end of a function (refactor `gcd` to use a `return`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:23 +msgid "" +"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " +"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " -"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " -"does not change." -msgstr "" -"Le code suivant montre pourquoi le compilateur ne peut pas simplement " -"réutiliser les emplacements de mémoire lors de l'observation d'une variable " -"immuable dans une portée, même si le type ne change pas." +"Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation." +msgstr "Chaque fonction a une seule implémentation :" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:25 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = 1;\n" -" let b = &a;\n" -" let a = a + 1;\n" -" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Always takes a fixed number of parameters. Default arguments are not " +"supported. Macros can be used to support variadic functions." msgstr "" -#: src/enums.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " -"variants:" -msgstr "" -"Le mot clé `enum` permet la création d'un type qui a quelques différentes " -"variantes :" +"Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, " +"which will be covered later." +msgstr "Prend toujours un seul ensemble de types de paramètres." -#: src/enums.md:6 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:3 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" -" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" -" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum CoinFlip {\n" -" Heads,\n" -" Tails,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" -" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" -" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" -" } else {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Macros are expanded into Rust code during compilation, and can take a " +"variable number of arguments. They are distinguished by a `!` at the end. " +"The Rust standard library includes an assortment of useful macros." msgstr "" -#: src/enums.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" -msgstr "" -"Les énumérations vous permettent de collecter un ensemble de valeurs sous un " -"type" - -#: src/enums.md:37 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " -"`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +"`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting " +"described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." msgstr "" -"Cette page propose un type d'énumération `CoinFlip` avec deux variantes " -"`Heads` et `Tail`. Vous pouvez noter l'espace de noms lors de l'utilisation " -"de variantes." +"La surcharge d'opérateur est implémentée via des traits dans [`std::ops`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html) :" -#: src/enums.md:38 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:8 +msgid "" +"`format!(format, ..)` works just like `println!` but returns the result as a " +"string." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:9 +msgid "`dbg!(expression)` logs the value of the expression and returns it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:10 +msgid "" +"`todo!()` marks a bit of code as not-yet-implemented. If executed, it will " +"panic." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:11 +msgid "" +"`unreachable!()` marks a bit of code as unreachable. If executed, it will " +"panic." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:28 +msgid "\"{n}! = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:34 +msgid "" +"The takeaway from this section is that these common conveniences exist, and " +"how to use them. Why they are defined as macros, and what they expand to, is " +"not especially critical." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:38 +msgid "" +"The course does not cover defining macros, but a later section will describe " +"use of derive macros." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is " +"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 #, fuzzy -msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" -msgstr "C'est peut-être le bon moment pour comparer Structs et Enums :" +msgid "1" +msgstr "12" -#: src/enums.md:39 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 +msgid " greater than zero:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "If _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid "_ is even, then _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i+1" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " = n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " / 2_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "_ is odd, then _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " = 3 * n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " + 1_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "For example, beginning with _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "_ = 3:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:11 +msgid "3 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "2" +msgstr "12" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:11 +msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "10 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "3" +msgstr "3" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "5 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "4" +msgstr "4" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "_ = 3 * 15 + 1 = 16;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "16 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "5" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "8 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "6" +msgstr "6" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "4 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "7" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "2 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "8" +msgstr "8" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "_ = 1; and" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 +msgid "the sequence terminates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:20 +msgid "" +"Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " +"initial `n`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:24 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:20 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:30 +msgid "\"Length: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome Back" +msgstr "Bienvenue" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 +msgid "" +"Tuples and arrays are the first \"compound\" types we have seen. All " +"elements of an array have the same type, while tuples can accommodate " +"different types. Both types have a size fixed at compile time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:27 +msgid "Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[T; N]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:9 +msgid "Tuples" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Array assignment and access:" +msgstr "Affectation et accès aux baies :" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" +msgstr "Affectation et accès aux tuples :" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Arrays:" +msgstr "Tableaux :" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:40 +msgid "" +"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " +"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " +"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " +"different types. Slices, which have a size determined at runtime, are " +"covered later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:45 +msgid "" +"Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at " +"runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be " +"avoided using unsafe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:49 +msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:51 +msgid "" +"The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format " +"parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. " +"Types such as integers and strings implement the default output, but arrays " +"only implement the debug output. This means that we must use debug output " +"here." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:56 +msgid "" +"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " +"easier to read." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:58 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tuples:" +msgstr "Tuples :" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." +msgstr "Comme les tableaux, les tuples ont une longueur fixe." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:62 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." +msgstr "" +"Les tuples regroupent des valeurs de différents types dans un type composé." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:64 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " -"with different types of fields (variant payloads). " +"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " +"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "" -"Dans les deux cas, vous pouvez avoir une version simple sans champs " -"(structure d'unité) ou une version avec différents types de champs (charges " -"utiles variantes)." +"Les champs d'un tuple sont accessibles par le point et l'index de la valeur, " +"par ex. `t.0`, `t.1`." -#: src/enums.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." -msgstr "" -"Dans les deux cas, les fonctions associées sont définies dans un bloc `impl`." - -#: src/enums.md:41 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:66 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " -"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " -"all defined in an enum. " +"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " +"and the only valid value of that type --- that is to say both the type and " +"its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " +"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide." msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez même implémenter les différentes variantes d'une énumération " -"avec des structures distinctes, mais elles ne seraient alors pas du même " -"type que si elles étaient toutes définies dans une énumération." +"Le tuple vide `()` est également appelé \"type d'unité\". C'est à la fois un " +"type et la seule valeur valide de ce type - c'est-à-dire à la fois le type " +"et sa valeur sont exprimés par `()`. Il est utilisé pour indiquer, par " +"exemple, qu'une fonction ou expression n'a pas de valeur de retour, comme " +"nous le verrons dans une prochaine diapositive." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:70 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " -"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " +"programming languages." msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez définir des énumérations plus riches où les variantes " -"transportent des données. Vous pouvez ensuite utiliser le instruction " -"`match` pour extraire les données de chaque variante :" +"Vous pouvez le considérer comme un \"vide\" qui peut vous être familier " +"d'autres langages de programmation." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:3 +msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:18 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum WebEvent {\n" -" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" -" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" -" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" -" match event {\n" -" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" -" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" -" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" -" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" -" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" -"\n" -" inspect(load);\n" -" inspect(press);\n" -" inspect(click);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"This functionality uses the `IntoIterator` trait, but we haven't covered " +"that yet." msgstr "" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:20 +msgid "" +"The `assert_ne!` macro is new here. There are also `assert_eq!` and `assert!" +"` macros. These are always checked while, debug-only variants like " +"`debug_assert!` compile to nothing in release builds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " -"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " -"after the `=>`." -msgstr "" -"Les valeurs des variantes enum ne sont accessibles qu'après avoir été mises " -"en correspondance avec le modèle. Le modèle lie les références aux champs " -"dans le \"match arm\" après le `=>`." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " -"no fall-through like in C or C++." -msgstr "" -"L'expression est comparée aux modèles de haut en bas. Il n'y a pas de " -"basculement comme en C ou C++." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " -"match arm which was executed." -msgstr "" -"L'expression de correspondance a une valeur. La valeur est la dernière " -"expression du bras de correspondance qui a été exécutée." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " -"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " -msgstr "" -"En partant du haut, nous cherchons quel modèle correspond à la valeur, puis " -"exécutons le code en suivant la flèche. Une fois que nous trouvons une " -"correspondance, nous nous arrêtons." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " -"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " -msgstr "" -"Démontrer ce qui se passe lorsque la recherche est inépuisable. Notez " -"l'avantage que le compilateur Rust fournit en confirmant quand tous les cas " -"sont traités." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." -msgstr "`match` inspecte un champ discriminant caché dans `enum`." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" -"discriminant()`" -msgstr "" -"Il est possible de récupérer le discriminant en appelant `std::mem::" -"discriminant()`" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " -"comparing field values doesn't affect equality." -msgstr "" -"Ceci est utile, par exemple, si vous implémentez `PartialEq` pour des " -"structures où la comparaison des valeurs de champ n'affecte pas l'égalité." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " -"cannot implement traits, for example." -msgstr "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` n'est pas exactement le même que `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` avec un niveau supérieur `struct Click { ... }`. La version en " -"ligne ne peut pas implémenter de traits, par exemple." - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " -"account:" -msgstr "" -"Les énumérations de Rust sont emballées étroitement, en tenant compte des " -"contraintes d'alignement :" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::any::type_name;\n" -"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" -"\n" -"fn dbg_size() {\n" -" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" -" type_name::(), size_of::(), align_of::());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"enum Foo {\n" -" A,\n" -" B,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" dbg_size::();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." -msgstr "" -"Voir la [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:30 -msgid "" -"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " -"variant." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:32 -msgid "" -"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:34 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[repr(u32)]\n" -"enum Bar {\n" -" A, // 0\n" -" B = 10000,\n" -" C, // 10001\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" -" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" -" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:49 -msgid "" -"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " -"bytes." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:53 -msgid "Try out other types such as" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:55 -msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:56 -msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " -"see below)," -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:57 -msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:58 -msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " -"optimization, see below)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:60 -msgid "" -"Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " -"discriminant." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:63 -msgid "" -"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " -"`size_of::>()`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:67 -msgid "" -"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " -"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " -"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:70 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"\n" -"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" -" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" -" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " -"$bit_type>($e));\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" -" // representation of types.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" -" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:105 -msgid "" -"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " -"than 256 `Option`s together." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:107 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" -"\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"\n" -"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" -" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" -" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " -"$bit_type>($e));\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " -"signs.\n" -"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" -"macro_rules! many_options {\n" -" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" -" ($value:expr, @) => {\n" -" Some(Some($value))\n" -" };\n" -" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" -" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" -" // representation of types.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" -" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " -"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " -"They are used for pattern matching:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`if let` expressions" -msgstr "expressions `si nous allons`" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`while let` expressions" -msgstr "expressions `while let`" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`match` expressions" -msgstr "expressions \"correspondantes\"" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " -"whether a value matches a pattern:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" -" if let Some(value) = arg {\n" -" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" -" } else {\n" -" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 -msgid "" -"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " -"in Rust." -msgstr "" -"Voir [Filtrage par motif](../pattern-matching.md) pour plus de détails sur " -"les motifs avec Rust." - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 -msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " -"it more concise than `match`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 -msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 -msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 -msgid "" -"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" -"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " -"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " -"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" -"}\n" -" \n" -"fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" -" let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" -" let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" -" return None;\n" -" };\n" -" Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`while let` loops" -msgstr "expressions `while let`" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " -"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" -msgstr "" -"Comme avec `if`, il existe une variante `while let` qui teste à plusieurs " -"reprises une valeur contre un modèle :" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -"\n" -" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option` on " -"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " -"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " -"items." -msgstr "" -"Ici, l'itérateur renvoyé par `v.iter()` renverra une `Option` à chaque " -"appel à `next()`. Il renvoie `Some(x)` jusqu'à ce qu'il soit terminé, après " -"quoi il renvoie \"Aucun\". Le `while let` nous permet de continuer à " -"parcourir tous les éléments." - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " -"matches the pattern." -msgstr "" -"Soulignez que la boucle `while let` continuera tant que la valeur correspond " -"au modèle." - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " -"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " -"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez réécrire la boucle `while let` comme une boucle infinie avec une " -"instruction if qui s'interrompt lorsqu'il n'y a pas de valeur à déballer " -"pour `iter.next()`. Le `while let` fournit du sucre syntaxique pour le " -"scénario ci-dessus." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" -"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " -"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" -msgstr "" -"Le mot clé `match` est utilisé pour faire correspondre une valeur à un ou " -"plusieurs modèles. Dans en ce sens, cela fonctionne comme une série " -"d'expressions \"if let\":" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" -" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" -" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " -"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." -msgstr "" -"Comme `if let`, chaque bras de correspondance doit avoir le même type. Le " -"type est le dernier expression du bloc, le cas échéant. Dans l'exemple ci-" -"dessus, le type est `()`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." -msgstr "" -"Enregistrez l'expression de correspondance dans une variable et imprimez-la." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." -msgstr "Supprimez `.as_deref()` et expliquez l'erreur." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " -"against `String`." -msgstr "" -"`std::env::args().next()` renvoie une `Option`, mais nous ne pouvons " -"pas comparer `String`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " -"this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." -msgstr "" -"`as_deref()` transforme une `Option` en `Option<&T::Target>`. Dans notre " -"cas, cela transforme `Option` en `Option<&str>`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." -msgstr "" -"Nous pouvons maintenant utiliser le filtrage par motif pour faire " -"correspondre le `&str` à l'intérieur de `Option`." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " +"The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " "The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" "Le mot clé `match` vous permet de faire correspondre une valeur à un ou " "plusieurs _patterns_. Le les comparaisons se font de haut en bas et le " "premier match l'emporte." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" "Les modèles peuvent être des valeurs simples, de la même manière que " "`switch` en C et C++ :" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:8 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:10 +msgid "'x'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:12 +msgid "'q'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:12 +msgid "\"Quitting\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 src/error-handling/exercise.md:66 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:63 src/error-handling/solution.md:65 +msgid "'a'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "'s'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "'w'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "'d'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "\"Moving around\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:58 src/error-handling/exercise.md:66 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:55 src/error-handling/solution.md:57 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:65 +msgid "'0'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:58 src/error-handling/exercise.md:66 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:55 src/error-handling/solution.md:57 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:65 +msgid "'9'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "\"Number input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 +msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:16 +msgid "\"Something else\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:21 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let input = 'x';\n" -"\n" -" match input {\n" -" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" -" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" -" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " +"expressions _must_ be irrefutable, meaning that it covers every possibility, " +"so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:21 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:25 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." +msgid "" +"Match can be used as an expression. Just like like `if`, each match arm must " +"have the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In " +"the example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" -"Le modèle `_` est un modèle générique qui correspond à n'importe quelle " -"valeur." +"Comme `if let`, chaque bras de correspondance doit avoir le même type. Le " +"type est le dernier expression du bloc, le cas échéant. Dans l'exemple ci-" +"dessus, le type est `()`." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:26 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:28 +msgid "" +"A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " +"can be used within the match arm." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:31 +msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:35 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:40 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:28 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:64 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Key Points:" +msgstr "Points clés:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " @@ -5605,256 +3994,27 @@ msgstr "" "Vous pouvez indiquer comment certains caractères spécifiques sont utilisés " "dans un modèle" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:27 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "`|` comme un `ou`" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:28 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "`..` peut s'étendre autant que nécessaire" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:29 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "`1..=5` représente une plage inclusive" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:30 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "`_` est un joker" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " -"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." -msgstr "" -"Il peut être utile de montrer comment fonctionne la liaison, par exemple en " -"remplaçant un caractère générique par une variable ou en supprimant les " -"guillemets autour de `q`." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." -msgstr "Vous pouvez démontrer la correspondance sur une référence." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " -"as the term can show up in error messages." -msgstr "" -"C'est peut-être le bon moment pour évoquer le concept de modèles " -"irréfutables, car le terme peut apparaître dans les messages d'erreur." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " -"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " -"`enum` type:" -msgstr "" -"Les modèles peuvent également être utilisés pour lier des variables à des " -"parties de vos valeurs. C'est ainsi vous inspectez la structure de vos " -"types. Commençons par un simple type `enum` :" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum Result {\n" -" Ok(i32),\n" -" Err(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" -" if n % 2 == 0 {\n" -" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" -" } else {\n" -" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let n = 100;\n" -" match divide_in_two(n) {\n" -" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" -" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " -"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " -"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." -msgstr "" -"Ici, nous avons utilisé les bras pour _déstructurer_ la valeur `Result`. En " -"premier arm, `half` est lié à la valeur à l'intérieur de la variante `Ok`. " -"Dans le deuxième bras, `msg` est lié au message d'erreur." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " -"a `match`." -msgstr "" -"L'expression `if`/`else` renvoie une énumération qui est ensuite " -"décompressée avec une `match`." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " -"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " -"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez essayer d'ajouter une troisième variante à la définition enum et " -"d'afficher les erreurs lors de l'exécution du code. Indiquez les endroits où " -"votre code est maintenant inexhaustif et comment le compilateur essaie de " -"vous donner des indices." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" -msgstr "Vous pouvez également déstructurer les `structs` :" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Foo {\n" -" x: (u32, u32),\n" -" y: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" -" match foo {\n" -" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" -" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" -" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " -"ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 -msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 -msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 -msgid "" -"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " -"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " -"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez déstructurer des tableaux, des tuples et des tranches en faisant " -"correspondre leurs éléments :" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" -" match triple {\n" -" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 -msgid "" -"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " -"length." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" -" match slice {\n" -" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 -msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 -msgid "Add more values to the array." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 -msgid "" -"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " -"elements." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 -msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " -"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" -msgstr "" -"Lors de la correspondance, vous pouvez ajouter un _guard_ à un motif. Ceci " -"est un booléen arbitraire expression qui sera exécutée si le motif " -"correspond à :" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let pair = (2, -2);\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" -" match pair {\n" -" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" -" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" -" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " @@ -5865,7 +4025,7 @@ msgstr "" "sont importants et nécessaires lorsque nous souhaitons exprimer de manière " "concise des idées plus complexes que ne le permettraient les modèles seuls." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " @@ -5879,14 +4039,7 @@ msgstr "" "condition \"si\" à l'intérieur de ce bloc n'entraînera pas d'autres bras de " "l'expression \"match\" d'origine considérée." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez utiliser les variables définies dans le modèle dans votre " -"expression if." - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " @@ -5895,149 +4048,856 @@ msgstr "" "La condition définie dans la garde s'applique à chaque expression dans un " "modèle avec un `|`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Jour 1 : Exercices de l'après-midi" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:3 +msgid "" +"Destructuring is a way of extracting data from a data structure by writing a " +"pattern that is matched up to the data structure, binding variables to " +"subcomponents of the data structure." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "We will look at two things:" -msgstr "Nous allons regarder deux choses :" +msgid "You can destructure tuples and arrays by matching on their elements:" +msgstr "" +"Vous pouvez déstructurer des tableaux, des tuples et des tranches en faisant " +"correspondre leurs éléments :" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"on Y axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"on X axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:20 +msgid "\"left of Y axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:21 +msgid "\"below X axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:22 +msgid "\"first quadrant\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:33 +msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:35 +msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:36 +msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:37 +msgid "\"All elements were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:44 +msgid "Create a new array pattern using `_` to represent an element." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:45 +msgid "Add more values to the array." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "" +"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " +"elements." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:47 +msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:9 #, fuzzy -msgid "The Luhn algorithm," -msgstr "Algorithme de Luhn" +msgid "What is the type of this variable?" +msgstr "Quel est le type de \"mot\" dans chaque boucle ?" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." -msgstr "Énumérations et filtrage par motif." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." +"Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " +"transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" msgstr "" -"Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) fournie." +"Utilisez ce qui précède pour écrire une fonction `pretty_print` qui imprime " +"joliment une matrice et une fonction `transpose` qui va transposer une " +"matrice (transformer les lignes en colonnes):" -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " -"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " -"does the following to validate the credit card number:" +msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." msgstr "" -"L'[algorithme de Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) est " -"utilisé pour valider les numéros de carte de crédit. L'algorithme prend une " -"chaîne en entrée et fait le suivant pour valider le numéro de carte " -"bancaire :" +"Codez en dur les deux fonctions pour qu'elles fonctionnent sur des matrices " +"3 × 3." -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." -msgstr "" -"Ignorer tous les espaces. Numéro de rejet comportant moins de deux chiffres." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " -"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." -msgstr "" -"En se déplaçant de droite à gauche, doubler tous les deux chiffres : pour le " -"nombre `1234`, on double '3' et '1'." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which " -"becomes `5`." -msgstr "" -"Après avoir doublé un chiffre, additionnez les chiffres. Donc doubler '7' " -"devient '14' ce qui devient '5'." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." -msgstr "Additionnez tous les chiffres non doublés et doublés." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." -msgstr "" -"Le numéro de carte de crédit est valide si la somme se termine par '0'." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " -"function." +"functions:" msgstr "" "Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et implémentez " "le les fonctions:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21 -msgid "" -"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " -"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:27 src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:20 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:14 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:49 +msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:25 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:36 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:34 +msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:41 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:43 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:41 +msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:17 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:25 +msgid "//\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:3 msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" +"A reference provides a way to access another value without taking " +"responsibility for the value, and is also called \"borrowing\". Shared " +"references are read-only, and the referenced data cannot change." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:19 +msgid "" +"A shared reference to a type `T` has type `&T`. A reference value is made " +"with the `&` operator. The `*` operator \"dereferences\" a reference, " +"yielding its value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" +msgstr "Rust interdira statiquement les références pendantes :" + +#: src/references/shared.md:34 +msgid "" +"A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to, and this is a good " +"model for students not familiar with pointers: code can use the reference to " +"access the value, but is still \"owned\" by the original variable. The " +"course will get into more detail on ownership in day 3." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:39 +msgid "" +"References are implemented as pointers, and a key advantage is that they can " +"be much smaller than the thing they point to. Students familiar with C or C+" +"+ will recognize references as pointers. Later parts of the course will " +"cover how Rust prevents the memory-safety bugs that come from using raw " +"pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:44 +msgid "" +"Rust does not automatically create references for you - the `&` is always " +"required." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:47 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " +"methods (try `r.count_ones()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like " +"in C++." +msgstr "" +"Rust déréférencera automatiquement dans certains cas, en particulier lors de " +"l'appel méthodes (essayez `ref_x.count_ones()`)." + +#: src/references/shared.md:51 +msgid "" +"In this example, `r` is mutable so that it can be reassigned (`r = &b`). " +"Note that this re-binds `r`, so that it refers to something else. This is " +"different from C++, where assignment to a reference changes the referenced " +"value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:56 +msgid "" +"A shared reference does not allow modifying the value it refers to, even if " +"that value was mutable. Try `*r = 'X'`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:59 +msgid "" +"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +"enough. Dangling references cannot occur in safe Rust. `x_axis` would return " +"a reference to `point`, but `point` will be deallocated when the function " +"returns, so this will not compile." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md:64 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." +msgstr "" +"Nous parlerons davantage de l'emprunt lorsque nous arriverons à la propriété." + +#: src/references/exclusive.md:3 +msgid "" +"Exclusive references, also known as mutable references, allow changing the " +"value they refer to. They have type `&mut T`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exclusive.md:20 +msgid "" +"\"Exclusive\" means that only this reference can be used to access the " +"value. No other references (shared or exclusive) can exist at the same time, " +"and the referenced value cannot be accessed while the exclusive reference " +"exists. Try making an `&point.0` or changing `point.0` while `x_coord` is " +"alive." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exclusive.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let " +"x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be " +"bound to different values, while the second represents an exclusive " +"reference to a mutable value." +msgstr "" +"Assurez-vous de noter la différence entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` et `let " +"ref_x: &mut i32`. Le premier représente une référence mutable qui peut être " +"liée à différentes valeurs, tandis que la seconde représente une référence à " +"une valeur modifiable." + +#: src/references/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will create a few utility functions for 3-dimensional geometry, " +"representing a point as `[f64;3]`. It is up to you to determine the function " +"signatures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its " +"coordinates\n" +"// and taking the square root. Use the `sqrt()` method to calculate the " +"square\n" +"// root, like `v.sqrt()`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:15 +msgid "" +"// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its\n" +"// coordinates by that magnitude.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:23 +msgid "// Use the following `main` to test your work.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:28 src/references/solution.md:23 +msgid "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:33 src/references/solution.md:28 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/exercise.md:35 src/references/solution.md:30 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/solution.md:12 +msgid "" +"/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its " +"direction.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" +msgstr "Comme C et C++, Rust prend en charge les structures personnalisées :" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:12 +msgid "\"{} is {} years old\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:17 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:87 +msgid "\"Peter\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:25 +msgid "\"Avery\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:31 +msgid "\"Jackie\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:42 +msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:43 +msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:44 +msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:45 +msgid "" +"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " +"structs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:46 +msgid "" +"Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a " +"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " +"value itself." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:47 +msgid "" +"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " +"not important." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:48 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " +"struct using a shorthand." +msgstr "" +"Si vous avez déjà des variables avec les bons noms, vous pouvez créer le " +"struct en utilisant un raccourci :" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:50 +msgid "" +"The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " +"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " +"the last element." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" +msgstr "" +"Si les noms de champ ne sont pas importants, vous pouvez utiliser une " +"structure tuple :" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:13 +msgid "\"({}, {})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" +msgstr "" +"Ceci est souvent utilisé pour les wrappers à champ unique (appelés newtypes):" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:24 +msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:28 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:14 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:96 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:99 +msgid "// ...\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " +"a primitive type, for example:" +msgstr "" +"Les nouveaux types sont un excellent moyen d'encoder des informations " +"supplémentaires sur la valeur dans un type primitif, par exemple :" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." +msgstr "" +"Le nombre est mesuré dans certaines unités : `Newtons` dans l'exemple ci-" +"dessus." + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " +"to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`." +msgstr "" +"La valeur a été validée lors de sa création, vous n'avez donc plus besoin de " +"la valider à chaque utilisation : 'PhoneNumber(String)`ou`OddNumber(u32)\\`." + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " +"single field in the newtype." +msgstr "" +"Montrez comment ajouter une valeur `f64` à un type `Newtons` en accédant au " +"champ unique dans le nouveau type." + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " +"for instance using booleans as integers." +msgstr "" +"Rust n'aime généralement pas les choses inexplicites, comme le déballage " +"automatique ou, par exemple, l'utilisation de booléens comme entiers." + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." +msgstr "La surcharge des opérateurs est discutée le jour 3 (génériques)." + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:46 +msgid "" +"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " +"variants:" +msgstr "" +"Le mot clé `enum` permet la création d'un type qui a quelques différentes " +"variantes :" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:15 +msgid "// Simple variant\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:16 +msgid "// Tuple variant\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:17 +msgid "// Struct variant\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:22 +msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type." +msgstr "" +"Les énumérations vous permettent de collecter un ensemble de valeurs sous un " +"type" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:31 +msgid "" +"`Direction` is a type with variants. There are two values of `Direction`: " +"`Direction::Left` and `Direction::Right`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:32 +msgid "" +"`PlayerMove` is a type with three variants. In addition to the payloads, " +"Rust will store a discriminant so that it knows at runtime which variant is " +"in a `PlayerMove` value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:" +msgstr "C'est peut-être le bon moment pour comparer Structs et Enums :" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " +"with different types of fields (variant payloads)." +msgstr "" +"Dans les deux cas, vous pouvez avoir une version simple sans champs " +"(structure d'unité) ou une version avec différents types de champs (charges " +"utiles variantes)." + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " +"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " +"all defined in an enum." +msgstr "" +"Vous pouvez même implémenter les différentes variantes d'une énumération " +"avec des structures distinctes, mais elles ne seraient alors pas du même " +"type que si elles étaient toutes définies dans une énumération." + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:36 +msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:37 +msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:38 +msgid "" +"If the allowed variant values do not cover all bit patterns, it will use " +"invalid bit patterns to encode the discriminant (the \"niche " +"optimization\"). For example, `Option<&u8>` stores either a pointer to an " +"integer or `NULL` for the `None` variant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:42 +msgid "" +"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:60 +msgid "" +"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " +"bytes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:63 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:67 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:47 src/memory-management/move.md:91 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:72 src/borrowing/shared.md:31 +msgid "More to Explore" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:65 +msgid "" +"Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less " +"space." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:67 +msgid "" +"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " +"`size_of::>()`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:71 +msgid "" +"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " +"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " +"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:3 +msgid "" +"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" +"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " +"the program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`const`" +msgstr "`const`" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:8 +msgid "" +"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " +"inlined wherever they are used:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +msgstr "" +"Selon le \\[Rust RFC Book\\] [1](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), ceux-ci sont intégrés lors de l'utilisation." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:32 +msgid "" +"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " +"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`static`" +msgstr "`statique`" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:36 +msgid "" +"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " +"therefore will not move:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" +msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 1" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:42 +msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " +"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " +"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " +"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " +"`const` is generally preferred." +msgstr "" +"Comme indiqué dans le \\[Rust RFC Book\\] [1](https://rust-lang.github.io/" +"rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), ceux-ci ne sont pas alignés lors de " +"l'utilisation et ont un emplacement de mémoire associé réel. Ceci est utile " +"pour le code non sécurisé et intégré, et la variable vit tout au long de " +"l'exécution du programme." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." +msgstr "" +"Mentionnez que `const` se comporte sémantiquement de la même manière que " +"`constexpr` de C++." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:53 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " +"global variable in C++." +msgstr "" +"`static`, d'autre part, ressemble beaucoup plus à une variable globale " +"`const` ou mutable en C++." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:54 +msgid "" +"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " +"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:55 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " +"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +msgstr "" +"Il n'est pas très courant d'avoir besoin d'une constante évaluée à " +"l'exécution, mais c'est utile et plus sûr que d'utiliser un statique." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:57 +msgid "Properties table:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:59 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +msgid "Property" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Static" +msgstr "`statique`" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:59 +msgid "Constant" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:61 +msgid "Has an address in memory" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:61 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:62 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:64 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:65 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:61 +msgid "No (inlined)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:62 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" +msgstr "La fonction `main` est le point d'entrée du programme." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:62 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:63 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:65 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "No" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:63 +msgid "Can be mutable" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:63 +msgid "Yes (unsafe)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:64 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Evaluated at compile time" +msgstr "Les valeurs ont des tailles fixes connues au moment de la compilation." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:64 +msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:65 +msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:69 +msgid "" +"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " +"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:3 +msgid "" +"A type alias creates a name for another type. The two types can be used " +"interchangeably." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:12 +msgid "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:20 +msgid "C programmers will recognize this as similar to a `typedef`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will create a data structure to represent an event in an elevator control " +"system. It is up to you to define the types and functions to construct " +"various events. Use `#[derive(Debug)]` to allow the types to be formatted " +"with `{:?}`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:8 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:39 +msgid "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:12 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:44 +msgid "/// The car doors have opened.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:17 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:49 +msgid "/// The car doors have closed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:22 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:54 +msgid "" +"/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given " +"floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:27 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:59 +msgid "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:35 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:67 +msgid "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:39 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:71 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:42 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:74 +msgid "\"The car door opened: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:44 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:47 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:79 +msgid "\"The car door closed: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:48 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:80 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:52 +msgid "" +"This exercise only requires creating data structures. The next part of the " +"course will cover getting data out of these structures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:4 +msgid "" +"/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:7 +msgid "/// A button was pressed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:10 +msgid "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// The car's doors have opened.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// The car's doors have closed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:19 +msgid "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:22 +msgid "/// A direction of travel.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:29 +msgid "/// A user-accessible button.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:33 +msgid "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:36 +msgid "/// A floor button within the car.\n" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 @@ -6047,149 +4907,2423 @@ msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 2" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" +msgid "" +"Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, today will focus on Rust's type " +"system:" msgstr "" "Maintenant que nous avons vu une bonne quantité de Rust, nous allons " "continuer avec :" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 -msgid "" -"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " -"memory management, and garbage collection." +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pattern matching: extracting data from structures." +msgstr "" +"Filtrage par motif : déstructuration des énumérations, des structures et des " +"tableaux." + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 +msgid "Methods: associating functions with types." msgstr "" -"Gestion de la mémoire : pile contre tas, gestion manuelle de la mémoire, " -"gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée et le ramassage des ordures." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 -msgid "" -"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +msgid "Traits: behaviors shared by multiple types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 +msgid "Generics: parameterizing types on other types." msgstr "" -"Propriété : sémantique de déplacement, copie et clonage, emprunt et durée de " -"vie." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Structs and methods." -msgstr "Structures, énumérations, méthodes." +msgid "" +"Standard library types and traits: a tour of Rust's rich standard library." +msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:3 +msgid "Like tuples, structs and enums can also be destructured by matching:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:57 +msgid "Structs" +msgstr "Structures" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:17 +msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " -"`Rc` and `Arc`." +"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " +"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " +"`enum` type:" msgstr "" -"La bibliothèque standard : `String`, `Option` et `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " -"`Rc` et \"Arc\"." +"Les modèles peuvent également être utilisés pour lier des variables à des " +"parties de vos valeurs. C'est ainsi vous inspectez la structure de vos " +"types. Commençons par un simple type `enum` :" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." -msgstr "Modules : visibilité, chemins et hiérarchie du système de fichiers." - -#: src/memory-management.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:38 +msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" msgstr "" -"Traditionnellement, les langues se répartissent en deux grandes catégories :" -#: src/memory-management.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:45 +msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" msgstr "" -"Contrôle total via la gestion manuelle de la mémoire : C, C++, Pascal, ..." -#: src/memory-management.md:6 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " -"Haskell, ..." +"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " +"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " +"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" -"Sécurité totale via la gestion automatique de la mémoire à l'exécution : " -"Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..." +"Ici, nous avons utilisé les bras pour _déstructurer_ la valeur `Result`. En " +"premier arm, `half` est lié à la valeur à l'intérieur de la variante `Ok`. " +"Dans le deuxième bras, `msg` est lié au message d'erreur." -#: src/memory-management.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" -msgstr "Rust propose un nouveau mix :" +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:59 +msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management.md:10 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:60 +msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:61 +msgid "" +"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " +"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " +"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:68 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " -"management." +"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " +"a `match`." msgstr "" -"Contrôle total * et * sécurité via l'application du temps de compilation de " -"la mémoire correcte gestion." +"L'expression `if`/`else` renvoie une énumération qui est ensuite " +"décompressée avec une `match`." -#: src/memory-management.md:13 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:69 #, fuzzy -msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." -msgstr "Il le fait avec un concept de propriété explicite." - -#: src/memory-management.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." +msgid "" +"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " +"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " +"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" -"Tout d'abord, rafraîchissons le fonctionnement de la gestion de la mémoire." +"Vous pouvez essayer d'ajouter une troisième variante à la définition enum et " +"d'afficher les erreurs lors de l'exécution du code. Indiquez les endroits où " +"votre code est maintenant inexhaustif et comment le compilateur essaie de " +"vous donner des indices." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:70 #, fuzzy -msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" -msgstr "La pile contre le tas" +msgid "" +"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " +"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " +"after the `=>`." +msgstr "" +"Les valeurs des variantes enum ne sont accessibles qu'après avoir été mises " +"en correspondance avec le modèle. Le modèle lie les références aux champs " +"dans le \"match arm\" après le `=>`." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:71 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " +"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled." +msgstr "" +"Démontrer ce qui se passe lorsque la recherche est inépuisable. Notez " +"l'avantage que le compilateur Rust fournit en confirmant quand tous les cas " +"sont traités." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " +"They are used for pattern matching:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:6 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`if let` expressions" +msgstr "expressions `si nous allons`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`while let` expressions" +msgstr "expressions `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`match` expressions" +msgstr "expressions \"correspondantes\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:11 +msgid "" +"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " +"whether a value matches a pattern:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:23 +msgid "\"slept for {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`let else` expressions" +msgstr "expressions `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:33 +msgid "" +"For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, " +"use [`let else`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/" +"let_else.html). The \"else\" case must diverge (`return`, `break`, or panic " +"- anything but falling off the end of the block)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:44 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:101 +msgid "\"got None\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:50 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:105 +msgid "\"got empty string\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:56 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:109 +msgid "\"not a hex digit\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:61 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:128 +msgid "\"result: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:61 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:121 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:122 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:123 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:16 +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:66 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:69 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +#: src/testing/solution.md:89 +msgid "\"foo\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:65 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " +"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" +msgstr "" +"Comme avec `if`, il existe une variante `while let` qui teste à plusieurs " +"reprises une valeur contre un modèle :" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:79 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after " +"which it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through " +"all items." +msgstr "" +"Ici, l'itérateur renvoyé par `v.iter()` renverra une `Option` à chaque " +"appel à `next()`. Il renvoie `Some(x)` jusqu'à ce qu'il soit terminé, après " +"quoi il renvoie \"Aucun\". Le `while let` nous permet de continuer à " +"parcourir tous les éléments." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:86 +msgid "if-let" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:88 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " +"it more concise than `match`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:89 +msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:90 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:92 +msgid "let-else" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:94 +msgid "" +"`if-let`s can pile up, as shown. The `let-else` construct supports " +"flattening this nested code. Rewrite the awkward version for students, so " +"they can see the transformation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:97 +msgid "The rewritten version is:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:116 +#, fuzzy +msgid "while-let" +msgstr "expressions `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:118 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " +"matches the pattern." +msgstr "" +"Soulignez que la boucle `while let` continuera tant que la valeur correspond " +"au modèle." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:119 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " +"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The " +"`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." +msgstr "" +"Vous pouvez réécrire la boucle `while let` comme une boucle infinie avec une " +"instruction if qui s'interrompt lorsqu'il n'y a pas de valeur à déballer " +"pour `iter.next()`. Le `while let` fournit du sucre syntaxique pour le " +"scénario ci-dessus." + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions. Start " +"with an enum defining the binary operations:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:7 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:15 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:12 +msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:19 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:26 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// A literal value\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:29 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:26 +msgid "/// The result of evaluating an expression.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:33 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:30 +msgid "/// Evaluation was successful, with the given result.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:35 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:32 +msgid "/// Evaluation failed, with the given error message.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:37 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:34 +msgid "// Allow `Ok` and `Err` as shorthands for `Res::Ok` and `Res::Err`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:96 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:55 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:117 +msgid "\"division by zero\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:101 +msgid "" +"The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later " +"in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the " +"tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator to \"unbox\" " +"it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:106 +msgid "" +"Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The `Res` " +"type represents either a successful value or an error with a message. This " +"is very similar to the standard-library `Result` which we will see later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:110 +msgid "" +"Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing " +"`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use " +"`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one. You can also skip a test " +"temporarily with `#[ignore]`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:122 +msgid "" +"If you finish early, try writing a test that results in an integer overflow. " +"How could you handle this with `Res::Err` instead of a panic?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:127 +msgid "\"expr: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " +"an `impl` block:" +msgstr "" +"Rust vous permet d'associer des fonctions à vos nouveaux types. Vous faites " +"cela avec un Bloc `impl` :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:14 +msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:18 +msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:22 +msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:23 +msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:25 +msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:29 +msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:31 +msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:36 +msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:43 +msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:47 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts " +"on. There are several common receivers for a method:" +msgstr "" +"Le `&self` ci-dessus indique que la méthode emprunte l'objet de manière " +"immuable. Là sont d'autres récepteurs possibles pour une méthode :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:50 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " +"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." +msgstr "" +"`&self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un partage et immuable " +"référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " +"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." +msgstr "" +"`&mut self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un nom unique et " +"mutable référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:54 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " +"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " +"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " +"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." +msgstr "" +"`self` : prend possession de l'objet et l'éloigne de l'appelant. Le méthode " +"devient le propriétaire de l'objet. L'objet sera supprimé (désalloué) " +"lorsque la méthode revient, sauf si sa propriété est explicitement transmis." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:58 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object." +msgstr "" +"`mut self` : comme ci-dessus, mais tant que la méthode possède l'objet, elle " +"peut le faire muter aussi. La propriété complète ne signifie pas " +"automatiquement la mutabilité." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " +"create constructors which are called `new` by convention." +msgstr "" +"Pas de récepteur : cela devient une méthode statique sur la structure. " +"Généralement utilisé pour créer des constructeurs appelés \"nouveaux\" par " +"convention." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:65 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." +msgstr "" +"Il peut être utile d'introduire des méthodes en les comparant à des " +"fonctions." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:66 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " +"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +msgstr "" +"Les méthodes sont appelées sur une instance d'un type (tel qu'un struct ou " +"un enum), le premier paramètre représente l'instance en tant que \"self\"." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:67 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " +"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " +"all the implementation code in one predictable place." +msgstr "" +"Les développeurs peuvent choisir d'utiliser des méthodes pour tirer parti de " +"la syntaxe du récepteur de méthode et pour mieux les organiser. En utilisant " +"des méthodes, nous pouvons conserver tout le code d'implémentation en un " +"seul endroit prévisible." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:68 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." +msgstr "Soulignez l'utilisation du mot-clé `self`, un récepteur de méthode." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:69 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " +"the struct name could also be used." +msgstr "" +"Montrez qu'il s'agit d'un terme abrégé pour `self:&Self` et montrez peut-" +"être comment le nom de la structure pourrait également être utilisé." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:70 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " +"can be used elsewhere in the block." +msgstr "" +"Expliquez que `Self` est un alias de type pour le type dans lequel se trouve " +"le bloc `impl` et peut être utilisé ailleurs dans le bloc." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:71 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " +"refer to individual fields." +msgstr "" +"Notez comment `self` est utilisé comme d'autres structures et la notation " +"par points peut être utilisée pour faire référence à des champs individuels." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:72 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " +"by trying to run `finish` twice." +msgstr "" +"C'est peut-être le bon moment pour démontrer en quoi `&self` diffère de " +"`self` en modifiant le code et en essayant d'exécuter say_hello deux fois." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:73 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " +"receiver types, such as `Box`." +msgstr "" +"Au-delà des variantes sur \"self\", il y a aussi \\[types d'emballage " +"spéciaux\\] (https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits." +"html) autorisés à être des types de récepteurs, tels que `Box`." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" +msgstr "" +"Rust vous permet d'abstraire les types avec des traits. Ils sont similaires " +"aux interfaces :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:7 src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:7 +msgid "// No name needed, cats won't respond anyway.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:13 +msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:18 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:14 +msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:22 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:18 +msgid "\"Miau!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:27 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:24 +msgid "\"Fido\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:36 +msgid "" +"A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " +"implement the trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:39 +msgid "Traits are implemented in an `impl for { .. }` block." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Traits may specify pre-implemented (provided) methods and methods that users " +"are required to implement themselves. Provided methods can rely on required " +"methods. In this case, `greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." +msgstr "" +"Les caractéristiques peuvent spécifier des méthodes pré-implémentées (par " +"défaut) et des méthodes que les utilisateurs sont tenus de suivre mettre en " +"œuvre eux-mêmes. Les méthodes avec des implémentations par défaut peuvent " +"s'appuyer sur les méthodes requises." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:3 +msgid "" +"Supported traits can be automatically implemented for your custom types, as " +"follows:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:15 +msgid "// Default trait adds `default` constructor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:16 +msgid "// Clone trait adds `clone` method.