diff --git a/po/it.po b/po/it.po index 74c0b0f7..cdce18b8 100644 --- a/po/it.po +++ b/po/it.po @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-10-24T09:24:14+01:00\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-24T11:55:41+01:00\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2023-10-25 10:17+0100\n" "Last-Translator: Ivan De Marino \n" "Language-Team: \n" @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ msgstr "" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 3.4\n" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:3 src/index.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "Benvenuti a Comprehensive Rust 🦀" @@ -48,990 +48,1238 @@ msgstr "Esempi di codice" msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "Eseguire Cargo in locale" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:15 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:16 msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Giorno 1: Mattino" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/SUMMARY.md:193 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 src/SUMMARY.md:269 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:70 src/SUMMARY.md:93 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/SUMMARY.md:184 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/SUMMARY.md:337 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Benvenuti" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hello, World" +msgstr "Hello World!" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:1 msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "Cos’è Rust?" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 -msgid "Hello World!" -msgstr "Hello World!" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/benefits.md:1 +msgid "Benefits of Rust" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 -msgid "Small Example" -msgstr "Piccolo esempio" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/hello-world/playground.md:1 +msgid "Playground" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1 -msgid "Why Rust?" -msgstr "Perché Rust?" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/types-and-values.md:1 +msgid "Types and Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:1 src/credits.md:32 -msgid "An Example in C" -msgstr "Un esempio in C" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/types-and-values/variables.md:1 +msgid "Variables" +msgstr "Variabili" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 -msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" -msgstr "Garanzie alla Compilazione" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/types-and-values/values.md:1 +msgid "Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 -msgid "Runtime Guarantees" -msgstr "Garanzie all’Esecuzione" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:1 +msgid "Arithmetic" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/why-rust/modern.md:1 -msgid "Modern Features" -msgstr "Funzionalità moderne" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/types-and-values/strings.md:1 +msgid "Strings" +msgstr "Corde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax.md:1 -msgid "Basic Syntax" -msgstr "Sintassi di base" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/types-and-values/inference.md:1 +msgid "Type Inference" +msgstr "Inferenza del Tipo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 -msgid "Scalar Types" -msgstr "Tipi Scalari" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci" +msgstr "Esercizio: Valutazione Espressione" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 -msgid "Compound Types" -msgstr "Tipi Composti" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/SUMMARY.md:40 src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/SUMMARY.md:56 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/SUMMARY.md:89 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:134 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/SUMMARY.md:152 src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/SUMMARY.md:171 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/SUMMARY.md:192 src/SUMMARY.md:201 +#: src/types-and-values/solution.md:1 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:1 src/references/solution.md:1 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:1 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:1 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:1 src/generics/solution.md:1 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:1 src/std-traits/solution.md:1 +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:1 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:1 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:1 src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:1 +#: src/iterators/solution.md:1 src/modules/solution.md:1 +#: src/testing/solution.md:1 src/error-handling/solution.md:1 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Solution" +msgstr "Soluzioni" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 -msgid "References" -msgstr "Riferimenti" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/control-flow-basics.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Control Flow Basics" +msgstr "Flusso di Controllo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 -msgid "Dangling References" -msgstr "Riferimenti pendenti" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:1 +msgid "Conditionals" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 -msgid "Slices" -msgstr "Slice" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Loops" +msgstr "cicli `for`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 -msgid "String vs str" -msgstr "Differenza tra String e str" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:1 +msgid "`break` and `continue`" +msgstr "`break` e `continue`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:1 +msgid "Blocks and Scopes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:1 msgid "Functions" msgstr "Funzioni" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1 -msgid "Rustdoc" -msgstr "Rustdoc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:1 +msgid "Macros" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 -#: src/methods.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:42 +msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" +msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/SUMMARY.md:46 src/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +msgid "Tuples and Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Array Iteration" +msgstr "Iteratore (Iterator)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:1 +msgid "Pattern Matching" +msgstr "Pattern Matching" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Destructuring" +msgstr "Destrutturazione di Enum" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/references.md:1 +msgid "References" +msgstr "Riferimenti" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/references/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared References" +msgstr "Riferimenti" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/references/exclusive.