ru: translate days 1-2 section titles (#1973)

* Add translations for the new extracted messages related to Day 1and
Day 2 chapters;
* Fix numbering in translation of Day 4 titles;
* Use PO file translator comments for notes and reasons why one or
another choice was made, mention alternatives;
* Do not translate type and trait names;
* Rename: Поток управления -> Управляющие конструкции;
* Rename: Перечисления и сопоставление с образцом. -> Деструктуризация;
* Rename: Ссылки -> Заимствование;
* Rename: Висячие ссылки -> Изменяемые ссылки;
* Rename: Вторая половина дня -> После обеда;
* Rename: Поток управления -> `Let` в потоке управления (src: Let
Control Flow);
* Rename: Функции -> Обобщённые функции (src: Generic Functions);
* Rename: Обобщения (generics). -> Обобщённые типажи (src: Generic
Traits);
* Cannot translate `Slices: &[T]` - possible bug

#326

po/ru.po

@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ msgstr "День 1: Утро"
 msgid "Welcome"
 msgstr "Добро пожаловать"
 
+# There should be two separate keys (or additional context): Hello Rust and Hello, World.
+# And translations should be accordingly: Знакомство с Rust и Привет, мир!
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Hello, World"
@@ -65,37 +67,44 @@ msgstr "Привет, мир!"
 msgid "What is Rust?"
 msgstr "Что такое Rust?"
 
+# Alternative translation: Достоинства. I'd rather not use преимущества, as it can be read as advantages over smth else,
+# but we also describe here modern language features (generics, unpacking and other syntax sugar),
+# which other languages have a plenty
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/benefits.md
 msgid "Benefits of Rust"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Сильные стороны"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/playground.md
 msgid "Playground"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Песочница"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md
 msgid "Types and Values"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Типы и значения"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/variables.md
 msgid "Variables"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Переменные"
 
+# Direct translation is Значения, but section is about Литералы or Литералы значений
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/values.md
 msgid "Values"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Литералы"
 
+# Операции are chosen over Операторы since description is about how to do simple arithmetics,
+# not the definition of operators
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md
 msgid "Arithmetic"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Арифметические операции"
 
+# Вывод типов is also possible, but the chosen Выведение типов is less ambiguous
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/inference.md
 msgid "Type Inference"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Выведение типов"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Числа Фибоначчи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/solution.md
 #: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md
@@ -108,12 +117,14 @@ msgstr ""
 #: src/testing/solution.md src/error-handling/solution.md
 #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md
 msgid "Solution"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Решение"
 
+# Управляющие конструкции is used in rust-lang book translation
+# Alternative simplified title: Ветвление и циклы
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Control Flow Basics"
-msgstr "Поток управления"
+msgstr "Управляющие конструкции"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 #, fuzzy
@@ -122,31 +133,31 @@ msgstr "Выражение `if`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md
 msgid "Loops"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Циклы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md
 msgid "`for`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`for`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md
 msgid "`loop`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`loop`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md
 msgid "`break` and `continue`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`break` и `continue`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md
 msgid "Labels"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Метки"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md
 msgid "Blocks and Scopes"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Блоки и области видимости"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md
 msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Области видимости и затенение"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/functions.md
 msgid "Functions"
@@ -154,19 +165,21 @@ msgstr "Функции"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/macros.md
 msgid "Macros"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Макросы"
 
+# Alternative translation: Сиракузская последовательность - frequently used in Russian sources
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Последовательность Коллатца"
 
+# Утро - После обеда provides better schedule context, than Утро - Вторая половина дня
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "День 1: После обеда"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md
 msgid "Tuples and Arrays"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Кортежи и массивы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md
 msgid "Arrays"
@@ -178,35 +191,37 @@ msgstr "Кортежи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md
 msgid "Array Iteration"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Обход массивов"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Patterns and Destructuring"
-msgstr "Перечисления и сопоставление с образцом."
+msgstr "Деструктуризация"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Вложенные массивы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md
 msgid "References"
 msgstr "Ссылки"
 
+# Section describes borrowing, so that was used as a translation source
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/shared.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Shared References"
-msgstr "Ссылки"
+msgstr "Заимствование"
 
+# Section describes mutable borrowing o_O, so: Изменяемые ссылки
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exclusive.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Exclusive References"
-msgstr "Висячие ссылки"
+msgstr "Изменяемые ссылки"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Slices: `&[T]`"
-msgstr "Срезы"
+msgstr "Срезы: `&[T]`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/strings.md
 msgid "Strings"
@@ -214,85 +229,89 @@ msgstr "Строки"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Geometry"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Геометрия"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md
 msgid "User-Defined Types"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Определяемые пользователем типы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md
 msgid "Named Structs"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Именованные структуры"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md
 msgid "Tuple Structs"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Кортежи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md
 #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
 msgid "Enums"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Перечисления"
 
+# Rust documentation calls them Static items, that is why translation is: Статические объекты
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Static"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Статические объекты"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Const"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Константы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/aliases.md
 msgid "Type Aliases"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Псевдонимы типов"
 
+# События лифта - weird, События системы управления лифтом - too long, so Управление лифтом was chosen;
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Управление лифтом"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Day 2: Morning"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "День 2: Утро"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md
 msgid "Pattern Matching"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Шаблоны и сопоставление"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/match.md
 msgid "Matching Values"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Сопоставление"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md
 msgid "Destructuring"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Деструктуризация"
 