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:17 +msgid "\"EldurScrollz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:18 +msgid "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:19 +msgid "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:25 +msgid "" +"Derivation is implemented with macros, and many crates provide useful derive " +"macros to add useful functionality. For example, `serde` can derive " +"serialization support for a struct using `#[derive(Serialize)]`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " +"collection:" +msgstr "" +"Les objets de trait autorisent des valeurs de différents types, par exemple " +"dans une collection :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:27 +msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" +msgstr "Disposition de la mémoire après l'allocation de `pets` :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:34 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": pets : : +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ .->| F | i | d | o " +"| :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | | +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ " +"`---------. :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | data " +"| :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | | +-------+--|-------" +"+ :\n" +": : : | | | '-->| name | o, 4, 4 " +"| :\n" +": : : | | | | age | 5 " +"| :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | +-------+----------" +"+ :\n" +" : | | " +"| :\n" +" : | | | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | | '---->| \"::talk\" " +"| :\n" +" : | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | " +"| :\n" +" : | | " +"data :\n" +" : | | +-------+-------" +"+ :\n" +" : | '-->| lives | 9 " +"| :\n" +" : | +-------+-------" +"+ :\n" +" : " +"| :\n" +" : | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : '---->| \"::talk\" " +"| :\n" +" : +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:68 +msgid "" +"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " +"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:70 +msgid "" +"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " +"implements `Pet`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:72 +msgid "" +"In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " +"the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:74 +msgid "" +"A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " +"the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) for the `Pet` " +"implementation of that particular object." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:77 +msgid "" +"The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " +"has a `lives` field." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:79 +msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:81 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:82 src/std-traits/closures.md:54 +msgid "\"{} {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:83 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:84 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:123 src/std-traits/exercise.md:25 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:31 src/modules/solution.md:70 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:43 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:17 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:59 +msgid "\"{}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " +"trait objects. We'll only implement the drawing of it (as text) for " +"simplicity." +msgstr "" +"Concevons une bibliothèque d'interface graphique classique en utilisant nos " +"nouvelles connaissances sur les traits et objets trait." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" +msgstr "Nous aurons un certain nombre de widgets dans notre bibliothèque :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." +msgstr "`Window` : a un `title` et contient d'autres widgets." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:9 +msgid "" +"`Button`: has a `label`. In reality, it would also take a callback function " +"to allow the program to do something when the button is clicked but we won't " +"include that since we're only drawing the GUI." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." +msgstr "`Label` : a un `label`." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." +msgstr "Les widgets implémenteront un trait `Widget`, voir ci-dessous." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " +"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" +msgstr "" +"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur , remplissez les " +"champs manquants méthodes `draw_into` afin que vous implémentiez le trait " +"`Widget` :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:24 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:5 +#: src/modules/solution.md:22 +msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:27 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:8 +#: src/modules/solution.md:25 +msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:30 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:11 +#: src/modules/solution.md:28 +msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:34 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:15 +#: src/modules/solution.md:32 +msgid "\"{buffer}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:86 +msgid "// TODO: Implement `Widget` for `Label`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:88 +msgid "// TODO: Implement `Widget` for `Button`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:90 +msgid "// TODO: Implement `Widget` for `Window`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:94 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:128 +#: src/modules/solution.md:178 +msgid "\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:95 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:129 +#: src/modules/solution.md:180 +msgid "\"This is a small text GUI demo.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:96 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:130 +#: src/modules/solution.md:182 +msgid "\"Click me!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:101 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" +msgstr "" +"La sortie du programme ci-dessus peut être quelque chose de simple comme " +"ceci :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:113 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " +"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " +"and how you can control alignment:" +msgstr "" +"Si vous voulez dessiner du texte aligné, vous pouvez utiliser le " +"[remplissage/alignement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." +"html#fillalignment) opérateurs de formatage. En particulier, notez comment " +"vous pouvez compléter avec différents caractères (ici un `'/'`) et comment " +"vous pouvez contrôler l'alignement :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:121 +msgid "\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" +msgstr "" +"En utilisant de telles astuces d'alignement, vous pouvez par exemple " +"produire une sortie comme celle-ci :" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:70 +msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:82 src/modules/solution.md:159 +msgid "" +"// TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" +" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" +" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:85 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:91 +#: src/modules/solution.md:162 src/modules/solution.md:168 +msgid "\"+-{:- Point {}`? Isn't that " +"redundant?" +msgstr "" +"_Q :_ Pourquoi `T` est spécifié deux fois dans `impl Point {}` ? N'est-" +"ce pas redondant ?" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " +"They are independently generic." +msgstr "" +"C'est parce qu'il s'agit d'une section d'implémentation générique pour le " +"type générique. Ils sont indépendamment génériques." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." +msgstr "Cela signifie que ces méthodes sont définies pour n'importe quel `T`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`." +msgstr "Il est possible d'écrire `impl Point { .. }`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " +"block will only be available for `Point`." +msgstr "" +"`Point` est toujours générique et vous pouvez utiliser `Point`, mais " +"les méthodes de ce bloc ne seront disponibles que pour `Point`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:36 +msgid "" +"Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`. Update the " +"code to allow points that have elements of different types, by using two " +"type variables, e.g., `T` and `U`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " +"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." +msgstr "" +"Lorsque vous travaillez avec des génériques, vous souhaitez souvent exiger " +"que les types implémentent un trait, afin que vous puissiez appeler les " +"méthodes de ce trait." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" +msgstr "Vous pouvez le faire avec `T: Trait` ou `impl Trait` :" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:12 +msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:18 +msgid "\"{pair:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:24 +msgid "Try making a `NonClonable` and passing it to `duplicate`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:26 +msgid "When multiple traits are necessary, use `+` to join them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." +msgstr "" +"Montrez une clause \"où\", les étudiants la rencontreront lors de la lecture " +"du code." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." +msgstr "" +"Cela désencombre la signature de la fonction si vous avez beaucoup de " +"paramètres." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." +msgstr "Il a des fonctionnalités supplémentaires qui le rendent plus puissant." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " +"be arbitrary, like `Option`." +msgstr "" +"Si quelqu'un demande, la fonctionnalité supplémentaire est que le type à " +"gauche de \":\" peut être arbitraire, comme `Option`." + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:43 +msgid "" +"Note that Rust does not (yet) support specialization. For example, given the " +"original `duplicate`, it is invalid to add a specialized `duplicate(a: u32)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " +"arguments and return values:" +msgstr "" +"Semblable aux limites de trait, une syntaxe `impl Trait` peut être utilisée " +"dans la fonction arguments et valeurs de retour :" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:7 +msgid "" +"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" +"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19 +msgid "\"{many}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:21 +msgid "\"{many_more}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:23 +msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The " +"meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." +msgstr "" +"La signification de `impl Trait` est un peu différente dans les différentes " +"positions." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " +"trait bound." +msgstr "" +"Pour un paramètre, `impl Trait` est comme un paramètre générique anonyme " +"avec un trait lié." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " +"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " +"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." +msgstr "" +"Pour un type de retour, cela signifie que le type de retour est un type " +"concret qui implémente le trait, sans nommer le type. Cela peut être utile " +"lorsque vous ne souhaitez pas exposer le type concret dans un API publique." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " +"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " +"function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " +"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " +"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" +">()`." +msgstr "" +"L'inférence est difficile en position de retour. Une fonction renvoyant " +"`impl Foo` sélectionne le type concret qu'il renvoie, sans l'écrire dans la " +"source. Une fonction retourner un type générique comme `collect() -> B` " +"peut retourner n'importe quel type satisfaisant `B`, et l'appelant peut " +"avoir besoin d'en choisir un, comme avec `let x : Vec<_> = foo.collect()` ou " +"avec le turbofish, `foo.collect ::>()`." + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:44 +msgid "" +"What is the type of `debuggable`? Try `let debuggable: () = ..` to see what " +"the error message shows." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that " +"determines the minimum of two values, using a `LessThan` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:8 src/generics/solution.md:5 +msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:29 +msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:34 src/generics/solution.md:37 +msgid "\"Shapiro\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/exercise.md:38 src/generics/exercise.md:42 +#: src/generics/solution.md:41 src/generics/solution.md:45 +msgid "\"Baumann\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md:7 +msgid "" +"For each of the slides in this section, spend some time reviewing the " +"documentation pages, highlighting some of the more common methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/std.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " +"types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work " +"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." +msgstr "" +"Rust est livré avec une bibliothèque standard qui permet d'établir un " +"ensemble de types communs utilisé par la bibliothèque et les programmes " +"Rust. De cette façon, deux bibliothèques peuvent travailler ensemble en " +"douceur car ils utilisent tous les deux le même type `String`." + +#: src/std-types/std.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " +"`alloc` and `std`." +msgstr "" +"En fait, Rust contient plusieurs couches de la bibliothèque standard : " +"`core`, `alloc` et `std`." + +#: src/std-types/std.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " +"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system." +msgstr "" +"`core` inclut les types et fonctions les plus basiques qui ne dépendent pas " +"de `libc`, de l'allocateur ou même la présence d'un système d'exploitation." + +#: src/std-types/std.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " +"`Box` and `Arc`." +msgstr "" +"`alloc` inclut les types qui nécessitent un allocateur de tas global, tels " +"que `Vec`, `Box` et `Arc`." + +#: src/std-types/std.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." +msgstr "" +"Les applications Embedded Rust n'utilisent souvent que \"core\" et parfois " +"\"alloc\"." + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:3 +msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" +"expressions/loop-expr.html)." +msgstr "" +"Voir la [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." +"html)." + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:6 +msgid "" +"Primitive types like [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive." +"u8.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" +"option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" +"std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." +msgstr "" +"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) et [`Write`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) utilisés pour IO," + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:9 +msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:12 +msgid "" +"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " +"argument.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " +"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " +"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." +msgstr "" +"Le contenu est traité comme Markdown. Toutes les caisses de bibliothèque " +"Rust publiées sont automatiquement documenté sur [`docs.rs`](https://docs." +"rs) en utilisant le [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-" +"rustdoc.html). C'est idiomatic pour documenter tous les éléments publics " +"dans une API utilisant ce modèle." + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:28 +msgid "" +"To document an item from inside the item (such as inside a module), use `//!" +"` or `/*! .. */`, called \"inner doc comments\":" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:32 +msgid "" +"//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of " +"integers.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/docs.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at ." +msgstr "" +"Montrez aux élèves les documents générés pour la caisse \"rand\" sur [`docs." +"rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." + +#: src/std-types/option.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Option" +msgstr "Exceptions" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:3 +msgid "" +"We have already seen some use of `Option`. It stores either a value of " +"type `T` or nothing. For example, [`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/string/struct.String.html#method.find) returns an `Option`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:10 +msgid "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:11 +msgid "'é'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:12 src/std-types/option.md:15 +msgid "\"find returned {position:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:14 +msgid "'Z'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:16 +msgid "\"Character not found\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library." +msgstr "" +"`Option` et `Result` sont largement utilisés, pas seulement dans la " +"bibliothèque standard." + +#: src/std-types/option.md:23 +msgid "" +"`unwrap` will return the value in an `Option`, or panic. `expect` is similar " +"but takes an error message." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:24 +msgid "" +"You can panic on None, but you can't \"accidentally\" forget to check for " +"None." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:25 +msgid "" +"It's common to `unwrap`/`expect` all over the place when hacking something " +"together, but production code typically handles `None` in a nicer fashion." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md:26 +msgid "" +"The niche optimization means that `Option` often has the same size in " +"memory as `T`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:1 +msgid "Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:3 +msgid "" +"`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an " +"operation, each with a different type. This is similar to the `Res` defined " +"in the expression exercise, but generic: `Result` where `T` is used in " +"the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:13 +msgid "\"diary.txt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:18 +msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:20 +msgid "\"Could not read file content\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:24 +msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " +"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " +"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " +"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." +msgstr "" +"Comme pour `Option`, la valeur réussie se trouve à l'intérieur de `Result`, " +"obligeant le développeur à l'extraire explicitement. Cela encourage la " +"vérification des erreurs. Dans le cas où une erreur ne devrait jamais se " +"produire, `unwrap()` ou `expect()` peut être appelé, et c'est aussi un " +"signal de l'intention du développeur." + +#: src/std-types/result.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " +"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " +"that help functional-style programming." +msgstr "" +"La documentation `Result` est une lecture recommandée. Pas pendant le cours, " +"mais cela vaut la peine d'être mentionné. Il contient de nombreuses méthodes " +"et fonctions pratiques qui facilitent la programmation de style fonctionnel." + +#: src/std-types/result.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " +"Day 3." +msgstr "" +"`Result` est le type standard pour implémenter la gestion des erreurs, comme " +"nous le verrons le jour 3." + +#: src/std-types/string.md:1 +msgid "String" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " +"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" +msgstr "" +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) est le " +"tampon de chaîne UTF-8 évolutif standard alloué par tas :" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:8 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:23 src/memory-management/review.md:54 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:32 src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:9 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:26 +msgid "\"Hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:9 +msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:13 +msgid "'!'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:14 +msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:16 +msgid "\"🇨🇭\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:17 +msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " +"all `str` methods on a `String`." +msgstr "" +"`String` implémente [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), ce qui signifie que vous " +"pouvez appeler tous Méthodes `str` sur une `String`." + +#: src/std-types/string.md:30 +msgid "" +"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " +"you know how much data you want to push to the string." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:31 +msgid "" +"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " +"different from its length in characters)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:32 +msgid "" +"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " +"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " +"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" +"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:33 +msgid "" +"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " +"`String`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:34 +msgid "" +"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " +"transparently call methods from `T`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:35 +msgid "" +"We haven't discussed the `Deref` trait yet, so at this point this mostly " +"explains the structure of the sidebar in the documentation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:36 +msgid "" +"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " +"access to `str`'s methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:37 +msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:38 +msgid "" +"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " +"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " +"with some extra guarantees." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:39 +msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:40 +msgid "" +"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " +"out-of-bounds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:41 +msgid "" +"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " +"boundaries or not." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " +"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" +msgstr "" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) est le tampon " +"standard redimensionnable alloué au tas :" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:9 +msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:14 +msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:16 +msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:19 +msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:21 src/std-types/vec.md:25 +msgid "\"{v3:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:23 +msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " +"methods on a `Vec`." +msgstr "" +"`Vec` implémente [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), ce qui signifie que vous pouvez " +"appeler slice méthodes sur un `Vec`." + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:37 +msgid "" +"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " +"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " +"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:40 +msgid "" +"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " +"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " +"during the first `push` call." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:42 +msgid "" +"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " +"supports adding initial elements to the vector." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:44 +msgid "" +"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " +"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " +"remove the last element." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:46 +msgid "" +"Slices are covered on day 3. For now, students only need to know that a " +"value of type `Vec` gives access to all of the documented read-only slice " +"methods, too." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" +msgstr "" +"Carte de hachage standard avec protection contre les attaques HashDoS :" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:10 +msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:11 +msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:12 src/std-types/hashmap.md:19 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:27 +msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:14 +msgid "\"Les Misérables\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:15 +msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:19 src/std-types/hashmap.md:27 +msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 +msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:22 +msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:26 +msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:32 +msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:38 +msgid "" +"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:39 +msgid "" +"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " +"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " +"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:43 src/std-types/hashmap.md:54 +msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:46 src/std-types/hashmap.md:55 +msgid "\"The Hunger Games\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:49 +msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:50 +msgid "" +"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" +"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " +"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:59 +msgid "" +"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" +"value tuples." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:60 +msgid "" +"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " +"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " +"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:62 +msgid "" +"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " +"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:64 +msgid "" +"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" +"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " +"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " +"to the `keys` method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise you will take a very simple data structure and make it " +"generic. It uses a [`std::collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html) to keep track of which values " +"have been seen and how many times each one has appeared." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:9 +msgid "" +"The initial version of `Counter` is hard coded to only work for `u32` " +"values. Make the struct and its methods generic over the type of value being " +"tracked, that way `Counter` can track any type of value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:13 +msgid "" +"If you finish early, try using the [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) method to halve the " +"number of hash lookups required to implement the `count` method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:20 src/std-types/solution.md:6 +msgid "" +"/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:27 src/std-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// Create a new Counter.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:34 src/std-types/solution.md:20 +msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:43 src/std-types/solution.md:25 +msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:59 src/std-types/solution.md:41 +msgid "\"saw {} values equal to {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:63 src/std-types/exercise.md:65 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:45 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:47 src/std-types/solution.md:48 +msgid "\"apple\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:64 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"orange\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:48 +msgid "\"got {} apples\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:7 +msgid "" +"As with the standard-library types, spend time reviewing the documentation " +"for each trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:10 +msgid "This section is long. Take a break midway through." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:3 +msgid "" +"These traits support comparisons between values. All traits can be derived " +"for types containing fields that implement these traits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:6 +msgid "`PartialEq` and `Eq`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:8 +msgid "" +"`PartialEq` is a partial equivalence relation, with required method `eq` and " +"provided method `ne`. The `==` and `!=` operators will call these methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:20 +msgid "" +"`Eq` is a full equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) " +"and implies `PartialEq`. Functions that require full equivalence will use " +"`Eq` as a trait bound." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`" +msgstr "`Lire` et `Ecrire`" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:26 +msgid "" +"`PartialOrd` defines a partial ordering, with a `partial_cmp` method. It is " +"used to implement the `<`, `<=`, `>=`, and `>` operators." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:43 +msgid "`Ord` is a total ordering, with `cmp` returning `Ordering`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:47 +msgid "" +"`PartialEq` can be implemented between different types, but `Eq` cannot, " +"because it is reflexive:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:58 +msgid "" +"In practice, it's common to derive these traits, but uncommon to implement " +"them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" +msgstr "" +"La surcharge d'opérateur est implémentée via des traits dans [`std::ops`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html) :" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:20 +msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:26 src/memory-management/drop.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Discussion points:" +msgstr "Points de discussion:" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?" +msgstr "" +"Vous pouvez implémenter `Add` pour `&Point`. Dans quelles situations est-ce " +"utile ?" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " +"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " +"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." +msgstr "" +"Réponse : `Add:add` consomme `self`. Si tapez `T` pour lequel vous êtes la " +"surcharge de l'opérateur n'est pas `Copy`, vous devriez envisager de " +"surcharger l'opérateur pour `&T` également. Cela évite un clonage inutile " +"sur le site d'appel. \\* Pourquoi `Output` est-il un type associé ? Pourrait-" +"il en faire un paramètre de type?" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " +"method?" +msgstr "" +"Réponse courte : les paramètres de type sont contrôlés par l'appelant, mais " +"les types associés (comme `Output`) sont contrôlés par l'implémenteur d'un " +"trait." + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:34 +msgid "" +"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " +"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " +"trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:37 +msgid "" +"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " +"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." +"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " +"facilitate type conversions:" +msgstr "" +"Les types implémentent [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." +"From.html) et [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into." +"html) pour faciliter les conversions de type :" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:11 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:23 +msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " +"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" +msgstr "" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) est " +"automatiquement implémenté lorsque [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) est implémenté :" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " +"`Into` implementation too." +msgstr "" +"C'est pourquoi il est courant de n'implémenter que `From`, car votre type " +"recevra également l'implémentation `Into`." + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " +"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " +"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " +"implement `Into`." +msgstr "" +"Lors de la déclaration d'un type d'entrée d'argument de fonction comme " +"\"tout ce qui peut être converti en `String`\", la règle est opposée, vous " +"devez utiliser `Into`. Votre fonction acceptera les types qui implémentent " +"`From` et ceux qui implémentent _uniquement_ `Into`." + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has no _implicit_ type conversions, but does support explicit casts " +"with `as`. These generally follow C semantics where those are defined." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:9 +msgid "\"as u16: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:10 +msgid "\"as i16: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:11 +msgid "\"as u8: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:15 +msgid "" +"The results of `as` are _always_ defined in Rust and consistent across " +"platforms. This might not match your intuition for changing sign or casting " +"to a smaller type -- check the docs, and comment for clarity." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:19 +msgid "" +"Casting with `as` is a relatively sharp tool that is easy to use " +"incorrectly, and can be a source of subtle bugs as future maintenance work " +"changes the types that are used or the ranges of values in types. Casts are " +"best used only when the intent is to indicate unconditional truncation (e.g. " +"selecting the bottom 32 bits of a `u64` with `as u32`, regardless of what " +"was in the high bits)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:21 +msgid "" +"For infallible casts (e.g. `u32` to `u64`), prefer using `From` or `Into` " +"over `as` to confirm that the cast is in fact infallible. For fallible " +"casts, `TryFrom` and `TryInto` are available when you want to handle casts " +"that fit differently from those that don't." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:26 +msgid "Consider taking a break after this slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:28 +msgid "" +"`as` is similar to a C++ static cast. Use of `as` in cases where data might " +"be lost is generally discouraged, or at least deserves an explanatory " +"comment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:31 +msgid "This is common in casting integers to `usize` for use as an index." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " +"abstract over `u8` sources:" +msgstr "" +"En utilisant [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) et " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), vous " +"pouvez résumer les sources `u8` :" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:14 +msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:15 +msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:18 +msgid "\"lines in file: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " +"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +msgstr "" +"De même, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) vous " +"permet d'abstraire les puits `u8` :" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:30 +msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:36 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:11 +msgid "\"World\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:37 +msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `Default` Trait" +msgstr "Le trait \"par défaut\"" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " +"produces a default value for a type." +msgstr "" +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " +"fournit une implémentation par défaut d'un trait." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:18 +msgid "\"John Smith\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:24 +msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:27 +msgid "\"Y is set!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:30 +msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:33 +msgid "\"{:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." +msgstr "" +"Il peut être implémenté directement ou il peut être dérivé via " +"`#[derive(Default)]`." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " +"their default values." +msgstr "" +"L'implémentation dérivée produira une instance où tous les champs sont " +"définis sur leurs valeurs par défaut." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." +msgstr "" +"Cela signifie que tous les types de la structure doivent également " +"implémenter `Default`." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " +"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." +msgstr "" +"Les types Rust standard implémentent souvent `Default` avec des valeurs " +"raisonnables (par exemple `0`, `\"\"`, etc.)." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default." +msgstr "" +"La copie de structure partielle fonctionne bien avec la valeur par défaut." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " +"provides convenience methods that use it." +msgstr "" +"La bibliothèque standard Rust est consciente que les types peuvent " +"implémenter `Default` et fournit des méthodes pratiques qui l'utilisent." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:46 +msgid "" +"The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" +"with-struct-update-syntax)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " +"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." +"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " +"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" +msgstr "" +"Les fermetures ou les expressions lambda ont des types qui ne peuvent pas " +"être nommés. Cependant, ils implémenter [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"ops/trait.Fn.html) spécial, [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.FnMut.html), et [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"FnOnce.html) :" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" +msgstr "Appel de fonctions non sécurisées" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:16 src/std-traits/closures.md:17 +msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:24 src/std-traits/closures.md:25 +msgid "\"accumulate: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:28 +msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " +"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " +"concurrently." +msgstr "" +"Un `Fn` ne consomme ni ne modifie les valeurs capturées, ou peut-être ne " +"capture rien du tout, il peut donc être appelé plusieurs fois simultanément." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " +"multiple times, but not concurrently." +msgstr "" +"Un `FnMut` peut faire muter les valeurs capturées, vous pouvez donc " +"l'appeler plusieurs fois mais pas simultanément." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " +"might consume captured values." +msgstr "" +"Si vous avez un \"FnOnce\", vous ne pouvez l'appeler qu'une seule fois. Cela " +"peut consommer des valeurs capturées." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " +"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " +"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." +msgstr "" +"`FnMut` est un sous-type de `FnOnce`. `Fn` est un sous-type de `FnMut` et " +"`FnOnce`. C'est à dire. vous pouvez utiliser un `FnMut` partout où un " +"`FnOnce` est appelé, et vous pouvez utiliser un `Fn` partout où un `FnMut` " +"ou `FnOnce` est réclamé." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:47 +msgid "" +"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " +"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:50 +msgid "" +"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " +"keyword makes them capture by value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:58 +msgid "\"Hi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:59 +msgid "\"there\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this example, you will implement the classic [\"ROT13\" cipher](https://" +"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13). Copy this code to the playground, and " +"implement the missing bits. Only rotate ASCII alphabetic characters, to " +"ensure the result is still valid UTF-8." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:15 +msgid "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:20 src/std-traits/exercise.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:26 src/std-traits/solution.md:41 +msgid "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:40 src/std-traits/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"To get to the other side!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:62 +msgid "" +"What happens if you chain two `RotDecoder` instances together, each rotating " +"by 13 characters?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +msgid "'A'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Day 3" +msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 3" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 +msgid "Today, we will cover:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 +msgid "" +"Memory management, lifetimes, and the borrow checker: how Rust ensures " +"memory safety." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:6 +msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:3 +msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." msgstr "Pile : Zone continue de mémoire pour les variables locales." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." msgstr "Les valeurs ont des tailles fixes connues au moment de la compilation." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." msgstr "Extrêmement rapide : il suffit de déplacer un pointeur de pile." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." msgstr "Facile à gérer : suit les appels de fonction." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Great memory locality." msgstr "Grande localité de mémoire." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." msgstr "Heap : Stockage de valeurs en dehors des appels de fonction." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." msgstr "" "Les valeurs ont des tailles dynamiques déterminées au moment de l'exécution." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "" "Légèrement plus lent que la pile : une certaine comptabilité est nécessaire." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." msgstr "Aucune garantie de localisation de la mémoire." -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Stack and Heap Example" -msgstr "Pile et Tas" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " @@ -6198,39 +7332,13 @@ msgstr "" "La création d'une \"chaîne\" place des données de taille fixe sur la pile et " "dimensionnées dynamiquement données sur le tas :" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" -": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:43 msgid "" "Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " "length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:45 msgid "" "If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " "allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" @@ -6238,271 +7346,136 @@ msgid "" "[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:49 msgid "" -"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " +"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " "point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:55 src/testing/unit-tests.md:15 +msgid "' '" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:56 +msgid "\"world\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:57 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -" s1.push(' ');\n" -" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" -" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" +"// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " "to\n" " // undefined behavior.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" let (ptr, capacity, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" -"transmute(s1);\n" -" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." -msgstr "Vous allouez et désallouez vous-même la mémoire de tas." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:62 +msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" +msgstr "" +"Traditionnellement, les langues se répartissent en deux grandes catégories :" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." +msgstr "" +"Contrôle total via la gestion manuelle de la mémoire : C, C++, Pascal, ..." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:6 +msgid "Programmer decides when to allocate or free heap memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:7 +msgid "" +"Programmer must determine whether a pointer still points to valid memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:8 +msgid "Studies show, programmers make mistakes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " -"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " +"Haskell, ..." msgstr "" -"Si cela n'est pas fait avec soin, cela peut entraîner des plantages, des " -"bogues, des failles de sécurité et des fuites de mémoire." +"Sécurité totale via la gestion automatique de la mémoire à l'exécution : " +"Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..." -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "C Example" -msgstr "C Exemple" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" -msgstr "" -"Vous devez appeler `free` sur chaque pointeur que vous allouez avec " -"`malloc` :" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:10 msgid "" -"```c\n" -"void foo(size_t n) {\n" -" int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" -" //\n" -" // ... lots of code\n" -" //\n" -" free(int_array);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"A runtime system ensures that memory is not freed until it can no longer be " +"referenced." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:11 +msgid "" +"Typically implemented with reference counting, garbage collection, or RAII." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" +msgstr "Rust propose un nouveau mix :" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " -"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the " -"pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security " -"vulnerabilities." +"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " +"management." msgstr "" -"La mémoire est perdue si la fonction revient tôt entre `malloc` et `free` : " -"le pointeur est perdu et nous ne pouvons pas désallouer la mémoire." +"Contrôle total * et * sécurité via l'application du temps de compilation de " +"la mémoire correcte gestion." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:18 #, fuzzy +msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." +msgstr "Il le fait avec un concept de propriété explicite." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:22 msgid "" -"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +"This slide is intended to help students coming from other languages to put " +"Rust in context." msgstr "" -"Les constructeurs et les destructeurs vous permettent de vous connecter à la " -"durée de vie d'un objet." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:25 msgid "" -"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " -"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " -"is raised." +"C must manage heap manually with `malloc` and `free`. Common errors include " +"forgetting to call `free`, calling it multiple times for the same pointer, " +"or dereferencing a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed." msgstr "" -"En enveloppant un pointeur dans un objet, vous pouvez libérer de la mémoire " -"lorsque l'objet est détruit. Le compilateur garantit que cela se produit, " -"même si une exception est soulevé." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:30 msgid "" -"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " -"gives you smart pointers." +"C++ has tools like smart pointers (`unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`) that take " +"advantage of language guarantees about calling destructors to ensure memory " +"is freed when a function returns. It is still quite easy to mis-use these " +"tools and create similar bugs to C." msgstr "" -"Ceci est souvent appelé _l'acquisition de ressources est initialisée_ (RAII) " -"et donne vous pointeurs intelligents." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "C++ Example" -msgstr "Exemple C++" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:35 msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" -" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Java, Go, and Python rely on the garbage collector to identify memory that " +"is no longer reachable and discard it. This guarantees that any pointer can " +"be dereferenced, eliminating use-after-free and other classes of bugs. But, " +"GC has a runtime cost and is difficult to tune properly." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:40 msgid "" -"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " -"allocated on the heap." -msgstr "" -"L'objet `std::unique_ptr` est alloué sur la pile et pointe vers mémoire " -"allouée sur le tas." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." -msgstr "À la fin de `say_hello`, le destructeur `std::unique_ptr` s'exécutera." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." -msgstr "Le destructeur libère l'objet `Person` vers lequel il pointe." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" -msgstr "" -"Des constructeurs de mouvement spéciaux sont utilisés lors du transfert de " -"propriété à une fonction :" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 -msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" -"say_hello(std::move(person));\n" -"```" +"Rust's ownership and borrowing model can, in many cases, get the performance " +"of C, with alloc and free operations precisely where they are required -- " +"zero cost. It also provides tools similar to C++'s smart pointers. When " +"required, other options such as reference counting are available, and there " +"are even third-party crates available to support runtime garbage collection " +"(not covered in this class)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Automatic Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestion automatique de la mémoire" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " -"memory management:" -msgstr "" -"Une alternative à la gestion manuelle et basée sur la portée de la mémoire " -"est la mémoire automatique gestion:" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." -msgstr "Le programmeur n'alloue ou ne libère jamais de mémoire explicitement." - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " -"programmer." -msgstr "" -"Un ramasse-miettes trouve la mémoire inutilisée et la libère pour le " -"programmeur." - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Java Example" -msgstr "Exemple Java" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" -msgstr "L'objet `person` n'est pas désalloué après le retour de `sayHello` :" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"void sayHello(Person person) {\n" -" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Memory Management in Rust" -msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" -msgstr "La gestion de la mémoire avec Rust est un mélange :" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." -msgstr "Sûr et correct comme Java, mais sans ramasse-miettes." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." -msgstr "" -"Basé sur la portée comme C++, mais le compilateur applique une adhésion " -"totale." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " -"have no cost at runtime like C." -msgstr "" -"Un utilisateur de Rust peut choisir la bonne abstraction pour la situation, " -"certains n'ont même aucun coût à l'exécution comme C." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." -msgstr "Il y parvient en modélisant explicitement _ownership_." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " -"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " -"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " -"errors in C." -msgstr "" -"Si on vous demande comment à ce stade, vous pouvez mentionner qu'avec Rust, " -"cela est généralement géré par des types de wrapper RAII tels que [Box]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"rc/struct.Rc.html) ou [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc." -"html). Ceux-ci encapsulent la propriété et l'allocation de mémoire par " -"divers moyens et empêchent les erreurs potentielles dans C." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez être interrogé sur les destructeurs ici, le trait [Drop](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) est l'équivalent de Rust." - -#: src/ownership.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " @@ -6511,155 +7484,75 @@ msgstr "" "Toutes les liaisons de variables ont un _scope_ où elles sont valides et " "c'est une erreur de utiliser une variable en dehors de sa portée :" -#: src/ownership.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" {\n" -" let p = Point(3, 4);\n" -" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership.md:18 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." +"We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely " +"one owner at all times." +msgstr "On dit que la variable _possède_ la valeur." + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A " +"destructor can run here to free up resources." msgstr "" "A la fin du scope, la variable est _dropped_ et les données sont libérées." -#: src/ownership.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." -msgstr "Un destructeur peut s'exécuter ici pour libérer des ressources." +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:27 +msgid "" +"Students familiar with garbage-collection implementations will know that a " +"garbage collector starts with a set of \"roots\" to find all reachable " +"memory. Rust's \"single owner\" principle is a similar idea." +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." -msgstr "On dit que la variable _possède_ la valeur." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" msgstr "Une affectation transférera la propriété entre les variables :" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello!\"" +msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:9 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:15 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:17 +msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:10 +msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." msgstr "L'affectation de `s1` à `s2` transfère la propriété." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." msgstr "" "Lorsque `s1` sort de la portée, rien ne se passe : il n'a pas de propriété." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." msgstr "" "Lorsque `s2` sort de la portée, les données de la chaîne sont libérées." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." -msgstr "" -"Il y a toujours _exactement_ une liaison de variable qui possède une valeur." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " -"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." -msgstr "" -"Mentionnez que c'est l'opposé des valeurs par défaut en C++, qui copie par " -"valeur à moins que vous n'utilisiez `std::move` (et que le constructeur de " -"déplacement soit défini !)." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23 -msgid "" -"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " -"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " -"are aggressively optimized away." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25 -msgid "" -"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." -msgstr "Dans Rust, les clones sont explicites (en utilisant `clone`)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." -msgstr "Les données de tas de `s1` sont réutilisées pour `s2`." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." -msgstr "" -"Lorsque `s1` sort de la portée, rien ne se passe (il a été déplacé de)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Before move to `s2`:" msgstr "Avant de passer à `s2` :" -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "After move to `s2`:" msgstr "Après le passage à `s2` :" -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:37 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -6683,91 +7576,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++" -msgstr "Double libération de mémoire en C++ moderne" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" -msgstr "Le C++ moderne résout cela différemment :" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 -msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" -"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." -msgstr "" -"Les données de tas de `s1` sont dupliquées et `s2` obtient sa propre copie " -"indépendante." - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." -msgstr "" -"Lorsque `s1` et `s2` sortent de la portée, ils libèrent chacun leur propre " -"mémoire." - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Before copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Avant l'affectation de copie :" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "After copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Après l'affectation de copie :" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -": s2 : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" -": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" -": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:58 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " @@ -6776,22 +7585,51 @@ msgstr "" "Lorsque vous transmettez une valeur à une fonction, la valeur est affectée à " "la fonction paramètre. Cela transfère la propriété :" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" -" say_hello(name);\n" -" // say_hello(name);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:63 +msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:67 src/android/interoperability/java.md:56 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Alice\"" +msgstr "Tranches" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:69 +msgid "// say_hello(name);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:75 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " +"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." +msgstr "" +"Mentionnez que c'est l'opposé des valeurs par défaut en C++, qui copie par " +"valeur à moins que vous n'utilisiez `std::move` (et que le constructeur de " +"déplacement soit défini !)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:77 +msgid "" +"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " +"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " +"are aggressively optimized away." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:79 +msgid "" +"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:81 +#, fuzzy +msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." +msgstr "Dans Rust, les clones sont explicites (en utilisant `clone`)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:83 +msgid "In the `say_hello` example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:85 #, fuzzy msgid "" "With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " @@ -6800,7 +7638,7 @@ msgstr "" "Avec le premier appel à `say_hello`, `main` abandonne la propriété de " "`name`. Ensuite, `name` ne peut plus être utilisé dans `main`." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:86 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " @@ -6809,7 +7647,7 @@ msgstr "" "La mémoire de tas allouée pour `name` sera libérée à la fin de la fonction " "`say_hello`." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:87 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " @@ -6818,7 +7656,7 @@ msgstr "" "`main` peut conserver la propriété s'il passe `name` comme référence " "(`&name`) et si `say_hello` accepte une référence comme paramètre." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:88 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." @@ -6827,7 +7665,7 @@ msgstr "" "Alternativement, `main` peut passer un clone de `name` dans le premier appel " "(`name.clone()`)." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:89 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " @@ -6837,7 +7675,95 @@ msgstr "" "faisant de la sémantique de déplacement la valeur par défaut et en forçant " "les programmeurs à rendre les clones explicites." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:93 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" +msgstr "Double libération de mémoire en C++ moderne" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:95 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" +msgstr "Le C++ moderne résout cela différemment :" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:98 +msgid "\"Cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:99 +msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:102 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." +msgstr "" +"Les données de tas de `s1` sont dupliquées et `s2` obtient sa propre copie " +"indépendante." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:103 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." +msgstr "" +"Lorsque `s1` et `s2` sortent de la portée, ils libèrent chacun leur propre " +"mémoire." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:105 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Before copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Avant l'affectation de copie :" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:122 +#, fuzzy +msgid "After copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Après l'affectation de copie :" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:148 +msgid "" +"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " +"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " +"either string goes out of scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:152 +msgid "" +"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " +"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " +"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " +"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " +"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:157 +msgid "" +"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " +"which is being copied or moved." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:1 +msgid "Clone" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:3 +msgid "" +"Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait " +"accomplishes this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:22 +msgid "" +"The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are " +"occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `Vec::new` or `Box::" +"new`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:25 +msgid "" +"It's common to \"clone your way out\" of problems with the borrow checker, " +"and return later to try to optimize those clones away." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" @@ -6845,62 +7771,35 @@ msgstr "" "Bien que la sémantique de déplacement soit la valeur par défaut, certains " "types sont copiés par défaut :" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = 42;\n" -" let y = x;\n" -" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" -" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." msgstr "Ces types implémentent le trait \"Copier\"." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez activer vos propres types pour utiliser la sémantique de copie :" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = p1;\n" -" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" -" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." msgstr "Après l'affectation, `p1` et `p2` possèdent leurs propres données." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." msgstr "" "Nous pouvons également utiliser `p1.clone()` pour copier explicitement les " "données." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" msgstr "La copie et le clonage ne sont pas la même chose :" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " @@ -6909,7 +7808,7 @@ msgstr "" "La copie fait référence aux copies au niveau du bit des régions de mémoire " "et ne fonctionne pas sur des objets arbitraires." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." @@ -6917,7 +7816,7 @@ msgstr "" "La copie ne permet pas de logique personnalisée (contrairement aux " "constructeurs de copie en C++)." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " @@ -6926,18 +7825,18 @@ msgstr "" "Le clonage est une opération plus générale et permet également un " "comportement personnalisé en implémentant le trait \"Cloner\"." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." msgstr "" "La copie ne fonctionne pas sur les types qui implémentent le trait `Drop`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "In the above example, try the following:" msgstr "Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, essayez ce qui suit :" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " @@ -6946,7 +7845,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ajoutez un champ `String` à `struct Point`. Il ne sera pas compilé car " "`String` n'est pas un type `Copy`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " @@ -6955,1724 +7854,214 @@ msgstr "" "Supprimer `Copy` de l'attribut `derive`. L'erreur du compilateur est " "maintenant dans `println!` pour `p1`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." msgstr "Montrez que cela fonctionne si vous clonez `p1` à la place." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " -"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " -"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." -msgstr "" -"Si les étudiants posent des questions sur \"dériver\", il suffit de dire que " -"c'est un moyen de générer du code dans Rust au moment de la compilation. " -"Dans ce cas, les implémentations par défaut des traits `Copy` et `Clone` " -"sont générées." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " -"function _borrow_ the value:" -msgstr "" -"Au lieu de transférer la propriété lors de l'appel d'une fonction, vous " -"pouvez laisser une la fonction _emprunte_ la valeur :" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" -" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" -" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." -msgstr "La fonction `add` _emprunte_ deux points et renvoie un nouveau point." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." -msgstr "L'appelant conserve la propriété des entrées." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Notes on stack returns:" -msgstr "Remarques sur les retours de pile :" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 -msgid "" -"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " -"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " -"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the " -"assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" " -"optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same " -"when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" -" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" -" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" -" p\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" -" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" -" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" -" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 -msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 -msgid "" -"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " -"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " -"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " -"copy." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" -msgstr "" -"Rust impose des contraintes sur la manière dont vous pouvez emprunter des " -"valeurs :" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" -msgstr "Vous pouvez avoir une ou plusieurs valeurs `&T` à tout moment, _ou_" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." -msgstr "Vous pouvez avoir exactement une valeur `&mut T`." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" -" let b: &i32 = &a;\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" -" *c = 20;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" -" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " -"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." -msgstr "" -"Le code ci-dessus ne se compile pas car 'a' est emprunté comme mutable (via " -"'c') et comme immuable (via 'b') en même temps." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " -"to make the code compile." -msgstr "" -"Déplacez l'instruction `println!` pour `b` avant la portée qui introduit `c` " -"pour que le code soit compilé." - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " -"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " -"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." -msgstr "" -"Après ce changement, le compilateur se rend compte que 'b' n'est utilisé " -"qu'avant le nouvel emprunt mutable de 'a' à 'c'. Il s'agit d'une " -"fonctionnalité du vérificateur d'emprunt appelée \"durées de vie non " -"lexicales\"." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" -msgstr "Une valeur empruntée a une _durée de vie_ :" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 -msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 -msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " -"lifetime `a`\"." -msgstr "" -"Lire `&'a Point` comme \"un `Point` emprunté qui est valide pour au moins " -"durée de vie 'a'\"." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 -msgid "" -"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " -"yourself." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 -msgid "" -"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " -"a valid solution." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 -msgid "" -"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " -"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " -"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " -"value:" -msgstr "" -"En plus d'emprunter ses arguments, une fonction peut renvoyer une valeur " -"empruntée :" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" -" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" -" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" -" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" -" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." -msgstr "`'a` est un paramètre générique, il est déduit par le compilateur." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." -msgstr "" -"Les durées de vie commencent par `'` et `'a` est un nom par défaut typique." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." -msgstr "" -"La partie _au moins_ est importante lorsque les paramètres sont dans des " -"portées différentes." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 -msgid "" -"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " -"resulting in the following code:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" -" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" -" let p3: &Point;\n" -" {\n" -" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" -" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 -msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 -msgid "" -"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " -"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " -"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 -msgid "Another way to explain it:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 -msgid "" -"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " -"returns another reference." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 -msgid "" -"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 -msgid "" -"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " -"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " -"reference came from." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" -msgstr "" -"Si un type de données stocke des données empruntées, il doit être annoté " -"avec une durée de vie :" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" -"\n" -"fn erase(text: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." -"\");\n" -" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" -" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" -" // erase(text);\n" -" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" -" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " -"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " -"`Highlight` that uses that data." -msgstr "" -"Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, l'annotation sur `Highlight` impose que les " -"données sous-jacentes au `&str` contenu vivent au moins aussi longtemps que " -"toute instance de `Highlight` qui utilise ces données." +msgid "The `Drop` Trait" +msgstr "Le trait `Lâcher`" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " -"the borrow checker throws an error." +"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." +"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" -"Si `text` est consommé avant la fin de la durée de vie de `fox` (ou `dog`), " -"le vérificateur d'emprunt génère une erreur." +"Les valeurs qui implémentent [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.Drop.html) peuvent spécifier le code à exécuter lorsqu'elles sortent " +"de la portée :" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " -"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " -"somewhat harder to use." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:12 +msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" msgstr "" -"Les types avec des données empruntées obligent les utilisateurs à conserver " -"les données d'origine. Cela peut être utile pour créer des vues légères, " -"mais cela les rend généralement un peu plus difficiles à utiliser." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:17 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:92 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:123 +msgid "\"a\"" msgstr "" -"Dans la mesure du possible, faites en sorte que les structures de données " -"soient directement propriétaires de leurs données." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " -"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " -"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " -"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." -msgstr "" -"Certaines structures contenant plusieurs références peuvent avoir plusieurs " -"annotations de durée de vie. Cela peut être nécessaire s'il est nécessaire " -"de décrire les relations de durée de vie entre les références elles-mêmes, " -"en plus de la durée de vie de la structure elle-même. Ce sont des cas " -"d'utilisation très avancés." - -#: src/structs.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" -msgstr "Comme C et C++, Rust prend en charge les structures personnalisées :" - -#: src/structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" peter.age = 28;\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" let jackie = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" -" ..peter\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/structs.md:33 -msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." -msgstr "" - -#: src/structs.md:34 -msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." -msgstr "" - -#: src/structs.md:35 -msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." -msgstr "" - -#: src/structs.md:36 -msgid "" -"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " -"slides." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:19 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"b\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:37 -msgid "" -"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " -"structs. " +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:21 +msgid "\"c\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:38 -msgid "" -"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " -"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " -"value itself. " +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:22 +msgid "\"d\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:39 -msgid "" -"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " -"not important." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:23 +msgid "\"Exiting block B\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:40 -msgid "" -"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " -"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " -"the last element." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:25 +msgid "\"Exiting block A\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:28 +msgid "\"Exiting main\"" msgstr "" -"Si les noms de champ ne sont pas importants, vous pouvez utiliser une " -"structure tuple :" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(17, 23);\n" -" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:34 +msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:35 +msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope." msgstr "" -"Ceci est souvent utilisé pour les wrappers à champ unique (appelés newtypes):" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:36 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n" -"struct Newtons(f64);\n" -"\n" -"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n" -" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" -" // ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" -" set_thruster_force(force);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" +"When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::" +"drop` implementation will be called." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:38 msgid "" -"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " -"a primitive type, for example:" -msgstr "" -"Les nouveaux types sont un excellent moyen d'encoder des informations " -"supplémentaires sur la valeur dans un type primitif, par exemple :" - -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." +"All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`." msgstr "" -"Le nombre est mesuré dans certaines unités : `Newtons` dans l'exemple ci-" -"dessus." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:39 msgid "" -"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " -"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." +"`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The " +"significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its " +"scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop " +"values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope." msgstr "" -"La valeur a été validée lors de sa création, vous n'avez donc plus besoin de " -"la valider à chaque utilisation : 'PhoneNumber(String)`ou`OddNumber(u32)\\`." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:42 msgid "" -"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " -"single field in the newtype." +"This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, " +"closing files, etc." msgstr "" -"Montrez comment ajouter une valeur `f64` à un type `Newtons` en accédant au " -"champ unique dans le nouveau type." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:47 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " -"for instance using booleans as integers." -msgstr "" -"Rust n'aime généralement pas les choses inexplicites, comme le déballage " -"automatique ou, par exemple, l'utilisation de booléens comme entiers." +msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" +msgstr "Pourquoi `Drop::drop` ne prend-il pas `self` ?" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:48 #, fuzzy -msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." -msgstr "La surcharge des opérateurs est discutée le jour 3 (génériques)." - -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 msgid "" -"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." -"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." +"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " +"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" +"Réponse courte : si c'était le cas, `std::mem::drop` serait appelé à la fin " +"de le bloc, résultant en un autre appel à `Drop :: drop`, et une pile " +"débordement!" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:51 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " -"struct using a shorthand:" -msgstr "" -"Si vous avez déjà des variables avec les bons noms, vous pouvez créer le " -"struct en utilisant un raccourci :" - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" -" Person { name, age }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" -" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 -msgid "" -"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " -"interchangeable with the struct type name" -msgstr "" - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n" -" Self { name, age }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." +msgstr "Essayez de remplacer `drop(a)` par `a.drop()`." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " -"default values for the other fields." +"In this example, we will implement a complex data type that owns all of its " +"data. We will use the \"builder pattern\" to support building a new value " +"piece-by-piece, using convenience functions." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"impl Default for Person {\n" -" fn default() -> Person {\n" -" Person {\n" -" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" -" age: 0,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"fn create_default() {\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" ..Person::default()\n" -" };\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" -" ..Person::default()\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:7 +msgid "Fill in the missing pieces." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 -msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:22 src/memory-management/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// A representation of a software package.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 -msgid "" -"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " -"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:35 +msgid "\"1\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:38 src/memory-management/solution.md:35 msgid "" -"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." +"/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " -"an `impl` block:" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:44 +msgid "\"2\"" msgstr "" -"Rust vous permet d'associer des fonctions à vos nouveaux types. Vous faites " -"cela avec un Bloc `impl` :" -#: src/methods.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" peter.say_hello();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:47 src/memory-management/solution.md:50 +msgid "/// Set the package version.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:53 src/memory-management/solution.md:56 +msgid "/// Set the package authors.\n" msgstr "" -"Il peut être utile d'introduire des méthodes en les comparant à des " -"fonctions." -#: src/methods.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " -"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:55 +msgid "\"3\"" msgstr "" -"Les méthodes sont appelées sur une instance d'un type (tel qu'un struct ou " -"un enum), le premier paramètre représente l'instance en tant que \"self\"." -#: src/methods.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " -"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " -"all the implementation code in one predictable place." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:58 src/memory-management/solution.md:62 +msgid "/// Add an additional dependency.\n" msgstr "" -"Les développeurs peuvent choisir d'utiliser des méthodes pour tirer parti de " -"la syntaxe du récepteur de méthode et pour mieux les organiser. En utilisant " -"des méthodes, nous pouvons conserver tout le code d'implémentation en un " -"seul endroit prévisible." -#: src/methods.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." -msgstr "Soulignez l'utilisation du mot-clé `self`, un récepteur de méthode." - -#: src/methods.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " -"the struct name could also be used." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:60 +msgid "\"4\"" msgstr "" -"Montrez qu'il s'agit d'un terme abrégé pour `self:&Self` et montrez peut-" -"être comment le nom de la structure pourrait également être utilisé." - -#: src/methods.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " -"can be used elsewhere in the block." -msgstr "" -"Expliquez que `Self` est un alias de type pour le type dans lequel se trouve " -"le bloc `impl` et peut être utilisé ailleurs dans le bloc." - -#: src/methods.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " -"refer to individual fields." -msgstr "" -"Notez comment `self` est utilisé comme d'autres structures et la notation " -"par points peut être utilisée pour faire référence à des champs individuels." - -#: src/methods.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " -"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." -msgstr "" -"C'est peut-être le bon moment pour démontrer en quoi `&self` diffère de " -"`self` en modifiant le code et en essayant d'exécuter say_hello deux fois." - -#: src/methods.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." -msgstr "Nous décrivons ensuite la distinction entre les récepteurs de méthode." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " -"There are other possible receivers for a method:" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:63 src/memory-management/solution.md:68 +msgid "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n" msgstr "" -"Le `&self` ci-dessus indique que la méthode emprunte l'objet de manière " -"immuable. Là sont d'autres récepteurs possibles pour une méthode :" -#: src/methods/receiver.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " -"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:65 +msgid "\"5\"" msgstr "" -"`&self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un partage et immuable " -"référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " -"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:74 src/memory-management/solution.md:80 +msgid "\"base64\"" msgstr "" -"`&mut self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un nom unique et " -"mutable référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " -"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " -"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " -"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:74 src/memory-management/solution.md:80 +msgid "\"0.13\"" msgstr "" -"`self` : prend possession de l'objet et l'éloigne de l'appelant. Le méthode " -"devient le propriétaire de l'objet. L'objet sera supprimé (désalloué) " -"lorsque la méthode revient, sauf si sa propriété est explicitement transmis." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:75 src/memory-management/solution.md:81 +msgid "\"base64: {base64:?}\"" msgstr "" -"`mut self` : comme ci-dessus, mais tant que la méthode possède l'objet, elle " -"peut le faire muter aussi. La propriété complète ne signifie pas " -"automatiquement la mutabilité." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " -"create constructors which are called `new` by convention." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"log\"" msgstr "" -"Pas de récepteur : cela devient une méthode statique sur la structure. " -"Généralement utilisé pour créer des constructeurs appelés \"nouveaux\" par " -"convention." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " -"receiver types, such as `Box`." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:77 src/memory-management/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"0.4\"" msgstr "" -"Au-delà des variantes sur \"self\", il y a aussi \\[types d'emballage " -"spéciaux\\] (https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits." -"html) autorisés à être des types de récepteurs, tels que `Box`." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " -"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " -"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " -"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:80 src/memory-management/solution.md:86 +msgid "\"log: {log:?}\"" msgstr "" -"Pensez à mettre l'accent sur \"partagé et immuable\" et \"unique et " -"modifiable\". Ces contraintes viennent toujours ensemble dans Rust en raison " -"des règles du vérificateur d'emprunt, et \"self\" ne fait pas exception. Il " -"n'est pas possible de référencez une structure à partir de plusieurs " -"emplacements et appelez une méthode de mutation (`&mut self`) sur celle-ci." -#: src/methods/example.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Race {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" laps: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Race {\n" -" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" -" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " -"access to self\n" -" self.laps.push(lap);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" -" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" -" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" -" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" -" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" -" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " -"total);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" -" race.add_lap(70);\n" -" race.add_lap(68);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.add_lap(71);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.finish();\n" -" // race.add_lap(42);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:81 src/memory-management/solution.md:87 +msgid "\"serde\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods/example.md:47 -#, fuzzy -msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." -msgstr "Les quatre méthodes ici utilisent un récepteur de méthode différent." - -#: src/methods/example.md:48 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " -"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:82 src/memory-management/solution.md:88 +msgid "\"djmitche\"" msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez indiquer comment cela change ce que la fonction peut faire avec " -"les valeurs des variables et si/comment elle peut être réutilisée dans " -"`main`." -#: src/methods/example.md:49 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:83 src/memory-management/solution.md:89 +msgid "\"4.0\"" msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez afficher l'erreur qui apparaît lorsque vous essayez d'appeler " -"\"finish\" deux fois." -#: src/methods/example.md:50 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " -"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " -"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " -"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:87 src/memory-management/solution.md:93 +msgid "\"serde: {serde:?}\"" msgstr "" -"Notez que bien que les récepteurs de méthode soient différents, les " -"fonctions non statiques sont appelées de la même manière dans le corps " -"principal. Rust permet le référencement et le déréférencement automatique " -"lors de l'appel de méthodes. Rust ajoute automatiquement les `&`, `*`, " -"`muts` afin que cet objet corresponde à la signature de la méthode." -#: src/methods/example.md:51 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " -"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:43 +msgid "\"0.1\"" msgstr "" -"Vous pourriez remarquer que `print_laps` utilise un vecteur qui est itéré. " -"Nous décrivons les vecteurs plus en détail dans l'après-midi." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Jour 2 : Exercices du matin" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" -msgstr "" -"Nous nous intéresserons à la mise en œuvre des méthodes dans deux contextes :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 -msgid "Storing books and querying the collection" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 -msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " -"now, you just need to know part of its API:" -msgstr "" -"Nous en apprendrons beaucoup plus sur les structures et le type `Vec` " -"demain. Pour l'instant, vous avez juste besoin de connaître une partie de " -"son API :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" -" vec.push(30);\n" -" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n" -" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n" -" for item in &vec {\n" -" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " -" and update the types to make it compile:" -msgstr "" -"Utilisez-le pour créer une application de bibliothèque. Copiez le code ci-" -"dessous pour et mettez à jour les types pour " -"le faire compiler :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:21 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" -"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" -"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" -"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" -"impl Library {\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " -"year\")\n" -" //}\n" -"\n" -" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" -" //}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." -"is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " -"library.is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -" //\n" -" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" -" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:102 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" -msgstr "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " -"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." -msgstr "" -"Vous travaillez à la mise en place d'un système de surveillance de la santé. " -"Dans le cadre de cela, vous besoin de suivre les statistiques de santé des " -"utilisateurs." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " -"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " -"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." -msgstr "" -"Vous commencerez avec quelques fonctions stub dans un bloc `impl` ainsi " -"qu'un `User` définition de structure. Votre objectif est d'implémenter les " -"méthodes tronquées sur le `User` `struct` défini dans le bloc `impl`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " -"methods:" -msgstr "" -"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et remplissez " -"les champs manquants méthodes :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub struct User {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u32,\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" visit_count: usize,\n" -" last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Measurements {\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n" -" patient_name: &'a str,\n" -" visit_count: u32,\n" -" height_change: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl User {\n" -" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> " -"HealthReport {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_height() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_set_age() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" -" bob.set_age(33);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_visit() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n" -" });\n" -" assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n" -"\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " -"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " -"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." -msgstr "" -"Rust est livré avec une bibliothèque standard qui permet d'établir un " -"ensemble de types communs utilisé par la bibliothèque et les programmes " -"Rust. De cette façon, deux bibliothèques peuvent travailler ensemble en " -"douceur car ils utilisent tous les deux le même type `String`." - -#: src/std.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" -msgstr "Les types de vocabulaire courants comprennent :" - -#: src/std.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " -"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." -msgstr "" -"Types [`Option` et `Result`](std/option-result.md) : utilisés pour les " -"valeurs facultatives et \\[gestion des erreurs\\] (error-handling.md)." - -#: src/std.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." -msgstr "" -"[`String`](std/string.md) : le type de chaîne par défaut utilisé pour les " -"données détenues." - -#: src/std.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." -msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md) : un vecteur extensible standard." - -#: src/std.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " -"algorithm." -msgstr "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md) : un type de carte de hachage avec un hachage " -"configurable algorithme." - -#: src/std.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." -msgstr "" -"[`Box`](std/box.md) : un pointeur propriétaire pour les données allouées par " -"tas." - -#: src/std.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " -"data." -msgstr "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md) : un pointeur partagé compté par référence pour les " -"données allouées par tas." - -#: src/std.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " -"`alloc` and `std`. " -msgstr "" -"En fait, Rust contient plusieurs couches de la bibliothèque standard : " -"`core`, `alloc` et `std`." - -#: src/std.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " -"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " -msgstr "" -"`core` inclut les types et fonctions les plus basiques qui ne dépendent pas " -"de `libc`, de l'allocateur ou même la présence d'un système d'exploitation." - -#: src/std.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " -"`Box` and `Arc`." -msgstr "" -"`alloc` inclut les types qui nécessitent un allocateur de tas global, tels " -"que `Vec`, `Box` et `Arc`." - -#: src/std.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." -msgstr "" -"Les applications Embedded Rust n'utilisent souvent que \"core\" et parfois " -"\"alloc\"." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Option` and `Result`" -msgstr "`Option` et `Résultat`" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The types represent optional data:" -msgstr "Les types représentent des données facultatives :" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" -" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" -" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." -msgstr "" -"`Option` et `Result` sont largement utilisés, pas seulement dans la " -"bibliothèque standard." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." -msgstr "`Option<&T>` n'a aucune surcharge d'espace par rapport à `&T`." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " -"Day 3." -msgstr "" -"`Result` est le type standard pour implémenter la gestion des erreurs, comme " -"nous le verrons le jour 3." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." -msgstr "`binary_search` renvoie `Result`." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." -msgstr "Si trouvé, `Result::Ok` contient l'index où se trouve l'élément." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " -"inserted." -msgstr "" -"Sinon, `Result::Err` contient l'index où un tel élément doit être inséré." - -#: src/std/string.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " -"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" -msgstr "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) est le " -"tampon de chaîne UTF-8 évolutif standard alloué par tas :" - -#: src/std/string.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::new();\n" -" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" -" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" -" s2.push_str(&s1);\n" -" s2.push('!');\n" -" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" -" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" -" s3.chars().count());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " -"all `str` methods on a `String`." -msgstr "" -"`String` implémente [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), ce qui signifie que vous " -"pouvez appeler tous Méthodes `str` sur une `String`." - -#: src/std/string.md:30 -msgid "" -"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " -"you know how much data you want to push to the string." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:31 -msgid "" -"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " -"different from its length in characters)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:32 -msgid "" -"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " -"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " -"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" -"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:33 -msgid "" -"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " -"`String`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:34 -msgid "" -"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " -"transparently call methods from `T`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:35 -msgid "" -"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " -"access to `str`'s methods." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:36 -msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:37 -msgid "" -"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " -"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " -"with some extra guarantees." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:38 -msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:39 -msgid "" -"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " -"out-of-bounds." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:40 -msgid "" -"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " -"boundaries or not." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Vec`" -msgstr "`Vec`" - -#: src/std/vec.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " -"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" -msgstr "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) est le tampon " -"standard redimensionnable alloué au tas :" - -#: src/std/vec.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" -" v1.push(42);\n" -" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" -" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" -" v2.push(9999);\n" -" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" -" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" -"\n" -" // Retain only the even elements.\n" -" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" -" v3.dedup();\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " -"methods on a `Vec`." -msgstr "" -"`Vec` implémente [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), ce qui signifie que vous pouvez " -"appeler slice méthodes sur un `Vec`." - -#: src/std/vec.md:37 -msgid "" -"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " -"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " -"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:40 -msgid "" -"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " -"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " -"during the first `push` call." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:42 -msgid "" -"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " -"supports adding initial elements to the vector." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:44 -msgid "" -"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " -"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " -"remove the last element." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:46 -msgid "" -"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " -"+= 50; }`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`HashMap`" -msgstr "`HashMap`" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" -msgstr "" -"Carte de hachage standard avec protection contre les attaques HashDoS :" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " -"207);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" -"\n" -" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" -" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" -" page_counts.len());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" match page_counts.get(book) {\n" -" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." -"or_insert(0);\n" -" *page_count += 1;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:38 -msgid "" -"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:39 -msgid "" -"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " -"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " -"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:41 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let pc1 = page_counts\n" -" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" -" .unwrap_or(&336);\n" -" let pc2 = page_counts\n" -" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" -" .or_insert(374);\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:49 -msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:50 -msgid "" -"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" -"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " -"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" -" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" -" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" -" ]);\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:59 -msgid "" -"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" -"value tuples." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:60 -msgid "" -"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " -"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " -"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:62 -msgid "" -"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " -"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:64 -msgid "" -"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" -"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " -"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " -"to the `keys` method." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/box.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Box`" -msgstr "`Boîte`" -#: src/std/box.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " @@ -8681,33 +8070,11 @@ msgstr "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) est un pointeur " "propriétaire vers des données sur le tas :" -#: src/std/box.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let five = Box::new(5);\n" -" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:8 +msgid "\"five: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:13 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": five : : :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" -": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/box.md:26 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " @@ -8718,55 +8085,7 @@ msgstr "" "[appeler des méthodes depuis `T` directement sur une `Box`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." -#: src/std/box.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " -"not null. " -msgstr "" -"`Box` est comme `std::unique_ptr` en C++, sauf qu'il est garanti qu'il n'est " -"pas nul." - -#: src/std/box.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " -"statement thanks to `Deref`. " -msgstr "" -"Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, vous pouvez même omettre le `*` dans l'instruction " -"`println!` grâce à `Deref`." - -#: src/std/box.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" -msgstr "Une `Box` peut être utile lorsque vous :" - -#: src/std/box.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " -"compiler wants to know an exact size." -msgstr "" -"avoir un type dont la taille ne peut pas être connue au moment de la " -"compilation, mais le compilateur Rust veut connaître une taille exacte." - -#: src/std/box.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " -"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " -"so only the pointer is moved." -msgstr "" -"souhaitez transférer la propriété d'une grande quantité de données. Pour " -"éviter de copier de grandes quantités de données sur la pile, stockez plutôt " -"les données sur le tas dans une `Box` afin que seul le pointeur soit déplacé." - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" -msgstr "Boîte avec des structures de données récursives" - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" @@ -8774,24 +8093,11 @@ msgstr "" "Les types de données récursifs ou les types de données avec des tailles " "dynamiques doivent utiliser une `Box` :" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum List {\n" -" Cons(T, Box>),\n" -" Nil,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" -"new(List::Nil))));\n" -" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:40 src/smart-pointers/box.md:85 +msgid "\"{list:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:44 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -8813,7 +8119,50 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:58 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " +"not null." +msgstr "" +"`Box` est comme `std::unique_ptr` en C++, sauf qu'il est garanti qu'il n'est " +"pas nul." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " +"statement thanks to `Deref`." +msgstr "" +"Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, vous pouvez même omettre le `*` dans l'instruction " +"`println!` grâce à `Deref`." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" +msgstr "Une `Box` peut être utile lorsque vous :" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:61 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " +"compiler wants to know an exact size." +msgstr "" +"avoir un type dont la taille ne peut pas être connue au moment de la " +"compilation, mais le compilateur Rust veut connaître une taille exacte." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:62 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " +"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " +"so only the pointer is moved." +msgstr "" +"souhaitez transférer la propriété d'une grande quantité de données. Pour " +"éviter de copier de grandes quantités de données sur la pile, stockez plutôt " +"les données sur le tas dans une `Box` afin que seul le pointeur soit déplacé." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:64 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " @@ -8824,7 +8173,7 @@ msgstr "" "`List` directement dans la `List`, le compilateur ne calculerait pas une " "taille fixe de la structure en mémoire, elle semblerait infinie." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:67 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " @@ -8833,7 +8182,7 @@ msgstr "" "`Box` résout ce problème car il a la même taille qu'un pointeur normal et " "pointe simplement vers le prochain élément de la `Liste` dans le tas." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:70 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " @@ -8845,7 +8194,11 @@ msgstr "" "peut-être utiliser une boîte ou une référence quelconque, au lieu de stocker " "une valeur directement." -#: src/std/box-niche.md:16 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:74 +msgid "Niche Optimization" +msgstr "Optimisation niche" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:89 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " @@ -8854,7 +8207,7 @@ msgstr "" "Une `Box` ne peut pas être vide, donc le pointeur est toujours valide et non " "`null`. Ce permet au compilateur d'optimiser la disposition de la mémoire :" -#: src/std/box-niche.md:19 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:92 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -8876,12 +8229,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Rc`" -msgstr "`Rc`" - -#: src/std/rc.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" @@ -8892,22 +8240,15 @@ msgstr "" "partagé compté par référence. Utilisez-le lorsque vous avez besoin de vous " "référer aux mêmes données depuis plusieurs endroits :" -#: src/std/rc.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::rc::Rc;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" -" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" -" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:13 +msgid "\"a: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/rc.md:18 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:14 +msgid "\"b: {b}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." @@ -8917,7 +8258,7 @@ msgstr "" "Voir [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) si vous " "êtes dans un contexte multi-thread." -#: src/std/rc.md:19 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." @@ -8927,7 +8268,7 @@ msgstr "" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pour créer des cycles " "qui va tomber." -#: src/std/rc.md:29 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " @@ -8936,12 +8277,12 @@ msgstr "" "Le comptage de `Rc` garantit que sa valeur contenue est valide tant qu'il y " "a des références." -#: src/std/rc.md:30 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "Comme `std::shared_ptr` de C++." -#: src/std/rc.md:31 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " @@ -8953,7 +8294,7 @@ msgstr "" "généralement être ignoré lors de la recherche de problèmes de performances " "dans le code." -#: src/std/rc.md:32 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " @@ -8962,27 +8303,194 @@ msgstr "" "`make_mut` clone en fait la valeur interne si nécessaire (\"clone-on-" "write\") et renvoie une référence mutable." -#: src/std/rc.md:33 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "Utilisez `Rc::strong_count` pour vérifier le nombre de références." -#: src/std/rc.md:34 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " -"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, " -"on the next slide)." +"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez `downgrader()` un `Rc` en un objet _faiblement compté en " "référence_ pour créer des cycles qui seront supprimés correctement " "(probablement en combinaison avec `RefCell`)." -#: src/std/cell.md:1 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two " +"children (left and right). We will create a tree where each node stores a " +"value. For a given node N, all nodes in a N's left subtree contain smaller " +"values, and all nodes in N's right subtree will contain larger values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:8 +msgid "Implement the following types, so that the given tests pass." +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:17 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:10 +msgid "" +"/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:23 +msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, and `has`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:38 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:84 +msgid "// not a unique item\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:73 +msgid "" +"Extra Credit: implement an iterator over a binary tree that returns the " +"values in order." +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:68 src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"bar\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, " +"you can let a function _borrow_ the value:" +msgstr "" +"Au lieu de transférer la propriété lors de l'appel d'une fonction, vous " +"pouvez laisser une la fonction _emprunte_ la valeur :" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." +msgstr "La fonction `add` _emprunte_ deux points et renvoie un nouveau point." + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." +msgstr "L'appelant conserve la propriété des entrées." + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:28 +msgid "" +"This slide is a review of the material on references from day 1, expanding " +"slightly to include function arguments and return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Notes on stack returns:" +msgstr "Remarques sur les retours de pile :" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:35 +msgid "" +"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " +"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " +"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) " +"or look at the assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the " +"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " +"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:56 +msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:57 +msgid "" +"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " +"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " +"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " +"copy." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. " +"For a given value, at any time:" +msgstr "" +"Rust impose des contraintes sur la manière dont vous pouvez emprunter des " +"valeurs :" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_" +msgstr "Vous pouvez avoir une ou plusieurs valeurs `&T` à tout moment, _ou_" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value." +msgstr "Vous pouvez avoir exactement une valeur `&mut T`." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:26 +msgid "" +"Note that the requirement is that conflicting references not _exist_ at the " +"same point. It does not matter where the reference is dereferenced." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " +"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." +msgstr "" +"Le code ci-dessus ne se compile pas car 'a' est emprunté comme mutable (via " +"'c') et comme immuable (via 'b') en même temps." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " +"to make the code compile." +msgstr "" +"Déplacez l'instruction `println!` pour `b` avant la portée qui introduit `c` " +"pour que le code soit compilé." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " +"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " +"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." +msgstr "" +"Après ce changement, le compilateur se rend compte que 'b' n'est utilisé " +"qu'avant le nouvel emprunt mutable de 'a' à 'c'. Il s'agit d'une " +"fonctionnalité du vérificateur d'emprunt appelée \"durées de vie non " +"lexicales\"." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:30 +msgid "" +"The exclusive reference constraint is quite strong. Rust uses it to ensure " +"that data races do not occur. Rust also _relies_ on this constraint to " +"optimize code. For example, a value behind a shared reference can be safely " +"cached in a register for the lifetime of that reference." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:31 +msgid "" +"The borrow checker is designed to accommodate many common patterns, such as " +"taking exclusive references to different fields in a struct at the same " +"time. But, there are some situations where it doesn't quite \"get it\" and " +"this often results in \"fighting with the borrow checker.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:6 +msgid "" +"Rust provides a few safe means of modifying a value given only a shared " +"reference to that value. All of these replace compile-time checks with " +"runtime checks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:10 msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" msgstr "" -#: src/std/cell.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" @@ -8993,51 +8501,22 @@ msgstr "" "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), vous " "pouvez résumer les sources `u8` :" -#: src/std/cell.md:8 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:17 msgid "" "`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " "values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " "shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." msgstr "" -#: src/std/cell.md:12 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::cell::RefCell;\n" -"use std::rc::Rc;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct Node {\n" -" value: i64,\n" -" children: Vec>>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Node {\n" -" fn new(value: i64) -> Rc> {\n" -" Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value, ..Node::default() }))\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn sum(&self) -> i64 {\n" -" self.value + self.children.iter().map(|c| c.borrow().sum()).sum::" -"()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let root = Node::new(1);\n" -" root.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(5));\n" -" let subtree = Node::new(10);\n" -" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(11));\n" -" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(12));\n" -" root.borrow_mut().children.push(subtree);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" -" println!(\"graph sum: {}\", root.borrow().sum());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:49 +msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/cell.md:47 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:50 +msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:56 msgid "" "If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " "to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " @@ -9045,19 +8524,19 @@ msgid "" "but it's not ergonomic." msgstr "" -#: src/std/cell.md:48 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:57 msgid "" "To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " "`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." msgstr "" -#: src/std/cell.md:49 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:58 msgid "" "Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." "children` (don't try to print it!)." msgstr "" -#: src/std/cell.md:50 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:59 msgid "" "To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " "`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " @@ -9065,43 +8544,886 @@ msgid "" "borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." msgstr "" -#: src/modules.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " +"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." +msgstr "" +"Vous travaillez à la mise en place d'un système de surveillance de la santé. " +"Dans le cadre de cela, vous besoin de suivre les statistiques de santé des " +"utilisateurs." + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " +"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " +"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +msgstr "" +"Vous commencerez avec quelques fonctions stub dans un bloc `impl` ainsi " +"qu'un `User` définition de structure. Votre objectif est d'implémenter les " +"méthodes tronquées sur le `User` `struct` défini dans le bloc `impl`." + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " +"methods:" +msgstr "" +"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et remplissez " +"les champs manquants méthodes :" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:51 +msgid "" +"\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the " +"doctor\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:56 src/borrowing/exercise.md:62 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:68 src/borrowing/solution.md:58 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:64 src/borrowing/solution.md:70 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:43 src/android/aidl/client.md:23 +msgid "\"Bob\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:57 src/borrowing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:1 +msgid "Slices" +msgstr "Tranches" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" +msgstr "Une tranche vous donne une vue dans une plus grande collection :" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." +msgstr "" +"Les tranches empruntent des données au type en tranches. \\* Question : Que " +"se passe-t-il si vous modifiez `a[3]` ?" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:18 +msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " +"indexes in brackets." +msgstr "" +"Nous créons une tranche en empruntant `a` et en spécifiant les index de " +"début et de fin entre parenthèses." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " +"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Si la tranche commence à l'index 0, la syntaxe de plage de Rust nous permet " +"de supprimer l'index de départ, ce qui signifie que `&a[0..a.len()]` et " +"`&a[..a.len()]` sont identiques ." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Il en va de même pour le dernier index, donc `&a[2..a.len()]` et `&a[2..]` " +"sont identiques." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." +msgstr "" +"Pour créer facilement une tranche du tableau complet, on peut donc utiliser " +"`&a[..]`." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " +"computation on slices of different sizes." +msgstr "" +"`s` est une référence à une tranche de `i32`s. Notez que le type de `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) ne mentionne plus la longueur du tableau. Cela nous permet " +"d'effectuer des calculs sur des tranches de tailles différentes." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " +"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." +msgstr "" +"Les tranches empruntent toujours à un autre objet. Dans cet exemple, \"a\" " +"doit rester \"vivant\" (dans la portée) au moins aussi longtemps que notre " +"tranche." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " +"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " +"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " +"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " +"`println`, when the slice is no longer used." +msgstr "" +"La question sur la modification de `a[3]` peut susciter une discussion " +"intéressante, mais la réponse est que pour des raisons de sécurité de la " +"mémoire vous ne pouvez pas le faire via `a` après avoir créé une tranche, " +"mais vous pouvez lire les données de `a` et `s` en toute sécurité. Plus de " +"détails seront expliqués dans la section Vérificateur d'emprunt." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:6 +msgid "" +"We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like " +"`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:12 +msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello \"" +msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:20 +msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust terminology:" +msgstr "Terminologie de Rust :" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." +msgstr "`&str` une référence immuable à une tranche de chaîne." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." +msgstr "`String` un tampon de chaîne mutable." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:31 +msgid "" +"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " +"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " +"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:34 +msgid "" +"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " +"`Vec`, it is owned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:36 +msgid "" +"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " +"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " +"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:39 +msgid "" +"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " +"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:42 +msgid "" +"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +"selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " +"boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over " +"characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:47 +msgid "" +"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " +"one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " +"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " +"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:51 +msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes" +msgstr "Durées de vie" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:3 +msgid "" +"A reference has a _lifetime_, which must \"outlive\" the value it refers to. " +"This is verified by the borrow checker." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:6 +msgid "" +"The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes " +"can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with " +"`'` and `'a` is a typical default name. Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed " +"`Point` which is valid for at least the lifetime `a`\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:11 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " +"yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is " +"ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:15 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and " +"returning values from functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:29 +msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:30 +msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:36 +msgid "" +"In this example, the the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for " +"`p3`. Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume " +"that `p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, " +"Rust requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and " +"return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:42 +msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:48 +msgid "" +"This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives " +"for at least `'a`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:50 +msgid "" +"In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" +msgstr "Durées de vie dans les appels de fonction" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:3 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " +"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " +"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html). This is not " +"inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:8 +msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:9 +msgid "" +"If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated " +"return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:10 +msgid "" +"If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, " +"that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:49 +msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:51 +msgid "" +"The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple " +"references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:53 +msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:59 +msgid "" +"This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for " +"validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers " +"(unsafe), and this is a common source of errors with unsafe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" +msgstr "Durées de vie dans les structures de données" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" +msgstr "" +"Si un type de données stocke des données empruntées, il doit être annoté " +"avec une durée de vie :" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:10 +msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:14 +msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:17 +msgid "// erase(text);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:18 +msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:19 +msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " +"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " +"`Highlight` that uses that data." +msgstr "" +"Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, l'annotation sur `Highlight` impose que les " +"données sous-jacentes au `&str` contenu vivent au moins aussi longtemps que " +"toute instance de `Highlight` qui utilise ces données." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " +"the borrow checker throws an error." +msgstr "" +"Si `text` est consommé avant la fin de la durée de vie de `fox` (ou `dog`), " +"le vérificateur d'emprunt génère une erreur." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " +"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " +"somewhat harder to use." +msgstr "" +"Les types avec des données empruntées obligent les utilisateurs à conserver " +"les données d'origine. Cela peut être utile pour créer des vues légères, " +"mais cela les rend généralement un peu plus difficiles à utiliser." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." +msgstr "" +"Dans la mesure du possible, faites en sorte que les structures de données " +"soient directement propriétaires de leurs données." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " +"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " +"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " +"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." +msgstr "" +"Certaines structures contenant plusieurs références peuvent avoir plusieurs " +"annotations de durée de vie. Cela peut être nécessaire s'il est nécessaire " +"de décrire les relations de durée de vie entre les références elles-mêmes, " +"en plus de la durée de vie de la structure elle-même. Ce sont des cas " +"d'utilisation très avancés." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]" +"(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's " +"simpler than it seems! This illustrates a common parsing pattern, passing " +"slices of data. The underlying data itself is never copied." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, " +"indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` " +"file. In this exercise, we'll encode that information into `match` " +"statements in functions that get called for each field." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We'll use the following proto:" +msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser le fichier `Cargo.toml` suivant :" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:28 +msgid "" +"A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each " +"is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field " +"number (e.g., `2` for the `id` field of a `Person` message) and a wire type " +"defining how the payload should be determined from the byte stream." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:33 +msgid "" +"Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding " +"called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given " +"code also defines callbacks to handle `Person` and `PhoneNumber` fields, and " +"to parse a message into a series of calls to those callbacks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:38 +msgid "What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:47 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:10 +msgid "\"Invalid varint\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:49 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:12 +msgid "\"Invalid wire-type\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:51 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:14 +msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:53 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:16 +msgid "\"Invalid length\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:55 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:18 +msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:57 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:20 +msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:60 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:63 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:26 +msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:65 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:28 +msgid "" +"//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" +" /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " +"a VARINT\n" +" /// followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:69 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:32 +msgid "" +"/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in little-" +"endian order\n" +" /// containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:74 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:37 +msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:78 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:41 +msgid "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:83 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:46 +msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:96 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:59 +msgid "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:126 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:89 +msgid "" +"/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:134 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:97 +msgid "" +"// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" +" // a u64 and return it.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:144 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:107 +msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:147 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:110 +msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:155 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:117 +msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:158 +msgid "" +"// 1. Read and unpack the tag.\n" +" // 2. Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as\n" +" // necessary.\n" +" // 3. Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:164 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:154 +msgid "" +"/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `field_callback` for each " +"field in the message.\n" +"///\n" +"/// The entire input is consumed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:181 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:171 +msgid "/// Handle a field in a Person message.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:184 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:174 +msgid "\"name: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:185 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:175 +msgid "\"id: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:187 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:177 +msgid "\"phone:\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:190 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:200 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:180 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:190 +msgid "// skip everything else\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:195 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:185 +msgid "/// Handle a field in a PhoneNumber message.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:198 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:188 +msgid "\" number: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:199 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:189 +msgid "\" type: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:141 +msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:216 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:223 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:230 +msgid "b\"hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Day 4" +msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 1" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today we will cover topics relating to building large-scale software in Rust:" +msgstr "Aujourd'hui, nous aborderons quelques sujets plus avancés de Rust :" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:5 +msgid "Iterators: a deep dive on the `Iterator` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:6 +msgid "Modules and visibility." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing." +msgstr "Tester" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." +msgstr "" +"Gestion des erreurs : paniques, « Résultat » et l'opérateur d'essai « ? »." + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:9 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust: the escape hatch when you can't express yourself in safe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:6 +msgid "" +"The [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait supports iterating over values in a collection. It requires a `next` " +"method and provides lots of methods. Many standard library types implement " +"`Iterator`, and you can implement it yourself, too:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:30 +msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " +"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " +"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " +"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " +"implementations." +msgstr "" +"Le trait `Iterator` implémente de nombreuses opérations de programmation " +"fonctionnelles courantes sur les collections (par exemple, `map`, `filter`, " +"`reduce`, etc.). C'est le trait où vous pouvez trouver toute la " +"documentation à propos d'eux. Dans Rust, ces fonctions devraient produire le " +"code aussi efficace que l'impératif équivalent implémentations." + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " +"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " +"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " +"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." +msgstr "" +"`IntoIterator` est le trait qui fait fonctionner les boucles. Il est " +"implémenté par des types de collection tels que `Vec` et leurs références " +"telles que `&Vec` et `&[T]`. Les gammes l'implémentent également. C'est " +"pourquoi vous pouvez itérer sur un vecteur avec `for i in some_vec { .. }` " +"mais `some_vec.next()` n'existe pas." + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " +"iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) defines how to create an iterator for a type. " +"It is used automatically by the `for` loop." +msgstr "" +"Le trait `Iterator` vous indique comment _itérer_ une fois que vous avez " +"créé un itérateur. Le trait connexe \"IntoIterator\" vous indique comment " +"créer l'itérateur :" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:52 +msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of " +"`IntoIterator` must declare two types:" +msgstr "" +"La syntaxe ici signifie que chaque implémentation de `IntoIterator` doit " +"déclarer deux types :" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:62 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`," +msgstr "`Item` : le type sur lequel nous itérons, tel que `i8`," + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:63 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." +msgstr "`IntoIter` : le type `Iterator` renvoyé par la méthode `into_iter`." + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:65 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " +"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" +msgstr "" +"Notez que `IntoIter` et `Item` sont liés : l'itérateur doit avoir le même " +"Type `Item`, ce qui signifie qu'il renvoie `Option`" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:68 +msgid "The example iterates over all combinations of x and y coordinates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:70 +msgid "" +"Try iterating over the grid twice in `main`. Why does this fail? Note that " +"`IntoIterator::into_iter` takes ownership of `self`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:73 +msgid "" +"Fix this issue by implementing `IntoIterator` for `&Grid` and storing a " +"reference to the `Grid` in `GridIter`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:76 +msgid "" +"The same problem can occur for standard library types: `for e in " +"some_vector` will take ownership of `some_vector` and iterate over owned " +"elements from that vector. Use `for e in &some_vector` instead, to iterate " +"over references to elements of `some_vector`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:1 +msgid "FromIterator" +msgstr "FromIterator" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." +msgstr "" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"vous permet de créer une collection à partir d'un [`Iterator`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:12 +msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Iterator` implements" +msgstr "`Itérateur`" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:27 +msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:29 +msgid "" +"With the \"turbofish\": `some_iterator.collect::()`, as " +"shown. The `_` shorthand used here lets Rust infer the type of the `Vec` " +"elements. " +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:32 +msgid "" +"With type inference: `let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`. " +"Rewrite the example to use this form." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. " +"There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things " +"like convert an `Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." +msgstr "" +"Il existe également des implémentations qui vous permettent de faire des " +"choses sympas comme convertir un `Iterator>` en un " +"`Result, E>`." + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods " +"in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait to implement a complex calculation." +msgstr "" +"Vous pouvez implémenter le trait [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"iter/trait.Iterator.html) sur vos propres types :" + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the following code to and make the tests " +"pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the " +"return value." +msgstr "" +"Copiez le code suivant sur et faites les tests " +"passer. Essayez d'éviter d'attribuer un \"Vec\" à vos résultats " +"intermédiaires :" + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:12 src/iterators/solution.md:4 +msgid "" +"/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by " +"`offset`, wrapping\n" +"/// around from the end of `values` to the beginning.\n" +"///\n" +"/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "" "Nous avons vu comment les blocs `impl` nous permettent de faire fonctionner " "l'espace de noms sur un type." -#: src/modules.md:5 +#: src/modules/modules.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" msgstr "" "De même, `mod` nous permet d'utiliser des types et des fonctions d'espace de " "noms :" -#: src/modules.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod foo {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"mod bar {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" foo::do_something();\n" -" bar::do_something();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/modules.md:10 +msgid "\"In the foo module\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules.md:28 +#: src/modules/modules.md:16 +msgid "\"In the bar module\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " @@ -9110,7 +9432,7 @@ msgstr "" "Les packages fournissent des fonctionnalités et incluent un fichier `Cargo." "toml` qui décrit comment créer un ensemble de 1+ caisses." -#: src/modules.md:29 +#: src/modules/modules.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " @@ -9119,13 +9441,102 @@ msgstr "" "Les caisses sont un arbre de modules, où une caisse binaire crée un " "exécutable et une caisse de bibliothèque se compile en une bibliothèque." -#: src/modules.md:30 +#: src/modules/modules.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "" "Les modules définissent l'organisation, la portée et sont au centre de cette " "section." +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 +msgid "" +"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 +msgid "" +"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." +"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" +"vegetables.rs`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `crate` root is in:" +msgstr "La racine `crate` se trouve dans :" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" +msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (pour une caisse de bibliothèque)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` (pour un crate binaire)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " +"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " +"module." +msgstr "" +"Les modules définis dans les fichiers peuvent également être documentés à " +"l'aide de \"commentaires de documentation internes\". Ceux-ci documentent " +"l'élément qui les contient -- dans ce cas, un module." + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21 +msgid "" +"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " +"germination\n" +"//! implementation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:23 +msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27 +msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:30 +msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 +msgid "" +"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " +"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 +msgid "" +"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." +"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 +msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 +msgid "" +"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " +"directive:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:55 +msgid "\"some/path.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 +msgid "" +"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " +"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." +msgstr "" + #: src/modules/visibility.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" @@ -9152,34 +9563,20 @@ msgstr "" "En d'autres termes, si un élément est visible dans le module `foo`, il est " "visible dans tous les descendants de `foo`." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod outer {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::public\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" mod inner {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" -" super::private();\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" outer::public();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:13 +msgid "\"outer::private\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:17 +msgid "\"outer::public\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:22 +msgid "\"outer::inner::private\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:26 +msgid "\"outer::inner::public\"" msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:39 @@ -9226,2976 +9623,290 @@ msgstr "" "Dans tous les cas, la visibilité doit être accordée à un module ancêtre (et " "à tous ses descendants)." +#: src/modules/paths.md:1 +msgid "use, super, self" +msgstr "" + #: src/modules/paths.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" -msgstr "Les chemins sont résolus comme suit :" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "As a relative path:" -msgstr "En tant que chemin relatif :" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," -msgstr "`foo` ou `self::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module actuel," - -#: src/modules/paths.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." -msgstr "`super::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module parent." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "As an absolute path:" -msgstr "En tant que chemin absolu :" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," -msgstr "`crate::foo` fait référence à `foo` à la racine du crate actuel," - -#: src/modules/paths.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." -msgstr "`bar::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le crate `bar`." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:13 msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " "will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" +#: src/modules/paths.md:11 +msgid "Paths" +msgstr "Chemins" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" +msgstr "Les chemins sont résolus comme suit :" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "As a relative path:" +msgstr "En tant que chemin relatif :" + #: src/modules/paths.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::collections::HashSet;\n" -"use std::mem::transmute;\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 -msgid "" -"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"mod garden;\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 -msgid "" -"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." -"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" -"vegetables.rs`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `crate` root is in:" -msgstr "La racine `crate` se trouve dans :" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" -msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (pour une caisse de bibliothèque)" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" -msgstr "`src/main.rs` (pour un crate binaire)" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " -"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " -"module." -msgstr "" -"Les modules définis dans les fichiers peuvent également être documentés à " -"l'aide de \"commentaires de documentation internes\". Ceux-ci documentent " -"l'élément qui les contient -- dans ce cas, un module." - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:20 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " -"germination\n" -"//! implementation.\n" -"\n" -"// Re-export types from this module.