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exclusive References" +msgstr "Riferimenti pendenti" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/references/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Geometry" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/user-defined-types.md:1 +msgid "User-Defined Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Named Structs" +msgstr "Strutture (Struct)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:5 +msgid "Tuple Structs" +msgstr "Strutture a Tupla (Tuple Structs)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/user-defined-types/enums.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:24 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:67 +msgid "Enums" +msgstr "Enumerazioni (Enums)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Static and Const" +msgstr "static & const" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:1 +msgid "Type Aliases" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events" +msgstr "Esercizio: Valutazione Espressione" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 +msgid "Day 2: Morning" +msgstr "Giorno 2: Mattina" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Let Control Flow" +msgstr "Flusso di Controllo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:74 src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" +msgstr "Esercizio: Valutazione Espressione" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/methods-and-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Methods and Traits" +msgstr "Read e Write" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:1 msgid "Methods" msgstr "Metodi" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 -msgid "Overloading" -msgstr "Overloading" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:1 +msgid "Traits" +msgstr "Traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/SUMMARY.md:126 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/SUMMARY.md:233 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 src/SUMMARY.md:283 src/SUMMARY.md:304 -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Deriving" +msgstr "Tratti derivati" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:1 +msgid "Trait Objects" +msgstr "Oggetti che implementano Trait (Trait Objects)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Generic Logger" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/generics.md:1 +msgid "Generics" +msgstr "Generics" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/generics/generic-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generic Functions" +msgstr "Funzioni Esterne (Extern)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/generics/generic-data.md:1 +msgid "Generic Data Types" +msgstr "Tipi di dati Generic" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1 +msgid "Trait Bounds" +msgstr "Trait Bounds" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/generics/impl-trait.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`impl Trait`" +msgstr "`Impl Tratto`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/generics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 +msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" +msgstr "Giorno 2: Pomeriggio" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/std-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Types" +msgstr "Libreria standard" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/std-types/std.md:1 +msgid "Standard Library" +msgstr "Libreria standard" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/std-types/docs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Documentation" +msgstr "Test nella documentazione" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option`" +msgstr "`Durata`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Result`" +msgstr "`Opzione`, `Risultato`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String`" +msgstr "Stringa (String)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/std-types/vec.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/std-types/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`HashMap`" +msgstr "`Mappa hash`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/std-types/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Counter" +msgstr "Esercizi" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/std-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Traits" +msgstr "Libreria standard" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/std-traits/comparisons.md:1 src/async.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Comparisons" +msgstr "Comparazione" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/std-traits/operators.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Operators" +msgstr "Iteratori" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`From` and `Into`" +msgstr "`Da` e `Into`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/std-traits/casting.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Casting" +msgstr "Testare" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Read` and `Write`" +msgstr "`Leggi` e `Scrivi`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 +msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std-traits/closures.md:1 +msgid "Closures" +msgstr "Closures" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 src/std-traits/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: ROT13" +msgstr "Esercizi" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 +msgid "Day 3: Morning" +msgstr "Giorno 3: Mattina" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 src/memory-management.md:1 +msgid "Memory Management" +msgstr "Gestione della Memoria" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/memory-management/review.md:1 +msgid "Review of Program Memory" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/memory-management/approaches.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Approaches to Memory Management" +msgstr "Gestione automatica della Memoria" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/memory-management/ownership.md:1 +msgid "Ownership" +msgstr "Proprietà" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/memory-management/move.md:1 +msgid "Move Semantics" +msgstr "Semantica di move" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 +msgid "`Clone`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/memory-management/copy-types.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copy Types" +msgstr "Tipi Composti" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Drop`" +msgstr "Rilascio (Drop)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/memory-management/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Builder Type" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/smart-pointers.md:1 +msgid "Smart Pointers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/smart-pointers/box.