Extension traits

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -437,6 +437,10 @@
     - [Semantic Confusion](idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/newtype-pattern/semantic-confusion.md)
     - [Parse, Don't Validate](idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/newtype-pattern/parse-don-t-validate.md)
     - [Is It Encapsulated?](idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/newtype-pattern/is-it-encapsulated.md)
+  - [Extension Traits](idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits.md)
+    - [Extending Foreign Types](idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits/extending-foreign-types.md)
+    - [Method Resolution Conflicts](idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits/method-resolution-conflicts.md)
+    - [Extending Foreign Traits](idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits/extending-foreign-traits.md)
 
 ---
 

src/idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+minutes: 5
+---
+
+# Extension Traits
+
+In Rust, you can't define new inherent methods for foreign types.
+
+```rust,compile_fail
+// 🛠️❌
+impl &'_ str {
+    pub fn is_palindrome(&self) -> bool {
+        self.chars().eq(self.chars().rev())
+    }
+}
+```
+
+You can use the **extension trait pattern** to work around this limitation.
+
+<details>
+
+- Try to compile the example to show the compiler error that's emitted.
+
+  Point out, in particular, how the compiler error message nudges you towards
+  the extension trait pattern.
+
+- Explain how many type-system restrictions in Rust aim to prevent _ambiguity_.
+
+  If you were allowed to define new inherent methods on foreign types, there
+  would need to be a mechanism to disambiguate between distinct inherent methods
+  with the same name.
+
+  In particular, adding a new inherent method to a library type could cause
+  errors in downstream code if the name of the new method conflicts with an
+  inherent method that's been defined in the consuming crate.
+
+</details>

src/idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits/extending-foreign-traits.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Extending Foreign Traits
+
+- TODO: Show how extension traits can be used to extend traits rather than
+  types.
+- TODO: Show disambiguation syntax for naming conflicts between trait methods
+  and extension trait methods.
+- https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0132-ufcs.md

src/idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits/extending-foreign-types.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+---
+minutes: 15
+---
+
+# Extending Foreign Types
+
+An **extension trait** is a local trait definition whose primary purpose is to
+attach new methods to foreign types.
+
+```rust
+mod ext {
+    pub trait StrExt {
+        fn is_palindrome(&self) -> bool;
+    }
+
+    impl StrExt for &str {
+        fn is_palindrome(&self) -> bool {
+            self.chars().eq(self.chars().rev())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Bring the extension trait into scope..
+pub use ext::StrExt as _;
+// ..then invoke its methods as if they were inherent methods
+assert!("dad".is_palindrome());
+assert!(!"grandma".is_palindrome());
+```
+
+<details>
+
+- The `Ext` suffix is conventionally attached to the name of extension traits.
+
+  It communicates that the trait is primarily used for extension purposes, and
+  it is therefore not intended to be implemented outside the crate that defines
+  it.
+
+  Refer to the ["Extension Trait" RFC][1] as the authoritative source for naming
+  conventions.
+
+- The trait implementation for the chosen foreign type must belong to the same
+  crate where the trait is defined, otherwise you'll be blocked by Rust's
+  [_orphan rule_][2].
+
+- The extension trait must be in scope when its methods are invoked.
+
+  Comment out the `use` statement in the example to show the compiler error
+  that's emitted if you try to invoke an extension method without having the
+  corresponding extension trait in scope.
+
+- The `as _` syntax reduces the likelihood of naming conflicts when multiple
+  traits are imported. It is conventionally used when importing extension
+  traits.
+
+- Some students may be wondering: does the extension trait pattern provide
+  enough value to justify the additional boilerplate? Wouldn't a free function
+  be enough?
+
+  Show how the same example could be implemented using an `is_palindrome` free
+  function, with a single `&str` input parameter:
+
+  ```rust
+  fn is_palindrome(s: &str) -> bool {
+      s.chars().eq(s.chars().rev())
+  }
+  ```
+
+  A bespoke extension trait might be an overkill if you want to add a single
+  method to a foreign type. Both a free function and an extension trait will
+  require an additional import, and the familiarity of the method calling syntax
+  may not be enough to justify the boilerplate of a trait definition.
+
+  Nonetheless, extension methods can be **easier to discover** than free
+  functions. In particular, language servers (e.g. `rust-analyzer`) will suggest
+  extension methods if you type `.` after an instance of the foreign type.
+
+</details>
+
+[1]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0445-extension-trait-rfc.html
+[2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2451-re-rebalancing-coherence.md#what-is-coherence-and-why-do-we-care

src/idiomatic/leveraging-the-type-system/extension-traits/method-resolution-conflicts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+---
+minutes: 15
+---
+
+# Method Resolution Conflicts
+
+What happens when you have a name conflict between an inherent method and an
+extension method?
+
+```rust
+mod ext {
+    pub trait StrExt {
+        fn trim_ascii(&self) -> &str;
+    }
+
+    impl StrExt for &str {
+        fn trim_ascii(&self) -> &str {
+            self.trim_start_matches(|c: char| c.is_ascii_whitespace())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub use ext::StrExt;
+// Which `trim_ascii` method is invoked?
+// The one from `StrExt`? Or the inherent one from `str`?
+assert_eq!(" dad ".trim_ascii(), "dad");
+```
+
+<details>
+
+- The foreign type may, in a newer version, add a new inherent method with the
+  same name of our extension method.
+
+  Survey the class: what do the students think will happen in the example above?
+  Will there be a compiler error? Will one of the two methods be given higher
+  priority? Which one?
+
+  Add a `panic!("Extension trait")` in the body of `StrExt::trim_ascii` to
+  clarify which method is being invoked.
+
+- [Inherent methods have higher priority than trait methods][1], _if_ they have
+  the same name and the **same receiver**, e.g. they both expect `&self` as
+  input. The situation becomes more nuanced if the use a **different receiver**,
+  e.g. `&mut self` vs `&self`.
+
+  Change the signature of `StrExt::trim_ascii` to
+  `fn trim_ascii(&mut self) -> &str` and modify the invocation accordingly:
+
+  ```rust
+  assert_eq!((&mut " dad ").trim_ascii(), "dad");
+  ```
+
+  Now `StrExt::trim_ascii` is invoked, rather than the inherent method, since
+  `&mut self` is a more specific receiver than `&self`, the one used by the
+  inherent method.
+
+  Point the students to the Rust reference for more information on
+  [method resolution][2]. An explanation with more extensive examples can be
+  found in [an open PR to the Rust reference][3].
+
+- Avoid naming conflicts between extension trait methods and inherent methods.
+  Rust's method resolution algorithm is complex and may surprise users of your
+  code.
+
+## More to explore
+
+- The interaction between the priority search used by Rust's method resolution
+  algorithm and automatic `Deref`ering can be used to emulate
+  [specialization][4] on the stable toolchain, primarily in the context of
+  macro-generated code. Check out ["Autoref Specialization"][5] for the specific
+  details.
+
+</details>
+
+[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/expressions/method-call-expr.html#r-expr.method.candidate-search
+[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/expressions/method-call-expr.html
+[3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/reference/pull/1725
+[4]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/31844
+[5]: https://github.com/dtolnay/case-studies/blob/master/autoref-specialization/README.md