\n" -"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n" -"pub use garden::Garden;\n" -"\n" -"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" -"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" -"\n" -"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" -"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 -msgid "" -"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " -"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 -msgid "" -"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." -"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 -msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44 -msgid "" -"```ignore\n" -"src/\n" -"├── main.rs\n" -"├── top_module.rs\n" -"└── top_module/\n" -" └── sub_module.rs\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 -msgid "" -"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " -"directive:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:54 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" -"mod some_module;\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 -msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " -"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Jour 2 : Exercices de l'après-midi" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." -msgstr "" -"Les exercices de cet après-midi porteront sur les chaînes et les itérateurs." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"traits." -msgstr "" -"Le modèle de propriété de Rust affecte de nombreuses API. Un exemple en est " -"le [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) et " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"caractéristiques." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Iterator`" -msgstr "`Itérateur`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " -"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " -"back:" -msgstr "" -"Les traits sont comme des interfaces : ils décrivent le comportement " -"(méthodes) d'un type. Le Le trait `Iterator` indique simplement que vous " -"pouvez appeler `next` jusqu'à ce que vous obteniez `None` :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub trait Iterator {\n" -" type Item;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You use this trait like this:" -msgstr "Vous utilisez ce trait comme ceci :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" -msgstr "Quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ? Testez votre réponse ici :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Why is this type used?" -msgstr "Pourquoi ce type est-il utilisé ?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`IntoIterator`" -msgstr "`IntoIterator`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " -"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " -"iterator:" -msgstr "" -"Le trait `Iterator` vous indique comment _itérer_ une fois que vous avez " -"créé un itérateur. Le trait connexe \"IntoIterator\" vous indique comment " -"créer l'itérateur :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:53 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub trait IntoIterator {\n" -" type Item;\n" -" type IntoIter: Iterator;\n" -"\n" -" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " -"declare two types:" -msgstr "" -"La syntaxe ici signifie que chaque implémentation de `IntoIterator` doit " -"déclarer deux types :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," -msgstr "`Item` : le type sur lequel nous itérons, tel que `i8`," - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." -msgstr "`IntoIter` : le type `Iterator` renvoyé par la méthode `into_iter`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " -"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" -msgstr "" -"Notez que `IntoIter` et `Item` sont liés : l'itérateur doit avoir le même " -"Type `Item`, ce qui signifie qu'il renvoie `Option`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" -msgstr "Comme précédemment, quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`for` Loops" -msgstr "Boucles `for`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " -"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " -"resulting iterator:" -msgstr "" -"Maintenant que nous connaissons à la fois `Iterator` et `IntoIterator`, nous " -"pouvons construire des boucles `for`. Ils appellent `into_iter()` sur une " -"expression et itèrent sur le résultat itérateur :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" -"\n" -" for word in &v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" for word in v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 -#, fuzzy -msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" -msgstr "Quel est le type de \"mot\" dans chaque boucle ?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " -"IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for " -"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" -"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." -msgstr "" -"Expérimentez avec le code ci-dessus, puis consultez la documentation de " -"[`impl IntoIterator pour &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." -"Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) et [`impl " -"IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) pour vérifier vos réponses." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " -"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " -"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " -"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." -msgstr "" -"Dans cet exercice, vous implémentez un composant de routage d'un serveur " -"Web. Le le serveur est configuré avec un certain nombre de _préfixes de " -"chemin_ qui sont mis en correspondance _demander des chemins_. Les préfixes " -"de chemin peuvent contenir un caractère générique qui correspond à un " -"segment complet. Voir les tests unitaires ci-dessous." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copy the following code to and make the tests " -"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" -msgstr "" -"Copiez le code suivant sur et faites les tests " -"passer. Essayez d'éviter d'attribuer un \"Vec\" à vos résultats " -"intermédiaires :" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Welcome to Day 3" -msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 3" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" -msgstr "Aujourd'hui, nous aborderons quelques sujets plus avancés de Rust :" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " -"traits." -msgstr "" -"Traits : traits dérivés, méthodes par défaut et bibliothèque standard " -"importante caractéristiques." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " -"objects." -msgstr "" -"Génériques : types de données génériques, méthodes génériques, " -"monomorphisation et trait objets." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." -msgstr "" -"Gestion des erreurs : paniques, « Résultat » et l'opérateur d'essai « ? »." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." -msgstr "" -"Tests : tests unitaires, tests de documentation et tests d'intégration." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " -"functions." -msgstr "" -"Unsafe Rust : pointeurs bruts, variables statiques, fonctions non sécurisées " -"et extern les fonctions." - -#: src/generics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " -"(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." -msgstr "" -"Rust prend en charge les génériques, ce qui vous permet d'abstraire un " -"algorithme (comme le tri) sur les types utilisés dans l'algorithme." - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez utiliser des génériques pour résumer le type de champ concret :" - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point {\n" -" x: T,\n" -" y: T,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" -" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" -" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:21 -msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:23 -msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" -msgstr "Vous pouvez déclarer un type générique sur votre bloc `impl` :" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(T, T);\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" -" &self.0 // + 10\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(5, 10);\n" -" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " -"redundant?" -msgstr "" -"_Q :_ Pourquoi `T` est spécifié deux fois dans `impl Point {}` ? N'est-" -"ce pas redondant ?" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " -"They are independently generic." -msgstr "" -"C'est parce qu'il s'agit d'une section d'implémentation générique pour le " -"type générique. Ils sont indépendamment génériques." - -#: src/generics/methods.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." -msgstr "Cela signifie que ces méthodes sont définies pour n'importe quel `T`." - -#: src/generics/methods.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " -msgstr "Il est possible d'écrire `impl Point { .. }`." - -#: src/generics/methods.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " -"block will only be available for `Point`." -msgstr "" -"`Point` est toujours générique et vous pouvez utiliser `Point`, mais " -"les méthodes de ce bloc ne seront disponibles que pour `Point`." - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" -msgstr "" -"Le code générique est transformé en code non générique basé sur les sites " -"d'appel :" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Some(5);\n" -" let float = Some(5.0);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "behaves as if you wrote" -msgstr "se comporte comme si vous écriviez" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum Option_i32 {\n" -" Some(i32),\n" -" None,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"enum Option_f64 {\n" -" Some(f64),\n" -" None,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n" -" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " -"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." -msgstr "" -"Il s'agit d'une abstraction à coût nul : vous obtenez exactement le même " -"résultat que si vous aviez codé à la main les structures de données sans " -"l'abstraction." - -#: src/traits.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" -msgstr "" -"Rust vous permet d'abstraire les types avec des traits. Ils sont similaires " -"aux interfaces :" - -#: src/traits.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"trait Pet {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Dog {\n" -" name: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Cat;\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Dog {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" self.name.clone()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Cat {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " -"anyway.\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn greet(pet: &P) {\n" -" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n" -" greet(&fido);\n" -"\n" -" let captain_floof = Cat;\n" -" greet(&captain_floof);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " -"collection:" -msgstr "" -"Les objets de trait autorisent des valeurs de différents types, par exemple " -"dans une collection :" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"trait Pet {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Dog {\n" -" name: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Cat;\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Dog {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" self.name.clone()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Cat {\n" -" fn name(&self) -> String {\n" -" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " -"anyway.\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" -" Box::new(Cat),\n" -" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n" -" ];\n" -" for pet in pets {\n" -" println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" -msgstr "Disposition de la mémoire après l'allocation de `pets` :" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"pets : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" -"+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " -"| :\n" -": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" -"+ :\n" -": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | | '---->| \"::name\" " -"| :\n" -" : | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | " -"| : \n" -" : | | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : | '-->|" -"\\| : \n" -" : | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : " -"| : \n" -" : | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : '---->| \"::name\" " -"| : \n" -" : +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 -msgid "" -"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " -"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73 -msgid "" -"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " -"implements `Pet`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 -msgid "" -"In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. " -"The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object " -"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of " -"that particular object." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75 -msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::" -"());\n" -" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::" -"<&Cat>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the " -"specified traits for a data structure." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez laisser le compilateur dériver un certain nombre de traits :" - -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" -"struct Player {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" strength: u8,\n" -" hit_points: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Player::default();\n" -" let p2 = p1.clone();\n" -" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" -" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" -msgstr "" -"Les traits peuvent implémenter un comportement en termes d'autres méthodes " -"de trait :" - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"trait Equals {\n" -" fn equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Centimeter(i16);\n" -"\n" -"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" -" fn equals(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" -" self.0 == other.0\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = Centimeter(10);\n" -" let b = Centimeter(20);\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equals(&b));\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equals(&b));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users " -"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations " -"can rely on required methods." -msgstr "" -"Les caractéristiques peuvent spécifier des méthodes pré-implémentées (par " -"défaut) et des méthodes que les utilisateurs sont tenus de suivre mettre en " -"œuvre eux-mêmes. Les méthodes avec des implémentations par défaut peuvent " -"s'appuyer sur les méthodes requises." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." -msgstr "Déplacez la méthode `not_equal` vers un nouveau trait `NotEqual`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." -msgstr "Faites de `NotEqual` un super trait pour `Equal`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"trait NotEquals: Equals {\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "Fournir une implémentation globale de `NotEqual` pour `Equal`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." -msgstr "" -"Avec l'implémentation globale, vous n'avez plus besoin de `NotEqual` comme " -"super trait pour `Equal`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:47 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"trait NotEquals {\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl NotEquals for T where T: Equals {\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "Fournir une implémentation globale de `NotEqual` pour `Equal`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 -msgid "" -"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " -"trait for `NotEqual`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " -"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." -msgstr "" -"Lorsque vous travaillez avec des génériques, vous souhaitez souvent exiger " -"que les types implémentent un trait, afin que vous puissiez appeler les " -"méthodes de ce trait." - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" -msgstr "Vous pouvez le faire avec `T: Trait` ou `impl Trait` :" - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" -" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" -"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" -"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into) -> i32 {\n" -" x.into() + 42_000_000\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// struct NotClonable;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n" -" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n" -" println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n" -" println!(\"{many}\");\n" -" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n" -" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." -msgstr "" -"Montrez une clause \"où\", les étudiants la rencontreront lors de la lecture " -"du code." - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n" -"where\n" -" T: Clone,\n" -"{\n" -" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." -msgstr "" -"Cela désencombre la signature de la fonction si vous avez beaucoup de " -"paramètres." - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." -msgstr "Il a des fonctionnalités supplémentaires qui le rendent plus puissant." - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " -"be arbitrary, like `Option`." -msgstr "" -"Si quelqu'un demande, la fonctionnalité supplémentaire est que le type à " -"gauche de \":\" peut être arbitraire, comme `Option`." - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`impl Trait`" -msgstr "`Trait d'implémentation`" - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " -"arguments and return values:" -msgstr "" -"Semblable aux limites de trait, une syntaxe `impl Trait` peut être utilisée " -"dans la fonction arguments et valeurs de retour :" - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fmt::Display;\n" -"\n" -"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n" -" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n" -" println!(\"{x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." -msgstr "" -"`impl Trait` vous permet de travailler avec des types que vous ne pouvez pas " -"nommer." - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." -msgstr "" -"La signification de `impl Trait` est un peu différente dans les différentes " -"positions." - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " -"trait bound." -msgstr "" -"Pour un paramètre, `impl Trait` est comme un paramètre générique anonyme " -"avec un trait lié." - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " -"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " -"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." -msgstr "" -"Pour un type de retour, cela signifie que le type de retour est un type " -"concret qui implémente le trait, sans nommer le type. Cela peut être utile " -"lorsque vous ne souhaitez pas exposer le type concret dans un API publique." - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " -"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " -"function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " -"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " -"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" -">()`." -msgstr "" -"L'inférence est difficile en position de retour. Une fonction renvoyant " -"`impl Foo` sélectionne le type concret qu'il renvoie, sans l'écrire dans la " -"source. Une fonction retourner un type générique comme `collect() -> B` " -"peut retourner n'importe quel type satisfaisant `B`, et l'appelant peut " -"avoir besoin d'en choisir un, comme avec `let x : Vec<_> = foo.collect()` ou " -"avec le turbofish, `foo.collect ::>()`." - -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " -"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " -"type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " -"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for " -"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what " -"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd " -"need two independent generic parameters." -msgstr "" -"Cet exemple est génial, car il utilise `impl Display` deux fois. Cela aide à " -"expliquer que rien ici n'impose qu'il s'agisse du _même_ type `impl " -"Display`. Si nous utilisions un seul `T: Display`, cela imposerait la " -"contrainte selon laquelle l'entrée `T` et le type de retour `T` sont du même " -"type. Cela ne fonctionnerait pas pour cette fonction particulière, car le " -"type que nous attendons en entrée n'est probablement pas quel `format!` " -"renvoie. Si nous voulions faire la même chose via la syntaxe `: Display`, " -"nous aurions besoin de deux paramètres génériques indépendants." - -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " -"library:" -msgstr "" -"Nous allons maintenant examiner certaines des caractéristiques les plus " -"courantes de la bibliothèque standard Rust :" - -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"used in `for` loops," -msgstr "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) et " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"utilisés dans les boucles `for`," - -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " -"values," -msgstr "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) et [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) utilisés pour " -"convertir les valeurs," - -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," -msgstr "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) et [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) utilisés pour IO," - -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " -"overloading, and" -msgstr "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... utilisé pour la surcharge de " -"l'opérateur, et" - -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " -"defining destructors." -msgstr "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) utilisé pour " -"définir les destructeurs." - -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " -"to construct a default instance of a type." -msgstr "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " -"utilisé pour construire une instance par défaut d'un type." - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Iterators" -msgstr "Itérateurs" - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." -"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez implémenter le trait [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"iter/trait.Iterator.html) sur vos propres types :" - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Fibonacci {\n" -" curr: u32,\n" -" next: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" -" type Item = u32;\n" -"\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" -" self.curr = self.next;\n" -" self.next = new_next;\n" -" Some(self.curr)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" -" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" -" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " -"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " -"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " -"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " -"implementations." -msgstr "" -"Le trait `Iterator` implémente de nombreuses opérations de programmation " -"fonctionnelles courantes sur les collections (par exemple, `map`, `filter`, " -"`reduce`, etc.). C'est le trait où vous pouvez trouver toute la " -"documentation à propos d'eux. Dans Rust, ces fonctions devraient produire le " -"code aussi efficace que l'impératif équivalent implémentations." - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " -"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " -"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " -"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." -msgstr "" -"`IntoIterator` est le trait qui fait fonctionner les boucles. Il est " -"implémenté par des types de collection tels que `Vec` et leurs références " -"telles que `&Vec` et `&[T]`. Les gammes l'implémentent également. C'est " -"pourquoi vous pouvez itérer sur un vecteur avec `for i in some_vec { .. }` " -"mais `some_vec.next()` n'existe pas." - -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." -msgstr "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"vous permet de créer une collection à partir d'un [`Iterator`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." - -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" -" let prime_squares = primes\n" -" .into_iter()\n" -" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" -msgstr "" -"Implémente `Iterator` \\`fn collect\n" -"\n" -"(soi) -> B où B : FromIterator, Auto : dimensionné" - -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " -"`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." -msgstr "" -"Il existe également des implémentations qui vous permettent de faire des " -"choses sympas comme convertir un `Iterator>` en un " -"`Result, E>`." - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`From` and `Into`" -msgstr "`De` et `Dans`" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." -"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " -"facilitate type conversions:" -msgstr "" -"Les types implémentent [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"From.html) et [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into." -"html) pour faciliter les conversions de type :" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" -" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" -" let one = i16::from(true);\n" -" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " -"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" -msgstr "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) est " -"automatiquement implémenté lorsque [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) est implémenté :" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:17 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" -" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" -" let one: i16 = true.into();\n" -" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " -"`Into` implementation too." -msgstr "" -"C'est pourquoi il est courant de n'implémenter que `From`, car votre type " -"recevra également l'implémentation `Into`." - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " -"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " -"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " -"implement `Into`." -msgstr "" -"Lors de la déclaration d'un type d'entrée d'argument de fonction comme " -"\"tout ce qui peut être converti en `String`\", la règle est opposée, vous " -"devez utiliser `Into`. Votre fonction acceptera les types qui implémentent " -"`From` et ceux qui implémentent _uniquement_ `Into`." - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Read` and `Write`" -msgstr "`Lire` et `Ecrire`" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " -"abstract over `u8` sources:" -msgstr "" -"En utilisant [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) et " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), vous " -"pouvez résumer les sources `u8` :" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" -"\n" -"fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" -" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" -" buf_reader.lines().count()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" -" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" -"\n" -" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" -" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " -"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" -msgstr "" -"De même, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) vous " -"permet d'abstraire les puits `u8` :" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" -"\n" -"fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" -" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" -" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" -" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `Drop` Trait" -msgstr "Le trait `Lâcher`" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." -"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" -msgstr "" -"Les valeurs qui implémentent [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.Drop.html) peuvent spécifier le code à exécuter lorsqu'elles sortent " -"de la portée :" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Droppable {\n" -" name: &'static str,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Drop for Droppable {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" -" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" -" }\n" -" drop(a);\n" -" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Discussion points:" -msgstr "Points de discussion:" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" -msgstr "Pourquoi `Drop::drop` ne prend-il pas `self` ?" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " -"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" -msgstr "" -"Réponse courte : si c'était le cas, `std::mem::drop` serait appelé à la fin " -"de le bloc, résultant en un autre appel à `Drop :: drop`, et une pile " -"débordement!" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." -msgstr "Essayez de remplacer `drop(a)` par `a.drop()`." - -#: src/traits/default.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `Default` Trait" -msgstr "Le trait \"par défaut\"" - -#: src/traits/default.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " -"produces a default value for a type." -msgstr "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " -"fournit une implémentation par défaut d'un trait." - -#: src/traits/default.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct Derived {\n" -" x: u32,\n" -" y: String,\n" -" z: Implemented,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Implemented(String);\n" -"\n" -"impl Default for Implemented {\n" -" fn default() -> Self {\n" -" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let default_struct = Derived::default();\n" -" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" -" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" -" ..Derived::default()\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let nothing: Option = None;\n" -" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/default.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." -msgstr "" -"Il peut être implémenté directement ou il peut être dérivé via " -"`#[derive(Default)]`." - -#: src/traits/default.md:41 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " -"their default values." -msgstr "" -"L'implémentation dérivée produira une instance où tous les champs sont " -"définis sur leurs valeurs par défaut." - -#: src/traits/default.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." -msgstr "" -"Cela signifie que tous les types de la structure doivent également " -"implémenter `Default`." - -#: src/traits/default.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " -"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." -msgstr "" -"Les types Rust standard implémentent souvent `Default` avec des valeurs " -"raisonnables (par exemple `0`, `\"\"`, etc.)." - -#: src/traits/default.md:44 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." -msgstr "" -"La copie de structure partielle fonctionne bien avec la valeur par défaut." - -#: src/traits/default.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " -"provides convenience methods that use it." -msgstr "" -"La bibliothèque standard Rust est consciente que les types peuvent " -"implémenter `Default` et fournit des méthodes pratiques qui l'utilisent." - -#: src/traits/default.md:46 -msgid "" -"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" -"with-struct-update-syntax)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." -msgstr "`Ajouter`, `Mul`, ..." - -#: src/traits/operators.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -msgstr "" -"La surcharge d'opérateur est implémentée via des traits dans [`std::ops`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html) :" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" -"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" -" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" -" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" -" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez implémenter `Add` pour `&Point`. Dans quelles situations est-ce " -"utile ?" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " -"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " -"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." -msgstr "" -"Réponse : `Add:add` consomme `self`. Si tapez `T` pour lequel vous êtes la " -"surcharge de l'opérateur n'est pas `Copy`, vous devriez envisager de " -"surcharger l'opérateur pour `&T` également. Cela évite un clonage inutile " -"sur le site d'appel. \\* Pourquoi `Output` est-il un type associé ? Pourrait-" -"il en faire un paramètre de type?" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " -"method?" -msgstr "" -"Réponse courte : les paramètres de type sont contrôlés par l'appelant, mais " -"les types associés (comme `Output`) sont contrôlés par l'implémenteur d'un " -"trait." - -#: src/traits/operators.md:34 -msgid "" -"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " -"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " -"trait." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/operators.md:37 -msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " -"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Closures" -msgstr "Fermetures" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " -"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." -"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " -"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" -msgstr "" -"Les fermetures ou les expressions lambda ont des types qui ne peuvent pas " -"être nommés. Cependant, ils implémenter [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"ops/trait.Fn.html) spécial, [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.FnMut.html), et [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"FnOnce.html) :" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" -" func(input)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" -" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" -" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n" -"\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n" -" v.push(x);\n" -" v.iter().sum::()\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n" -" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n" -"\n" -" let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::();\n" -" println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " -"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " -"concurrently." -msgstr "" -"Un `Fn` ne consomme ni ne modifie les valeurs capturées, ou peut-être ne " -"capture rien du tout, il peut donc être appelé plusieurs fois simultanément." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " -"multiple times, but not concurrently." -msgstr "" -"Un `FnMut` peut faire muter les valeurs capturées, vous pouvez donc " -"l'appeler plusieurs fois mais pas simultanément." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " -"might consume captured values." -msgstr "" -"Si vous avez un \"FnOnce\", vous ne pouvez l'appeler qu'une seule fois. Cela " -"peut consommer des valeurs capturées." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " -"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " -"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." -msgstr "" -"`FnMut` est un sous-type de `FnOnce`. `Fn` est un sous-type de `FnMut` et " -"`FnOnce`. C'est à dire. vous pouvez utiliser un `FnMut` partout où un " -"`FnOnce` est appelé, et vous pouvez utiliser un `Fn` partout où un `FnMut` " -"ou `FnOnce` est réclamé." - -#: src/traits/closures.md:47 -msgid "" -"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " -"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:50 -msgid "" -"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " -"keyword makes them capture by value." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n" -" return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n" -" hi(\"there\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Jour 3 : Exercices du matin" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." -msgstr "" -"Nous allons concevoir une bibliothèque de traits et d'objets de traits " -"d'interface graphique classique." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 -msgid "" -"We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " -"polygons." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " -"trait objects." -msgstr "" -"Concevons une bibliothèque d'interface graphique classique en utilisant nos " -"nouvelles connaissances sur les traits et objets trait." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" -msgstr "Nous aurons un certain nombre de widgets dans notre bibliothèque :" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." -msgstr "`Window` : a un `title` et contient d'autres widgets." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " -"button is pressed." -msgstr "" -"`Button` : a un `label` et une fonction de rappel qui est invoquée lorsque " -"le bouton est enfoncé." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." -msgstr "`Label` : a un `label`." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." -msgstr "Les widgets implémenteront un trait `Widget`, voir ci-dessous." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " -"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" -msgstr "" -"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur , remplissez les " -"champs manquants méthodes `draw_into` afin que vous implémentiez le trait " -"`Widget` :" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -" callback: Box,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" callback,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" std::cmp::max(\n" -" self.title.chars().count(),\n" -" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" -" )\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Label {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Button {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\",\n" -" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" -msgstr "" -"La sortie du programme ci-dessus peut être quelque chose de simple comme " -"ceci :" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"========\n" -"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n" -"========\n" -"\n" -"This is a small text GUI demo.\n" -"\n" -"| Click me! |\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " -"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " -"and how you can control alignment:" -msgstr "" -"Si vous voulez dessiner du texte aligné, vous pouvez utiliser le " -"[remplissage/alignement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." -"html#fillalignment) opérateurs de formatage. En particulier, notez comment " -"vous pouvez compléter avec différents caractères (ici un `'/'`) et comment " -"vous pouvez contrôler l'alignement :" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let width = 10;\n" -" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" -msgstr "" -"En utilisant de telles astuces d'alignement, vous pouvez par exemple " -"produire une sortie comme celle-ci :" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"+--------------------------------+\n" -"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n" -"+================================+\n" -"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n" -"| +-----------+ |\n" -"| | Click me! | |\n" -"| +-----------+ |\n" -"+--------------------------------+\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Polygon Struct" -msgstr "Structure Polygone" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " -"below to and fill in the missing methods to " -"make the tests pass:" -msgstr "" -"Nous allons créer une structure `Polygon` contenant des points. Copiez le " -"code ci-dessous à et remplissez les méthodes " -"manquantes pour faire le les tests passent :" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Point {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Polygon {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Polygon {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Circle {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Circle {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub enum Shape {\n" -" Polygon(Polygon),\n" -" Circle(Circle),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" -" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_dist() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_add() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" -" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -"\n" -" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" -" let shapes = vec![\n" -" Shape::from(poly),\n" -" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" -" ];\n" -" let perimeters = shapes\n" -" .iter()\n" -" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" -" .map(round_two_digits)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " -"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " -"the tests." -msgstr "" -"Étant donné que les signatures de méthode manquent dans les énoncés de " -"problème, la partie clé de l'exercice consiste à les spécifier correctement. " -"Vous n'avez pas à modifier les tests." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" -msgstr "Autres parties intéressantes de l'exercice :" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " -"don't borrow their arguments." -msgstr "" -"Dérivez un trait `Copy` pour certaines structures, car dans les tests, les " -"méthodes n'empruntent parfois pas leurs arguments." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " -"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." -msgstr "" -"Découvrez que le trait `Add` doit être implémenté pour que deux objets " -"puissent être ajoutés via \"+\". Notez que nous ne discutons pas des " -"génériques avant le Jour 3." - -#: src/error-handling.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" -msgstr "" -"La gestion des erreurs dans Rust est effectuée à l'aide d'un flux de " -"contrôle explicite :" - -#: src/error-handling.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," -msgstr "" -"Les fonctions qui peuvent avoir des erreurs le listent dans leur type de " -"retour," - -#: src/error-handling.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "There are no exceptions." -msgstr "Il n'y a aucune exception." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" -msgstr "" -"Rust déclenchera une panique si une erreur fatale se produit lors de " -"l'exécution :" - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,should_panic\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." -msgstr "Les paniques concernent les erreurs irrécupérables et inattendues." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." -msgstr "Les paniques sont des symptômes de bogues dans le programme." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." -msgstr "" -"Utilisez des API qui ne paniquent pas (telles que `Vec::get`) si le plantage " -"n'est pas acceptable." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Attraper la pile qui se déroule" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " -"caught:" -msgstr "" -"Par défaut, une panique entraînera le déroulement de la pile. Le déroulement " -"peut être rattrapé :" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::panic;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" println!(\"hello!\");\n" -" });\n" -" assert!(result.is_ok());\n" -" \n" -" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" -" });\n" -" assert!(result.is_err());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " -"request crashes." -msgstr "" -"Cela peut être utile dans les serveurs qui doivent continuer à fonctionner " -"même si un seul la demande se bloque." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." -msgstr "" -"Cela ne fonctionne pas si `panic = 'abort'` est défini dans votre `Cargo." -"toml`." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" -msgstr "Gestion structurée des erreurs avec `Result`" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " -"are expected as part of normal operation:" -msgstr "" -"Nous avons déjà vu l'énumération `Result`. Ceci est utilisé partout lorsque " -"des erreurs sont prévu dans le cadre d'un fonctionnement normal :" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fs;\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" -" match file {\n" -" Ok(mut file) => {\n" -" let mut contents = String::new();\n" -" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" -" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" -" },\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " -"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " -"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " -"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." -msgstr "" -"Comme pour `Option`, la valeur réussie se trouve à l'intérieur de `Result`, " -"obligeant le développeur à l'extraire explicitement. Cela encourage la " -"vérification des erreurs. Dans le cas où une erreur ne devrait jamais se " -"produire, `unwrap()` ou `expect()` peut être appelé, et c'est aussi un " -"signal de l'intention du développeur." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " -"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " -"that help functional-style programming. " -msgstr "" -"La documentation `Result` est une lecture recommandée. Pas pendant le cours, " -"mais cela vaut la peine d'être mentionné. Il contient de nombreuses méthodes " -"et fonctions pratiques qui facilitent la programmation de style fonctionnel." +msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," +msgstr "`foo` ou `self::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module actuel," -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 +#: src/modules/paths.md:17 #, fuzzy -msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" -msgstr "Propagation des erreurs avec `?`" +msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." +msgstr "`super::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module parent." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 +#: src/modules/paths.md:19 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " -"turn the common" -msgstr "" -"L'opérateur try `?` est utilisé pour renvoyer des erreurs à l'appelant. Il " -"vous permet de tourner le commun" +msgid "As an absolute path:" +msgstr "En tant que chemin absolu :" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"match some_expression {\n" -" Ok(value) => value,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 +#: src/modules/paths.md:20 #, fuzzy -msgid "into the much simpler" -msgstr "dans le plus simple" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"some_expression?\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," +msgstr "`crate::foo` fait référence à `foo` à la racine du crate actuel," -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 +#: src/modules/paths.md:21 #, fuzzy -msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" -msgstr "" -"Nous pouvons l'utiliser pour simplifier notre code de gestion des erreurs :" +msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." +msgstr "`bar::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le crate `bar`." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 +#: src/modules/paths.md:25 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" -" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" -" Ok(file) => file,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" -" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" -" Err(err) => Err(err),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"It is common to \"re-export\" symbols at a shorter path. For example, the " +"top-level `lib.rs` in a crate might have" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." -msgstr "La variable `username` peut être soit `Ok(string)` soit `Err(error)`." - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/paths.md:35 msgid "" -"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " -"file, file with username." +"making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a " +"convenient, short path." msgstr "" -"Utilisez l'appel `fs::write` pour tester les différents scénarios : pas de " -"fichier, fichier vide, fichier avec nom d'utilisateur." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 +#: src/modules/paths.md:38 msgid "" -"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " -"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " -"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " -"`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " -"`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " -"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." +"For the most part, only items that appear in a module need to be `use`'d. " +"However, a trait must be in scope to call any methods on that trait, even if " +"a type implementing that trait is already in scope. For example, to use the " +"`read_to_string` method on a type implementing the `Read` trait, you need to " +"`use std::io::Read`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57 +#: src/modules/paths.md:44 msgid "" -"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " -"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " -"`Result::err`." +"The `use` statement can have a wildcard: `use std::io::*`. This is " +"discouraged because it is not clear which items are imported, and those " +"might change over time." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " -"indicated:" +"In this exercise, you will reorganize the GUI Library exercise from the " +"\"Methods and Traits\" segment of the course into a collection of modules. " +"It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own " +"module, so each widget type should get its own module." msgstr "" -"L'expansion effective de `?` est un peu plus compliquée qu'indiqué " -"précédemment :" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:8 msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"expression?\n" -"```" +"If you no longer have your version, that's fine - refer back to the " +"[provided solution](../methods-and-traits/solution.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:11 #, fuzzy -msgid "works the same as" -msgstr "fonctionne de la même manière que" +msgid "Cargo Setup" +msgstr "Installation" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:13 msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"match expression {\n" -" Ok(value) => value,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The Rust playground only supports one file, so you will need to make a Cargo " +"project on your local filesystem:" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 -#, fuzzy +#: src/modules/exercise.md:22 msgid "" -"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " -"type returned by the function:" +"Edit `src/main.rs` to add `mod` statements, and add additional files in the " +"`src` directory." msgstr "" -"L'appel `From::from` ici signifie que nous essayons de convertir le type " -"d'erreur en type renvoyé par la fonction :" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:27 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" -"use std::fs::{self, File};\n" -"use std::io::{self, Read};\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" IoError(io::Error),\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" -"\n" -"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" -" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " -"in {filename}\"),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" -" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Encourage students to divide the code in a way that feels natural for them, " +"and get accustomed to the required `mod`, `use`, and `pub` declarations. " +"Afterward, discuss what organizations are most idiomatic." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 -msgid "" -"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " -"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " -"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" -"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." +#: src/modules/solution.md:20 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " -"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " -"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." +#: src/modules/solution.md:42 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/label.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"C'est une bonne pratique pour tous les types d'erreurs d'implémenter `std::" -"error::Error`, qui nécessite `Debug` et 'Affichage'. Il est généralement " -"utile pour eux d'implémenter `Clone` et `Eq` aussi lorsque cela est " -"possible, pour faire la vie plus facile pour les testeurs et les " -"consommateurs de votre bibliothèque. Dans ce cas, nous ne pouvons pas le " -"faire facilement, car `io::Error` ne les implémente pas." -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " -"an error enum like we did on the previous page:" +#: src/modules/solution.md:59 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" msgstr "" -"La caisse [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) est un moyen populaire de " -"créer un error enum comme nous l'avons fait sur la page précédente :" -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" -" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/solution.md:67 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " -"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " -"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." +#: src/modules/solution.md:69 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"La macro de dérivation de `thiserror` implémente automatiquement `std::" -"error::Error` et éventuellement `Display` (si les attributs `#[error(...)]` " -"sont fournis) et `From` (si l'attribut `#[from]` est ajouté). Cela " -"fonctionne également pour les structures." -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." +#: src/modules/solution.md:76 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/button.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"Cela n'affecte pas votre API publique, ce qui le rend bon pour les " -"bibliothèques." -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " -"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " -"makes this easy." +#: src/modules/solution.md:93 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" msgstr "" -"Parfois, nous voulons permettre à tout type d'erreur d'être renvoyé sans " -"écrire notre propre énumération couvrant toutes les différentes " -"possibilités. `std::error::Error` rend cela facile." -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::fs;\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" -"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/modules/solution.md:97 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " -"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " -"idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " -"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " -"somewhere." +#: src/modules/solution.md:99 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"Cela permet d'économiser du code, mais abandonne la possibilité de gérer " -"proprement différents cas d'erreur différemment dans le programme. En tant " -"que tel, ce n'est généralement pas une bonne idée d'utiliser `Box` dans l'API publique d'un bibliothèque, mais cela peut être une bonne " -"option dans un programme où vous voulez juste afficher le message d'erreur " -"quelque part." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " -"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " -"error types:" +#: src/modules/solution.md:114 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/window.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"La caisse [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) largement utilisée peut vous " -"aider à ajouter des informations contextuelles à vos erreurs et vous permet " -"d'avoir moins types d'erreur personnalisés :" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 +#: src/modules/solution.md:144 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" fs::File::open(path)\n" -" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" -" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" -" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"// ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" +" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." +#: src/modules/solution.md:149 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"`anyhow::Result` est un alias de type pour `Result`." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " -"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " -"is widely used in applications." +#: src/modules/solution.md:151 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"`anyhow::Error` est essentiellement un wrapper autour de `Box`. " -"En tant que tel, ce n'est généralement pas un bon choix pour l'API publique " -"d'une bibliothèque, mais il est largement utilisé dans les applications." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." +#: src/modules/solution.md:174 +msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"Le type d'erreur réel à l'intérieur peut être extrait pour examen si " -"nécessaire." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " -"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " -"error)` from Go." -msgstr "" -"La fonctionnalité fournie par `anyhow::Result` peut être familière aux " -"développeurs Go, car elle fournit modèles d'utilisation et ergonomie " -"similaires à `(T, erreur)` de Go." +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 +msgid "Unit Tests" +msgstr "Tests unitaires" -#: src/testing.md:3 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "Rust et Cargo sont livrés avec un cadre de test unitaire simple :" -#: src/testing.md:5 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "Les tests unitaires sont pris en charge dans tout votre code." -#: src/testing.md:7 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "" "Les tests d'intégration sont pris en charge via le répertoire `tests/`." -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" -msgstr "Marquez les tests unitaires avec `#[test]` :" - -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:9 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,ignore\n" -"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" -" match text.find(' ') {\n" -" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" -" None => &text,\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_word() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_multiple_words() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Tests are marked with `#[test]`. Unit tests are often put in a nested " +"`tests` module, using `#[cfg(test)]` to conditionally compile them only when " +"building tests." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 #, fuzzy -msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." -msgstr "Utilisez `cargo test` pour rechercher et exécuter les tests unitaires." +msgid "\"Hello World\"" +msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" -"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" -msgstr "" -"Les tests unitaires sont souvent placés dans un module imbriqué (exécuter " -"des tests sur le [Terrain de jeu](https://play.rust-lang.org/)) :" - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_helper() {\n" -" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "Cela vous permet de tester unitairement les helpers privés." -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" "L'attribut `#[cfg(test)]` n'est actif que lorsque vous lancez `cargo test`." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:47 +msgid "Run the tests in the playground in order to show their results." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:3 +msgid "Integration Tests" +msgstr "Tests d'intégration" + +#: src/testing/other.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." +msgstr "" +"Si vous souhaitez tester votre bibliothèque en tant que client, utilisez un " +"test d'intégration." + +#: src/testing/other.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" +msgstr "Créez un fichier `.rs` sous `tests/` :" + +#: src/testing/other.md:10 +msgid "// tests/my_library.rs\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." +msgstr "Ces tests n'ont accès qu'à l'API publique de votre crate." + +#: src/testing/other.md:21 +msgid "Documentation Tests" +msgstr "Tests de documentation" + +#: src/testing/other.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "Rust a un support intégré pour les tests de documentation :" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 +#: src/testing/other.md:26 msgid "" -"```rust\n" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" -"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" +"/// # use playground::shorten_string;\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" -"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" -" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 +#: src/testing/other.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "" "Les blocs de code dans les commentaires `///` sont automatiquement " "considérés comme du code Rust." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 +#: src/testing/other.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "Le code sera compilé et exécuté dans le cadre du `cargo test`." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 +#: src/testing/other.md:40 +msgid "" +"Adding `# ` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/" +"run it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" @@ -12204,40 +9915,6 @@ msgstr "" "Testez le code ci-dessus sur [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." -msgstr "" -"Si vous souhaitez tester votre bibliothèque en tant que client, utilisez un " -"test d'intégration." - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" -msgstr "Créez un fichier `.rs` sous `tests/` :" - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"use my_library::init;\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_init() {\n" -" assert!(init().is_ok());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." -msgstr "Ces tests n'ont accès qu'à l'API publique de votre crate." - -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" -msgstr "Caisses utiles" - #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." @@ -12263,18 +9940,790 @@ msgid "" "tests." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:3 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " +"assertions using _matchers_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"baz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"xyz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:16 +msgid "" +"If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " +"error message pin-pointing the error:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:36 +msgid "" +"GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " +"example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " +"to an existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:40 +msgid "" +"The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " +"macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." +"html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:43 +msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:45 +msgid "" +"A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings strings " +"are shown as a diff:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:51 +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:56 +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:63 +msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:79 +msgid "" +"The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" +"googletest/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:84 +msgid "GoogleTest is available for use in AOSP." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:3 +msgid "" +"For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " +"You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " +"mock:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:26 +msgid "" +"The advice here is for Android (AOSP) where Mockall is the recommended " +"mocking library. There are other [mocking libraries available on crates.io]" +"(https://crates.io/keywords/mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP " +"services. The other mocking libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, " +"meaning that they make it easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:32 +msgid "" +"Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " +"isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " +"more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured " +"wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:37 +msgid "" +"If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " +"an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " +"means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast " +"and will automatically clean up after themselves." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:42 +msgid "" +"Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " +"binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " +"the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:46 +msgid "" +"Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " +"in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " +"existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:50 +msgid "" +"Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " +"expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " +"a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:68 +msgid "" +"You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " +"called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " +"isn't satisfied." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful " +"built-in lints. [Clippy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/) provides even " +"more lints, organized into groups that can be enabled per-project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:14 +msgid "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:20 +msgid "" +"Run the code sample and examine the error message. There are also lints " +"visible here, but those will not be shown once the code compiles. Switch to " +"the Playground site to show those lints." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:24 +msgid "" +"After resolving the lints, run `clippy` on the playground site to show " +"clippy warnings. Clippy has extensive documentation of its lints, and adds " +"new lints (including default-deny lints) all the time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:28 +msgid "" +"Note that errors or warnings with `help: ...` can be fixed with `cargo fix` " +"or via your editor." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algorithme de Luhn" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " +"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " +"does the following to validate the credit card number:" +msgstr "" +"L'[algorithme de Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) est " +"utilisé pour valider les numéros de carte de crédit. L'algorithme prend une " +"chaîne en entrée et fait le suivant pour valider le numéro de carte " +"bancaire :" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +msgstr "" +"Ignorer tous les espaces. Numéro de rejet comportant moins de deux chiffres." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " +"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." +msgstr "" +"En se déplaçant de droite à gauche, doubler tous les deux chiffres : pour le " +"nombre `1234`, on double '3' et '1'." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " +"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." +msgstr "" +"Après avoir doublé un chiffre, additionnez les chiffres. Donc doubler '7' " +"devient '14' ce qui devient '5'." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." +msgstr "Additionnez tous les chiffres non doublés et doublés." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." +msgstr "" +"Le numéro de carte de crédit est valide si la somme se termine par '0'." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:21 +msgid "" +"The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, " +"along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most the algorithm is " +"implemented correctly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and write additional " +"tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you " +"find." +msgstr "" +"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et remplissez " +"les champs manquants fonctions et méthodes :" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:60 src/testing/solution.md:75 +msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:61 src/testing/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:62 src/testing/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"7992 7398 713\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:67 src/testing/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:68 src/testing/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:69 src/testing/solution.md:84 +msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:4 +msgid "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:30 +msgid "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:62 +msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:64 +msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:65 +msgid "\"yes\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:65 +msgid "\"no\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:90 +msgid "\"foo 0 0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:96 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:97 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:98 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:103 +msgid "\"0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:108 +msgid "\" 0 0 \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 +msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" +msgstr "" +"Rust déclenchera une panique si une erreur fatale se produit lors de " +"l'exécution :" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:10 +msgid "\"v[100]: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." +msgstr "Les paniques concernent les erreurs irrécupérables et inattendues." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." +msgstr "Les paniques sont des symptômes de bogues dans le programme." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:16 +msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:17 +msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:18 +msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:19 +msgid "" +"A panic will \"unwind\" the stack, dropping values just as if the functions " +"had returned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." +msgstr "" +"Utilisez des API qui ne paniquent pas (telles que `Vec::get`) si le plantage " +"n'est pas acceptable." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " +"caught:" +msgstr "" +"Par défaut, une panique entraînera le déroulement de la pile. Le déroulement " +"peut être rattrapé :" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:31 +msgid "\"No problem here!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:33 src/error-handling/panics.md:38 +msgid "\"{result:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:36 +msgid "\"oh no!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:42 +msgid "" +"Catching is unusual; do not attempt to implement exceptions with " +"`catch_unwind`!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " +"request crashes." +msgstr "" +"Cela peut être utile dans les serveurs qui doivent continuer à fonctionner " +"même si un seul la demande se bloque." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." +msgstr "" +"Cela ne fonctionne pas si `panic = 'abort'` est défini dans votre `Cargo." +"toml`." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:3 +msgid "" +"Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with " +"the `Result` type, but matching this type on every call can be cumbersome. " +"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +"turn the common" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "into the much simpler" +msgstr "dans le plus simple" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" +msgstr "" +"Nous pouvons l'utiliser pour simplifier notre code de gestion des erreurs :" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:42 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:43 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:31 +msgid "\"config.dat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:44 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:65 +msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:50 +msgid "Simplify the `read_username` function to use `?`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:54 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." +msgstr "La variable `username` peut être soit `Ok(string)` soit `Err(error)`." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:55 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " +"file, file with username." +msgstr "" +"Utilisez l'appel `fs::write` pour tester les différents scénarios : pas de " +"fichier, fichier vide, fichier avec nom d'utilisateur." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:56 +msgid "" +"Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::" +"process:Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " +"The executable will print the `Err` variant and return a nonzero exit status " +"on error." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " +"indicated:" +msgstr "" +"L'expansion effective de `?` est un peu plus compliquée qu'indiqué " +"précédemment :" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "works the same as" +msgstr "fonctionne de la même manière que" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " +"type returned by the function. This makes it easy to encapsulate errors into " +"higher-level errors." +msgstr "" +"L'appel `From::from` ici signifie que nous essayons de convertir le type " +"d'erreur en type renvoyé par la fonction :" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:41 +msgid "\"IO error: {e}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:42 +msgid "\"Found no username in {filename}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:63 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:30 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:71 +msgid "" +"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " +"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " +"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " +"`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " +"`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " +"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:77 +msgid "" +"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " +"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " +"`Result::err`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:81 +msgid "" +"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " +"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " +"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" +"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:83 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " +"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " +"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." +msgstr "" +"C'est une bonne pratique pour tous les types d'erreurs d'implémenter `std::" +"error::Error`, qui nécessite `Debug` et 'Affichage'. Il est généralement " +"utile pour eux d'implémenter `Clone` et `Eq` aussi lorsque cela est " +"possible, pour faire la vie plus facile pour les testeurs et les " +"consommateurs de votre bibliothèque. Dans ce cas, nous ne pouvons pas le " +"faire facilement, car `io::Error` ne les implémente pas." + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:87 +msgid "" +"A common alternative to a `From` implementation is `Result::map_err`, " +"especially when the conversion only happens in one place." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:1 +msgid "Dynamic Error Types" +msgstr "Types d'erreurs dynamiques" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " +"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. The `std::error::" +"Error` trait makes it easy to create a trait object that can contain any " +"error." +msgstr "" +"Parfois, nous voulons permettre à tout type d'erreur d'être renvoyé sans " +"écrire notre propre énumération couvrant toutes les différentes " +"possibilités. `std::error::Error` rend cela facile." + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 src/error-handling/error.md:21 +msgid "\"count.dat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 +msgid "\"1i3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:22 +msgid "\"Count: {count}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:23 +msgid "\"Error: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:30 +msgid "" +"The `read_count` function can return `std::io::Error` (from file operations) " +"or `std::num::ParseIntError` (from `String::parse`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Boxing errors saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle " +"different error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not " +"a good idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it " +"can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error " +"message somewhere." +msgstr "" +"Cela permet d'économiser du code, mais abandonne la possibilité de gérer " +"proprement différents cas d'erreur différemment dans le programme. En tant " +"que tel, ce n'est généralement pas une bonne idée d'utiliser `Box` dans l'API publique d'un bibliothèque, mais cela peut être une bonne " +"option dans un programme où vous voulez juste afficher le message d'erreur " +"quelque part." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" +msgstr "`De` et `Dans`" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and [`anyhow`](https://docs." +"rs/anyhow/) crates are widley used to simplify error handling. `thiserror` " +"helps create custom error types that implement `From`. `anyhow` helps " +"with error handling in functions, including adding contextual information to " +"your errors." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:14 +msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:20 +msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:22 +msgid "\"Failed to read\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:32 +msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:33 +msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:40 +msgid "" +"The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful " +"attributes like `#[error]` to help define a useful error type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." +msgstr "" +"`anyhow::Result` est un alias de type pour `Result`." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " +"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " +"is widely used in applications." +msgstr "" +"`anyhow::Error` est essentiellement un wrapper autour de `Box`. " +"En tant que tel, ce n'est généralement pas un bon choix pour l'API publique " +"d'une bibliothèque, mais il est largement utilisé dans les applications." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." +msgstr "" +"Le type d'erreur réel à l'intérieur peut être extrait pour examen si " +"nécessaire." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " +"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " +"error)` from Go." +msgstr "" +"La fonctionnalité fournie par `anyhow::Result` peut être familière aux " +"développeurs Go, car elle fournit modèles d'utilisation et ergonomie " +"similaires à `(T, erreur)` de Go." + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. " +"However, it handles errors by panicking. Rewrite it to instead use idiomatic " +"error handling and propagate errors to a return from `main`. Feel free to " +"use `thiserror` and `anyhow`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"HINT: start by fixing error handling in the `parse` function. Once that is " +"working correctly, update `Tokenizer` to implement " +"`Iterator>` and handle that in the parser." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:15 src/error-handling/solution.md:8 +msgid "/// An arithmetic operator.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:22 src/error-handling/solution.md:15 +msgid "/// A token in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:30 src/error-handling/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// An expression in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:34 src/error-handling/solution.md:27 +msgid "/// A reference to a variable.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:36 src/error-handling/solution.md:29 +msgid "/// A literal number.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:38 src/error-handling/solution.md:31 +msgid "/// A binary operation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 src/error-handling/exercise.md:66 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:63 src/error-handling/solution.md:65 +msgid "'z'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:66 src/error-handling/solution.md:65 +msgid "'_'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:72 src/error-handling/solution.md:71 +msgid "'+'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:73 src/error-handling/solution.md:72 +msgid "'-'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:74 +msgid "\"Unexpected character {c}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:84 src/error-handling/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"Unexpected end of input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:88 +msgid "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:92 src/error-handling/exercise.md:100 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:94 src/error-handling/solution.md:105 +msgid "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:108 src/error-handling/solution.md:120 +msgid "\"10+foo+20-30\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:109 src/error-handling/solution.md:121 +msgid "\"{expr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:41 +msgid "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:80 +msgid "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:84 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:86 +msgid "\"Invalid number\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "Le langage Rust comporte deux parties :" -#: src/unsafe.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "" "**Safe Rust :** mémoire sécurisée, aucun comportement indéfini possible." -#: src/unsafe.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " @@ -12283,15 +10732,16 @@ msgstr "" "**Unsafe Rust :** peut déclencher un comportement indéfini si les conditions " "préalables ne sont pas respectées." -#: src/unsafe.md:8 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " -"know what Unsafe Rust is." +"We saw mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know what " +"Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" "Nous verrons principalement Rust sûr dans ce cours, mais il est important de " "savoir ce qu'est Rust non securisé (_unsafe_)." -#: src/unsafe.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " @@ -12301,38 +10751,38 @@ msgstr "" "être soigneusement documenté. Il est généralement enveloppé dans une couche " "d'abstraction sûre." -#: src/unsafe.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "Unsafe Rust vous donne accès à cinq nouvelles fonctionnalités :" -#: src/unsafe.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "Déréférencer les pointeurs bruts." -#: src/unsafe.md:17 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "Accéder ou modifier des variables statiques mutables." -#: src/unsafe.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "Accéder aux champs \"union\"." -#: src/unsafe.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "" "Appelez les fonctions `unsafe`, y compris les fonctions `extern`. \\* Mettre " "en œuvre les traits \" non sécurisés \"." -#: src/unsafe.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:20 msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " @@ -12344,11 +10794,11 @@ msgstr "" "lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) et le [Rustonomicon](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." -#: src/unsafe.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " -"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " +"have turned off some compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." msgstr "" @@ -12357,38 +10807,50 @@ msgstr "" "doit écrire le code correct en eux-mêmes. Cela signifie que le compilateur " "n'applique plus les règles de sécurité de la mémoire de Rust." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" "La création de pointeurs est sûre, mais leur déréférencement nécessite " "`unsafe` :" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:7 +msgid "\"careful!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut num = 5;\n" -"\n" -" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" -" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" +"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" -" *r1 = 10;\n" -" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:18 +msgid "\"r1 is: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:19 +msgid "\"uhoh\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:20 +msgid "\"r2 is: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:23 +msgid "" +"// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS.\n" +" /*\n" +" let r3: &String = unsafe { &*r1 };\n" +" drop(s);\n" +" println!(\"r3 is: {}\", *r3);\n" +" */" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " @@ -12400,7 +10862,7 @@ msgstr "" "l'intérieur satisfait aux exigences de sécurité de l'unsafe opérations qu'il " "effectue." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " @@ -12410,12 +10872,12 @@ msgstr "" "pointeurs doivent être [_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index." "html#safety), c'est-à-dire :" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "Le pointeur doit être non nul." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " @@ -12424,17 +10886,17 @@ msgstr "" "Le pointeur doit être _dereferenceable_ (dans les limites d'un seul objet " "alloué)." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "L'objet ne doit pas avoir été désalloué." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "Il ne doit pas y avoir d'accès simultanés au même endroit." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " @@ -12444,29 +10906,34 @@ msgstr "" "jacent doit être actif et non référence peut être utilisée pour accéder à la " "mémoire." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "" "Dans la plupart des cas, le pointeur doit également être correctement aligné." -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:50 +msgid "" +"The \"NOT SAFE\" sectoin gives an example of a common kind of UB bug: `*r1` " +"has the `'static` lifetime, so `r3` has type `&'static String`, and thus " +"outlives `s`. Creating a reference from a pointer requires _great care_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "Il est sûr de lire une variable statique immuable :" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello, world!\"" +msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:9 +msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " @@ -12475,24 +10942,23 @@ msgstr "" "Cependant, étant donné que des courses de données peuvent se produire, il " "n'est pas sûr de lire et d'écrire mutable variables statiques :" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" -"\n" -"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" -" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" add_to_counter(42);\n" -"\n" -" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:20 src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:26 +msgid "// Potential data race!\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:26 +msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:32 +msgid "" +"The program here is safe because it is single-threaded. However, the Rust " +"compiler is conservative and will assume the worst. Try removing the " +"`unsafe` and see how the compiler explains that it is undefined behavior to " +"mutate a static from multiple threads." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " @@ -12504,31 +10970,27 @@ msgstr "" "niveau, comme l'implémentation d'un allocation de tas ou l'utilisation de " "certaines API C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "" "Les unions sont comme des énumérations, mais vous devez suivre vous-même le " "champ actif :" -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[repr(C)]\n" -"union MyUnion {\n" -" i: u8,\n" -" b: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" -" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" -" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:14 +msgid "\"int: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +msgid "\"bool: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n" +msgstr "Aucun comportement indéfini à l'exécution :" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " @@ -12538,7 +11000,7 @@ msgstr "" "généralement utiliser une énumération. Ils sont parfois nécessaires pour " "interagir avec les API de la bibliothèque C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " @@ -12551,7 +11013,11 @@ msgstr "" "stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) ou un coffre-fort wrapper tel que la " "caisse [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:3 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:73 +msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Appel de fonctions non sécurisées" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " @@ -12561,37 +11027,68 @@ msgstr "" "conditions préalables supplémentaires que vous doit respecter pour éviter un " "comportement indéfini :" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:9 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:89 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:38 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:7 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:23 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:46 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:106 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:113 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:119 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:125 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:131 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:137 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:143 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:43 +msgid "\"C\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:14 +msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:16 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " -"of\n" +"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" " // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" -"\n" -" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:21 +msgid "\"emoji: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:24 +msgid "\"char count: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" +msgstr "Aucun comportement indéfini à l'exécution :" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:28 +msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:31 +msgid "" +"// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" " // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" " // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." "get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" -" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:41 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:85 +msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Ecrire des fonctions non sécurisées" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " @@ -12600,104 +11097,71 @@ msgstr "" "Vous pouvez marquer vos propres fonctions comme \"non sécurisées\" si elles " "nécessitent des conditions particulières pour éviter undefined comportement." -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:47 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" -"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" -" let temp = *a;\n" -" *a = *b;\n" -" *b = temp;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = 42;\n" -" let mut b = 66;\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because ...\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " -"with references." -msgstr "" -"Nous n'utiliserions pas de pointeurs pour cela car cela peut être fait en " -"toute sécurité avec des références." - -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " -"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " -"Try adding it and see what happens." -msgstr "" -"Notez que le code non sécurisé est autorisé dans une fonction non sécurisée " -"sans bloc « non sécurisé ». Nous pouvons interdisez cela avec " -"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Essayez de l'ajouter et voyez ce qui se " -"passe." - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Calling External Code" -msgstr "Appeler le code externe" - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " -"them is thus unsafe:" -msgstr "" -"Les fonctions d'autres langages peuvent violer les garanties de Rust. Appel " -"eux est donc dangereux :" - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" -" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:62 +msgid "// Safe because ...\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:67 +msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:75 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " -"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " -"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." +"`get_unchecked`, like most `_unchecked` functions, is unsafe, because it can " +"create UB if the range is incorrect. `abs` is incorrect for a different " +"reason: it is an external function (FFI). Calling external functions is " +"usually only a problem when those functions do things with pointers which " +"might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have " +"undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" "Ce n'est généralement un problème que pour les fonctions externes qui font " "des choses avec des pointeurs qui pourraient violer le modèle de mémoire de " "Rust, mais en général, toute fonction C peut avoir un comportement indéfini " "sous n'importe quel circonstances arbitraires." -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:82 msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:87 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We wouldn't actually use pointers for a `swap` function - it can be done " +"safely with references." +msgstr "" +"Nous n'utiliserions pas de pointeurs pour cela car cela peut être fait en " +"toute sécurité avec des références." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:90 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " +"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " +"Try adding it and see what happens. This will likely change in a future Rust " +"edition." +msgstr "" +"Notez que le code non sécurisé est autorisé dans une fonction non sécurisée " +"sans bloc « non sécurisé ». Nous pouvons interdisez cela avec " +"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Essayez de l'ajouter et voyez ce qui se " +"passe." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:1 +msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" +msgstr "Implémentation de traits non sécurisés" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " @@ -12707,7 +11171,7 @@ msgstr "" "sécurisé\" si l'implémentation doit garantir conditions particulières pour " "éviter un comportement indéfini." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " @@ -12717,30 +11181,18 @@ msgstr "" "[quelque chose comme ça](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait." "AsBytes.html):" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" -"use std::slice;\n" -"\n" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" -" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " -"size_of_val(self))\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:23 +msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " @@ -12749,7 +11201,7 @@ msgstr "" "Il devrait y avoir une section `# Sécurité` sur le Rustdoc pour le trait " "expliquant les exigences pour le trait à mettre en œuvre en toute sécurité." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " @@ -12758,176 +11210,149 @@ msgstr "" "La section de sécurité actuelle pour `AsBytes` est plutôt plus longue et " "plus compliquée." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "Les traits intégrés \"Envoyer\" et \"Synchroniser\" ne sont pas sûrs." -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Jour 3 : Exercices de l'après-midi" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "Enveloppe FFI sécurisée" -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" -msgstr "Construisons un wrapper sûr pour lire le contenu du répertoire !" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 -msgid "" -"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " -"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 -msgid "" -"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " -"instructions." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." -msgstr "" -"Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) fournie." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " "interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " -"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." +"functions you would use from C to read the names of files in a directory." msgstr "" "Rust a un excellent support pour appeler des fonctions via une fonction " "_foreign interface_ (FFI). Nous allons l'utiliser pour construire un wrapper " "sûr pour la `libc` fonctions que vous utiliseriez à partir de C pour lire " "les noms de fichiers d'un répertoire." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "Vous voudrez consulter les pages de manuel :" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:13 msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " "exercise:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 msgid "Encoding" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 msgid "Use" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:22 msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:24 msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:25 msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:26 msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:27 msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " -"unknow data\"," +"unknown data\"," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:28 msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:31 msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " "return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:34 msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " "useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " @@ -12936,111 +11361,143 @@ msgstr "" "Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et remplissez " "les champs manquants fonctions et méthodes :" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:54 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:67 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:78 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:92 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:100 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:19 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"macos\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:57 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:9 +msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:64 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:16 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" -"\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " -"and\n" +"// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_off: c_long,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" -" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" -" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" -" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" -" pub d_type: u8,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -"\n" -" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " -"on\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:77 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:29 +msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:92 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:100 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"x86_64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:95 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:47 +msgid "" +"// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" -" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:101 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:53 +msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:119 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:71 +msgid "" +"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:128 +msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:135 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:104 +msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:141 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:115 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:139 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:154 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:44 +msgid "\".\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:142 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:116 +msgid "\"files: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:73 +msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:74 +msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:87 +msgid "" +"// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:91 +msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:94 +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" +" // terminated.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:106 +msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:108 +msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:127 +msgid "\"no-such-directory\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:135 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:150 +msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:139 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:154 +msgid "\"..\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:146 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:154 +msgid "\"foo.txt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:146 +msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:154 +msgid "\"bar.png\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 +msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:154 +msgid "\"crab.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 +msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\"" msgstr "" #: src/android.md:1 @@ -13051,9 +11508,9 @@ msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 1" #: src/android.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " -"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as " -"extending existing services." +"Rust is supported for system software on Android. This means that you can " +"write new services, libraries, drivers or even firmware in Rust (or improve " +"existing code as needed)." msgstr "" "Rust est pris en charge pour le développement de plates-formes natives sur " "Android. Cela signifie que vous pouvez écrire de nouveaux services de " @@ -13073,24 +11530,45 @@ msgstr "" "dépendances et de types \"exotiques\", le mieux c'est. Quelque chose qui " "analyse quelques octets de donnée brute serait idéal." +#: src/android.md:14 +msgid "" +"The speaker may mention any of the following given the increased use of Rust " +"in Android:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:17 +msgid "" +"Service example: [DNS over HTTP](https://security.googleblog.com/2022/07/dns-" +"over-http3-in-android.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:19 +msgid "" +"Libraries: [Rutabaga Virtual Graphics Interface](https://crosvm.dev/book/" +"appendix/rutabaga_gfx.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:21 +msgid "" +"Kernel Drivers: [Binder](https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-" +"rust-binder-v1-0-08ba9197f637@google.com/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:23 +msgid "" +"Firmware: [pKVM firmware](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-" +"rust-in-android.html)" +msgstr "" + #: src/android/setup.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " -"have access to one or create a new one with:" +"We will be using a Cuttlefish Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make " +"sure you have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" "Nous utiliserons un appareil virtuel Android pour tester notre code. Assurez-" "vous que vous avez accéder à un ou en créer un nouveau avec :" -#: src/android/setup.md:6 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"source build/envsetup.sh\n" -"lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n" -"acloud create\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/setup.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13100,6 +11578,18 @@ msgstr "" "Veuillez consulter le \\[Développeur Android Codelab\\] (https://source." "android.com/docs/setup/start) pour plus de détails." +#: src/android/setup.md:19 +msgid "" +"Cuttlefish is a reference Android device designed to work on generic Linux " +"desktops. MacOS support is also planned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:21 +msgid "" +"The Cuttlefish system image maintains high fidelity to real devices, and is " +"the ideal emulator to run many Rust use cases." +msgstr "" + #: src/android/build-rules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" @@ -13220,6 +11710,44 @@ msgstr "" msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." msgstr "Nous examinerons ensuite `rust_binary` et `rust_library`." +#: src/android/build-rules.md:20 +msgid "Additional items speaker may mention:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:22 +msgid "" +"Cargo is not optimized for multi-language repos, and also downloads packages " +"from the internet." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:24 +msgid "" +"For compliance and performance, Android must have crates in-tree. It must " +"also interop with C/C++/Java code. Soong fills that gap." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:26 +msgid "" +"Soong has many similarities to Bazel, which is the open-source variant of " +"Blaze (used in google3)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:28 +msgid "" +"There is a plan to transition [Android](https://source.android.com/docs/" +"setup/build/bazel/introduction), [ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromiumos/bazel/), and [Fuchsia](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" +"build/bazel/introduction) to Bazel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:30 +msgid "Learning Bazel-like build rules is useful for all Rust OS developers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:32 +msgid "Fun fact: Data from Star Trek is a Soong-type Android." +msgstr "" + #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 msgid "Rust Binaries" msgstr "Binaires Rust" @@ -13238,32 +11766,31 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_ :" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:10 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:11 +msgid "\"hello_rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:19 +#: src/android/logging.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/main.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_ :" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"//! Rust demo.\n" -"\n" -"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:19 src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 +msgid "//! Rust demo.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:20 src/android/build-rules/library.md:40 +msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:23 src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:8 +msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 @@ -13275,18 +11802,11 @@ msgstr "Vous pouvez maintenant compiler, envoyer et exécuter le binaire :" msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust\" /data/local/tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:35 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Hello from Rust!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 msgid "Rust Libraries" msgstr "Bibliothèques Rust" @@ -13318,83 +11838,60 @@ msgstr "" "`libtextwrap`, qui est une caisse déjà disponible dans \\[`external/rust/" "crates/`\\]\\[crates\\]." -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"libgreetings\",\n" -" \"libtextwrap\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"rust_library {\n" -" name: \"libgreetings\",\n" -" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:17 src/android/build-rules/library.md:18 +msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Rust demo.\n" -"\n" -"use greetings::greeting;\n" -"use textwrap::fill;\n" -"\n" -"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:21 src/android/build-rules/library.md:27 +msgid "\"libgreetings\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:22 +msgid "\"libtextwrap\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:28 +msgid "\"greetings\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:29 src/android/aidl/implementation.md:31 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_ :" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Greeting library.\n" -"\n" -"/// Greet `name`.\n" -"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgid "//! Greeting library.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:51 +msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:54 +msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:58 #, fuzzy msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" msgstr "Vous construisez, poussez et exécutez le binaire comme avant :" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:60 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:67 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Hello Bob, it is very\n" -"nice to meet you!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/aidl.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13432,17 +11929,12 @@ msgstr "" "_service_anniversaire/aidl/com/exemple/serviceanniversaire/IBirthdayService." "aidl_ :" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" -"\n" -"/** Birthday service interface. */\n" -"interface IBirthdayService {\n" -" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" -" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:9 src/android/aidl/changing.md:8 +msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:12 src/android/aidl/changing.md:11 +msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 @@ -13450,20 +11942,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/aidl/Android.bp_ :" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"aidl_interface {\n" -" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" -" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" -" unstable: true,\n" -" backend: {\n" -" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" -" enabled: true,\n" -" },\n" -" },\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:21 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" +msgstr "" +"_service_anniversaire/aidl/com/exemple/serviceanniversaire/IBirthdayService." +"aidl_ :" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:25 +msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 @@ -13490,29 +11981,17 @@ msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant implémenter le service AIDL :" msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/lib.rs_ :" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" -"pub struct BirthdayService;\n" -"\n" -"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n" -"\n" -"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n" -" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::" -"Result {\n" -" Ok(format!(\n" -" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!" -"\"\n" -" ))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:8 +msgid "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" +msgstr "Mise en œuvre des services" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:20 +msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 @@ -13521,19 +12000,25 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/Android.bp_ :" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_library {\n" -" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" ],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:30 src/android/aidl/server.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" +msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/lib.rs_ :" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:13 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/lib.rs_ :" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:34 src/android/aidl/server.md:36 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:45 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:35 src/android/aidl/server.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:46 +msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 @@ -13551,49 +12036,28 @@ msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons créer un serveur qui expose le service :" msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/server.rs_ :" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Birthday service.\n" -"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" -"\n" -"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n" -" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n" -" birthday_service,\n" -" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n" -" );\n" -" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder." -"as_binder())\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n" -" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:8 src/android/aidl/client.md:8 +msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"birthday_server\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:14 +msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:23 +msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_server\"" +msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/lib.rs_ :" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" + #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" @@ -13603,8 +12067,8 @@ msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant créer, pousser et démarrer le service :" msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -13614,47 +12078,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "Dans un autre terminal, vérifiez que le service s'exécute :" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"adb shell service check birthdayservice\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:17 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Service birthdayservice: found\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "Vous pouvez également appeler le service avec `service call` :" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:23 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:27 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Result: Parcel(\n" -" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n" -" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n" -" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n" -" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n" -" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n" -" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n" -" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n" -" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Client" @@ -13670,85 +12098,52 @@ msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons créer un client Rust pour notre nouveau service." msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/client.rs_ :" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Birthday service.\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" -"\n" -"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" -"pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::" -"StatusCode> {\n" -" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Call the birthday service.\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n" -" let name = std::env::args()\n" -" .nth(1)\n" -" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n" -" let years = std::env::args()\n" -" .nth(2)\n" -" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n" -" .unwrap_or(42);\n" -"\n" -" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n" -" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to " -"BirthdayService\");\n" -" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n" -" println!(\"{msg}\");\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:13 +msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"birthday_client\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:18 +msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:30 +msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:32 +msgid "\"{msg}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:41 src/android/aidl/client.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_client\"" +msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/client.rs_ :" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "Notez que le client ne dépend pas de `libbirthdayservice`." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "Créez, transférez et exécutez le client sur votre appareil :" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:55 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:62 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13758,19 +12153,6 @@ msgstr "" "Étendons l'API avec plus de fonctionnalités : nous voulons laisser les " "clients spécifier un liste des lignes pour la carte d'anniversaire :" -#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" -"\n" -"/** Birthday service interface. */\n" -"interface IBirthdayService {\n" -" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" -" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/logging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13785,88 +12167,69 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_ :" -#: src/android/logging.md:8 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"liblog_rust\",\n" -" \"liblogger\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -" host_supported: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/logging.md:10 src/android/logging.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" +msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_ :" + +#: src/android/logging.md:14 +msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:22 +#: src/android/logging.md:15 +msgid "\"liblogger\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_ :" #: src/android/logging.md:24 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Rust logging demo.\n" -"\n" -"use log::{debug, error, info};\n" -"\n" -"/// Logs a greeting.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" logger::init(\n" -" logger::Config::default()\n" -" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n" -" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n" -" );\n" -" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n" -" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n" -" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 +#: src/android/logging.md:27 +msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:32 +msgid "\"rust\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:35 +msgid "\"Starting program.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:36 +msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:37 +msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "Compilez, transférez et exécutez le binaire sur votre appareil :" -#: src/android/logging.md:44 +#: src/android/logging.md:43 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_logs\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:50 +#: src/android/logging.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" msgstr "Les journaux s'affichent dans `adb logcat` :" -#: src/android/logging.md:52 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"adb logcat -s rust\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/android/logging.md:56 -msgid "" -"```text\n" -"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n" -"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going " -"fine.\n" -"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went " -"wrong!\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13916,19 +12279,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "Vous pouvez le faire à la main si vous le souhaitez :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = -42;\n" -" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n" -" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:16 +msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 @@ -13979,36 +12331,31 @@ msgstr "Créez d'abord une petite bibliothèque C :" msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"typedef struct card {\n" -" const char* name;\n" -" int years;\n" -"} card;\n" -"\n" -"void print_card(const card* card);\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \n" -"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" -"\n" -"void print_card(const card* card) {\n" -" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" -" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n" -" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n" -" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:22 +msgid "" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:50 +msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:29 +msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:27 +msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:28 +msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 @@ -14024,14 +12371,13 @@ msgstr "Ajoutez ceci à votre fichier `Android.bp` :" msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/bindgen/Android.bp_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"cc_library {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday\",\n" -" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:39 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:63 +msgid "\"libbirthday\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:40 +msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 @@ -14048,29 +12394,27 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "Vous pouvez maintenant générer automatiquement les liaisons :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_bindgen {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n" -" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n" -" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n" -" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:59 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:75 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:61 +msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:62 +msgid "\"bindings\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 @@ -14078,48 +12422,30 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons utiliser les liaisons dans notre programme Rust :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n" -" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:73 +msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:74 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"main.rs\"" +msgstr "`main.rs` :" + #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/bindgen/main.rs_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"//! Bindgen demo.\n" -"\n" -"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n" -" let card = card {\n" -" name: name.as_ptr(),\n" -" years: 42,\n" -" };\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" print_card(&card as *const card);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:82 +msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -14131,26 +12457,26 @@ msgstr "" "Enfin, nous pouvons exécuter des tests générés automatiquement pour nous " "assurer que les liaisons fonctionnent :" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_test {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" -" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" -" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n" -" auto_gen_config: true,\n" -" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n" -" lints: \"none\",\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:112 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:114 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:113 +msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +msgid "\"general-tests\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:117 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:118 +msgid "\"none\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:117 +msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 @@ -14168,24 +12494,20 @@ msgstr "Exporter des fonctions et des types Rust vers C est simple :" msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"//! Rust FFI demo.\n" -"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n" -"\n" -"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n" -"\n" -"/// Analyze the numbers.\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n" -" if x < y {\n" -" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n" -" } else {\n" -" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:8 +msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:12 +msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:17 +msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:19 +msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 @@ -14193,35 +12515,22 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n" -"#define ANALYSE_H\n" -"\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#endif\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_ffi {\n" -" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n" -" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n" -" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n" -" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:41 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:68 +msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:42 +msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:43 +msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 @@ -14234,40 +12543,28 @@ msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant appeler cela à partir d'un binaire C :" msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \"analyze.h\"\n" -"\n" -"int main() {\n" -" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n" -" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n" -" return 0;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:53 +msgid "\"analyze.h\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"cc_binary {\n" -" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n" -" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n" -" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:66 +msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:67 +msgid "\"main.c\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -14284,6 +12581,10 @@ msgstr "" "également utiliser `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` pour spécifier le nom " "que vous voulez." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 +msgid "With C++" +msgstr "Avec C++" + #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14298,49 +12599,453 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "L'approche globale ressemble à ceci:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " +"from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " +"blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:9 +msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:11 +msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:17 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:6 +msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:18 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:9 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:10 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:9 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of " -"using this." -msgstr "" -"Voir le \\[tutoriel CXX\\] [2](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) pour un exemple " -"complet d'utilisation." +msgid "\"Rust\"" +msgstr "Rustdoc" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14 -msgid "" -"At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" -"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:6 +msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16 -msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:25 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:15 +msgid "\"C++\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18 -msgid "" -"Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " -"languages_." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:8 +msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20 -msgid "" -"Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings." -"html):" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:40 +msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:41 msgid "" -"Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " -"does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " -"types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" -"string`, making it very ergonomic to use." +"From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " +"Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " +"both languages." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:44 msgid "" -"Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " -"which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." +"To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" +"dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " +"examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module " +"(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:47 +msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:1 +msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:7 +msgid "// Opaque type\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:8 +msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Free function\n" +msgstr "Fonctions" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:28 +msgid "" +"Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " +"the parent module." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:30 +msgid "" +"The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" +"+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " +"header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, " +"except with a .rs.h file extension." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:1 +msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:20 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:30 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:39 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:56 +msgid "" +"The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " +"in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " +"correspond with what is declared in C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:59 +msgid "" +"`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " +"call from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:9 +msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:23 +msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:24 +msgid "" +"A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " +"Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " +"derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the " +"corresponding C++ type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generated Rust:" +msgstr "Rust non sécurisé (_unsafe_)" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:33 +msgid "Generated C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:46 +msgid "" +"On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " +"wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " +"class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our " +"Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:13 +msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:16 +msgid "\"Success!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:22 +msgid "" +"Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " +"side." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:24 +msgid "" +"The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " +"exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " +"from the error type's `Display` impl." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:27 +msgid "" +"A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " +"immediately terminate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:7 +msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:14 +msgid "\"Error: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:22 +msgid "" +"C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " +"on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:24 +msgid "" +"If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " +"declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" +"terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown " +"through a `noexcept` C++ function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Type" +msgstr "Rust by Example" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Type" +msgstr "Exemple C++" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::String`" +msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`&str`" +msgstr "`&str`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Str`" +msgstr "`rust_test`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxString`" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`std::string`" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Slice`" +msgstr "`rust_ffi`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +msgid "`rust::Box`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`UniquePtr`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Vec`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Récepteur`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxVector`" +msgstr "`Cellule`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`std::vector`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Récepteur`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:16 +msgid "" +"These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " +"and returns of extern functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:18 +msgid "" +"Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " +"a few reasons for this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:20 +msgid "" +"`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:21 +msgid "" +"The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " +"directly between languages." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:23 +msgid "" +"`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " +"semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Building in Android" +msgstr "Rust pour Android" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " +"generated header and source file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:10 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:9 +msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:11 +msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:10 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:14 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:19 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:20 +msgid "" +"Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " +"the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " +"are setup on the next slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " +"order to pull in common CXX definitions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" +"(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" +"android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share " +"that link with the class so that students know where they can find these " +"instructions again in the future." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " +"CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:7 +msgid "" +"// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" +"// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:20 +msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:12 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:13 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:8 +msgid "\"lib.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:14 +msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:16 +msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:21 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:23 +msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:29 +msgid "" +"The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " +"bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:31 +msgid "" +"By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " +"named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " +"convention isn't enforced, though." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:7 +msgid "\"cxx_test\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:9 +msgid "\"libcxx\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 @@ -14369,28 +13074,20 @@ msgstr "Tout d'abord, nous créons une fonction Rust à exporter vers Java :" msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/src/lib.rs_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" -"\n" -"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n" -"use jni::sys::jstring;\n" -"use jni::JNIEnv;\n" -"\n" -"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n" -" env: JNIEnv,\n" -" _class: JClass,\n" -" name: JString,\n" -") -> jstring {\n" -" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n" -" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n" -" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n" -" output.into_inner()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:12 +msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:17 +msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:20 +msgid "\"system\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:26 +msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 @@ -14399,16 +13096,18 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/Android.bp_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_ffi_shared {\n" -" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:36 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:69 +msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:37 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:52 +msgid "\"hello_jni\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:39 +msgid "\"libjni\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 @@ -14421,50 +13120,25 @@ msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons appeler cette fonction depuis Java :" msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/HelloWorld.java_ :" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"class HelloWorld {\n" -" private static native String hello(String name);\n" -"\n" -" static {\n" -" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" public static void main(String[] args) {\n" -" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n" -" System.out.println(output);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:66 +msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"java_binary {\n" -" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n" -" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n" -" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n" -" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:67 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" +msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:68 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" +msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "Enfin, vous pouvez créer, synchroniser et exécuter le binaire :" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m helloworld_jni\n" -"adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n" -"adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14495,6 +13169,1992 @@ msgstr "" "sur quelqu'un en la classe ayant un morceau de code que vous pouvez remettre " "à Rust à la volée." +#: src/chromium.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 1" + +#: src/chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party " +"glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium.md:6 +msgid "" +"Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've " +"got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, " +"feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the " +"exact part we talk about." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:3 +msgid "" +"Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build " +"flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position " +"1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:13 +msgid "" +"(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This " +"is the default!)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:16 +msgid "" +"See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-" +"the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to " +"build Chromium takes time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:20 +msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:22 +msgid "About the exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:24 +msgid "" +"This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. " +"We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. " +"If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can " +"catch up in the next slot." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated set of " +"dependencies." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:6 +msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:8 +msgid "" +"Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*." +"gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses " +"Chromium's audited toolchain and crates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:11 +msgid "" +"Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and " +"crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/" +"docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:12 +msgid "" +"Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates " +"downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:14 +msgid "" +"From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust " +"code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an " +"important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mini exercise" +msgstr "Exercices" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:20 +msgid "Split into small groups and:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:22 +msgid "" +"Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the " +"risk profile of these scenarios." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:24 +msgid "" +"Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when " +"using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:29 +msgid "" +"Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the " +"exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask " +"them to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:33 +msgid "" +"Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where " +"Cargo may offer an advantage\"):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:36 +msgid "" +"It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, " +"one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a " +"crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. " +"(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/" +"from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:42 +msgid "" +"`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo." +"toml` and start writing code)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:44 +msgid "" +"It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or " +"comparing with `python` + `pip`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:47 +msgid "" +"Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. " +"using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate " +"that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by " +"an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for " +"streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a " +"streamlined way to run benchmarks)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:54 +msgid "" +"`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:55 +msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:57 +msgid "" +"Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:59 +msgid "" +"Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry " +"for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is " +"comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich " +"typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted " +"language)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:64 +msgid "" +"Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like " +"Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be " +"used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) " +"should probably use Cargo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:69 +msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:70 +msgid "" +"`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which " +"resulted in PRs with performance improvements)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:72 +msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:73 +msgid "" +"`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` " +"for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:75 +msgid "" +"Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` " +"when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust " +"toolchain.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:78 +msgid "" +"`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on " +"third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, by `run_gnrt.py` asks " +"`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:82 +msgid "" +"Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly " +"trusted:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:85 +msgid "" +"`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the " +"Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust " +"compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:88 +msgid "" +"`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the " +"umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:90 +msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:91 +msgid "" +"Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for " +"distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:93 +msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:94 +msgid "" +"Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by " +"security@chromium.org)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:96 +msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:1 +msgid "Chromium Rust policy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as " +"approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:6 +msgid "" +"Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party." +"md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various " +"circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for " +"security." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:10 +msgid "" +"Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that " +"nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue " +"code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:13 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +"\"C++\" Rust\n" +".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " +"Rust :\n" +": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " +"crate :\n" +": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": | | : : | | | " +"| :\n" +": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " +"| :\n" +": | | : Language : | | Crate | " +"| :\n" +": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:28 +msgid "" +"First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should " +"normally be kept in `third_party/rust///wrapper`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:31 +msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:33 +msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:34 +msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:36 +msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules" +msgstr "Règles de compilation" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and " +"`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust " +"is no exception." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:6 +msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:8 +msgid "" +"In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:10 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:19 +msgid "" +"You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to " +"depend upon third party code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:24 +msgid "" +"You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The " +"`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root " +"file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete " +"list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when " +"rebuilds are necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:30 +msgid "" +"(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire " +"crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:33 +msgid "" +"Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using " +"[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource." +"com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that " +"this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit " +"tests, some of which we'll use later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:3 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " +"won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " +"the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is " +"necessary.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [\n" +" \"lib.rs\",\n" +" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" +" ]\n" +" allow_unsafe = true\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:3 +msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:5 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" +"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" +" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:3 +msgid "" +"Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " +"for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:6 +msgid "" +"Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " +"Rust support" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:8 +msgid "" +"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " +"directory)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:10 +msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:16 +msgid "" +"A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" +"analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:19 +msgid "" +"The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " +"piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:22 +msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:23 +msgid "" +"Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " +"\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:25 +msgid "" +"Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " +"K)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:26 +msgid "" +"Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " +"(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:28 +msgid "" +"Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " +"164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " +"bindings = space o)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:31 +msgid "" +"Demo **type annotations** (there are quote a few nice examples in the " +"`QrCode::with_bits` method)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:34 +msgid "" +"It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " +"need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " +"times throughout the exercises in this session)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules exercise" +msgstr "Règles de compilation" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " +"containing:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " +"by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " +"target." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:15 +msgid "" +"Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " +"function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " +"see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:22 +msgid "" +"Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " +"we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " +"and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of " +"times." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:26 +msgid "" +"If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " +"in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" +"click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:30 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:47 +msgid "Where to find help" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:32 +msgid "" +"The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" +"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:33 +msgid "" +"Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" +"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:34 +msgid "" +"Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." +"extern.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:35 +msgid "" +"Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" +"gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:36 +msgid "" +"[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" +"languages/rust)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:42 +msgid "" +"This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" +"denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " +"call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to " +"Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:46 +msgid "" +"`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " +"Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " +"guarantee that the right one is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:50 +msgid "" +"If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " +"`rust_executable` gn template." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same " +"source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing." +"md) in the course and looks like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:15 +msgid "" +"In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to " +"follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable " +"and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` " +"configuration)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:20 +msgid "" +"This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:22 +msgid "" +"Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/" +"rust`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:24 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient " +"when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide " +"sufficient coverage for the feature." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:27 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its " +"public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the " +"subject of the next few slides." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:33 +msgid "" +"Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be " +"exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after " +"adding or updating third-party crates.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:37 +msgid "" +"Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be " +"used:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:40 +msgid "" +"QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a " +"thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing " +"both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parametrizing the tests so they " +"enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:45 +msgid "" +"Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe " +"implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but " +"missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such " +"functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" +"main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:5 +msgid "" +"Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " +"attribute)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:7 +msgid "" +"Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " +"panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example:" +msgstr "Exemple" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:3 +msgid "" +"The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " +"test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:6 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:14 +msgid "" +"Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " +"manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" +" testonly = true\n" +" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" +" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [\n" +" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" +" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" +" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing exercise" +msgstr "Exercices" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "Time for another exercise!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:5 +msgid "In your Chromium build:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:7 +msgid "" +"Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " +"two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " +"summing integers in a slice, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:12 +msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:13 +msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:14 +msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new " +"tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool " +"called CXX." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:6 +msgid "" +"You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition " +"language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate " +"declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of " +"using this." +msgstr "" +"Voir le \\[tutoriel CXX\\] [2](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) pour un exemple " +"complet d'utilisation." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:21 +msgid "" +"Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just " +"the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has " +"the following benefits:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile " +"errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust " +"definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined " +"Behavior)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:29 +msgid "" +"The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free " +"functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ " +"methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free " +"functions manually)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:34 +msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:35 +msgid "" +"`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't " +"guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::" +"span` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a " +"pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents " +"empty slices slightly differently)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:40 +msgid "" +"Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, and/or `Box` " +"are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-" +"compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety " +"risks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:44 +msgid "" +"`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in " +"string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can " +"build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-" +"terminate a string)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " +"modules inside `.rs` source code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:16 +msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:24 +msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:30 +msgid "Point out:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:32 +msgid "" +"Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " +"procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " +"bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called " +"`ffi` in your code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:36 +msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" +msgstr "Support intégré pour les tests." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:38 +msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:39 +msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:41 +msgid "" +"**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " +"Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " +"simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ " +"compilers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:3 +msgid "" +"By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" +"cxx.rs/bindings.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:5 +msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:7 +msgid "" +"Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " +"it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:8 +msgid "" +"You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " +"`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:11 +msgid "" +"It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " +"type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:13 +msgid "" +"These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " +"isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " +"considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to " +"draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple " +"enough." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:26 +msgid "" +"You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " +"example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:28 +msgid "" +"Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:29 +msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " +"on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:6 +msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:7 +msgid "" +"Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:9 +msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:10 +msgid "" +"A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " +"default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:12 +msgid "" +"Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " +"when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " +"cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:16 +msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:17 +msgid "" +"Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " +"representing failure)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:19 +msgid "" +"Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " +"needed in practice." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:3 +msgid "" +"The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." +"rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is " +"used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:8 +msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:23 +msgid "" +"Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " +"This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " +"admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of " +"the vector)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:27 +msgid "" +"It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " +"before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " +"points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, " +"when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:32 +msgid "" +"If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " +"references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " +"like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:3 +msgid "" +"A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " +"successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:7 +msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:10 +msgid "" +"/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result, ()>`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:13 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:20 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:31 +msgid "" +"`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " +"types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " +"can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ " +"to store Rust objects by value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:36 +msgid "" +"This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " +"generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " +"manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the " +"example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into " +"appropriate methods of `Result` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or " +"`as_mut`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:1 +msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" +"node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " +"`rust_static_library`. Just add" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" +" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" +"allow_unsafe = true\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:13 +msgid "" +"to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " +"`sources`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:16 +msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:19 +msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:22 +msgid "" +"You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " +"C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;" +"l=21)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:27 +msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:29 +msgid "" +"The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " +"standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " +"to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of " +"_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise " +"ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/" +"writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust " +"binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:36 +msgid "" +"The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" +"interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " +"`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the " +"previous section." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interopérabilité avec C" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +msgid "Part one" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:5 +msgid "" +"In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " +"specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " +"`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:8 +msgid "" +"Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " +"`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:10 +msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:11 +msgid "" +"In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " +"Instead, include the generated header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:13 +msgid "Build and run!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Part two" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:17 +msgid "" +"It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " +"flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Some things to try:" +msgstr "Quelques notes:" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:22 +msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " +"You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " +"`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" +"extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +msgid "" +"You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." +"h\"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:28 +msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:29 +msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:30 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:32 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:34 +msgid "" +"Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " +"own some C++ object." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:36 +msgid "" +"Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " +"need a `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:38 +msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:39 +msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:41 +msgid "Part three" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:43 +msgid "" +"Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " +"couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " +"sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:49 +msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:50 +msgid "" +"The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:56 +msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:57 +msgid "" +"I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " +"and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " +"quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:61 +msgid "" +"I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " +"Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" +"sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although " +"CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So " +"they do!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ library" +msgstr "Bibliothèque" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust crate" +msgstr "Écosystème de Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build system" +msgstr "Écosystème de Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Lots" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`" +msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser le fichier `Cargo.toml` suivant :" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Typical library size" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Large-ish" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Small" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Few" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:12 +msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:14 +msgid "" +"All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into " +"Chromium..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:16 +msgid "" +"... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely " +"have to bring in multiple libraries." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:19 +msgid "We'll discuss:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:21 +msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:22 +msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:23 +msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " +"These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo." +"toml):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"bitflags = \"1\"\n" +"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" +"cxx = \"1\"\n" +"# lots more...\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:14 +msgid "" +"As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " +"dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" +"dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` " +"that you wish to enable in the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:18 +msgid "" +"When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " +"information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." +"toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " +"of:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:16 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:15 +msgid "For instance," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:23 +msgid "" +"Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " +"file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:26 +msgid "" +"Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " +"to resolve problems." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." +"gn` rules." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:6 +msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:13 +msgid "" +"Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " +"this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " +"`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security " +"decision." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:18 +msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Your crate" +msgstr "Crates utiles" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:20 +msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:21 +msgid "" +"New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " +"set of crates required by Chromium." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:24 +msgid "" +"Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " +"patching fails you may need to take manual action." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:9 +msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" +"vendor`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:12 +msgid "" +"At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:13 +msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." +msgstr "" +"Voir la [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." +"html)." + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:17 +msgid "" +"Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:21 +msgid "" +"Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " +"it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " +"discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:3 +msgid "" +"If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " +"arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " +"design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules " +"to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:8 +msgid "" +"Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "build script effect" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Supported by our gn templates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Work required by you" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "None" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generating code" +msgstr "Génériques" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +msgid "Building C/C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Patch around it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Arbitrary other actions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:18 +msgid "" +"Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " +"build scripts only do the top two actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:3 +msgid "" +"If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " +"writes source code files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:6 +msgid "" +"If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " +"add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " +"that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add " +"`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that " +"file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:11 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" +"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" +"build-script-outputs = [ \"tables.rs\" ]\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:17 +msgid "" +"Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " +"`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " +"to subsequent build steps." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " +"link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" +"crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be " +"supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is " +"very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:9 +msgid "So, your options are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:11 +msgid "Avoid these crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:12 +msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:14 +msgid "" +"Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" +"` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by " +"`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " +"on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " +"`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:7 +msgid "Specifically," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:9 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" +"lib\"\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:1 +msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." +"md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As " +"you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive " +"dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe " +"Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:9 +msgid "" +"Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" +"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:11 +msgid "" +"Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:13 +msgid "" +"Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " +"If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " +"macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium " +"is normally built?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:17 +msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:18 +msgid "" +"Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " +"vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " +"ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../" +"cargo.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:21 +msgid "" +"Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." +"md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:22 +msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:23 +msgid "" +"Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " +"that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " +"100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:27 +msgid "" +"These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." +"org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:1 +msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:3 +msgid "`git status` should reveal:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:4 +msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:5 +msgid "" +"Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" +"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:7 +msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:9 +msgid "" +"You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." +"toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:12 +msgid "" +"**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " +"files may result in some files being skipped." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:15 +msgid "" +"As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " +"language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " +"branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So " +"you may need to run:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:3 +msgid "" +"As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " +"keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is " +"hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's " +"still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:3 +msgid "" +"Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " +"crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" +"features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in " +"shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:7 +msgid "" +"(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " +"ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " +"[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/" +"+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:14 +msgid "" +"The total crates needed are: uwuify, smallvec, scopeguard, parking_lot, " +"parking_lot_core, lock_api and instant. If students are downloading even " +"more than that, they probably forgot to turn off the default features." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:18 +msgid "" +"Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this " +"crate! " +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:1 +msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing " +"together everything you already learned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:6 +msgid "The Brief from Product Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:8 +msgid "" +"A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. " +"It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as " +"possible." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:12 +msgid "" +"The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie " +"language." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:14 +msgid "" +"There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie " +"language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate " +"which does the translation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:18 +msgid "" +"In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://" +"crates.io/crates/uwuify)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:20 +msgid "" +"(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and " +"diligence. Don't ship this!)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:23 +msgid "Steps" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:25 +msgid "" +"Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all " +"strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always " +"do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:29 +msgid "" +"If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, " +"you should have created Chrome for pixies!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:37 +msgid "" +"UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, " +"and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ " +"side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:40 +msgid "" +"If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to " +"consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which " +"[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/" +"slice.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:43 +msgid "" +"Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. " +"taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a " +"string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student " +"that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may " +"need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for " +"mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved " +"around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:50 +msgid "" +"The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will " +"need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably " +"already did this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:53 +msgid "" +"The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/" +"uwuify/v0_2:lib`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]" +"(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" @@ -14567,18 +15227,6 @@ msgstr "" "Pour commencer, installez quelques outils dont nous aurons besoin plus tard. " "Sous gLinux ou Debian :" -#: src/bare-metal.md:22 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-" -"config qemu-system-arm\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14587,49 +15235,16 @@ msgstr "" "Et donnez aux utilisateurs du groupe `plugdev` l'accès au programmeur micro:" "bit :" -#: src/bare-metal.md:32 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " -"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" -" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" -"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal.md:38 +#: src/bare-metal.md:38 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "Sur MacOS :" -#: src/bare-metal.md:40 -msgid "" -"```bash\n" -"xcode-select --install\n" -"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" -"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" -"rustup update\n" -"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" -"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" -"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`no_std`" -msgstr "`no_std`" - #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`core`" msgstr "`noyau`" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`alloc`" -msgstr "`allouer`" - #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`std`" @@ -14755,21 +15370,6 @@ msgstr "`std` réexporte le contenu de `core` et `alloc`." msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "Un programme minimal `no_std`" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17 msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "" @@ -14804,41 +15404,24 @@ msgstr "" "Pour utiliser `alloc` vous devez implémenter un [allocateur global (de tas)]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:23 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate alloc;\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use alloc::string::ToString;\n" -"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" -"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" -"\n" -"#[global_allocator]\n" -"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" -"\n" -"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" -"\n" -"pub fn entry() {\n" -" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " -"once.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" -" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" -" .lock()\n" -" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:25 +msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:31 +msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"A string\"" +msgstr "String" + #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " @@ -14878,25 +15461,6 @@ msgstr "" "La caisse `cortex_m_rt` fournit (entre autres) un gestionnaire de " "réinitialisation pour les microcontrôleurs Cortex M." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"mod interrupts;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14929,69 +15493,35 @@ msgstr "" "La plupart des microcontrôleurs accèdent aux périphériques via des E/S " "mappées en mémoire. Essayons d'allumer une LED sur notre micro:bit:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:16 +msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:19 +msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:24 +msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:25 +msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:51 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"mod interrupts;\n" -"\n" -"use core::mem::size_of;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"\n" -"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" -"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n" -"\n" -"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" -"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n" -"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n" -"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n" -"\n" -"// PIN_CNF fields\n" -"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n" -"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n" -"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n" -"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n" -"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::()) as *mut " -"u32;\n" -" let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::()) as *mut " -"u32;\n" -" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " -"and\n" +"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n" -" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " -"SENSE_DISABLED,\n" -" );\n" -" pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n" -" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " -"SENSE_DISABLED,\n" -" );\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n" -" let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n" -" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " -"and\n" -" // no aliases exist.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n" -" gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:48 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:29 +msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64 @@ -15011,13 +15541,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin mmio\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" @@ -15034,49 +15557,6 @@ msgstr "" "principalement sûrs pour périphériques mappés en mémoire de [CMSIS-SVD]" "(https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) des dossiers." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -" let gpio0 = p.P0;\n" -"\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n" -" w.dir().output();\n" -" w.input().disconnect();\n" -" w.pull().disabled();\n" -" w.drive().s0s1();\n" -" w.sense().disabled();\n" -" w\n" -" });\n" -" gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n" -" w.dir().output();\n" -" w.input().disconnect();\n" -" w.pull().disabled();\n" -" w.drive().s0s1();\n" -" w.sense().disabled();\n" -" w\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n" -" gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15121,13 +15601,6 @@ msgstr "" "Si vous \"installez cargo cargo-binutils\", vous pouvez exécuter `cargo " "objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` pour voir le binaire résultant." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin pac\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "HAL crates" @@ -15146,37 +15619,8 @@ msgstr "" "wrappers autour de divers périphériques. Ceux-ci implémentent généralement " "des traits de [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" -" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" -"\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n" -" let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" -" row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:22 +msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39 @@ -15196,13 +15640,6 @@ msgstr "" "Les caisses HAL existent pour de nombreux appareils Cortex-M et RISC-V, y " "compris divers STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, Microcontrôleurs MSP430, AVR et PIC." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin hal\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Board support crates" @@ -15217,30 +15654,6 @@ msgstr "" "Les caisses de support de planche offrent un niveau supplémentaire " "d'emballage pour une planche spécifique pour plus de commodité." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" -"use microbit::Board;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" -" board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15264,49 +15677,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "`microbit-v2` inclut un pilote simple pour la matrice LED." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin board_support\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "Le modèle d'état de type" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" -"\n" -" let pin: P0_01 = gpio0.p0_01;\n" -"\n" -" // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" -" let pin_input: P0_01> = pin.into_floating_input();\n" -" if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n" -" // ...\n" -" }\n" -" let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n" -" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " -"Level::Low);\n" -" pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n" -" // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" -"\n" -" let _pin2: P0_02> = gpio0\n" -" .p0_02\n" -" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " -"Level::Low);\n" -" let _pin3: P0_03> = gpio0.p0_03." -"into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:11 +msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:19 +msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32 @@ -15359,11 +15740,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "De nombreuses caisses HAL suivent ce modèle." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`embedded-hal`" -msgstr "`embedded-hal`" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15434,11 +15810,6 @@ msgstr "" "Il y a des travaux en cours sur une version `async` de `embedded-hal`, mais " "ce n'est pas encore stable." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" -msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15450,28 +15821,13 @@ msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 #, fuzzy -msgid "SWD" -msgstr "SWD" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid " and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" +msgid "" +"SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" msgstr " et JTAG via les sondes CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link et J-Link" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " -msgstr "Stub GDB et serveur Microsoft " - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "DAP" -msgstr "DAP" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid " server" -msgstr "Intégration du fret" +msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server" +msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 msgid "Cargo integration" @@ -15479,21 +15835,10 @@ msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 #, fuzzy -msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " -msgstr "" -"`cargo-embed` est une sous-commande cargo pour construire et flasher des " -"binaires, enregistrer Sortie " - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "RTT" -msgstr "RTT" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 -#, fuzzy msgid "" -" output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your " -"project directory." +"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT " +"(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed." +"toml` file in your project directory." msgstr "" " et connectez GDB. Il est configuré par un Fichier `Embed.toml` dans votre " "répertoire de projet." @@ -15567,62 +15912,28 @@ msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Embed.toml:" +msgid "_Embed.toml_:" msgstr "Intégrer.toml :" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[default.general]\n" -"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" -"\n" -"[debug.gdb]\n" -"enabled = true\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "Dans un terminal sous `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/` :" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "Dans un autre terminal du même répertoire :" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-" -"command=\"target remote :1337\"\n" -"```" +msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "Dans GDB, essayez d'exécuter :" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29 -msgid "" -"```gdb\n" -"b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n" -"b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n" -"b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n" -"c\n" -"c\n" -"c\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 #, fuzzy @@ -15750,6 +16061,16 @@ msgstr "" "Nous lirons la direction à partir d'une boussole I2C et enregistrerons les " "lectures sur un port série." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"morning.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) fournie." + #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15838,119 +16159,52 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 #, fuzzy -msgid "`src/main.rs`:" +msgid "_src/main.rs_:" msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:44 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:32 +msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:52 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Configure serial port.\n" -" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" -" board.UARTE0,\n" -" board.uart.into(),\n" -" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" -" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" " // TODO\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:55 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:56 +msgid "\"Ready.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:58 +msgid "" +"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" " // TODO\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[workspace]\n" -"\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"compass\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n" -"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n" -"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n" -"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Embed.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[default.general]\n" -"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" -"\n" -"[debug.gdb]\n" -"enabled = true\n" -"\n" -"[debug.reset]\n" -"halt_afterwards = true\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 #, fuzzy -msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" "`.cargo/config.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[build]\n" -"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n" -"\n" -"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n" -"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 #, fuzzy msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "Voir la sortie série sur Linux avec :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15959,18 +16213,46 @@ msgstr "" "Ou sur Mac OS quelque chose comme (le nom de l'appareil peut être légèrement " "différent) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120 -msgid "" -"```sh\n" -"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 #, fuzzy msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "Utilisez Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q pour quitter picocom." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Exercice du matin avec Rust sur bare metal" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" +msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](compass.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:40 +msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:41 +msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:49 +msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:59 +msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:67 +msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:103 +msgid "" +"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " +"LEDs on.\n" +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Application processors" @@ -16169,55 +16451,52 @@ msgstr "Assemblage en ligne" #, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " -"Rust code. For example, to make an " +"Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the " +"firmware to power off the system:" msgstr "" "Parfois, nous devons utiliser l'assemblage pour faire des choses qui ne sont " "pas possibles avec le code Rust. Par exemple, pour effectuer un " -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 -#, fuzzy -msgid "HVC" -msgstr "HVC" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 -#, fuzzy -msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:" -msgstr " pour indiquer au micrologiciel d'éteindre le système :" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:19 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use core::arch::asm;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"\n" -"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" +"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n" -" inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n" -" inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n" -" options(nomem, nostack)\n" -" );\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:22 +msgid "\"hvc #0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:23 +msgid "\"w0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:24 +msgid "\"w1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:25 +msgid "\"w2\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:26 +msgid "\"w3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:27 +msgid "\"w4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:28 +msgid "\"w5\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:29 +msgid "\"w6\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:30 +msgid "\"w7\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 @@ -16369,22 +16648,13 @@ msgstr "" "La machine QEMU 'virt' a un [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/" "ddi0183/g) UART, écrivons donc un pilote pour cela." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:9 +msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:13 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n" -"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n" -"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n" -"\n" -"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" base_address: *mut u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" @@ -16394,34 +16664,32 @@ msgid "" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n" -" Self { base_address }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:29 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:27 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:336 +msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:31 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:29 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:338 +msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:34 src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:46 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n" -" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)." -"read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:37 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:35 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:344 +msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:39 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:348 +msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 @@ -16477,24 +16745,11 @@ msgstr "" "Nous avons dérivé le trait `Debug`. Il serait également utile de mettre en " "œuvre quelques traits supplémentaires." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:16 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:379 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:231 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" -"\n" -"impl Write for Uart {\n" -" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" -" self.write_byte(*c);\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24 @@ -16576,11 +16831,6 @@ msgstr "0x04" msgid "RSR" msgstr "RSR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "4" -msgstr "4" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "0x18" @@ -16606,11 +16856,6 @@ msgstr "0x20" msgid "ILPR" msgstr "ILPR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "8" -msgstr "8" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "0x24" @@ -16636,11 +16881,6 @@ msgstr "0x28" msgid "FBRD" msgstr "FBRD" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "6" -msgstr "6" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "0x2c" @@ -16727,11 +16967,6 @@ msgstr "0x48" msgid "DMACR" msgstr "DMACR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "3" -msgstr "3" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." @@ -16748,37 +16983,54 @@ msgstr "" "Le crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) est utile pour " "travailler avec les bitflags." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use bitflags::bitflags;\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct Flags: u16 {\n" -" /// Clear to send.\n" -" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Data set ready.\n" -" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Data carrier detect.\n" -" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" -" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" -" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" -" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" -" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" -" /// Ring indicator.\n" -" const RI = 1 << 8;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:9 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:238 +msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:13 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:242 +msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:15 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:244 +msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:17 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:246 +msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:19 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:248 +msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:21 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:250 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:23 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:252 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:25 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:254 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:27 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:256 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:29 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:258 +msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37 @@ -16803,43 +17055,6 @@ msgstr "" "Nous pouvons utiliser une structure pour représenter la disposition de la " "mémoire des registres de l'UART." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" dr: u16,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" -" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" -" fr: Flags,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" -" ilpr: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" ibrd: u16,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" -" fbrd: u8,\n" -" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" -" lcr_h: u8,\n" -" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" -" cr: u16,\n" -" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" -" ifls: u8,\n" -" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" -" imsc: u16,\n" -" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" -" ris: u16,\n" -" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" -" mis: u16,\n" -" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" -" icr: u16,\n" -" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" -" dmacr: u8,\n" -" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16862,69 +17077,28 @@ msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." msgstr "" "Utilisons maintenant la nouvelle structure `Registers` dans notre pilote." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:6 +msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:32 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:55 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:341 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:364 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:43 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:352 +msgid "" +"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " "received.\n" -" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" -" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" -" None\n" -" } else {\n" -" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" -" Some(data as u8)\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:49 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:358 +msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64 @@ -16952,51 +17126,40 @@ msgstr "" "Écrivons un petit programme en utilisant notre pilote pour écrire sur la " "console série et écho entrant octets." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:18 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:41 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:24 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:47 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:44 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::error;\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" +"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" if let Some(byte) = uart.read_byte() {\n" -" uart.write_byte(byte);\n" -" match byte {\n" -" b'\\r' => {\n" -" uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n" -" }\n" -" b'q' => break,\n" -" _ => {}\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:29 +msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:35 +msgid "b'\\r'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:36 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:27 +msgid "b'\\n'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:38 +msgid "b'q'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:44 +msgid "\"Bye!\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 @@ -17029,50 +17192,12 @@ msgstr "" "[`log`](https://crates.io/crates/log). Nous pouvons le faire en implémentant " "le trait `Log`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"struct Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Log for Logger {\n" -" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" -" true\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" -" \"[{}] {}\",\n" -" record.level(),\n" -" record.args()\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn flush(&self) {}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " -"SetLoggerError> {\n" -" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" -"\n" -" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" -" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:28 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:190 +msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:37 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:199 +msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50 @@ -17089,47 +17214,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "Nous devons initialiser l'enregistreur avant de l'utiliser." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n" -"\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:38 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:69 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +msgid "\"{info}\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 @@ -17157,63 +17244,6 @@ msgid "" "calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use log::error;\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "" @@ -17321,6 +17351,10 @@ msgid "" "hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful crates" +msgstr "Crates utiles" + #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17330,11 +17364,6 @@ msgstr "" "Nous allons passer en revue quelques caisses qui résolvent certains " "problèmes courants de la programmation bare-metal." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`zerocopy`" -msgstr "`zérocopie`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17346,43 +17375,6 @@ msgstr "" "traits et des macros pour convertir en toute sécurité entre séquences " "d'octets et autres types." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n" -"\n" -"#[repr(u32)]\n" -"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" -"enum RequestType {\n" -" #[default]\n" -" In = 0,\n" -" Out = 1,\n" -" Flush = 4,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[repr(C)]\n" -"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n" -" request_type: RequestType,\n" -" reserved: u32,\n" -" sector: u64,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n" -" request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n" -" sector: 42,\n" -" ..Default::default()\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" request.as_bytes(),\n" -" &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17435,11 +17427,6 @@ msgstr "" "zerocopy-example/`. (Ce ne sera pas exécuter dans le Playground en raison de " "la dépendance de la caisse.)" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`aarch64-paging`" -msgstr "`aarch64-pagination`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17451,27 +17438,16 @@ msgstr "" "permet de créer des tables de pages en fonction de la mémoire virtuelle " "AArch64 Architecture du système." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use aarch64_paging::{\n" -" idmap::IdMap,\n" -" paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"const ASID: usize = 1;\n" -"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n" -"\n" -"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" -"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n" -"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" -"idmap.map_range(\n" -" &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n" -" Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n" -").unwrap();\n" -"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" -"idmap.activate();\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:14 +msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:16 +msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:21 +msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 @@ -17503,11 +17479,6 @@ msgstr "" "Il n'y a pas de moyen simple d'exécuter cet exemple, car il doit être " "exécuté sur du matériel réel ou sous QEMU." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" -msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17530,25 +17501,6 @@ msgstr "" "autre espace d'adressage. Par exemple, nous pourrions vouloir allouer de " "l'espace MMIO pour les PCI BAR :" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n" -"use core::alloc::Layout;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n" -" allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n" -"\n" -" let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n" -" let bar = allocator\n" -" .alloc_aligned(layout)\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n" -" println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." @@ -17565,11 +17517,6 @@ msgstr "" "allocator-example/`. (Ce ne sera pas exécuter dans le Playground en raison " "de la dépendance de la caisse.)" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`tinyvec`" -msgstr "`tinyvec`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17586,22 +17533,6 @@ msgstr "" "nombre d'éléments utilisés et panique si vous essayez de utiliser plus que " "ce qui est alloué." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n" -" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" -" numbers.push(7);\n" -" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" -" numbers.remove(1);\n" -" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17619,11 +17550,6 @@ msgstr "" "Le Rust Playground inclut `tinyvec`, donc cet exemple fonctionnera bien en " "ligne." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`spin`" -msgstr "`tourner`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17645,21 +17571,6 @@ msgstr "" "Le crate [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) fournit des équivalents " "basés sur des verrous d'attente de plusieurs de ces primitives." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static counter: SpinMutex = SpinMutex::new(0);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" -" *counter.lock() += 2;\n" -" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23 msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "" @@ -17696,47 +17607,9 @@ msgstr "" "puis un `raw_binary` pour convertir l'ELF en un binaire brut prêt à être " "exécuté." -#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7 -msgid "" -"```soong\n" -"rust_ffi_static {\n" -" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n" -" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"libvmbase\",\n" -" ],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"cc_binary {\n" -" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" -" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n" -" srcs: [\n" -" \"idmap.S\",\n" -" ],\n" -" static_libs: [\n" -" \"libvmbase_example\",\n" -" ],\n" -" linker_scripts: [\n" -" \"image.ld\",\n" -" \":vmbase_sections\",\n" -" ],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"raw_binary {\n" -" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n" -" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n" -" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n" -" enabled: false,\n" -" target: {\n" -" android_arm64: {\n" -" enabled: true,\n" -" },\n" -" },\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 +msgid "vmbase" +msgstr "vmbase" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 #, fuzzy @@ -17753,22 +17626,6 @@ msgstr "" "construction, ainsi qu'un point d'entrée, la journalisation de la console " "UART et plus encore." -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use vmbase::{main, println};\n" -"\n" -"main!(main);\n" -"\n" -"pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello world\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17794,6 +17651,16 @@ msgstr "" "Nous allons écrire un pilote pour le dispositif d'horloge en temps réel " "PL031." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) fournie." + #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy @@ -17853,75 +17720,43 @@ msgstr "" "Téléchargez le \\[modèle d'exercice\\] (../../comprehensive-rust-exercises." "zip) et regardez dans le `rtc` répertoire pour les fichiers suivants." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:37 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:29 +msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:52 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:49 +msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:54 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:51 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" -"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" -"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " -"base\n" +"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" -" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " -"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" gic.setup();\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" -"\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:60 +msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:62 +msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " +"_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " "the exercise):" msgstr "" "`src/exceptions.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:80 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:154 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:215 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:415 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" @@ -17935,247 +17770,108 @@ msgid "" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n" -" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending " -"interrupt\");\n" -" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:101 +msgid "\"sync_exception_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:107 +msgid "\"irq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:108 +msgid "\"No pending interrupt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:109 +msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:114 +msgid "\"fiq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:120 +msgid "\"serr_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:126 +msgid "\"sync_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:132 +msgid "\"irq_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:138 +msgid "\"fiq_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:144 +msgid "\"serr_lower\"" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 #, fuzzy -msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"struct Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Log for Logger {\n" -" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" -" true\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" -" \"[{}] {}\",\n" -" record.level(),\n" -" record.args()\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn flush(&self) {}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " -"SetLoggerError> {\n" -" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" -"\n" -" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" -" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:167 +msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 #, fuzzy -msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:233 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:261 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:265 +msgid "" +"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:269 +msgid "/// Framing error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:271 +msgid "/// Parity error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:273 +msgid "/// Break error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:275 +msgid "/// Overrun error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:279 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:311 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:313 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"#![allow(unused)]\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" -"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Flags\n" -"use bitflags::bitflags;\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct Flags: u16 {\n" -" /// Clear to send.\n" -" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Data set ready.\n" -" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Data carrier detect.\n" -" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" -" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" -" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" -" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" -" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" -" /// Ring indicator.\n" -" const RI = 1 << 8;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n" -" /// Framing error.\n" -" const FE = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Parity error.\n" -" const PE = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Break error.\n" -" const BE = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// Overrun error.\n" -" const OE = 1 << 3;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Registers\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" dr: u16,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" -" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" -" fr: Flags,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" -" ilpr: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" ibrd: u16,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" -" fbrd: u8,\n" -" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" -" lcr_h: u8,\n" -" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" -" cr: u16,\n" -" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" -" ifls: u8,\n" -" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" -" imsc: u16,\n" -" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" -" ris: u16,\n" -" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" -" mis: u16,\n" -" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" -" icr: u16,\n" -" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" -" dmacr: u8,\n" -" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" -"\n" "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:322 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" @@ -18185,131 +17881,54 @@ msgid "" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " -"received.\n" -" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" -" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" -" None\n" -" } else {\n" -" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" -" Some(data as u8)\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" -"\n" -"impl Write for Uart {\n" -" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" -" self.write_byte(*c);\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[workspace]\n" -"\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"rtc\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n" -"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n" -"log = \"0.4.17\"\n" -"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n" -"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n" -"\n" -"[build-dependencies]\n" -"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:368 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 #, fuzzy -msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`build.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use cc::Build;\n" -"use std::env;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n" -" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n" -" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n" -"\n" -" Build::new()\n" -" .file(\"entry.S\")\n" -" .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n" -" .file(\"idmap.S\")\n" -" .compile(\"empty\")\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:433 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:435 +msgid "\"linux\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:434 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436 +msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:434 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" +msgstr "aarch64-paging" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436 +msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 +msgid "\"entry.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:440 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"exceptions.S\"" +msgstr "Exceptions" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:441 +msgid "\"idmap.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:442 +msgid "\"empty\"" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 #, fuzzy -msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`entry.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 @@ -18476,7 +18095,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 #, fuzzy -msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`exceptions.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 @@ -18675,7 +18294,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 #, fuzzy -msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`idmap.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 @@ -18729,7 +18348,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 #, fuzzy -msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`image.ld` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 @@ -18845,61 +18464,28 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 #, fuzzy -msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Makefile` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944 -msgid "" -"```makefile\n" -"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"#\n" -"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"#\n" -"# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"#\n" -"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"# limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n" -"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n" -"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n" -"else\n" -"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n" -"endif\n" -"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n" -"\n" -".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n" -"\n" -"all: rtc.bin\n" -"\n" -"build:\n" -"\tcargo build\n" -"\n" -"rtc.bin: build\n" -"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n" -"\n" -"qemu: rtc.bin\n" -"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio " -"-display none -kernel $< -s\n" -"\n" -"clean:\n" -"\tcargo clean\n" -"\trm -f *.bin\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:945 +msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[build]\n" -"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n" -"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:959 +msgid "$(shell uname -s)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:961 +#, fuzzy +msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu" +msgstr "aarch64-paging" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:978 +msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:981 +msgid "cargo clean" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 @@ -18907,6 +18493,170 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "Exécutez le code dans QEMU avec `make qemu`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" +msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Après-midi" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" +msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_main.rs_:" +msgstr "`main.rs` :" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:36 +msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:57 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" +" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:62 +msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:70 +msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:74 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:95 +msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:78 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:86 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:102 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:110 +msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:90 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:114 +msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:92 +msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_pl031.rs_:" +msgstr "`pl031.rs` :" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:134 +msgid "/// Data register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:136 +msgid "/// Match register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:138 +msgid "/// Load register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:140 +msgid "/// Control register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:143 +msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:146 +msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149 +msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:152 +msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:156 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" +msgstr "" +"Nous allons écrire un pilote pour le dispositif d'horloge en temps réel " +"PL031." + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:164 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:178 +msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:180 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:188 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:196 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:207 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:219 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:226 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +msgid "" +"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" +" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:193 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " +"not\n" +" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:202 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" +" /// interrupt is masked.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:213 +msgid "" +"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " +"the\n" +" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:224 +msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" +msgstr "" + #: src/concurrency.