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Box`" +msgstr "`Scatola`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/smart-pointers/rc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Rc`" +msgstr "`Rc`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 +msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" +msgstr "Giorno 3: Pomeriggio" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/borrowing.md:1 +msgid "Borrowing" +msgstr "Prestito (Borrowing)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/borrowing/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrowing a Value" +msgstr "Prestito (Borrowing)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/borrowing/borrowck.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrow Checking" +msgstr "Prestito (Borrowing)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interior Mutability" +msgstr "Interoperabilità" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/borrowing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics" +msgstr "Salute (Health) Statistics" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices and Lifetimes" +msgstr "Lifetime" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" +msgstr "Slice" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "String References" +msgstr "Riferimenti pendenti" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Annotations" +msgstr "Lifetime in Chiamate a Funzione" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Elision" +msgstr "Lifetime" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Struct Lifetimes" +msgstr "Lifetime" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 4: Morning" +msgstr "Giorno 1: Mattino" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/iterators.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Iterators" +msgstr "Iteratori" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/iterators/iterator.md:5 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Iterator`" +msgstr "`Iteratore`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/iterators/intoiterator.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`IntoIterator`" +msgstr "`IntoIterator`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`FromIterator`" +msgstr "FromIterator" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/iterators/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/modules.md:1 +#: src/modules/modules.md:1 +msgid "Modules" +msgstr "Moduli" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 +msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" +msgstr "Gerarchia del filesystem" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/modules/visibility.md:1 +msgid "Visibility" +msgstr "Visibilità" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 +msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/modules/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/testing.md:1 +#: src/chromium/testing.md:1 +msgid "Testing" +msgstr "Testare" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 +msgid "Test Modules" +msgstr "Moduli (Module) di Test" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/other.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Other Types of Tests" +msgstr "Altri progetti" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/SUMMARY.md:321 src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful Crates" +msgstr "Crates Utili" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/testing/googletest.md:1 +msgid "GoogleTest" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/testing/mocking.md:1 +msgid "Mocking" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/testing/lints.md:1 +msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/testing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algoritmo di Luhn" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" +msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/error-handling.md:1 +msgid "Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 +msgid "Panics" +msgstr "Panico (Panics)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/error-handling/try.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Operator" +msgstr "Iteratore (Iterator)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Conversions" +msgstr "Conversione implicita" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Error` Trait" +msgstr "`Errore`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" +msgstr "`Da` e `Into`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`" +msgstr "Gestione strutturata degli errori con `Result`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/unsafe-rust.md:1 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "Unsafe Rust" +msgstr "Unsafe Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe" +msgstr "Unsafe Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:1 +msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" +msgstr "Dereferenziamento dei Puntatori (Pointers) Grezzi (Raw)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:1 +msgid "Mutable Static Variables" +msgstr "Variabili Statiche Mutabili" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:1 +msgid "Unions" +msgstr "Unioni" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Chiamare Funzioni Unsafe" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Traits" +msgstr "Implementare Unsafe Traits" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "Safe FFI Wrapper" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/SUMMARY.md:327 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 +msgid "Android" +msgstr "Android" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/SUMMARY.md:245 src/android/setup.md:1 +#: src/chromium/setup.md:1 +msgid "Setup" +msgstr "Setup" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/build-rules.md:1 +msgid "Build Rules" +msgstr "Regole (Rules) di Build" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 +msgid "Binary" +msgstr "Binario" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 +msgid "Library" +msgstr "Libreria (Library)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/android/aidl.md:1 +msgid "AIDL" +msgstr "AIDL" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 +msgid "Interface" +msgstr "Interfaccia" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 +msgid "Implementation" +msgstr "Implementazione" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 +msgid "Server" +msgstr "Server" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:216 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 +msgid "Deploy" +msgstr "Deploy" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 +msgid "Client" +msgstr "Client" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 +msgid "Changing API" +msgstr "Cambiare API" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/android/logging.