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zh-TW: Translate Concurrency morning (#786)

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* zh-TW: Translate Concurrency morning

* Apply suggestions from code review

Thanks @hueich!

Co-authored-by: Addison Luh <hueich@users.noreply.github.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Addison Luh <hueich@users.noreply.github.com>
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@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:23 #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:23
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:9 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:100 #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:9 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:100
#: src/structs.md:29 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:35 #: src/structs.md:29 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:35
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:25 src/enums.md:32 #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:25 src/enums.md:31
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:33 src/enums/sizes.md:27 src/methods.md:28 #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:33 src/enums/sizes.md:27 src/methods.md:28
#: src/methods/receiver.md:22 src/methods/example.md:44 #: src/methods/receiver.md:22 src/methods/example.md:44
#: src/pattern-matching.md:23 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:33 #: src/pattern-matching.md:23 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:33
@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:11 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:11
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:75 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:75
msgid "<details>" msgid "<details>"
msgstr "" msgstr "<details>"
#: src/welcome.md:52 #: src/welcome.md:52
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:30 #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:30
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:15 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:104 #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:15 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:104
#: src/structs.md:42 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 #: src/structs.md:42 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:72 src/enums.md:42 #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:72 src/enums.md:41
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:45 src/enums/sizes.md:155 src/methods.md:41 #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:45 src/enums/sizes.md:155 src/methods.md:41
#: src/methods/receiver.md:28 src/methods/example.md:53 #: src/methods/receiver.md:28 src/methods/example.md:53
#: src/pattern-matching.md:35 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:39 #: src/pattern-matching.md:35 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:39
@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:50 src/traits/impl-trait.md:44 #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:50 src/traits/impl-trait.md:44
#: src/traits/iterator.md:42 src/traits/from-iterator.md:26 #: src/traits/iterator.md:42 src/traits/from-iterator.md:26
#: src/traits/from-into.md:33 src/traits/drop.md:42 src/traits/default.md:47 #: src/traits/from-into.md:33 src/traits/drop.md:42 src/traits/default.md:47
#: src/traits/operators.md:40 src/traits/closures.md:38 #: src/traits/operators.md:38 src/traits/closures.md:38
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:11 src/error-handling/result.md:33 #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:11 src/error-handling/result.md:33
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:53 #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:53
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:60 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:60
@ -1330,7 +1330,7 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:17 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:17
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:79 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:79
msgid "</details>" msgid "</details>"
msgstr "" msgstr "</details>"
#: src/running-the-course.md:1 #: src/running-the-course.md:1
msgid "# Running the Course" msgid "# Running the Course"
@ -1709,7 +1709,7 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25
msgid "Key points:" msgid "Key points:"
msgstr "" msgstr "重要須知："