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" @@ -18940,26 +18690,12 @@ msgstr "" "Les threads Rust fonctionnent de la même manière que les threads dans " "d'autres langages :" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" for i in 1..5 {\n" -" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:12 +msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:18 +msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 @@ -18984,8 +18720,8 @@ msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " -"not waiting." +"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 --- the main thread " +"is not waiting." msgstr "" "Notez que le thread est arrêté avant d'atteindre 10 — le thread principal " "est pas attendre." @@ -19020,24 +18756,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "Les threads normaux ne peuvent pas emprunter à leur environnement :" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn foo() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" foo();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19047,23 +18765,6 @@ msgstr "" "Cependant, vous pouvez utiliser un [fil de discussion de portée](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.scope.html) pour cela :" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"\n" -" thread::scope(|scope| {\n" -" scope.spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19094,29 +18795,12 @@ msgstr "" "deux parties sont connectés via le canal, mais vous ne voyez que les " "extrémités." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" -" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"\n" -" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" -" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:15 src/concurrency/channels.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:20 +msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " @@ -19127,7 +18811,7 @@ msgstr "" "implémentent `Clone` (donc vous pouvez créer plusieurs producteurs) mais " "`Receiver` ne le fait pas." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " @@ -19142,31 +18826,24 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "Vous obtenez un canal illimité et asynchrone avec `mpsc::channel()` :" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:16 +msgid "\"Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:17 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:19 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:24 +msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 @@ -19176,33 +18853,6 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Les canaux bornés et synchrones font que \"send\" bloque le thread actuel :" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " @@ -19222,15 +18872,10 @@ msgid "" "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" -msgstr "`Envoyer` et `Synchroniser`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " +"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in " "two traits:" msgstr "" "Comment Rust sait-il interdire l'accès partagé à travers le thread? La " @@ -19284,11 +18929,6 @@ msgstr "" "Ils peuvent être utilisés dans les contraintes génériques comme des traits " "normaux." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Send`" -msgstr "`Envoyer`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19315,11 +18955,6 @@ msgid "" "a single thread." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Sync`" -msgstr "`Synchroniser`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19460,8 +19095,8 @@ msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " -"thread which created them." +"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " +"the thread which created them." msgstr "" "`MutexGuard` : utilise des primitives au niveau du système d'exploitation " "qui doivent être désallouées sur le fil qui les a créés." @@ -19525,11 +19160,6 @@ msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) : " "garantit un accès mutuellement exclusif à la valeur `T`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Arc`" -msgstr "`Arc`" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19539,27 +19169,14 @@ msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) permet un " "accès partagé en lecture seule via sa méthode `clone` :" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" -" for _ in 1..5 {\n" -" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" -" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" -" }));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:16 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45 +msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 @@ -19603,11 +19220,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` peut aider." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Mutex`" -msgstr "`Mutex`" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19619,23 +19231,9 @@ msgstr "" "l'exclusion mutuelle _et_ permet un accès mutable à `T` derrière une " "interface en lecture seule :" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" guard.push(40);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:18 +msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 @@ -19652,7 +19250,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " +"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " "protected data." msgstr "" "`Mutex` dans Rust ressemble à une collection avec un seul élément - les " @@ -19687,7 +19285,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 #, fuzzy -msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." +msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." msgstr "Un homologue de verrouillage en lecture-écriture - `RwLock`." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 @@ -19716,23 +19314,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "Voyons `Arc` et `Mutex` en action :" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" v.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:6 +msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 @@ -19740,33 +19323,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "Solution possible:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" -"\n" -" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v2.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "Notable parts:" @@ -19870,49 +19426,90 @@ msgstr "" "`src/main.rs`, remplissez le vides, et testez que `cargo run` ne se bloque " "pas :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:28 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:23 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // left_fork: ...\n" +"// left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -"\n" -" // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:36 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:24 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:31 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:25 +msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:41 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:36 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:30 +msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:42 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:33 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:37 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:37 +msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Socrates\"" +msgstr "caisses HAL" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45 +msgid "\"Hypatia\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45 +msgid "\"Plato\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45 +msgid "\"Aristotle\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45 +msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:51 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:47 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:49 +msgid "// Create forks\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:53 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:49 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:53 +msgid "// Create philosophers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:55 +msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:57 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:53 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:88 +msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 @@ -19954,15 +19551,6 @@ msgstr "" "docs.rs/reqwest/). Créer un nouveau Projet Cargo et `reqwest` comme " "dépendance avec :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo new link-checker\n" -"cd link-checker\n" -"cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19982,13 +19570,6 @@ msgstr "" "Vous aurez également besoin d'un moyen de trouver des liens. Nous pouvons " "utiliser [`scraper`](https://docs.rs/scraper/) pour cela :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo add scraper\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19998,13 +19579,6 @@ msgstr "" "Enfin, nous aurons besoin d'un moyen de gérer les erreurs. Nous utilisons " "[`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) pour ce:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo add thiserror\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20044,73 +19618,42 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "Votre fichier `src/main.rs` devrait ressembler à ceci :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" -" BadResponse(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct CrawlCommand {\n" -" url: Url,\n" -" extract_links: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " -"Error> {\n" -" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" -" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" -" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" -" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" if !command.extract_links {\n" -" return Ok(link_urls);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" -" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" -"\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -" let href_values = document\n" -" .select(&selector)\n" -" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" -" for href in href_values {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(link_url) => {\n" -" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" -" }\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " -"{err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(link_urls)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let client = Client::new();\n" -" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" -" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " -"true };\n" -" match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" -" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:64 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:95 +msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:66 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:97 +msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:77 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:108 +msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:95 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:126 +msgid "\"href\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:133 +msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:111 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:249 +msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:114 +msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:115 +msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120 @@ -20118,13 +19661,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "Exécutez le code dans `src/main.rs` avec" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:122 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo run\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20146,6 +19682,64 @@ msgstr "" "pages du domaine \"www.google.org\". Fixez une limite supérieure de 100 " "pages environ afin que vous ne finissez pas par être bloqué par le site." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Jour 3 Exercice du matin" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" +msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:29 +msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:53 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:77 +msgid "\"{thought}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Link Checker" +msgstr "Vérificateur de liens à plusieurs threads" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:84 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" +msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](luhn.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:155 +msgid "" +"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:163 +msgid "" +"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" +" /// been visited.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:189 +msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:233 +msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:251 +msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + #: src/async.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Async Rust" @@ -20174,11 +19768,6 @@ msgid "" "available." msgstr "" -#: src/async.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Comparisons" -msgstr "Comparaison" - #: src/async.md:19 msgid "" "Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " @@ -20193,35 +19782,14 @@ msgid "" "resolution are hidden." msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:1 -msgid "`async`/`await`" -msgstr "" - #: src/async/async-await.md:3 msgid "" "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " "code:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use futures::executor::block_on;\n" -"\n" -"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=count {\n" -" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" -" count_to(count).await;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" block_on(async_main(10));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/async-await.md:10 +msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:27 @@ -20276,25 +19844,6 @@ msgid "" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::pin::Pin;\n" -"use std::task::Context;\n" -"\n" -"pub trait Future {\n" -" type Output;\n" -" fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub enum Poll {\n" -" Ready(T),\n" -" Pending,\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/async/futures.md:23 msgid "" "An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " @@ -20396,28 +19945,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"\n" -"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=count {\n" -" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n" -"\n" -" for i in 1..5 {\n" -" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:15 +msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:25 +msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 @@ -20464,48 +19997,28 @@ msgid "" "and an I/O operation." msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n" -"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n" -"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" return;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n" -" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n" -" Ok(n) => {\n" -" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()." -"trim();\n" -" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n" -" }\n" -" Err(e) => {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" return;\n" -" }\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/tasks.md:16 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:6142\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:17 +msgid "\"listening on port 6142\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:22 +msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:25 +msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:26 src/async/tasks.md:37 src/async/tasks.md:43 +msgid "\"socket error: {e:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:34 +msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 @@ -20515,21 +20028,28 @@ msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:54 msgid "" +"Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." +"com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" +"telnet/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:56 +msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " "a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:57 +#: src/async/tasks.md:59 msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " "similar to an `async fn`. " msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:61 +#: src/async/tasks.md:63 msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " -"using `?`." +"using `?`. " msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:3 @@ -20537,36 +20057,24 @@ msgid "" "Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" -"\n" -"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n" -" let mut count: usize = 0;\n" -"\n" -" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n" -" count += 1;\n" -" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n" -" for i in 0..10 {\n" -" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n" -" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" drop(sender);\n" -" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler " -"task.\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/channels.md:13 +msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:16 +msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:24 +msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:25 +msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:29 +msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:35 @@ -20624,34 +20132,20 @@ msgid "" "JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use anyhow::Result;\n" -"use futures::future;\n" -"use reqwest;\n" -"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" -"\n" -"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n" -" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n" -" \"https://google.com\",\n" -" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n" -" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n" -" \"BAD_URL\",\n" -" ];\n" -" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n" -" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n" -" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n" -" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:21 +msgid "\"https://google.com\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:22 +msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:23 +msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:24 +msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 @@ -20692,54 +20186,28 @@ msgid "" "the `future`'s result." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n" -"enum Animal {\n" -" Cat { name: String },\n" -" Dog { name: String },\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n" -" mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n" -" mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n" -") -> Option {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n" -" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n" -" cat_sender\n" -" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n" -" });\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n" -" dog_sender\n" -" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:40 +msgid "\"Felix\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:42 +msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:47 +msgid "\"Rex\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:49 +msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:54 +msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:56 +msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 @@ -20747,7 +20215,7 @@ msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " "`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " "whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " -"that take 500ms seconds." +"that take 500ms." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 @@ -20814,27 +20282,12 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use futures::future::join_all;\n" -"use std::time::Instant;\n" -"\n" -"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n" -" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n" -" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let start = Instant::now();\n" -" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n" -" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:14 +msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:19 +msgid "\"current_thread\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 @@ -20888,65 +20341,46 @@ msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 msgid "" "Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " -"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " +"change. That is why we need to \"pin\" futures. Using the same future " "repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:16 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n" -"use tokio::task::spawn;\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Work {\n" -" input: u32,\n" -" respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" -"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n" -" let mut iterations = 0;\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n" -" work.respond_on\n" -" .send(work.input * 1000)\n" -" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n" -" iterations += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" -"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n" -" work_queue\n" -" .send(Work {\n" -" input,\n" -" respond_on: tx,\n" -" })\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n" -" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" -" spawn(worker(rx));\n" -" for i in 0..100 {\n" -" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n" -" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:24 +msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:31 +msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:34 +msgid "\"failed to send response\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:37 +msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:41 +msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:51 +msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:52 +msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:61 +msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 @@ -20972,19 +20406,6 @@ msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:79 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"loop {\n" -" select! {\n" -" ..,\n" -" _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " @@ -20992,19 +20413,6 @@ msgid "" "pin`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:92 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n" -"loop {\n" -" select! {\n" -" ..,\n" -" _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " @@ -21039,50 +20447,12 @@ msgid "" "provides a workaround through a macro:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use async_trait::async_trait;\n" -"use std::time::Instant;\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" -"#[async_trait]\n" -"trait Sleeper {\n" -" async fn sleep(&self);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct FixedSleeper {\n" -" sleep_ms: u64,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[async_trait]\n" -"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n" -" async fn sleep(&self) {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, " -"n_times: usize) {\n" -" for _ in 0..n_times {\n" -" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n" -" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n" -" let start = Instant::now();\n" -" sleeper.sleep().await;\n" -" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n" -" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n" -" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n" -" ];\n" -" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:30 +msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:34 +msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 @@ -21114,72 +20484,16 @@ msgid "" "example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n" -"\n" -"struct LinesReader {\n" -" stream: DuplexStream,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl LinesReader {\n" -" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" -" Self { stream }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" -" let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n" -" let mut buf = [0];\n" -" while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n" -" bytes.push(buf[0]);\n" -" if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n" -" break;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" if bytes.is_empty() {\n" -" return Ok(None)\n" -" }\n" -" let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n" -" .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not " -"UTF-8\"))?;\n" -" Ok(Some(s))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::" -"Result<()> {\n" -" for b in source.bytes() {\n" -" dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n" -" tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n" -" let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n" -" let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), " -"client));\n" -"\n" -" let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n" -" let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n" -" line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n" -" print!(\"{}\", l)\n" -" } else {\n" -" break\n" -" },\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" handle.await.unwrap()?;\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:35 +msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:51 +msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:57 +msgid "\"tick!\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 @@ -21210,28 +20524,8 @@ msgid "" "struct:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"struct LinesReader {\n" -" stream: DuplexStream,\n" -" bytes: Vec,\n" -" buf: [u8; 1],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl LinesReader {\n" -" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" -" Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n" -" }\n" -" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" -" // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" -" // ...\n" -" let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n" -" let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n" -" // ...\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:95 +msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 @@ -21275,7 +20569,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" +msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" msgstr "Dîner des philosophes - Asynchrone" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 @@ -21296,52 +20590,9 @@ msgstr "" "`src/main.rs`, remplissez le vides, et testez que `cargo run` ne se bloque " "pas :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" -"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // left_fork: ...\n" -" // right_fork: ...\n" -" // thoughts: ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" async fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." -"await\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" async fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -"\n" -" // Make them think and eat\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:51 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:77 +msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 @@ -21387,7 +20638,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" -"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) for the " +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/tokio_websockets/) for the " "communication between the client and the server." msgstr "" @@ -21396,7 +20647,7 @@ msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 -msgid "`Cargo.toml`:" +msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 @@ -21408,10 +20659,11 @@ msgid "" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" -"futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n" +"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.28\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" "http = \"0.2.9\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" -"tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n" +"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.4.0\", features = [\"client\", " +"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -21422,15 +20674,15 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " -"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" +"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/" "tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " "API. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 msgid "" -"[WebsocketStream::next()](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" -"tokio_websockets/proto/struct.WebsocketStream.html#method.next): for " +"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" +"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" @@ -21477,129 +20729,78 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:123 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:99 #, fuzzy -msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:" +msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" -"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" -"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" -"\n" -"async fn handle_connection(\n" -" addr: SocketAddr,\n" -" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" -" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" -") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" -"\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" -"\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" -" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" -" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" -"\n" -" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:78 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:125 +msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:208 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:86 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:149 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:87 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:91 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:154 +msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:94 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:157 +msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:103 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:166 #, fuzzy -msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:" +msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:106 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" -"use http::Uri;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" -" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" -"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" -" .connect()\n" -" .await?;\n" -"\n" -" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" -" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" -"\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" -"\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:117 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:178 +msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 #, fuzzy msgid "Running the binaries" msgstr "Exécution du parcours" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:131 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo run --bin server\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:137 #, fuzzy msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:136 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"cargo run --bin client\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:145 msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 msgid "" "Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " "continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " "them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:149 msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:147 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:150 msgid "" "Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " "performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " @@ -21607,12 +20808,75 @@ msgid "" "displaying them for the user." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:151 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:154 msgid "" "Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " "clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" +msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:32 +msgid "" +"// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n" +" // to transfer to another task\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:40 +msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:60 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:74 +msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:90 +msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" +msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:117 +msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +msgid "" +"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" +" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" +" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:130 +msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:192 +msgid "\"From server: {}\"" +msgstr "" + #: src/thanks.md:3 msgid "" "_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " @@ -21635,6 +20899,442 @@ msgstr "" "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nous aimerions " "d'avoir de tes nouvelles." +#: src/glossary.md:3 +msgid "" +"The following is a glossary which aims to give a short definition of many " +"Rust terms. For translations, this also serves to connect the term back to " +"the English original." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:30 +msgid "" +"allocate: \n" +"Dynamic memory allocation on [the heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:32 +msgid "" +"argument: \n" +"Information that is passed into a function or method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:34 +msgid "" +"Bare-metal Rust: \n" +"Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating " +"system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:37 +msgid "" +"block: \n" +"See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:39 +msgid "" +"borrow: \n" +"See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:41 +msgid "" +"borrow checker: \n" +"The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:43 +msgid "" +"brace: \n" +"`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:45 +msgid "" +"build: \n" +"The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable " +"program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:47 +msgid "" +"call: \n" +"To invoke or execute a function or method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:49 +msgid "" +"channel: \n" +"Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:51 +msgid "" +"Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" +"The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:53 +msgid "" +"concurrency: \n" +"The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:55 +msgid "" +"Concurrency in Rust: \n" +"See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:57 +msgid "" +"constant: \n" +"A value that does not change during the execution of a program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:59 +msgid "" +"control flow: \n" +"The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in " +"a program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:61 +msgid "" +"crash: \n" +"An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:63 +msgid "" +"enumeration: \n" +"A data type that consists of named constant values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:65 +msgid "" +"error: \n" +"An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:67 +msgid "" +"error handling: \n" +"The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program " +"execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:69 +msgid "" +"exercise: \n" +"A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:71 +msgid "" +"function: \n" +"A reusable block of code that performs a specific task." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:73 +msgid "" +"garbage collector: \n" +"A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are " +"no longer in use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:75 +msgid "" +"generics: \n" +"A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling " +"code reuse with different data types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:77 +msgid "" +"immutable: \n" +"Unable to be changed after creation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:79 +msgid "" +"integration test: \n" +"A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or " +"components of a system." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:81 +msgid "" +"keyword: \n" +"A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and " +"cannot be used as an identifier." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:83 +msgid "" +"library: \n" +"A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:85 +msgid "" +"macro: \n" +"Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when " +"normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes " +"a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:90 +msgid "" +"`main` function: \n" +"Rust programs start executing with the `main` function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:92 +msgid "" +"match: \n" +"A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the " +"value of an expression." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:94 +msgid "" +"memory leak: \n" +"A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer " +"needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:96 +msgid "" +"method: \n" +"A function associated with an object or a type in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:98 +msgid "" +"module: \n" +"A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, " +"to organize code in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:100 +msgid "" +"move: \n" +"The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:102 +msgid "" +"mutable: \n" +"A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been " +"declared." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:104 +msgid "" +"ownership: \n" +"The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for " +"managing the memory associated with a value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:106 +msgid "" +"panic: \n" +"An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of " +"the program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:108 +msgid "" +"parameter: \n" +"A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:110 +msgid "" +"pattern: \n" +"A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against " +"an expression in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:112 +msgid "" +"payload: \n" +"The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:114 +msgid "" +"program: \n" +"A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task " +"or solve a particular problem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:116 +msgid "" +"programming language: \n" +"A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:118 +msgid "" +"receiver: \n" +"The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which " +"the method is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:120 +msgid "" +"reference counting: \n" +"A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object " +"is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:122 +msgid "" +"return: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:124 +msgid "" +"Rust: \n" +"A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and " +"concurrency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:126 +msgid "" +"Rust Fundamentals: \n" +"Days 1 to 3 of this course." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:128 +msgid "" +"Rust in Android: \n" +"See [Rust in Android](android.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:130 +msgid "" +"Rust in Chromium: \n" +"See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:132 +msgid "" +"safe: \n" +"Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, " +"preventing memory-related errors." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:134 +msgid "" +"scope: \n" +"The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:136 +msgid "" +"standard library: \n" +"A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:138 +msgid "" +"static: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` " +"lifetime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:140 +msgid "" +"string: \n" +"A data type storing textual data. See [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/" +"string-slices.html) for more." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:142 +msgid "" +"struct: \n" +"A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different " +"types under a single name." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:144 +msgid "" +"test: \n" +"A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other " +"functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:146 +msgid "" +"thread: \n" +"A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:148 +msgid "" +"thread safety: \n" +"The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded " +"environment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:150 +msgid "" +"trait: \n" +"A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to " +"achieve polymorphism in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:152 +msgid "" +"type: \n" +"A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values " +"of a particular kind in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:154 +msgid "" +"type inference: \n" +"The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or " +"expression." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:156 +msgid "" +"undefined behavior: \n" +"Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading " +"to unpredictable program behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:158 +msgid "" +"union: \n" +"A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:160 +msgid "" +"unit test: \n" +"Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger " +"integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:163 +msgid "" +"unsafe: \n" +"The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See " +"[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:165 +msgid "" +"variable: \n" +"A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_. " +msgstr "" + #: src/other-resources.md:1 msgid "Other Rust Resources" msgstr "Autres ressources Rust" @@ -21906,2325 +21606,2514 @@ msgstr "" "utilise un image de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Veuillez consulter le répertoire " "`third_party/cxx/` pour plus de détails, y compris les termes de la licence." -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 +#~ msgid "Small Example" +#~ msgstr "Petit exemple" + +#~ msgid "Why Rust?" +#~ msgstr "Pourquoi Rust ?" + #, fuzzy -msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." -msgstr "Vous trouverez les solutions aux exercices dans les pages suivantes." +#~ msgid "An Example in C" +#~ msgstr "C Exemple" + +#~ msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garanties à la compilation" + +#~ msgid "Runtime Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garanties à l'exécution" + +#~ msgid "Modern Features" +#~ msgstr "Fonctionnalités modernes" + +#~ msgid "Basic Syntax" +#~ msgstr "Syntaxe de base" + +#~ msgid "String vs str" +#~ msgstr "String vs str" + +#~ msgid "Rustdoc" +#~ msgstr "Rustdoc" + +#~ msgid "Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Surcharge" + +#~ msgid "Arrays and for Loops" +#~ msgstr "Tableaux et boucles for" + +#~ msgid "if expressions" +#~ msgstr "expressions `if`" + +#~ msgid "for expressions" +#~ msgstr "expressions `for`" + +#~ msgid "while expressions" +#~ msgstr "expressions `while`" + +#~ msgid "break & continue" +#~ msgstr "break & continue" + +#~ msgid "loop expressions" +#~ msgstr "expressions `loop`" + +#~ msgid "Variant Payloads" +#~ msgstr "Contenu variable" + +#~ msgid "Enum Sizes" +#~ msgstr "Tailles d'énumération" + +#~ msgid "Novel Control Flow" +#~ msgstr "Nouvelles structures de contrôle" + +#~ msgid "if let expressions" +#~ msgstr "Expressions `if let`" + +#~ msgid "while let expressions" +#~ msgstr "Expressions `while let`" + +#~ msgid "match expressions" +#~ msgstr "Expressions `match`" + +#~ msgid "Destructuring Structs" +#~ msgstr "Déstructuration des structures" + +#~ msgid "Destructuring Arrays" +#~ msgstr "Déstructuration des tableaux" + +#~ msgid "Match Guards" +#~ msgstr "Contrôle de correspondance" + +#~ msgid "Stack vs Heap" +#~ msgstr "Pile et Tas" + +#~ msgid "Stack Memory" +#~ msgstr "Mémoire de pile" + +#~ msgid "Manual Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gestion manuelle de la mémoire" + +#~ msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée" + +#~ msgid "Garbage Collection" +#~ msgstr "Ramasse-miettes" + +#~ msgid "Rust Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust" + +#~ msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" +#~ msgstr "String déplacés avec Rust" + +#~ msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" +#~ msgstr "Double libération de mémoire en C++ moderne" + +#~ msgid "Moves in Function Calls" +#~ msgstr "Déplacements dans les appels de fonction" + +#~ msgid "Copying and Cloning" +#~ msgstr "Copie et clonage" + +#~ msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" +#~ msgstr "Emprunts partagés et uniques" + +#~ msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" +#~ msgstr "Syntaxe abrégée des champs" + +#~ msgid "Method Receiver" +#~ msgstr "Récepteur de méthode" + +#~ msgid "Storing Books" +#~ msgstr "Stockage des livres" + +#~ msgid "Option and Result" +#~ msgstr "Option et Result" + +#~ msgid "Vec" +#~ msgstr "Vec" + +#~ msgid "HashMap" +#~ msgstr "HashMap" + +#~ msgid "Box" +#~ msgstr "Box" + +#~ msgid "Recursive Data Types" +#~ msgstr "Types de données récursifs" + +#~ msgid "Rc" +#~ msgstr "Rc" + +#~ msgid "Iterators and Ownership" +#~ msgstr "Itérateurs et propriété" + +#~ msgid "Strings and Iterators" +#~ msgstr "Strings et Iterateurs" + +#~ msgid "Generic Methods" +#~ msgstr "Méthodes génériques" + +#~ msgid "Monomorphization" +#~ msgstr "Monomorphisation" + +#~ msgid "Default Methods" +#~ msgstr "Méthodes par défaut" + +#~ msgid "impl Trait" +#~ msgstr "impl Trait" + +#~ msgid "Important Traits" +#~ msgstr "Traits importants" + +#~ msgid "From and Into" +#~ msgstr "From et Into" + +#~ msgid "Default" +#~ msgstr "Default" + +#~ msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." +#~ msgstr "Opérateurs : Add, Mul, ..." + +#~ msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" +#~ msgstr "Fermetures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" + +#~ msgid "Points and Polygons" +#~ msgstr "Points et polygones" + +#~ msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Suspension du déroulement de la pile" + +#~ msgid "Structured Error Handling" +#~ msgstr "Gestion structurée des erreurs" + +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" +#~ msgstr "Propagation des erreurs avec ?" + +#~ msgid "Converting Error Types" +#~ msgstr "Conversion des types d'erreur" + +#~ msgid "Deriving Error Enums" +#~ msgstr "Dérivation des énumérations d'erreur" + +#~ msgid "Adding Context to Errors" +#~ msgstr "Ajout de contexte aux erreurs" + +#~ msgid "no_std" +#~ msgstr "no_std" + +#~ msgid "alloc" +#~ msgstr "alloc" + +#~ msgid "embedded-hal" +#~ msgstr "embedded-hal" + +#~ msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" +#~ msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" + +#~ msgid "zerocopy" +#~ msgstr "zerocopy" + +#~ msgid "buddy_system_allocator" +#~ msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" + +#~ msgid "tinyvec" +#~ msgstr "tinyvec" + +#~ msgid "spin" +#~ msgstr "spin" + +#~ msgid "Send and Sync" +#~ msgstr "Send et Sync" + +#~ msgid "Send" +#~ msgstr "Send" + +#~ msgid "Sync" +#~ msgstr "Sync" + +#~ msgid "Arc" +#~ msgstr "Arc" + +#~ msgid "Mutex" +#~ msgstr "Mutex" + +#~ msgid "async/await" +#~ msgstr "async/await" + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Jour 1 Matin" + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Jour 1 Après-midi" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Jour 2 Matin" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Jour 2 Après-midi" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Jour 3 Matin" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Jour 3 Après-midi" + +#~ msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" +#~ msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Matin" + +#~ msgid "Concurrency Morning" +#~ msgstr "Matin concurrence" + +#~ msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Après-midi concurrence" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Jour 1 : bases de Rust, syntaxe, flux de contrôle, création et " +#~ "consommation de valeurs." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the " +#~ "standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Jour 2 : gestion de la mémoire, possession, types composés, bibliothèque " +#~ "standard." + +#~ msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Jour 3 : génériques, caractéristiques, gestion des erreurs, tests, Rust " +#~ "non sécurisé (_unsafe_)." -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " -"different or better solution than what is presented here." -msgstr "" -"N'hésitez pas à poser des questions sur les solutions [sur GitHub](https://" -"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Faites le nous savoir si " -"vous avez une solution différente ou meilleure que celle présentée ici." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, " +#~ "and `continue`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Constructions de flux de contrôle : `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, " +#~ "`break` et 'continuer'." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " +#~ "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " +#~ "major feature and we should show students this right away." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'idée du premier jour est de montrer _juste assez_ de Rust pour pouvoir " +#~ "parler du célèbre vérificateur d'emprunt. La façon dont Rust gère la " +#~ "mémoire est une caractéristique majeure et nous devrions montrer cela aux " +#~ "élèves tout de suite." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over " +#~ "the schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the " +#~ "slides):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si vous enseignez cela dans une salle de classe, c'est un bon endroit " +#~ "pour passer en revue le calendrier. Nous suggérons de diviser la journée " +#~ "en deux parties (suivant les diapositives) :" + +#~ msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," +#~ msgstr "Matin : 9h00 à 12h00," + +#~ msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." +#~ msgstr "Après-midi : 13h00 à 16h00." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " +#~ "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez bien sûr ajuster cela si nécessaire. Assurez-vous d'inclure " +#~ "les pauses, nous recommandons une pause toutes les heures !" -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " -"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-" -"use parts of the solutions as the exercises." -msgstr "" -"**Remarque :** Veuillez ignorer `// ANCHOR : libellé` et `// ANCHOR_END : " -"libellé` commentaires que vous voyez dans les solutions. Ils sont là pour " -"permettre de réutiliser des parties des solutions comme exercices." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Bonjour 🌍!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Voici un petit exemple de programme en Rust :" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() { // Program entry point\n" +#~ " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" +#~ " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" +#~ " while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" +#~ " if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" +#~ " x = x / 2;\n" +#~ " } else {\n" +#~ " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " println!();\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust,editable\n" +#~ "fn main() { // Entrée du programme\n" +#~ " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Liaison mutable de variable\n" +#~ " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro pour impression, comme printf\n" +#~ " while x != 1 { // Pas de parenthèses autour des expressions\n" +#~ " if x % 2 == 0 { // Les mathématiques comme dans d'autre " +#~ "langages\n" +#~ " x = x / 2;\n" +#~ " } else {\n" +#~ " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ " println!();\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " +#~ "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " +#~ "different inputs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le code implémente la conjecture de Collatz : on pense que la boucle " +#~ "finissent toujours, mais cela n'est pas encore prouvé. Modifiez le code " +#~ "et jouez avec différentes entrées." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Exercices du matin du jour 1" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " +#~ "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime " +#~ "integer overflow." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Expliquez que toutes les variables sont typées statiquement. Essayez de " +#~ "supprimer `i32` pour déclencher l'inférence de type. Essayez avec `i8` à " +#~ "la place et déclenchez un débordement d'entier à l'exécution." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Remplacez `let mut x` par `let x`, discutez de l'erreur du compilateur." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: transpose\n" -"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" -" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" -" for i in 0..3 {\n" -" for j in 0..3 {\n" -" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" return result;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" -" for row in matrix {\n" -" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_transpose() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], //\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" transposed,\n" -" [\n" -" [101, 201, 301], //\n" -" [102, 202, 302],\n" -" [103, 203, 303],\n" -" ]\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" -"\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78 #, fuzzy -msgid "Bonus question" -msgstr "Question bonus" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match " +#~ "the format string." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Montrez comment `print!` génère une erreur de compilation si les " +#~ "arguments ne correspondent pas aux format des string." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" -"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " -"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " -"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." -msgstr "" -"Cela nécessite des concepts plus avancés. Il pourrait sembler que nous " -"pourrions utiliser une tranche de tranches (`&[&[i32]]`) comme type d'entrée " -"à transposer et ainsi faire en sorte que notre fonction gère n'importe " -"quelle taille de matrice. Cependant, cela tombe rapidement en panne : le " -"type de retour ne peut pas être `&[&[i32]]` car il doit posséder les données " -"que vous renvoyez." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " +#~ "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Montrez comment vous devez utiliser `{}` comme espace réservé si vous " +#~ "souhaitez imprimer une expression qui est plus complexe qu'une simple " +#~ "variable." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " -"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " -"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." -msgstr "" -"Vous pouvez essayer d'utiliser quelque chose comme `Vec>`, mais " -"cela ne fonctionne pas non plus : il est difficile de convertir " -"`Vec>` en `&[ &[i32]]` vous ne pouvez donc plus utiliser facilement " -"`pretty_print` non plus." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" +#~ "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " +#~ "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Montrez aux étudiants la bibliothèque standard, montrez-leur comment " +#~ "rechercher `std :: fmt` qui a les règles du mini-langage de formatage. Il " +#~ "est important que le les étudiants se familiarisent avec la recherche " +#~ "dans la bibliothèque standard." + +#~ msgid "Compile time memory safety." +#~ msgstr "Sécurité de la mémoire à la compilation." + +#~ msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." +#~ msgstr "Absence de comportement d'exécution indéfini." + +#~ msgid "Modern language features." +#~ msgstr "Caractéristiques d'un langage moderne." + +#~ msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" +#~ msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire statique à la compilation :" + +#~ msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." +#~ msgstr "Aucune fuite de mémoire (_surtout_, voir les notes)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il est possible de produire des fuites de mémoire avec Rust (sûr). " +#~ "Quelques exemples sont:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" -"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " -"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." -msgstr "" -"Une fois arrivés aux traits et aux génériques, nous pourrons utiliser le " -"trait [`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"AsRef.html) pour faire abstraction de tout ce qui peut être référencé en " -"tant que tranche." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." +#~ "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get " +#~ "runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez utiliser [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/" +#~ "struct.Box.html#method.leak) pour divulguer un pointeur. Une utilisation " +#~ "de cela pourrait être d'obtenir des variables statiques initialisées et " +#~ "dimensionnées à l'exécution" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::convert::AsRef;\n" -"use std::fmt::Debug;\n" -"\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" -"where\n" -" T: Debug,\n" -" // A line references a slice of items\n" -" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" -" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" -" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" -"{\n" -" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // &[&[i32]]\n" -" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" -" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" -" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" -" // Vec>\n" -" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " -"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." -msgstr "" -"De plus, le type lui-même n'imposerait pas que les tranches enfants aient la " -"même longueur, de sorte qu'une telle variable pourrait contenir une matrice " -"non valide." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." +#~ "forget.html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the " +#~ "destructor is never run)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez utiliser [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +#~ "mem/fn.forget.html) pour que le compilateur \"oublie\" une valeur (ce qui " +#~ "signifie que le destructeur n'est jamais exécuté)." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez également créer accidentellement un \\[cycle de référence\\] " +#~ "avec `Rc` ou \"Arc\"." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory " +#~ "leak and Rust does not protect from those." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En fait, certains considéreront le fait de peupler à l'infini une " +#~ "collection tel qu'une fuite de mémoire et Rust ne protège pas de celles-" +#~ "ci." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: luhn\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" -" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" -" let mut sum = 0;\n" -" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." -"enumerate() {\n" -" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" -" Some(d) => {\n" -" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" -" let dd = d * 2;\n" -" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" -" } else {\n" -" d\n" -" };\n" -" digits_seen += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" None => return false,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" if digits_seen < 2 {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" sum % 10 == 0\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" -" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood " +#~ "as \"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pour les besoins de ce cours, \"Aucune fuite de mémoire\" doit être " +#~ "compris comme \"Pratiquement pas de fuites de mémoire _accidentelles_\"." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:97 #, fuzzy -msgid "Pattern matching" -msgstr "filtrage par motif" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " +#~ "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " +#~ "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " +#~ "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode " +#~ "(`cargo build --release`)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le débordement d'entier est défini via un indicateur de compilation. Les " +#~ "options sont soit une panique (un plantage contrôlé du programme) ou un " +#~ "bouclage sémantique. Par défaut, vous obtenez des paniques en mode " +#~ "débogage (`cargo build`) et bouclage en mode release (`cargo build --" +#~ "release`)." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:99 -msgid "TBD." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Exercices du matin du jour 2" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not " +#~ "be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows " +#~ "you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do " +#~ "bounds checking." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La vérification des limites ne peut pas être désactivée avec un " +#~ "indicateur de compilateur. Ça peut aussi ne pas être désactivé " +#~ "directement avec le mot-clé `unsafe`. Cependant, `unsafe` vous permet " +#~ "d'appeler des fonctions telles que `slice::get_unchecked` qui ne vérifie " +#~ "pas les bornes." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Designing a Library" -msgstr "Conception d'une bibliothèque" +#~ msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust est construit avec toute l'expérience acquise au cours des 40 " +#~ "dernières années." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](book-library.md))" +#~ msgid "Language Features" +#~ msgstr "Caractéristiques linguistiques" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" -"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" -"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" -"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" -"impl Library {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_new\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" -" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n" -" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" -" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" -" self.books.len()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" -" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" -" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" -" self.books.is_empty()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" -" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" -" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" -" self.books.push(book)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" -" //fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " -"year\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" -" fn print_books(&self) {\n" -" for book in &self.books {\n" -" println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" -" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" -" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" -" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" -"\n" -" // Longer hand-written solution:\n" -" let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n" -" for book in self.books.iter() {\n" -" if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n" -" oldest = Some(book);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" oldest\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." -"is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " -"library.is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -" //\n" -" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" -" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_len() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" -" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_print_books() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" -" // method to start with.\n" -" library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 2" +#~ msgid "Tooling" +#~ msgstr "Outillage" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](strings-iterators.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to " +#~ "'pay' for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For " +#~ "example, writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low " +#~ "level instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les abstractions à coût nul, similaires à C++, signifient que vous n'avez " +#~ "pas à \"payer\" pour les constructions de programmation de niveau " +#~ "supérieur avec mémoire ou CPU. Par exemple, écrire une boucle en " +#~ "utilisant `for` devrait aboutir à peu près au même niveau bas " +#~ "instructions comme utilisant la construction `.iter().fold()`." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" -"\n" -" let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n" -"\n" -" for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n" -" let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n" -" return false;\n" -" };\n" -" if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" true\n" -"\n" -" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " -"prefix\n" -" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " -"of\n" -" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " -"request\n" -" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " -"chain()\n" -" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " -"segments,\n" -" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Jour 3 Exercice du matin" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', " +#~ "also known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things " +#~ "like `Option` and `Result`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il peut être utile de mentionner que les énumérations Rust sont des " +#~ "\"types de données algébriques\", également connus sous le nom de \"types " +#~ "de somme\", qui permettent au système de type d'exprimer des choses comme " +#~ "`Option` et `Résultat`." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " +#~ "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " +#~ "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with " +#~ "_actionable_ feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rappelez aux gens de lire les erreurs --- de nombreux développeurs se " +#~ "sont habitués à ignorer la longue sortie du compilateur. Le compilateur " +#~ "Rust est beaucoup plus bavard que les autres compilateurs. Il vous " +#~ "fournira souvent _actionnable_ feedback, prêt à copier-coller dans votre " +#~ "code." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -" callback: Box,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" callback,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" std::cmp::max(\n" -" self.title.chars().count(),\n" -" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" -" )\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" -" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" -" self.inner_width() + 4\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" -" let mut inner = String::new();\n" -" for widget in &self.widgets {\n" -" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" -" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" -" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" -" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" -" let width = self.width();\n" -" let mut label = String::new();\n" -" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" -" self.label\n" -" .lines()\n" -" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" -" .max()\n" -" .unwrap_or(0)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\",\n" -" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, " +#~ "Python, and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider " +#~ "standard and essential:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La bibliothèque standard de Rust est petite comparée à des langages comme " +#~ "Java, Python, et Go. Rust n'est pas distribué avec certains éléments que " +#~ "vous pourriez considérer comme standard et essentiel:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:177 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](points-polygones.md))" +#~ msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "un générateur de nombres aléatoires, mais voir [rand](https://docs.rs/" +#~ "rand/)." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:179 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" -"// ANCHOR: Point\n" -"pub struct Point {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Point\n" -" x: i32,\n" -" y: i32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n" -" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n" -" Point { x, y }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n" -" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n" -" (self - other).magnitude()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" -" Self {\n" -" x: self.x + other.x,\n" -" y: self.y + other.y,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" -" Self {\n" -" x: self.x - other.x,\n" -" y: self.y - other.y,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n" -"pub struct Polygon {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n" -" points: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n" -"impl Polygon {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n" -" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n" -" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n" -" self.points.push(point);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option {\n" -" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n" -" self.points.iter()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" if self.points.is_empty() {\n" -" return 0.0;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut result = 0.0;\n" -" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n" -" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n" -" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n" -" last_point = *point;\n" -" }\n" -" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" -" result\n" -" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as " -"pairs\n" -" // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last " -"point\n" -" // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as " -"one of \n" -" // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine " -"Iterator::cycle\n" -" // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and " -"using map \n" -" // and sum to calculate the total length.\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Circle\n" -"pub struct Circle {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n" -" center: Point,\n" -" radius: i32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n" -"impl Circle {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n" -" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n" -" Circle { center, radius }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n" -" self.center.dist(other.center)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Shape\n" -"pub enum Shape {\n" -" Polygon(Polygon),\n" -" Circle(Circle),\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n" -"\n" -"impl From for Shape {\n" -" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n" -" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl From for Shape {\n" -" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n" -" Shape::Circle(circle)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Shape {\n" -" pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n" -" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" -" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_dist() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_add() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" -" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -"\n" -" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" -" let shapes = vec![\n" -" Shape::from(poly),\n" -" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" -" ];\n" -" let perimeters = shapes\n" -" .iter()\n" -" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" -" .map(round_two_digits)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 3" +#~ msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "prise en charge de SSL ou TLS, mais voir [rusttls](https://docs.rs/" +#~ "rustls/)." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#~ msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "support pour JSON, mais voir [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: ffi\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" -"\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " -"and\n" -" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" -" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_off: c_long,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" -" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" -" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" -" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" -" pub d_type: u8,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -"\n" -" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " -"on\n" -" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" -" //\n" -" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " -"refers\n" -" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " -"PowerPC.\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" -" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" -" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n" -" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " -"{err}\"))?;\n" -" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" -" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" -" if dir.is_null() {\n" -" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" -" } else {\n" -" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" -" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" -" if dirent.is_null() {\n" -" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" -" return None;\n" -" }\n" -" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" -" // terminated.\n" -" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" -" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" -" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Drop\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n" -" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" -" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" -" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -" use std::error::Error;\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n" -" assert!(iter.is_err());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" -" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" -" )?;\n" -" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" -" entries.sort();\n" -" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo " -"Diaries\\n\")?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"\\n\")?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" -" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" -" )?;\n" -" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" -" entries.sort();\n" -" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo." -"txt\"]);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Exercice du matin avec Rust sur bare metal" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](compass.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " +#~ "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " +#~ "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and " +#~ "perhaps there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le raisonnement sous-jacent est que la fonctionnalité de la bibliothèque " +#~ "standard ne peut pas s'en aller, il doit donc être très stable. Pour les " +#~ "exemples ci-dessus, le Rust la communauté travaille toujours à trouver la " +#~ "meilleure solution --- et peut-être là n'est pas une seule \"meilleure " +#~ "solution\" pour certaines de ces choses." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: top\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" -"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" -"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" -"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n" -"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" -"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n" -"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n" -"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n" -"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n" -"use microbit::Board;\n" -"\n" -"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" -"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Configure serial port.