+# Alternative: `Let` вместе с управляющими конструкциями
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Let Control Flow"
-msgstr "Поток управления"
+msgstr "`Let` в потоке управления"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Вычисление выражения"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md
 msgid "Methods and Traits"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Методы и типажи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md
 msgid "Methods"
 msgstr "Методы"
 
+# rust-book has both `Типажи` and `Трейты` fixed
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits.md
 msgid "Traits"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Типажи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md
 msgid "Implementing Traits"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Реализация типажей"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md
 msgid "Supertraits"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Супер-типажи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md
 #, fuzzy
@@ -301,7 +320,7 @@ msgstr "Скалярные типы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md
 msgid "Deriving"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Наследование"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Exercise: Generic Logger"
@@ -309,183 +328,184 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md
 msgid "Generics"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Обобщения"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-functions.md
-#, fuzzy
 msgid "Generic Functions"
-msgstr "Функции"
+msgstr "Обобщённые функции"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-data.md
 msgid "Generic Data Types"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Обобщённые типы данных"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-traits.md
-#, fuzzy
 msgid "Generic Traits"
-msgstr "Обобщения (generics)."
+msgstr "Обобщённые типажи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md
 msgid "Trait Bounds"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Ограничение типажа"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/impl-trait.md
 msgid "`impl Trait`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Синтаксис `impl`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Обобщение `min`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
-msgstr "День 2: Вторая половина дня"
+msgstr "День 2: После обеда"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md
 msgid "Standard Library Types"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Стандартная библиотека: Типы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/std.md
 msgid "Standard Library"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Стандартная библиотека"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/docs.md
 msgid "Documentation"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Документация"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "`Option`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`Option`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "`Result`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`Result`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md
 #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "`String`"
-msgstr "Строки"
+msgstr "`String`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/vec.md
 msgid "`Vec`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`Vec`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/hashmap.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md
 msgid "`HashMap`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`HashMap`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/exercise.md
-#, fuzzy
 msgid "Exercise: Counter"
-msgstr "Упражнения"
+msgstr "Упражнение: Счётчик"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md
 msgid "Standard Library Traits"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Стандартная библиотека: Типажи"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/comparisons.md src/async.md
 msgid "Comparisons"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Сравнения"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/operators.md
 msgid "Operators"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Перегрузка операторов"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md
 msgid "`From` and `Into`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`From` и `Into`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/casting.md
 msgid "Casting"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Преобразование типов"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md
 msgid "`Read` and `Write`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`Read` и `Write`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`Default`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/closures.md
 msgid "Closures"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Замыкания"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/exercise.md
-#, fuzzy
 msgid "Exercise: ROT13"
-msgstr "Упражнения"
+msgstr "Упражнение: Шифр ROT13"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Day 3: Morning"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "День 3: Утро"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md
 msgid "Memory Management"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Управление памятью"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md
 msgid "Review of Program Memory"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Куча и стек"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/approaches.md
 msgid "Approaches to Memory Management"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Подходы к управлению памятью"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/ownership.md
 msgid "Ownership"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Владение"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/move.md
 msgid "Move Semantics"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Перемещение"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "`Clone`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Клонирование"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/copy-types.md
-#, fuzzy
 msgid "Copy Types"
-msgstr "Составные типы"
+msgstr "Копируемые типы"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "`Drop`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Типаж `Drop`"
 
+# Alternatives, based on common Design Patterns translations:
+# Паттерн Строитель, Паттерн Builder, Тип Строитель
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Builder Type"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Тип-построитель"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md
 msgid "Smart Pointers"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Умные указатели"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/box.md
 #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md
 msgid "`Box<T>`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`Box<T>`"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/rc.md
 msgid "`Rc`"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "`Rc`"
 
+# Straightforward translation does little help.
+# Explanatory should include verbs and is hard to fit in less than three-four words.
+# So the Polymorphism was chosen.
+# The section shows how Rust handles it in pointers context.
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md
 msgid "Trait Objects"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Полиморфизм"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/exercise.md
 msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Упражнение: Двоичное дерево"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "День 3: После обеда"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md
 msgid "Borrowing"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Заимствование"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/shared.md
 msgid "Borrowing a Value"
@@ -526,7 +546,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Day 4: Morning"
-msgstr "День 1: Утро"
+msgstr "День 4: Утро"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators.md
 msgid "Iterators"
@@ -591,7 +611,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Day 4: Afternoon"
-msgstr "День 2: Вторая половина дня"
+msgstr "День 4: После обеда"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md
 msgid "Error Handling"
@@ -965,7 +985,7 @@ msgstr "Упражнения"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Bare Metal: Утро"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md
 msgid "`no_std`"
@@ -1030,7 +1050,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Bare Metal: После обеда"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Application Processors"
@@ -1114,7 +1134,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Concurrency: Morning"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Concurrency: Утро"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md
 msgid "Threads"
@@ -1181,7 +1201,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Concurrency: После обеда"
 
 #: src/SUMMARY.md
 msgid "Async Basics"
@@ -5652,7 +5672,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Exercise: Logger Trait"
-msgstr "Упражнения"
+msgstr "Упражнение: Журнал событий"
 
 #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md
 msgid ""