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23 #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -5301,7 +5301,7 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 #: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
msgid "# Example" msgid "# Example"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 範例"
#: src/methods/example.md:3 #: src/methods/example.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14111,13 +14111,14 @@ msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency.md:1 #: src/concurrency.md:1
msgid "# Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" msgid "# Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 歡迎使用 Rust 的並行程式設計"
#: src/concurrency.md:3 #: src/concurrency.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and\n" "Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and\n"
"channels." "channels."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"Rust 使用 OS 執行緒搭配著互斥鎖和通道來完整支援並行處理。"
#: src/concurrency.md:6 #: src/concurrency.md:6
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14127,14 +14128,17 @@ msgid ""
"you\n" "you\n"
"can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." "can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"在將許多執行期並行錯誤轉換為編譯期錯誤的過程中，Rust 型別系統扮演了\n"
"重要角色。這通常稱為「無懼並行」，因為你可以依賴編譯器，\n"
"確保執行期能夠正確運作。"
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:1 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:1
msgid "# Threads" msgid "# Threads"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 執行緒"
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
msgstr "" msgstr "Rust 執行緒的運作方式與其他語言類似："
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14157,6 +14161,24 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
" }\n"
" });\n"
"\n"
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14164,6 +14186,9 @@ msgid ""
"* Thread panics are independent of each other.\n" "* Thread panics are independent of each other.\n"
" * Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." " * Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* 執行緒都是 daemon 執行緒，主執行緒不會等待這類執行緒完成運作。\n"
"* 執行緒恐慌均為各自獨立，並非彼此相關。\n"
" * 如果恐慌附帶酬載，可使用 `downcast_ref` 解除封裝。"
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14181,14 +14206,24 @@ msgid ""
"panic\n" "panic\n"
" payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`]." " payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`]."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* 請注意，執行緒會在達到 10 之前停止運作，因為主執行緒不會\n"
" 等待其完成運作。\n"
"\n"
"* 請依序使用 `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` 和 `handle.join()`，等待\n"
" 執行緒完成運作。\n"
"\n"
"* 在執行緒中觸發恐慌，請注意，這不會影響 `main`。\n"
"\n"
"* 使用 `handle.join()` 的 `Result` 傳回值，取得恐慌酬載的\n"
"存取權。這個階段是提起 [`Any`] 的好時機。"
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
msgid "# Scoped Threads" msgid "# Scoped Threads"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 限定範圍執行緒"
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
msgstr "" msgstr "一般執行緒無法借用環境的資源："
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14204,10 +14239,21 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
" });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17 #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17
msgid "However, you can use a [scoped thread][1] for this:" msgid "However, you can use a [scoped thread][1] for this:"
msgstr "" msgstr "但是，你可以使用[限定範圍執行緒][1]執行這項功能："
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19 #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14225,6 +14271,19 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
" thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
" scope.spawn(|| {\n"
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
" });\n"
" });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37 #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14235,10 +14294,15 @@ msgid ""
"thread, or immutably by any number of threads.\n" "thread, or immutably by any number of threads.\n"
" " " "
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* 原因在於 `thread::scope` 函式完成時，能保證所有執行緒都已加入，因此能夠傳回"
"借用的資料。\n"
"* 適用 Rust 一般借用規則：可以由一個執行緒以可變方式借用，或者由任意數量的執"
"行緒以不可變方式借用。\n"
" "
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:1 #: src/concurrency/channels.md:1
msgid "# Channels" msgid "# Channels"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 通道"
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 #: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14246,6 +14310,8 @@ msgid ""
"parts\n" "parts\n"
"are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." "are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"Rust 通道分為兩個部分：`Sender<T>` 和 `Receiver<T>`。這兩個部分\n"
"透過通道相連，但你只能看到端點。"
