error-handling: split thiserror into its own slide (#2332)

`thiserror` is best understood as a way to eliminate boilerplate on the
patterns we've already seen, and then we can show it in conjunction with
`anyhow` subsequently.

Fixes #2027.

book.toml

@@ -138,8 +138,9 @@ use-boolean-and = true
 "error-handling/converting-error-types-example.html" = "../error-handling/try-conversions.html"
 "error-handling/converting-error-types.html" = "../error-handling/try-conversions.html"
 "error-handling/deriving-error-enums.html" = "../error-handling/error.html"
-"error-handling/dynamic-errors.html" = "../error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.html"
-"error-handling/error-contexts.html" = "../error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.html"
+"error-handling/dynamic-errors.html" = "../error-handling/anyhow.html"
+"error-handling/error-contexts.html" = "../error-handling/anyhow.html"
+"error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.html" = "../error-handling/anyhow.html"
 "error-handling/panic-unwind.html" = "../error-handling/panics.html"
 "error-handling/try-operator.html" = "../error-handling/try.html"
 "exercises/concurrency/afternoon.html" = "../../concurrency/async-exercises.html"

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -197,7 +197,8 @@
   - [Try Operator](error-handling/try.md)
   - [Try Conversions](error-handling/try-conversions.md)
   - [`Error` Trait](error-handling/error.md)
-  - [`thiserror` and `anyhow`](error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md)
+  - [`thiserror`](error-handling/thiserror.md)
+  - [`anyhow`](error-handling/anyhow.md)
   - [Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`](error-handling/exercise.md)
     - [Solution](error-handling/solution.md)
 - [Unsafe Rust](unsafe-rust.md)

src/error-handling/anyhow.md

@@ -2,16 +2,14 @@
 minutes: 5
 ---
 
-# `thiserror` and `anyhow`
+# `anyhow`
 
-The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and
-[`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crates are widely used to simplify error
-handling.
+The [`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate provides a rich error type with
+support for carrying additional contextual information, which can be used to
+provide a semantic trace of what the program was doing leading up to the error.
 
-- `thiserror` is often used in libraries to create custom error types that
-  implement `From<T>`.
-- `anyhow` is often used by applications to help with error handling in
-  functions, including adding contextual information to your errors.
+This can be combined with the convenience macros from `thiserror` to avoid
+writing out trait impls explicitly for custom error types.
 
 ```rust,editable,compile_fail
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
@@ -46,25 +44,23 @@ fn main() {
 
 <details>
 
-## `thiserror`
-
-- The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful
-  attributes to help define error types in a compact way.
-- The `std::error::Error` trait is derived automatically.
-- The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait.
-
-## `anyhow`
-
 - `anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such it's
   again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but is
   widely used in applications.
 - `anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`.
-- Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary.
-- Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go
-  developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to
-  `(T, error)` from Go.
+- Functionality provided by `anyhow::Error` may be familiar to Go developers, as
+  it provides similar behavior to the Go `error` type and
+  `Result<T, anyhow::Error>` is much like a Go `(T, error)` (with the convention
+  that only one element of the pair is meaningful).
 - `anyhow::Context` is a trait implemented for the standard `Result` and
   `Option` types. `use anyhow::Context` is necessary to enable `.context()` and
   `.with_context()` on those types.
 
+# More to Explore
+
+- `anyhow::Error` has support for downcasting, much like `std::any::Any`; the
+  specific error type stored inside can be extracted for examination if desired
+  with
+  [`Error::downcast`](https://docs.rs/anyhow/latest/anyhow/struct.Error.html#method.downcast).
+
 </details>

src/error-handling/thiserror.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+minutes: 5
+---
+
+# `thiserror`
+
+The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate provides macros to help
+avoid boilerplate when defining error types. It provides derive macros that
+assist in implementing `From<T>`, `Display`, and the `Error` trait.
+
+```rust,editable,compile_fail
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::Read;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Error)]
+enum ReadUsernameError {
+    #[error("I/O error: {0}")]
+    IoError(#[from] io::Error),
+    #[error("Found no username in {0}")]
+    EmptyUsername(String),
+}
+
+fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {
+    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);
+    File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;
+    if username.is_empty() {
+        return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));
+    }
+    Ok(username)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    //fs::write("config.dat", "").unwrap();
+    match read_username("config.dat") {
+        Ok(username) => println!("Username: {username}"),
+        Err(err) => println!("Error: {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+```
+
+<details>
+
+- The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful
+  attributes to help define error types in a compact way.
+- The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait.
+- Note that the (`thiserror::`)`Error` derive macro, while it has the effect of
+  implementing the (`std::error::`)`Error` trait, is not the same this; traits
+  and macros do not share a namespace.
+
+</details>

src/error-handling/try-conversions.md

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}
 impl Display for ReadUsernameError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, "IO error: {e}"),
+            Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, "I/O error: {e}"),
             Self::EmptyUsername(path) => write!(f, "Found no username in {path}"),
         }
     }