\n" -" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" -" board.UARTE0,\n" -" board.uart.into(),\n" -" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" -" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" -" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" -"K100);\n" -" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" -" imu.init().unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Set up display and timer.\n" -" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" -" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" -"\n" -" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" -" let mut button_pressed = false;\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: loop\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n" -" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" -" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" -" {}\n" -" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" -" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" serial,\n" -" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" -" compass_reading.x,\n" -" compass_reading.y,\n" -" compass_reading.z,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.z,\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" -" let (x, y) = match mode {\n" -" Mode::Compass => (\n" -" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" -" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" -" scale(\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" scale(\n" -" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" -" };\n" -" image[y][x] = 255;\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" -"\n" -" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " -"all LEDs on.\n" -" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" -" if !button_pressed {\n" -" mode = mode.next();\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" -" }\n" -" button_pressed = true;\n" -" } else {\n" -" button_pressed = false;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -"enum Mode {\n" -" Compass,\n" -" Accelerometer,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Mode {\n" -" fn next(self) -> Self {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" -" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" -"> i32 {\n" -" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" -" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" -" cap(\n" -" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" -" min_out,\n" -" max_out,\n" -" )\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " +#~ "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A " +#~ "consequence of this is that the standard library can be smaller." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust est livré avec un gestionnaire de packages intégré sous la forme de " +#~ "Cargo, ce qui rend il est trivial de télécharger et de compiler des " +#~ "caisses tierces. Une conséquence de ce est que la bibliothèque standard " +#~ "peut être plus petite." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "`main.rs`:" -msgstr "`main.rs` :" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates " +#~ "to find a good and trusted one." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Découvrir de bonnes caisses tierces peut être un problème. Des sites " +#~ "comme aide à cela en vous permettant de comparer les " +#~ "mesures de santé pour caisses pour en trouver une bonne et de confiance." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: top\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: top\n" -"mod pl031;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n" -"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n" -"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" -"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n" -"// ANCHOR: imports\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" -"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" -"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" -"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" -"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" -"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " -"base\n" -" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" -" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" -" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " -"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" gic.setup();\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" let timestamp = rtc.read();\n" -" let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n" -" info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n" -"\n" -" GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n" -" gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n" -" gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n" -" irq_enable();\n" -" gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n" -"\n" -" // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" -" let target = timestamp + 3;\n" -" rtc.set_match(target);\n" -" info!(\n" -" \"Waiting for {}\",\n" -" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" -" );\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" while !rtc.matched() {\n" -" spin_loop();\n" -" }\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" -"\n" -" // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" -" let target = timestamp + 6;\n" -" info!(\n" -" \"Waiting for {}\",\n" -" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" -" );\n" -" rtc.set_match(target);\n" -" rtc.clear_interrupt();\n" -" rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n" -" wfi();\n" -" }\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: main_end\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149 #, fuzzy -msgid "`pl031.rs`:" -msgstr "`pl031.rs` :" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " +#~ "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) est une implémentation " +#~ "LSP bien prise en charge utilisée dans les principaux IDE et éditeurs de " +#~ "texte." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" -"\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" /// Data register\n" -" dr: u32,\n" -" /// Match register\n" -" mr: u32,\n" -" /// Load register\n" -" lr: u32,\n" -" /// Control register\n" -" cr: u8,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" -" imsc: u8,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" -" ris: u8,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" -" mis: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" -" icr: u8,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Rtc {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Rtc {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " -"the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" -" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an " -"interrupt\n" -" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" -" pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " -"not\n" -" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" -" pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" -" /// interrupt is masked.\n" -" pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " -"the\n" -" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" -" pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n" -" let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)." -"write_volatile(imsc) }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" -" pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Jour 3 Exercice du matin" +#~ msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" +#~ msgstr "`\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\\"#`" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" +#~ msgstr "Comme C++, Rust a des références :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" -"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" -" left_fork: Arc>,\n" -" right_fork: Arc>,\n" -" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" -" fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" -" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n" -" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" -" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n" -"\n" -" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n" -" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -"\n" -" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" -" let tx = tx.clone();\n" -" let mut left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" -" let mut right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()]);\n" -"\n" -" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n" -" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n" -" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n" -" thoughts: tx,\n" -" left_fork,\n" -" right_fork,\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" for _ in 0..100 {\n" -" philosopher.eat();\n" -" philosopher.think();\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" drop(tx);\n" -" for thought in rx {\n" -" println!(\"{thought}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:104 #, fuzzy -msgid "Link Checker" -msgstr "Vérificateur de liens à plusieurs threads" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " +#~ "pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous devons déréférencer `ref_x` lors de son affectation, comme pour les " +#~ "pointeurs C et C++." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:106 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values " +#~ "over their lifetime." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les références déclarées comme \"mut\" peuvent être liées à différentes " +#~ "valeurs au cours de leur durée de vie." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:108 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use std::{sync::Arc, sync::Mutex, sync::mpsc, thread};\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" -" BadResponse(String),\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: visit_page\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct CrawlCommand {\n" -" url: Url,\n" -" extract_links: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " -"Error> {\n" -" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" -" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" -" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" -" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" if !command.extract_links {\n" -" return Ok(link_urls);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" -" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" -"\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -" let href_values = document\n" -" .select(&selector)\n" -" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" -" for href in href_values {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(link_url) => {\n" -" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" -" }\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " -"{err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(link_urls)\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: visit_page\n" -"\n" -"struct CrawlState {\n" -" domain: String,\n" -" visited_pages: std::collections::HashSet,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl CrawlState {\n" -" fn new(start_url: &Url) -> CrawlState {\n" -" let mut visited_pages = std::collections::HashSet::new();\n" -" visited_pages.insert(start_url.as_str().to_string());\n" -" CrawlState {\n" -" domain: start_url.domain().unwrap().to_string(),\n" -" visited_pages,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" -" fn should_extract_links(&self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" -" let Some(url_domain) = url.domain() else {\n" -" return false;\n" -" };\n" -" url_domain == self.domain\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n" -" /// been visited.\n" -" fn mark_visited(&mut self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" -" self.visited_pages.insert(url.as_str().to_string())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"type CrawlResult = Result, (Url, Error)>;\n" -"fn spawn_crawler_threads(\n" -" command_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" -" result_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" -" thread_count: u32,\n" -") {\n" -" let command_receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(command_receiver));\n" -"\n" -" for _ in 0..thread_count {\n" -" let result_sender = result_sender.clone();\n" -" let command_receiver = command_receiver.clone();\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let client = Client::new();\n" -" loop {\n" -" let command_result = {\n" -" let receiver_guard = command_receiver.lock().unwrap();\n" -" receiver_guard.recv()\n" -" };\n" -" let Ok(crawl_command) = command_result else {\n" -" // The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" -" break;\n" -" };\n" -" let crawl_result = match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) " -"{\n" -" Ok(link_urls) => Ok(link_urls),\n" -" Err(error) => Err((crawl_command.url, error)),\n" -" };\n" -" result_sender.send(crawl_result).unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn control_crawl(\n" -" start_url: Url,\n" -" command_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" -" result_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" -") -> Vec {\n" -" let mut crawl_state = CrawlState::new(&start_url);\n" -" let start_command = CrawlCommand { url: start_url, extract_links: " -"true };\n" -" command_sender.send(start_command).unwrap();\n" -" let mut pending_urls = 1;\n" -"\n" -" let mut bad_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" while pending_urls > 0 {\n" -" let crawl_result = result_receiver.recv().unwrap();\n" -" pending_urls -= 1;\n" -"\n" -" match crawl_result {\n" -" Ok(link_urls) => {\n" -" for url in link_urls {\n" -" if crawl_state.mark_visited(&url) {\n" -" let extract_links = crawl_state." -"should_extract_links(&url);\n" -" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand { url, " -"extract_links };\n" -" command_sender.send(crawl_command).unwrap();\n" -" pending_urls += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Err((url, error)) => {\n" -" bad_urls.push(url);\n" -" println!(\"Got crawling error: {:#}\", error);\n" -" continue;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" bad_urls\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn check_links(start_url: Url) -> Vec {\n" -" let (result_sender, result_receiver) = mpsc::channel::();\n" -" let (command_sender, command_receiver) = mpsc::channel::" -"();\n" -" spawn_crawler_threads(command_receiver, result_sender, 16);\n" -" control_crawl(start_url, command_sender, result_receiver)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let start_url = reqwest::Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\")." -"unwrap();\n" -" let bad_urls = check_links(start_url);\n" -" println!(\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\", bad_urls);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" -msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1" +#~ msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Une référence est dite \"emprunter\" la valeur à laquelle elle se réfère." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +#~ "enough." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust suit la durée de vie de toutes les références pour s'assurer " +#~ "qu'elles durent longtemps assez." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" -"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" -" left_fork: Arc>,\n" -" right_fork: Arc>,\n" -" thoughts: Sender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" async fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." -"await\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" -" async fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" -" let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n" -" // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the " -"execution\n" -" // to transfer to another task\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n" -" let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n" -"\n" -" // The locks are dropped here\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" // Create forks\n" -" let mut forks = vec![];\n" -" (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::" -"new(Fork))));\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -" let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n" -" let mut philosophers = vec![];\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" -" for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n" -" let left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" -" let right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS." -"len()]);\n" -" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -" if i == 0 {\n" -" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" -" }\n" -" philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n" -" name: name.to_string(),\n" -" left_fork,\n" -" right_fork,\n" -" thoughts: tx.clone(),\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -" (philosophers, rx)\n" -" // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" // Make them think and eat\n" -" for phil in philosophers {\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" for _ in 0..100 {\n" -" phil.think().await;\n" -" phil.eat().await;\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -" while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n" -" println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" -msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))" +#~ msgid "`String` vs `str`" +#~ msgstr "`Chaîne` vs `chaîne`" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:125 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" -"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" -"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n" -"async fn handle_connection(\n" -" addr: SocketAddr,\n" -" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" -" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" -") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n" -"\n" -" ws_stream\n" -" .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n" -" .await?;\n" -" let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n" -"\n" -" // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) " -"receiving\n" -" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" -" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" -" match incoming {\n" -" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" -" let msg = msg.as_text()?;\n" -" println!(\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\");\n" -" bcast_tx.send(msg.into())?;\n" -" }\n" -" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" None => return Ok(()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n" -" ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" // ANCHOR: main\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" -"\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" -" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" -" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" -"\n" -" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous pouvons maintenant comprendre les deux types de string avec Rust :" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:210 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: setup\n" -"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" -"use http::Uri;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" -" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" -"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" -" .connect()\n" -" .await?;\n" -"\n" -" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" -" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" -"\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -" // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" -" match incoming {\n" -" Some(Ok(msg)) => println!(\"From server: {}\", msg." -"as_text()?),\n" -" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" None => return Ok(()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" res = stdin.next_line() => {\n" -" match res {\n" -" Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n" -" Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line." -"to_string())).await?,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" +#~ "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Une version Rust de la célèbre question d'entrevue [FizzBuzz](https://en." +#~ "wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tous les éléments de langage de Rust peuvent être documentés à l'aide de " +#~ "la syntaxe spéciale `///`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but " +#~ "in real code they should be present." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ce cours n'inclut pas rustdoc sur les diapositives, juste pour économiser " +#~ "de l'espace, mais dans code réel, ils doivent être présents." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need " +#~ "not be addressed here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les commentaires de la documentation interne sont discutés plus tard " +#~ "(dans la page sur les modules) et n'ont pas besoin être abordé ici." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " +#~ "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust a des méthodes, ce sont simplement des fonctions qui sont associées " +#~ "à un type particulier. Le le premier argument d'une méthode est une " +#~ "instance du type auquel elle est associée :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " +#~ "class." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous nous pencherons beaucoup plus sur les méthodes dans l'exercice " +#~ "d'aujourd'hui et dans le cours de demain." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Function Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Surcharge de fonction" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Overloading is not supported:" +#~ msgstr "La surcharge n'est pas prise en charge :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." +#~ msgstr "Prend toujours un nombre fixe de paramètres." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Default values are not supported:" +#~ msgstr "Les valeurs par défaut ne sont pas prises en charge :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." +#~ msgstr "Tous les sites d'appel ont le même nombre d'arguments." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." +#~ msgstr "Les macros sont parfois utilisées comme alternative." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" +#~ msgstr "Cependant, les paramètres de fonction peuvent être génériques :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind " +#~ "of limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a " +#~ "later section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lors de l'utilisation de génériques, la bibliothèque standard `Into` " +#~ "peut fournir une sorte de polymorphisme sur les types d'arguments. Nous " +#~ "verrons plus de détails dans une section ultérieure." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Jour 1 : Exercices du matin" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Dans ces exercices, nous allons explorer deux parties de Rust :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Implicit conversions between types." +#~ msgstr "Conversions implicites entre les types." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." +#~ msgstr "Tableaux et boucles \"for\"." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" +#~ msgstr "Quelques points à considérer lors de la résolution des exercices :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" +#~ "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo." +#~ "md) for details on installing Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Utilisez une installation Rust locale, si possible. De cette façon, vous " +#~ "pouvez obtenir auto-complétion dans votre éditeur. Voir la page sur " +#~ "\\[Utiliser Cargo\\] pour plus de détails lors de l'installation de Rust." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." +#~ msgstr "Vous pouvez également utiliser le Rust Playground." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets " +#~ "lose their state if you navigate away from the page." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les extraits de code ne sont pas modifiables à dessein : les extraits de " +#~ "code en ligne perdent leur état si vous quittez la page." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " +#~ "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" +#~ "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust n'appliquera pas automatiquement les _conversions implicites_ entre " +#~ "les types ([contrairement à C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/" +#~ "language/implicit_conversion)). Vous pouvez le voir dans un programme " +#~ "comme celui-ci :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between " +#~ "them. The `From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the " +#~ "`Into` trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits " +#~ "is how a type expresses that it can be converted into another type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les types entiers Rust implémentent tous les [`From`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) et [`Into`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits pour nous permettre de " +#~ "convertir entre eux. Le trait `From` a un seul `from()` et de même, le " +#~ "trait `Into` a une seule méthode `into()`. La mise en œuvre de ces " +#~ "traits est la façon dont un type exprime qu'il peut être converti en un " +#~ "autre type." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " +#~ "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " +#~ "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From " +#~ "for i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of " +#~ "`Into for i8`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La bibliothèque standard a une implémentation de `From for i16`, ce " +#~ "qui signifie que nous pouvons convertir une variable `x` de type `i8` en " +#~ "un `i16` en appelant `i16::from(x)`. Ou, plus simple, avec `x.into()`, " +#~ "car `From for i16` créer automatiquement une implémentation de " +#~ "`Into for i8`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, " +#~ "so it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " +#~ "implementation automatically." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il en va de même pour vos propres implémentations `From` pour vos propres " +#~ "types, il est donc suffisant pour implémenter uniquement `From` pour " +#~ "obtenir automatiquement une implémentation `Into` respective." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Exécutez le programme ci-dessus et examinez l'erreur du compilateur." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mettez à jour le code ci-dessus pour utiliser `into()` pour effectuer la " +#~ "conversion." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " +#~ "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " +#~ "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " +#~ "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" +#~ "trait.From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you " +#~ "check." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Remplacez les types de `x` et `y` par d'autres éléments (tels que `f32`, " +#~ "`bool`, `i128`) pour voir quels types vous pouvez convertir vers quels " +#~ "autres types. Essayer convertir de petits types en grands types et " +#~ "inversement. Vérifier la [documentation de la bibliothèque standard]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) pour voir si " +#~ "`From` est implémenté pour les paires que vous cochez." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" +#~ msgstr "Tableaux et boucles `for`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" +#~ msgstr "Nous avons vu qu'un tableau peut être déclaré comme ceci :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with " +#~ "`{:?}`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez imprimer un tel tableau en demandant sa représentation de " +#~ "débogage avec `{:?}` :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " +#~ "keyword:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust vous permet d'itérer sur des choses comme des tableaux et des plages " +#~ "en utilisant le `for` mot-clé:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Bonus Question" +#~ msgstr "Question bonus" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for " +#~ "your argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-" +#~ "dimensional slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pourriez-vous utiliser des tranches `&[i32]` au lieu de matrices 3 × 3 " +#~ "codées en dur pour votre types d'argument et de retour ? Quelque chose " +#~ "comme `&[&[i32]]` pour un fichier bidimensionnel tranche de tranches. " +#~ "Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas?" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production " +#~ "quality implementation." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Voir le [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) pour une qualité de " +#~ "production mise en œuvre." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " +#~ "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La solution et la réponse à la section bonus sont disponibles dans le " +#~ "Section [Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to " +#~ "conditionally evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value " +#~ "which then becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow " +#~ "expressions work similarly in Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Comme nous l'avons vu, `if` est une expression en Rust. Il est utilisé " +#~ "pour conditionnellement évaluer l'un des deux blocs, mais les blocs " +#~ "peuvent avoir une valeur qui devient alors la valeur de l'expression " +#~ "\"if\". D'autres expressions de flux de contrôle fonctionnent de manière " +#~ "similaire à Rust." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is " +#~ "the return value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La même règle est utilisée pour les fonctions : la valeur du corps de la " +#~ "fonction est le valeur de retour :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " +#~ "Rust. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le but de cette diapositive est de montrer que les blocs ont un type et " +#~ "une valeur dans Rust." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is " +#~ "closely related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It " +#~ "will automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate " +#~ "over it:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'expression `for` est étroitement liée à l'expression `while let`. Ce " +#~ "sera appelez automatiquement `into_iter()` sur l'expression, puis " +#~ "parcourez-la :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." +#~ msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser `break` et `continue` ici comme d'habitude." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'itération d'index n'est pas une syntaxe spéciale dans Rust pour ce cas " +#~ "précis." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " +#~ msgstr "`(0..10)` est une plage qui implémente un trait `Iterator`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every " +#~ "other element. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`step_by` est une méthode qui renvoie un autre `Iterator` qui saute tous " +#~ "les autres éléments." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " +#~ "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Modifier les éléments du vecteur et expliquer les erreurs du compilateur. " +#~ "Modifiez le vecteur `v` pour qu'il soit modifiable et la boucle for en " +#~ "`for x in v.iter_mut()`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`loop` expressions" +#~ msgstr "\\# expressions de \"boucle\"" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Enfin, il existe un mot-clé `loop` qui crée une boucle sans fin. Ici, " +#~ "vous devez soit `break` ou `return` pour arrêter la boucle :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " +#~ "types less and less as the course progresses." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En raison de l'inférence de type, le `i32` est facultatif. Nous " +#~ "montrerons progressivement les types de moins en moins au fur et à mesure " +#~ "que le cours avance." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " +#~ "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " +#~ "using `_` as a placeholder:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le code suivant indique au compilateur de copier dans un certain " +#~ "conteneur générique sans que le code ne spécifie jamais explicitement le " +#~ "type contenu, en utilisant `_` comme espace réservé :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" +#~ "HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) repose sur `FromIterator`, qui \\[`HashSet`\\]" +#~ "(https:/ /doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implémente." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Static and Constant Variables" +#~ msgstr "Variables statiques et constantes" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse " +#~ "memory locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if " +#~ "the type does not change." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le code suivant montre pourquoi le compilateur ne peut pas simplement " +#~ "réutiliser les emplacements de mémoire lors de l'observation d'une " +#~ "variable immuable dans une portée, même si le type ne change pas." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " +#~ "`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cette page propose un type d'énumération `CoinFlip` avec deux variantes " +#~ "`Heads` et `Tail`. Vous pouvez noter l'espace de noms lors de " +#~ "l'utilisation de variantes." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dans les deux cas, les fonctions associées sont définies dans un bloc " +#~ "`impl`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then " +#~ "use the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez définir des énumérations plus riches où les variantes " +#~ "transportent des données. Vous pouvez ensuite utiliser le instruction " +#~ "`match` pour extraire les données de chaque variante :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There " +#~ "is no fall-through like in C or C++." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'expression est comparée aux modèles de haut en bas. Il n'y a pas de " +#~ "basculement comme en C ou C++." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " +#~ "match arm which was executed." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'expression de correspondance a une valeur. La valeur est la dernière " +#~ "expression du bras de correspondance qui a été exécutée." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " +#~ "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En partant du haut, nous cherchons quel modèle correspond à la valeur, " +#~ "puis exécutons le code en suivant la flèche. Une fois que nous trouvons " +#~ "une correspondance, nous nous arrêtons." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." +#~ msgstr "`match` inspecte un champ discriminant caché dans `enum`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" +#~ "discriminant()`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il est possible de récupérer le discriminant en appelant `std::mem::" +#~ "discriminant()`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs " +#~ "where comparing field values doesn't affect equality." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ceci est utile, par exemple, si vous implémentez `PartialEq` pour des " +#~ "structures où la comparaison des valeurs de champ n'affecte pas l'égalité." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined " +#~ "version cannot implement traits, for example." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` n'est pas exactement le même que `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` avec un niveau supérieur `struct Click { ... }`. La version " +#~ "en ligne ne peut pas implémenter de traits, par exemple." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " +#~ "account:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les énumérations de Rust sont emballées étroitement, en tenant compte des " +#~ "contraintes d'alignement :" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on " +#~ "patterns in Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Voir [Filtrage par motif](../pattern-matching.md) pour plus de détails " +#~ "sur les motifs avec Rust." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +#~ "match-expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. " +#~ "In that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le mot clé `match` est utilisé pour faire correspondre une valeur à un ou " +#~ "plusieurs modèles. Dans en ce sens, cela fonctionne comme une série " +#~ "d'expressions \"if let\":" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Enregistrez l'expression de correspondance dans une variable et imprimez-" +#~ "la." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." +#~ msgstr "Supprimez `.as_deref()` et expliquez l'erreur." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot " +#~ "match against `String`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`std::env::args().next()` renvoie une `Option`, mais nous ne " +#~ "pouvons pas comparer `String`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our " +#~ "case, this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`as_deref()` transforme une `Option` en `Option<&T::Target>`. Dans " +#~ "notre cas, cela transforme `Option` en `Option<&str>`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside " +#~ "`Option`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous pouvons maintenant utiliser le filtrage par motif pour faire " +#~ "correspondre le `&str` à l'intérieur de `Option`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le modèle `_` est un modèle générique qui correspond à n'importe quelle " +#~ "valeur." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " +#~ "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il peut être utile de montrer comment fonctionne la liaison, par exemple " +#~ "en remplaçant un caractère générique par une variable ou en supprimant " +#~ "les guillemets autour de `q`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." +#~ msgstr "Vous pouvez démontrer la correspondance sur une référence." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable " +#~ "patterns, as the term can show up in error messages." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "C'est peut-être le bon moment pour évoquer le concept de modèles " +#~ "irréfutables, car le terme peut apparaître dans les messages d'erreur." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" +#~ msgstr "Vous pouvez également déstructurer les `structs` :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " +#~ "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lors de la correspondance, vous pouvez ajouter un _guard_ à un motif. " +#~ "Ceci est un booléen arbitraire expression qui sera exécutée si le motif " +#~ "correspond à :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez utiliser les variables définies dans le modèle dans votre " +#~ "expression if." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Jour 1 : Exercices de l'après-midi" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We will look at two things:" +#~ msgstr "Nous allons regarder deux choses :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The Luhn algorithm," +#~ msgstr "Algorithme de Luhn" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." +#~ msgstr "Énumérations et filtrage par motif." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the code below to and implement the " +#~ "function." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et " +#~ "implémentez le les fonctions:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " +#~ "memory management, and garbage collection." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gestion de la mémoire : pile contre tas, gestion manuelle de la mémoire, " +#~ "gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée et le ramassage des ordures." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Propriété : sémantique de déplacement, copie et clonage, emprunt et durée " +#~ "de vie." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Structs and methods." +#~ msgstr "Structures, énumérations, méthodes." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +#~ "`Rc` and `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La bibliothèque standard : `String`, `Option` et `Result`, `Vec`, " +#~ "`HashMap`, `Rc` et \"Arc\"." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." +#~ msgstr "Modules : visibilité, chemins et hiérarchie du système de fichiers." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tout d'abord, rafraîchissons le fonctionnement de la gestion de la " +#~ "mémoire." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" +#~ msgstr "La pile contre le tas" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Stack and Heap Example" +#~ msgstr "Pile et Tas" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." +#~ msgstr "Vous allouez et désallouez vous-même la mémoire de tas." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " +#~ "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si cela n'est pas fait avec soin, cela peut entraîner des plantages, des " +#~ "bogues, des failles de sécurité et des fuites de mémoire." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "C Example" +#~ msgstr "C Exemple" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous devez appeler `free` sur chaque pointeur que vous allouez avec " +#~ "`malloc` :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and " +#~ "`free`: the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, " +#~ "freeing the pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to " +#~ "exploitable security vulnerabilities." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La mémoire est perdue si la fonction revient tôt entre `malloc` et " +#~ "`free` : le pointeur est perdu et nous ne pouvons pas désallouer la " +#~ "mémoire." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les constructeurs et les destructeurs vous permettent de vous connecter à " +#~ "la durée de vie d'un objet." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object " +#~ "is destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an " +#~ "exception is raised." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En enveloppant un pointeur dans un objet, vous pouvez libérer de la " +#~ "mémoire lorsque l'objet est détruit. Le compilateur garantit que cela se " +#~ "produit, même si une exception est soulevé." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " +#~ "gives you smart pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ceci est souvent appelé _l'acquisition de ressources est initialisée_ " +#~ "(RAII) et donne vous pointeurs intelligents." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to " +#~ "memory allocated on the heap." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'objet `std::unique_ptr` est alloué sur la pile et pointe vers mémoire " +#~ "allouée sur le tas." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "À la fin de `say_hello`, le destructeur `std::unique_ptr` s'exécutera." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." +#~ msgstr "Le destructeur libère l'objet `Person` vers lequel il pointe." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Des constructeurs de mouvement spéciaux sont utilisés lors du transfert " +#~ "de propriété à une fonction :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " +#~ "memory management:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Une alternative à la gestion manuelle et basée sur la portée de la " +#~ "mémoire est la mémoire automatique gestion:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le programmeur n'alloue ou ne libère jamais de mémoire explicitement." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " +#~ "programmer." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un ramasse-miettes trouve la mémoire inutilisée et la libère pour le " +#~ "programmeur." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Java Example" +#~ msgstr "Exemple Java" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'objet `person` n'est pas désalloué après le retour de `sayHello` :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Memory Management in Rust" +#~ msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" +#~ msgstr "La gestion de la mémoire avec Rust est un mélange :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." +#~ msgstr "Sûr et correct comme Java, mais sans ramasse-miettes." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Basé sur la portée comme C++, mais le compilateur applique une adhésion " +#~ "totale." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " +#~ "have no cost at runtime like C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un utilisateur de Rust peut choisir la bonne abstraction pour la " +#~ "situation, certains n'ont même aucun coût à l'exécution comme C." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." +#~ msgstr "Il y parvient en modélisant explicitement _ownership_." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " +#~ "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +#~ "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." +#~ "Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " +#~ "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the " +#~ "potential errors in C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si on vous demande comment à ce stade, vous pouvez mentionner qu'avec " +#~ "Rust, cela est généralement géré par des types de wrapper RAII tels que " +#~ "[Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) ou [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/" +#~ "struct.Arc.html). Ceux-ci encapsulent la propriété et l'allocation de " +#~ "mémoire par divers moyens et empêchent les erreurs potentielles dans C." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez être interrogé sur les destructeurs ici, le trait [Drop]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) est l'équivalent de " +#~ "Rust." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." +#~ msgstr "Un destructeur peut s'exécuter ici pour libérer des ressources." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il y a toujours _exactement_ une liaison de variable qui possède une " +#~ "valeur." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." +#~ msgstr "Les données de tas de `s1` sont réutilisées pour `s2`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lorsque `s1` sort de la portée, rien ne se passe (il a été déplacé de)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a " +#~ "way to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " +#~ "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si les étudiants posent des questions sur \"dériver\", il suffit de dire " +#~ "que c'est un moyen de générer du code dans Rust au moment de la " +#~ "compilation. Dans ce cas, les implémentations par défaut des traits " +#~ "`Copy` et `Clone` sont générées." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" +#~ msgstr "Une valeur empruntée a une _durée de vie_ :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " +#~ "lifetime `a`\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lire `&'a Point` comme \"un `Point` emprunté qui est valide pour au moins " +#~ "durée de vie 'a'\"." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " +#~ "value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En plus d'emprunter ses arguments, une fonction peut renvoyer une valeur " +#~ "empruntée :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." +#~ msgstr "`'a` est un paramètre générique, il est déduit par le compilateur." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les durées de vie commencent par `'` et `'a` est un nom par défaut " +#~ "typique." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La partie _au moins_ est importante lorsque les paramètres sont dans des " +#~ "portées différentes." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous décrivons ensuite la distinction entre les récepteurs de méthode." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " +#~ "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker " +#~ "rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a " +#~ "struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method " +#~ "on it." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pensez à mettre l'accent sur \"partagé et immuable\" et \"unique et " +#~ "modifiable\". Ces contraintes viennent toujours ensemble dans Rust en " +#~ "raison des règles du vérificateur d'emprunt, et \"self\" ne fait pas " +#~ "exception. Il n'est pas possible de référencez une structure à partir de " +#~ "plusieurs emplacements et appelez une méthode de mutation (`&mut self`) " +#~ "sur celle-ci." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les quatre méthodes ici utilisent un récepteur de méthode différent." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " +#~ "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez indiquer comment cela change ce que la fonction peut faire " +#~ "avec les valeurs des variables et si/comment elle peut être réutilisée " +#~ "dans `main`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` " +#~ "twice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez afficher l'erreur qui apparaît lorsque vous essayez d'appeler " +#~ "\"finish\" deux fois." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " +#~ "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables " +#~ "automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust " +#~ "automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches " +#~ "the method signature." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Notez que bien que les récepteurs de méthode soient différents, les " +#~ "fonctions non statiques sont appelées de la même manière dans le corps " +#~ "principal. Rust permet le référencement et le déréférencement automatique " +#~ "lors de l'appel de méthodes. Rust ajoute automatiquement les `&`, `*`, " +#~ "`muts` afin que cet objet corresponde à la signature de la méthode." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " +#~ "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pourriez remarquer que `print_laps` utilise un vecteur qui est " +#~ "itéré. Nous décrivons les vecteurs plus en détail dans l'après-midi." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Jour 2 : Exercices du matin" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous nous intéresserons à la mise en œuvre des méthodes dans deux " +#~ "contextes :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " +#~ "now, you just need to know part of its API:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous en apprendrons beaucoup plus sur les structures et le type `Vec` " +#~ "demain. Pour l'instant, vous avez juste besoin de connaître une partie de " +#~ "son API :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " +#~ " and update the types to make it compile:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Utilisez-le pour créer une application de bibliothèque. Copiez le code ci-" +#~ "dessous pour et mettez à jour les types " +#~ "pour le faire compiler :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" +#~ msgstr "Les types de vocabulaire courants comprennent :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " +#~ "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Types [`Option` et `Result`](std/option-result.md) : utilisés pour les " +#~ "valeurs facultatives et \\[gestion des erreurs\\] (error-handling.md)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md) : le type de chaîne par défaut utilisé pour les " +#~ "données détenues." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." +#~ msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md) : un vecteur extensible standard." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " +#~ "algorithm." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md) : un type de carte de hachage avec un hachage " +#~ "configurable algorithme." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Box`](std/box.md) : un pointeur propriétaire pour les données allouées " +#~ "par tas." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " +#~ "data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md) : un pointeur partagé compté par référence pour les " +#~ "données allouées par tas." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`Option` and `Result`" +#~ msgstr "`Option` et `Résultat`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The types represent optional data:" +#~ msgstr "Les types représentent des données facultatives :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." +#~ msgstr "`Option<&T>` n'a aucune surcharge d'espace par rapport à `&T`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" +#~ msgstr "Boîte avec des structures de données récursives" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Jour 2 : Exercices de l'après-midi" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les exercices de cet après-midi porteront sur les chaînes et les " +#~ "itérateurs." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) traits." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le modèle de propriété de Rust affecte de nombreuses API. Un exemple en " +#~ "est le [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html) et [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." +#~ "IntoIterator.html) caractéristiques." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. " +#~ "The `Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get " +#~ "`None` back:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les traits sont comme des interfaces : ils décrivent le comportement " +#~ "(méthodes) d'un type. Le Le trait `Iterator` indique simplement que vous " +#~ "pouvez appeler `next` jusqu'à ce que vous obteniez `None` :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You use this trait like this:" +#~ msgstr "Vous utilisez ce trait comme ceci :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ? Testez votre réponse ici :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Why is this type used?" +#~ msgstr "Pourquoi ce type est-il utilisé ?" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" +#~ msgstr "Comme précédemment, quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ?" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " +#~ "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " +#~ "resulting iterator:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Maintenant que nous connaissons à la fois `Iterator` et `IntoIterator`, " +#~ "nous pouvons construire des boucles `for`. Ils appellent `into_iter()` " +#~ "sur une expression et itèrent sur le résultat itérateur :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl " +#~ "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." +#~ "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Expérimentez avec le code ci-dessus, puis consultez la documentation de " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator pour &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) et " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." +#~ "Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) pour vérifier vos " +#~ "réponses." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web " +#~ "server. The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which " +#~ "are matched against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a " +#~ "wildcard character which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dans cet exercice, vous implémentez un composant de routage d'un serveur " +#~ "Web. Le le serveur est configuré avec un certain nombre de _préfixes de " +#~ "chemin_ qui sont mis en correspondance _demander des chemins_. Les " +#~ "préfixes de chemin peuvent contenir un caractère générique qui correspond " +#~ "à un segment complet. Voir les tests unitaires ci-dessous." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " +#~ "traits." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Traits : traits dérivés, méthodes par défaut et bibliothèque standard " +#~ "importante caractéristiques." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and " +#~ "trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Génériques : types de données génériques, méthodes génériques, " +#~ "monomorphisation et trait objets." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tests : tests unitaires, tests de documentation et tests d'intégration." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " +#~ "functions." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Unsafe Rust : pointeurs bruts, variables statiques, fonctions non " +#~ "sécurisées et extern les fonctions." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" +#~ msgstr "Vous pouvez déclarer un type générique sur votre bloc `impl` :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le code générique est transformé en code non générique basé sur les sites " +#~ "d'appel :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "behaves as if you wrote" +#~ msgstr "se comporte comme si vous écriviez" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez laisser le compilateur dériver un certain nombre de traits :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les traits peuvent implémenter un comportement en termes d'autres " +#~ "méthodes de trait :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Déplacez la méthode `not_equal` vers un nouveau trait `NotEqual`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Faites de `NotEqual` un super trait pour `Equal`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Avec l'implémentation globale, vous n'avez plus besoin de `NotEqual` " +#~ "comme super trait pour `Equal`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`impl Trait` vous permet de travailler avec des types que vous ne pouvez " +#~ "pas nommer." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " +#~ "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " +#~ "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " +#~ "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work " +#~ "for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely " +#~ "not what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` " +#~ "syntax, we'd need two independent generic parameters." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cet exemple est génial, car il utilise `impl Display` deux fois. Cela " +#~ "aide à expliquer que rien ici n'impose qu'il s'agisse du _même_ type " +#~ "`impl Display`. Si nous utilisions un seul `T: Display`, cela imposerait " +#~ "la contrainte selon laquelle l'entrée `T` et le type de retour `T` sont " +#~ "du même type. Cela ne fonctionnerait pas pour cette fonction " +#~ "particulière, car le type que nous attendons en entrée n'est probablement " +#~ "pas quel `format!` renvoie. Si nous voulions faire la même chose via la " +#~ "syntaxe `: Display`, nous aurions besoin de deux paramètres génériques " +#~ "indépendants." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " +#~ "library:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous allons maintenant examiner certaines des caractéristiques les plus " +#~ "courantes de la bibliothèque standard Rust :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) used in `for` loops," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) et " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) utilisés dans les boucles `for`," + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and " +#~ "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to " +#~ "convert values," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) et " +#~ "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) utilisés " +#~ "pour convertir les valeurs," + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " +#~ "overloading, and" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... utilisé pour la " +#~ "surcharge de l'opérateur, et" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " +#~ "used to construct a default instance of a type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " +#~ "utilisé pour construire une instance par défaut d'un type." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " +#~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Implémente `Iterator` \\`fn collect\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "(soi) -> B où B : FromIterator, Auto : dimensionné" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." +#~ msgstr "`Ajouter`, `Mul`, ..." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Jour 3 : Exercices du matin" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous allons concevoir une bibliothèque de traits et d'objets de traits " +#~ "d'interface graphique classique." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Drawing A Simple GUI" +#~ msgstr "Une bibliothèque d'interface graphique" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Polygon Struct" +#~ msgstr "Structure Polygone" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the " +#~ "code below to and fill in the missing " +#~ "methods to make the tests pass:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous allons créer une structure `Polygon` contenant des points. Copiez le " +#~ "code ci-dessous à et remplissez les " +#~ "méthodes manquantes pour faire le les tests passent :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the " +#~ "key part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to " +#~ "modify the tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Étant donné que les signatures de méthode manquent dans les énoncés de " +#~ "problème, la partie clé de l'exercice consiste à les spécifier " +#~ "correctement. Vous n'avez pas à modifier les tests." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" +#~ msgstr "Autres parties intéressantes de l'exercice :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " +#~ "don't borrow their arguments." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dérivez un trait `Copy` pour certaines structures, car dans les tests, " +#~ "les méthodes n'empruntent parfois pas leurs arguments." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be " +#~ "addable via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Découvrez que le trait `Add` doit être implémenté pour que deux objets " +#~ "puissent être ajoutés via \"+\". Notez que nous ne discutons pas des " +#~ "génériques avant le Jour 3." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La gestion des erreurs dans Rust est effectuée à l'aide d'un flux de " +#~ "contrôle explicite :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les fonctions qui peuvent avoir des erreurs le listent dans leur type de " +#~ "retour," + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "There are no exceptions." +#~ msgstr "Il n'y a aucune exception." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Attraper la pile qui se déroule" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when " +#~ "errors are expected as part of normal operation:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nous avons déjà vu l'énumération `Result`. Ceci est utilisé partout " +#~ "lorsque des erreurs sont prévu dans le cadre d'un fonctionnement normal :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" +#~ msgstr "Propagation des erreurs avec `?`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +#~ "turn the common" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'opérateur try `?` est utilisé pour renvoyer des erreurs à l'appelant. " +#~ "Il vous permet de tourner le commun" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to " +#~ "create an error enum like we did on the previous page:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La caisse [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) est un moyen populaire " +#~ "de créer un error enum comme nous l'avons fait sur la page précédente :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, " +#~ "and optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) " +#~ "and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for " +#~ "structs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La macro de dérivation de `thiserror` implémente automatiquement `std::" +#~ "error::Error` et éventuellement `Display` (si les attributs " +#~ "`#[error(...)]` sont fournis) et `From` (si l'attribut `#[from]` est " +#~ "ajouté). Cela fonctionne également pour les structures." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cela n'affecte pas votre API publique, ce qui le rend bon pour les " +#~ "bibliothèques." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " +#~ "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " +#~ "error types:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La caisse [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) largement utilisée peut vous " +#~ "aider à ajouter des informations contextuelles à vos erreurs et vous " +#~ "permet d'avoir moins types d'erreur personnalisés :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" +#~ msgstr "Marquez les tests unitaires avec `#[test]` :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Utilisez `cargo test` pour rechercher et exécuter les tests unitaires." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" +#~ "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les tests unitaires sont souvent placés dans un module imbriqué (exécuter " +#~ "des tests sur le [Terrain de jeu](https://play.rust-lang.org/)) :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" +#~ msgstr "Caisses utiles" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Calling External Code" +#~ msgstr "Appeler le code externe" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. " +#~ "Calling them is thus unsafe:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Les fonctions d'autres langages peuvent violer les garanties de Rust. " +#~ "Appel eux est donc dangereux :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Jour 3 : Exercices de l'après-midi" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" +#~ msgstr "Construisons un wrapper sûr pour lire le contenu du répertoire !" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" +#~ "afternoon.md) provided." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution]" +#~ "(solutions-afternoon.md) fournie." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "concurrency:" +#~ msgstr "Concurrence" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "constant:" +#~ msgstr "`const`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "control flow:" +#~ msgstr "Flux de contrôle" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "enumeration:" +#~ msgstr "`Durée`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "error:" +#~ msgstr "\"Erreur\"" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "error handling:" +#~ msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "garbage collector:" +#~ msgstr "Ramasse-miettes" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "generics:" +#~ msgstr "Génériques" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "integration test:" +#~ msgstr "Tests d'intégration" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "main function:" +#~ msgstr "Appel de fonctions non sécurisées" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "memory leak:" +#~ msgstr "Fuites de mémoire." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "method:" +#~ msgstr "Méthodes" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "module:" +#~ msgstr "Modules" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "ownership:" +#~ msgstr "Possession" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "panic:" +#~ msgstr "Paniques" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "receiver:" +#~ msgstr "Pilote" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "standard library:" +#~ msgstr "Bibliothèque standard" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "static:" +#~ msgstr "`statique`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "struct:" +#~ msgstr "Structures" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "thread:" +#~ msgstr "Threads" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "trait:" +#~ msgstr "Traits" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "union:" +#~ msgstr "Unions" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "unit test:" +#~ msgstr "Tests unitaires" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "variable:\\" +#~ msgstr "Variables" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous trouverez les solutions aux exercices dans les pages suivantes." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." +#~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " +#~ "different or better solution than what is presented here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "N'hésitez pas à poser des questions sur les solutions [sur GitHub]" +#~ "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Faites le " +#~ "nous savoir si vous avez une solution différente ou meilleure que celle " +#~ "présentée ici." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Exercices du matin du jour 1" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](for-loops.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Bonus question" +#~ msgstr "Question bonus" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a " +#~ "slice-of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus " +#~ "make our function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks " +#~ "down: the return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the " +#~ "data you return." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cela nécessite des concepts plus avancés. Il pourrait sembler que nous " +#~ "pourrions utiliser une tranche de tranches (`&[&[i32]]`) comme type " +#~ "d'entrée à transposer et ainsi faire en sorte que notre fonction gère " +#~ "n'importe quelle taille de matrice. Cependant, cela tombe rapidement en " +#~ "panne : le type de retour ne peut pas être `&[&[i32]]` car il doit " +#~ "posséder les données que vous renvoyez." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't " +#~ "work out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " +#~ "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vous pouvez essayer d'utiliser quelque chose comme `Vec>`, mais " +#~ "cela ne fonctionne pas non plus : il est difficile de convertir " +#~ "`Vec>` en `&[ &[i32]]` vous ne pouvez donc plus utiliser " +#~ "facilement `pretty_print` non plus." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::" +#~ "convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) " +#~ "trait to abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Une fois arrivés aux traits et aux génériques, nous pourrons utiliser le " +#~ "trait [`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." +#~ "AsRef.html) pour faire abstraction de tout ce qui peut être référencé en " +#~ "tant que tranche." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are " +#~ "of the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "De plus, le type lui-même n'imposerait pas que les tranches enfants aient " +#~ "la même longueur, de sorte qu'une telle variable pourrait contenir une " +#~ "matrice non valide." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](luhn.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Pattern matching" +#~ msgstr "filtrage par motif" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Exercices du matin du jour 2" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Designing a Library" +#~ msgstr "Conception d'une bibliothèque" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](book-library.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](health-statistics.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 2" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](strings-iterators.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" +#~ msgstr "Jour 3 Exercice du matin" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](simple-gui.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](points-polygones.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 3" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#~ msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" + +#~ msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" +#~ msgstr "Filtrage par motif" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo init concurrency\n" +#~ "cd concurrency\n" +#~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n" +#~ "cargo run\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```shell\n" +#~ "cargo init concurrency\n" +#~ "cd concurrency\n" +#~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n" +#~ "cargo run\n" +#~ "```" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the " +#~ "code (but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://" +#~ "rust-analyzer.github.io/))." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cela permettra à \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] de passer directement aux " +#~ "définitions. Nous suggérons d'utiliser [VS Code](https://code." +#~ "visualstudio.com/) pour modifier le code (mais tout éditeur LSP " +#~ "compatible fonctionne)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" +#~ "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " +#~ "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://" +#~ "www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 " +#~ "debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Certaines personnes aiment également utiliser la famille d'IDE " +#~ "\\[JetBrains\\] [4](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/), qui effectuent " +#~ "leur propre analyse mais ont leurs propres compromis. Si vous les " +#~ "préférez, vous pouvez installer le [Plugin Rust](https://www.jetbrains." +#~ "com/rust/). Veuillez noter qu'à partir de janvier 2023, le débogage ne " +#~ "fonctionne que sur la version CLion de la suite JetBrains IDEA." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++" +#~ msgstr "Double libération de mémoire en C++ moderne" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" +#~ msgstr "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." +#~ msgstr "`binary_search` renvoie `Result`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." +#~ msgstr "Si trouvé, `Result::Ok` contient l'index où se trouve l'élément." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should " +#~ "be inserted." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Sinon, `Result::Err` contient l'index où un tel élément doit être inséré." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "trait NotEquals: Equals {\n" +#~ " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +#~ " !self.equals(other)\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "Fournir une implémentation globale de `NotEqual` pour `Equal`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" +#~ "trait NotEquals {\n" +#~ " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "impl NotEquals for T where T: Equals {\n" +#~ " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" +#~ " !self.equals(other)\n" +#~ " }\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "Fournir une implémentation globale de `NotEqual` pour `Equal`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " +#~ "button is pressed." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Button` : a un `label` et une fonction de rappel qui est invoquée " +#~ "lorsque le bouton est enfoncé." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "SWD" +#~ msgstr "SWD" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " +#~ msgstr "Stub GDB et serveur Microsoft " + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "DAP" +#~ msgstr "DAP" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid " server" +#~ msgstr "Intégration du fret" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`cargo-embed` est une sous-commande cargo pour construire et flasher des " +#~ "binaires, enregistrer Sortie " + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "RTT" +#~ msgstr "RTT" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "HVC" +#~ msgstr "HVC" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:" +#~ msgstr " pour indiquer au micrologiciel d'éteindre le système :" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " +#~ "comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to " +#~ "re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "**Remarque :** Veuillez ignorer `// ANCHOR : libellé` et `// ANCHOR_END : " +#~ "libellé` commentaires que vous voyez dans les solutions. Ils sont là pour " +#~ "permettre de réutiliser des parties des solutions comme exercices." #~ msgid "Comparison" #~ msgstr "Comparaison" @@ -24278,10 +24167,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." #~ msgstr "Jour 1 : Rust de base, propriété et vérificateur d'emprunt." -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "Concurrency" -#~ msgstr "Concurrence" - #~ msgid "Rustup (Recommended)" #~ msgstr "Rustup (recommandé)" @@ -24405,10 +24290,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "Double-frees." #~ msgstr "Double-gratuit." -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "Memory leaks." -#~ msgstr "Fuites de mémoire." - #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Garbage collection pauses." #~ msgstr "La collecte des ordures s'arrête."