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 #: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14268,6 +14334,24 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"\n"
" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 #: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14278,14 +14362,20 @@ msgid ""
"counterpart `Sender` or\n" "counterpart `Sender` or\n"
" `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." " `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* `mpsc` 代表多重生產者、唯一消費者。`Sender` 和 `SyncSender` 會實作 "
"`Clone`\n"
" (用於製作多重生產者)，但 `Receiver` 不會。\n"
"* `send()` 和 `recv()` 會傳回 `Result`。如果傳回的是 `Err`，表示對應的 "
"`Sender` 或\n"
" `Receiver` 已釋放，且通道已關閉。"
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
msgid "# Unbounded Channels" msgid "# Unbounded Channels"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 無界限的通道"
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
msgstr "" msgstr "你可以使用 `mpsc::channel()` 取得無界限的非同步通道："
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14313,14 +14403,37 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
" });\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
msgid "# Bounded Channels" msgid "# Bounded Channels"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 有界限的通道"
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:" msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:"
msgstr "" msgstr "有界限的同步通道可讓 `send` 阻擋現行執行緒："
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14348,16 +14461,39 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n"
"\n"
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
" });\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
msgid "# `Send` and `Sync`" msgid "# `Send` and `Sync`"
msgstr "" msgstr "# `Send` 和 `Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in "
"two traits:" "two traits:"
msgstr "" msgstr "Rust 如何得知要禁止在執行緒間共享存取權？答案就在以下兩個特徵中："
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14368,6 +14504,11 @@ msgid ""
"thread\n" "thread\n"
" boundary." " boundary."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* [`Send`][1]：如果可以將 `T` 在執行緒界線間安全轉移，型別 `T` 就會是 "
"`Send`。\n"
"\n"
"* [`Sync`][2]：如果可以將 `&T` 在執行緒界線間安全轉移，型別 `T` 就會是\n"
"`Sync`。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14377,6 +14518,10 @@ msgid ""
"them manually when you\n" "them manually when you\n"
"know it is valid." "know it is valid."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"`Send` 和 `Sync` 是 [不安全的特徵][3]。如果你的型別只包含其他有 `Send` 和 `Sync` 的"
"型別，\n"
"編譯器就會自動根據型別為你產生 `Send` 和 `Sync`。或許如果你知道你的型別是適用的，\n"
"也可以手動實作。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14385,16 +14530,18 @@ msgid ""
"* They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits.\n" "* They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits.\n"
" " " "
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* 這些特徵可視為標記，表示該型別含有特定執行緒安全屬性。\n"
"* 這些特徵就像一般特徵，可用於泛型條件約束。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
msgid "# `Send`" msgid "# `Send`"
msgstr "" msgstr "# `Send`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
"> A type `T` is [`Send`][1] if it is safe to move a `T` value to another " "> A type `T` is [`Send`][1] if it is safe to move a `T` value to another "
"thread." "thread."
msgstr "" msgstr "> 如果可以將 `T` 值安全轉移至其他執行緒，型別 `T` 就會是 [`Send`][1]。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14404,6 +14551,9 @@ msgid ""
"thread\n" "thread\n"
"and deallocate it in another." "and deallocate it in another."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"將所有權轉移到其他執行緒的結果，就是「destructors」會在該執行緒中\n"
"執行。因此問題是，何時能在一個執行緒中分配一個值，\n"
"以及何時可在另一個執行緒中解除分配這個值。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14411,10 +14561,12 @@ msgid ""
"a\n" "a\n"
"single thread." "single thread."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"舉例來說，與 SQLite 資料庫的連線必須只能透過單一執行緒\n"
"存取。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
msgid "# `Sync`" msgid "# `Sync`"
msgstr "" msgstr "# `Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14422,14 +14574,16 @@ msgid ""
"multiple\n" "multiple\n"
"> threads at the same time." "> threads at the same time."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"> 如果可以同時從多個執行緒存取 `T` 值，\n"
"> 型別 `T` 就會是 [`Sync`][1]。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
msgstr "" msgstr "更精確的定義如下："
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
msgid "> `T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" msgid "> `T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
msgstr "" msgstr "> `&T` 必須為 `Send`，`T` 才會是 `Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14437,6 +14591,7 @@ msgid ""
"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " "thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it "
"across threads." "across threads."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"這定義簡單的表示，若一個型別可以在確保執行緒安全的情況下被共用，這型別的參考值也可以安全的被傳遞於其他的執行緒。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14446,18 +14601,21 @@ msgid ""
"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " "is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can "
"be accessed from any thread safely." "be accessed from any thread safely."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"原因在於如果型別為 Sync，表示能在多個執行緒之間共用，沒有資料競爭或其他同步問"
"題的風險，因此可以安全轉移到其他執行緒。此外，由於可以從任何執行緒安全存取型"
"別參考的資料，型別參考也能安全地轉移到其他執行緒。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
msgid "# Examples" msgid "# Examples"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 範例"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
msgid "## `Send + Sync`" msgid "## `Send + Sync`"
msgstr "" msgstr "## `Send + Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
msgstr "" msgstr "你遇到的多數型別會是 `Send + Sync`："
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14468,22 +14626,32 @@ msgid ""
"* `Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking.\n" "* `Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking.\n"
"* `AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." "* `AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* `i8`、`f32`、`bool`、`char`、`&str`、...\n"
"* `(T1, T2)`、`[T; N]`、`&[T]`、`struct { x: T }`、...\n"
"* `String`、`Option<T>`、`Vec<T>`、`Box<T>`、...\n"
"* `Arc<T>`：透過原子參考計數明確防護執行緒安全。\n"
"* `Mutex<T>`：透過內部鎖定系統明確防護執行緒安全。\n"
"* `AtomicBool`、`AtomicU8`、...：使用特殊原子性指示。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
msgid "" msgid ""
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are\n" "The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are\n"
"`Send + Sync`." "`Send + Sync`."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"如果型別參數是 `Send + Sync`，\n"
"一般型別通常就會是 `Send + Sync`。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
msgid "## `Send + !Sync`" msgid "## `Send + !Sync`"
msgstr "" msgstr "## `Send + !Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
msgid "" msgid ""
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe.\n" "These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe.\n"
"Typically because of interior mutability:" "Typically because of interior mutability:"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"以下型別可以轉移到其他執行緒，但不會防護執行緒安全。\n"
"原因通常在於內部可變性："
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14492,15 +14660,19 @@ msgid ""
"* `Cell<T>`\n" "* `Cell<T>`\n"
"* `RefCell<T>`" "* `RefCell<T>`"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* `mpsc::Sender<T>`\n"
"* `mpsc::Receiver<T>`\n"
"* `Cell<T>`\n"
"* `RefCell<T>`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
msgid "## `!Send + Sync`" msgid "## `!Send + Sync`"
msgstr "" msgstr "## `!Send + Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
msgid "" msgid ""
"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
msgstr "" msgstr "以下型別會防護執行緒安全，但無法轉移至其他執行緒："
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14508,14 +14680,16 @@ msgid ""
"the\n" "the\n"
" thread which created them." " thread which created them."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* `MutexGuard<T>`：使用 OS 層級的原始元件，這類元件必須在建立該元件的\n"
"執行緒上解除分配。"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
msgid "## `!Send + !Sync`" msgid "## `!Send + !Sync`"
msgstr "" msgstr "## `!Send + !Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
msgstr "" msgstr "以下型別不會防護執行緒安全，也無法轉移至其他執行緒："
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14524,10 +14698,14 @@ msgid ""
"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special\n" "* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special\n"
" concurrency considerations." " concurrency considerations."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* `Rc<T>`：每個 `Rc<T>` 都有一個 `RcBox<T>` 參考，其中包含一個\n"
"非原子參考計數。\n"
"* `*const T`、`*mut T`：Rust 會假定原始指標可能有特殊的\n"
"並行考量。"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
msgid "# Shared State" msgid "# Shared State"
msgstr "" msgstr "# 共享狀態"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14535,6 +14713,8 @@ msgid ""
"is\n" "is\n"
"primarily done via two types:" "primarily done via two types:"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"Rust 會使用型別系統強制同步共享的資料，主要透過兩種型別\n"
"執行："
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14543,14 +14723,17 @@ msgid ""
" takes care to deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,\n" " takes care to deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,\n"
"* [`Mutex<T>`][2]: ensures mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." "* [`Mutex<T>`][2]: ensures mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* [`Arc<T>`][1]，原子參考計數為 `T`：處理執行緒間的共享狀態，\n"
"並且在最後參考釋放時負責解除分配 `T`。\n"
"* [`Mutex<T>`][2]：確保能提供 `T` 值的可變專屬存取權。"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
msgid "# `Arc`" msgid "# `Arc`"
msgstr "" msgstr "# `Arc`"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
msgid "[`Arc<T>`][1] allows shared read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" msgid "[`Arc<T>`][1] allows shared read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
msgstr "" msgstr "[`Arc<T>`][1] 可透過 `Arc::clone` 取得共享唯讀存取權："
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14574,6 +14757,25 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
" for _ in 1..5 {\n"
" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
" }));\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14590,16 +14792,27 @@ msgid ""
"detect them.\n" "detect them.\n"
" * `std::sync::Weak` can help." " * `std::sync::Weak` can help."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* `Arc` 代表「原子參考計數」，這個 `Rc` 的執行緒安全版本會採用原子性\n"
"運算。\n"
"* `Arc<T>` 會實作 `Clone`，與 `T` 無關。如果 `T` 同時實作 `Send` 和 "
"`Sync`，\n"
"`Arc<T>` 也會實作這兩者。\n"
"* `Arc::clone()` 會導致執行原子性運算的費用，但之後使用得到的\n"
" `T` 不需任何費用。\n"
"* 留意參考循環，`Arc` 並不使用垃圾收集器進行偵測。\n"
" * `std::sync::Weak` 可協助執行這項功能。"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
msgid "# `Mutex`" msgid "# `Mutex`"
msgstr "" msgstr "# `Mutex`"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
msgid "" msgid ""
"[`Mutex<T>`][1] ensures mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T`\n" "[`Mutex<T>`][1] ensures mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T`\n"
"behind a read-only interface:" "behind a read-only interface:"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"[`Mutex<T>`][1] 可確保執行互斥功能，「並」在唯讀介面背後授予 `T`\n"
"的可變存取權："
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14619,12 +14832,29 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"\n"
" {\n"
" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
" guard.push(40);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
msgid "" msgid ""
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`][2] blanket\n" "Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`][2] blanket\n"
"implementation." "implementation."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"請留意我們如何進行 [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`][2] 的概括性\n"
"實作。"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14646,10 +14876,22 @@ msgid ""
"to recover the data\n" "to recover the data\n"
" regardless." " regardless."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* Rust 中的 `Mutex` 就像是只有一個元素的集合，也就是受保護的資料。\n"
" * 必須先取得互斥鎖，才能存取受保護的資料。\n"
"* 只要使用這個鎖，就能從 `&Mutex<T>` 取得 `&mut T`。`MutexGuard` 可確保\n"
" `&mut T` 的壽命不會超過所持有的鎖。\n"
"* 如果 `T` 實作 `Send`，`Mutex<T>` 才會實作 `Send` 和 `Sync`。\n"
"* 可讀寫的對應鎖 - `RwLock`。\n"
"* 為何 `lock()` 會傳回 `Result`？\n"
"* 如果持有 `Mutex` 的執行緒發生恐慌，`Mutex` 就會「中毒」，指出\n"
"其保護的資料可能處於不一致的狀態。如果對已中毒的互斥鎖呼叫 `lock()`，\n"
"會發生 [`PoisonError`] 錯誤。無論如何，你都可以對錯誤呼叫 `into_inner()` 來復"
"原\n"
"資料。"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
msgstr "" msgstr "我們來看看 `Arc` 和 `Mutex` 的實際應用情形："
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14669,10 +14911,25 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
" v.push(10);\n"
" });\n"
" v.push(1000);\n"
"\n"
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
msgid "Possible solution:" msgid "Possible solution:"
msgstr "" msgstr "可能的解決方案："
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14700,10 +14957,33 @@ msgid ""
"}\n" "}\n"
"```" "```"
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n"
"\n"
" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
" v2.push(10);\n"
" });\n"
"\n"
" {\n"
" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
" v.push(1000);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
msgid "Notable parts:" msgid "Notable parts:"
msgstr "" msgstr "重要部分："
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51
msgid "" msgid ""
@ -14716,6 +14996,11 @@ msgid ""
"* Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " "* Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as "
"possible." "possible."
msgstr "" msgstr ""
"* `v` 已同時納入 `Arc` 和 `Mutex`，因為兩者的考量互不相關。\n"
"* 將 `Mutex` 納入 `Arc`，是在執行緒間共享可變狀態的常見模式。\n"
"* `v: Arc<_>` 需要複製成 `v2`，才能轉移到其他執行緒。請注意，`move` 已新"
"增至 lambda 簽章。\n"
"* 采用區塊，盡量縮小 `LockGuard` 的範圍。"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"