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 +msgid "Logging" +msgstr "Logging" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 src/android/interoperability.md:1 +msgid "Interoperability" +msgstr "Interoperabilità" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 +msgid "With C" +msgstr "Con C" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 +msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" +msgstr "Invocare C con Bindgen" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 +msgid "Calling Rust from C" +msgstr "Invocare Rust da C" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 +msgid "With C++" +msgstr "Con C++" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The Bridge Module" +msgstr "Moduli (Module) di Test" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Bridge" +msgstr "Binari Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:1 +msgid "Generated C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 +msgid "C++ Bridge" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared Types" +msgstr "Tipi Scalari" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:1 +msgid "Shared Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:1 +msgid "Additional Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 +msgid "Building for Android: C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +msgid "Building for Android: Genrules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 +msgid "Building for Android: Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 +msgid "With Java" +msgstr "Con Java" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/SUMMARY.md:351 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:373 src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Esercizi" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:40 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 -msgid "Implicit Conversions" -msgstr "Conversione implicita" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +msgid "Chromium" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:41 -msgid "Arrays and for Loops" -msgstr "Array e Cicli for" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/chromium/cargo.md:1 +msgid "Comparing Chromium and Cargo Ecosystems" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:43 -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" -msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 +msgid "Policy" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/control-flow.md:1 -msgid "Control Flow" -msgstr "Flusso di Controllo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 -msgid "Blocks" -msgstr "Blocchi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 -msgid "if expressions" -msgstr "espressioni IF" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 -msgid "for expressions" -msgstr "espressioni FOR" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 -msgid "while expressions" -msgstr "espressioni WHILE" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 -msgid "break & continue" -msgstr "break & continue" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:51 -msgid "loop expressions" -msgstr "espressioni LOOP" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 -msgid "Variables" -msgstr "Variabili" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 -msgid "Type Inference" -msgstr "Inferenza del Tipo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 -msgid "static & const" -msgstr "static & const" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 -msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" -msgstr "Scope e Shadowing" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums.md:1 -msgid "Enums" -msgstr "Enumerazioni (Enums)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 -msgid "Variant Payloads" -msgstr "Payload Variabili (Variant Payloads)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/enums/sizes.md:1 -msgid "Enum Sizes" -msgstr "Dimensione degli Enum" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/control-flow/novel.md:1 -msgid "Novel Control Flow" -msgstr "Flussi di Controllo “non-standard”" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 -msgid "if let expressions" -msgstr "espressioni IF LET" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 -msgid "while let expressions" -msgstr "espressioni WHILE LET" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 -msgid "match expressions" -msgstr "espressioni MATCH" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/SUMMARY.md:74 src/pattern-matching.md:1 -msgid "Pattern Matching" -msgstr "Pattern Matching" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Enums" -msgstr "Destrutturazione di Enum" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Structs" -msgstr "Destrutturazione di Struct" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Arrays" -msgstr "Destrutturazione di Array" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:70 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 -msgid "Match Guards" -msgstr "Match Guards" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Luhn Algorithm" -msgstr "Algoritmo di Luhn" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 -msgid "Day 2: Morning" -msgstr "Giorno 2: Mattina" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/memory-management.md:1 -msgid "Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestione della Memoria" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 -msgid "Stack vs Heap" -msgstr "Stack vs Heap" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 -msgid "Stack Memory" -msgstr "Memoria sullo Stack" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 -msgid "Manual Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestione manuale della Memoria" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 -msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestione della Memoria basata su Scope" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 -msgid "Garbage Collection" -msgstr "Garbage Collection" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 -msgid "Rust Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestione della Memoria in Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership.md:1 -msgid "Ownership" -msgstr "Proprietà" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 -msgid "Move Semantics" -msgstr "Semantica di move" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 -msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" -msgstr "Stringhe a cui è applicata move" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 -msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" -msgstr "Doppio applicazione di free in C++ moderno" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Moves in Function Calls" -msgstr "Move nelle Chiamate a Funzione" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 -msgid "Copying and Cloning" -msgstr "Copiare (Copy) e Clonare (Clone)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 -msgid "Borrowing" -msgstr "Prestito (Borrowing)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 -msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" -msgstr "Prestito (Borrow) Condiviso (Shared) e Unico (Unique)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes" -msgstr "Lifetime" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" -msgstr "Lifetime in Chiamate a Funzione" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" -msgstr "Lifetime in Strutture Dati" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/structs.md:1 -msgid "Structs" -msgstr "Strutture (Struct)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 -msgid "Tuple Structs" -msgstr "Strutture a Tupla (Tuple Structs)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 -msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" -msgstr "Sintassi abbreviata per Campo (Field)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/methods/receiver.md:1 -msgid "Method Receiver" -msgstr "Ricevitore (Receiver) del Metodo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/SUMMARY.md:282 -#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 -msgid "Example" -msgstr "Esempio" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1 -msgid "Storing Books" -msgstr "Memorizza i libri" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:151 -msgid "Health Statistics" -msgstr "Salute (Health) Statistics" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" -msgstr "Giorno 2: Pomeriggio" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 src/std.md:1 -msgid "Standard Library" -msgstr "Libreria standard" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 -msgid "Option and Result" -msgstr "Option e Result" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:114 src/std/string.md:1 -msgid "String" -msgstr "Stringa (String)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 -msgid "Vec" -msgstr "Vec" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 -msgid "HashMap" -msgstr "HashMap" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 -msgid "Box" -msgstr "Box" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 -msgid "Recursive Data Types" -msgstr "Tipi di dati ricorsivi" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/std/box-niche.md:1 -msgid "Niche Optimization" -msgstr "Ottimizzazioni di nicchia" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 -msgid "Rc" -msgstr "Rc" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 -msgid "Cell/RefCell" -msgstr "Cell/RefCell" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/modules.md:1 -msgid "Modules" -msgstr "Moduli" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/modules/visibility.md:1 -msgid "Visibility" -msgstr "Visibilità" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/modules/paths.md:1 -msgid "Paths" -msgstr "Percorsi (Paths)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 -msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" -msgstr "Gerarchia del filesystem" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 -msgid "Iterators and Ownership" -msgstr "Iteratori (Iterators) e Proprietà (Ownership)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Strings and Iterators" -msgstr "Stringhe (Strings) e Iteratori (Iterators)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 -msgid "Day 3: Morning" -msgstr "Giorno 3: Mattina" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/generics.md:1 -msgid "Generics" -msgstr "Generics" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/generics/data-types.md:1 -msgid "Generic Data Types" -msgstr "Tipi di dati Generic" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics/methods.md:1 -msgid "Generic Methods" -msgstr "Metodi Generic" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 -msgid "Monomorphization" -msgstr "Monomorfizzazione (Monomorphization)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/traits.md:1 -msgid "Traits" -msgstr "Traits" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 -msgid "Trait Objects" -msgstr "Oggetti che implementano Trait (Trait Objects)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Traits" -msgstr "Tratti derivati" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 -msgid "Default Methods" -msgstr "Metodi predefiniti (Default Methods)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 -msgid "Trait Bounds" -msgstr "Trait Bounds" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 -msgid "impl Trait" -msgstr "impl Trait" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 -msgid "Important Traits" -msgstr "Trait importanti" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 -msgid "Iterator" -msgstr "Iteratore (Iterator)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 -msgid "FromIterator" -msgstr "FromIterator" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:149 -msgid "From and Into" -msgstr "From e Into (Trait)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 -msgid "Read and Write" -msgstr "Read e Write" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 -msgid "Drop" -msgstr "Rilascio (Drop)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:152 -msgid "Default" -msgstr "Predefinito (Default)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 -msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." -msgstr "Operatori: Add, Mul, ..." - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 -msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" -msgstr "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 -msgid "A Simple GUI Library" -msgstr "Una semplice libreria per Interfacce Grafiche" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:157 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:142 -msgid "Points and Polygons" -msgstr "Punti e Poligoni" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" -msgstr "Giorno 3: Pomeriggio" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling.md:1 -msgid "Error Handling" -msgstr "Gestione degli errori" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 -msgid "Panics" -msgstr "Panico (Panics)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 -msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Catturare lo Stack Unwinding" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 -msgid "Structured Error Handling" -msgstr "Gestione strutturata degli errori" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 -msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" -msgstr "Propagazione degli errori con ?" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 -msgid "Converting Error Types" -msgstr "Conversione dei tipi di errore" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Error Enums" -msgstr "Derivazione di Enumerazioni (Enums) di errori" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 -msgid "Dynamic Error Types" -msgstr "Tipi di errori dinamici" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 -msgid "Adding Context to Errors" -msgstr "Aggiungere contesto agli errori" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/testing.md:1 -msgid "Testing" -msgstr "Testare" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 -msgid "Unit Tests" -msgstr "Test per unità" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 -msgid "Test Modules" -msgstr "Moduli (Module) di Test" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 -msgid "Documentation Tests" -msgstr "Test nella documentazione" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 -msgid "Integration Tests" -msgstr "Test di integrazione" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 -msgid "Useful crates" -msgstr "Crates utili" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/unsafe.md:1 -msgid "Unsafe Rust" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Code" msgstr "Unsafe Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 -msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" -msgstr "Dereferenziamento dei Puntatori (Pointers) Grezzi (Raw)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:1 +msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 -msgid "Mutable Static Variables" -msgstr "Variabili Statiche Mutabili" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:1 +msgid "Visual Studio Code" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 -msgid "Unions" -msgstr "Unioni" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 src/SUMMARY.md:257 src/SUMMARY.md:265 src/SUMMARY.md:278 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise" +msgstr "Esercizi" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Chiamare Funzioni Unsafe" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:1 +msgid "`rust_gtest_interop` Library" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Creare Funzioni Unsafe" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:1 +msgid "GN Rules for Rust Tests" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 -msgid "Extern Functions" -msgstr "Funzioni Esterne (Extern)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:1 +msgid "`chromium::import!` Macro" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 -msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" -msgstr "Implementare Unsafe Traits" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interoperabilità con C" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" -msgstr "Safe FFI Wrapper" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example Bindings" +msgstr "Esempi" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 src/SUMMARY.md:259 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 -msgid "Android" -msgstr "Android" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:1 +msgid "Limitations of CXX" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 src/android/setup.md:1 -msgid "Setup" -msgstr "Setup" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 src/android/build-rules.md:1 -msgid "Build Rules" -msgstr "Regole (Rules) di Build" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 -msgid "Binary" -msgstr "Binario" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:263 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 -msgid "Library" -msgstr "Libreria (Library)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 +msgid "Using CXX in Chromium" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/android/aidl.md:1 -msgid "AIDL" -msgstr "AIDL" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:266 src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:1 +msgid "Adding Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 -msgid "Interface" -msgstr "Interfaccia" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:267 +msgid "Configuring Cargo.toml" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 -msgid "Implementation" -msgstr "Implementazione" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:268 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 -msgid "Server" -msgstr "Server" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:1 +msgid "Downloading Crates" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:202 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 -msgid "Deploy" -msgstr "Deploy" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:1 +msgid "Generating `gn` Build Rules" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 -msgid "Client" -msgstr "Client" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:1 +msgid "Resolving Problems" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 -msgid "Changing API" -msgstr "Cambiare API" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Generate Code" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 src/SUMMARY.md:249 src/android/logging.md:1 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 -msgid "Logging" -msgstr "Logging" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Build C++ or Take Arbitrary Actions" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:206 src/android/interoperability.md:1 -msgid "Interoperability" -msgstr "Interoperabilità" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:1 +msgid "Depending on a Crate" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 -msgid "With C" -msgstr "Con C" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 +msgid "Reviews and Audits" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 -msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" -msgstr "Invocare C con Bindgen" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 +msgid "Checking into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 -msgid "Calling Rust from C" -msgstr "Invocare Rust da C" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:1 +msgid "Keeping Crates Up to Date" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 -msgid "With C++" -msgstr "Con C++" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:279 +msgid "Bringing It Together - Exercise" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 -msgid "With Java" -msgstr "Con Java" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise Solutions" +msgstr "Soluzioni" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:282 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "Bare Metal: Mattino" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 -msgid "no_std" -msgstr "no_std" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`no_std`" +msgstr "`no_std`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:288 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "Un Esempio Minimo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 -msgid "alloc" -msgstr "alloc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`alloc`" +msgstr "`alloc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "Microcontroller" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "Raw MMIO" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 msgid "PACs" msgstr "PAC" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "HAL Crates" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "Crate di supporto per Board" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "Il modello (Pattern) di Type State" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 -msgid "embedded-hal" -msgstr "embedded-hal" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`embedded-hal`" +msgstr "`hal incorporato`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 -msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" -msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`" +msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "Debugging" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 src/SUMMARY.md:252 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 src/SUMMARY.md:320 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "Altri Progetti" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "Bussola" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/SUMMARY.md:331 src/SUMMARY.md:354 src/SUMMARY.md:376 +msgid "Solutions" +msgstr "Soluzioni" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:304 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "Bare Metal: Pomeriggio" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:306 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "Processori di Applicazioni" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:239 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:307 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "Preparativi per lavorare con Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "Inline Assembly" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:241 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:309 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "MMIO" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:242 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:310 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "Scriviamo un driver UART" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:243 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:311 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "Traits addizionali" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:244 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "Un migliore driver UART" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:245 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:313 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "Bitflag" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "Registri multipli" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:315 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "Driver" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/SUMMARY.md:250 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:316 src/SUMMARY.md:318 msgid "Using It" msgstr "Usandolo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:319 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "Eccezioni" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 -msgid "Useful Crates" -msgstr "Crates Utili" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:322 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`zerocopy`" +msgstr "`zerocopia`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 -msgid "zerocopy" -msgstr "zerocopy" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:323 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`aarch64-paging`" +msgstr "`aarch64-paging`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 -msgid "aarch64-paging" -msgstr "paginazione aarch64 (aarch64-paging)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" +msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 -msgid "buddy_system_allocator" -msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`tinyvec`" +msgstr "`tinyvec`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:257 -msgid "tinyvec" -msgstr "tinyvec" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`spin`" +msgstr "`gira`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:258 -msgid "spin" -msgstr "rotazione (spin)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 -msgid "vmbase" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`vmbase`" msgstr "vmbase" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "Driver RTC" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:265 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:333 msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "Concorrenza: Mattino" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:338 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 msgid "Threads" msgstr "Threads" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:339 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "Thread con Scope (Scoped Threads)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:340 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 msgid "Channels" msgstr "Canali (Channels)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:341 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Canali illimitati (Unbounded Channels)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:342 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Canali delimitati (Bounded Channels)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 -msgid "Send and Sync" -msgstr "Send e Sync" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:343 src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" +msgstr "`Invia` e `Sincronizza`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 -msgid "Send" -msgstr "Send (Inviare)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:344 src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Send`" +msgstr "`Invia`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 -msgid "Sync" -msgstr "Sync (Sincronizzare)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:345 src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Sync`" +msgstr "`Sincronizza`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:278 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:346 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 msgid "Examples" msgstr "Esempi" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:279 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:347 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 msgid "Shared State" msgstr "Stato Condiviso" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 -msgid "Arc" -msgstr "Arc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:348 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Arc`" +msgstr "`Arco`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:281 -msgid "Mutex" -msgstr "Mutex" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:349 src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Mutex`" +msgstr "`Mutex`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/SUMMARY.md:305 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:350 src/memory-management/review.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 +msgid "Example" +msgstr "Esempio" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:352 src/SUMMARY.md:374 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "Filosofi a tavola" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:285 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:353 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "Correttore di Link a Thread multipli" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:287 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:356 msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "Concorrenza: Pomeriggio" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:358 msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "Nozioni di base sulla programmazione Async (asincrona)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 -msgid "async/await" -msgstr "async/await" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:359 src/async/async-await.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`async`/`await`" +msgstr "`asincrono`/`aspetta`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/async/futures.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:360 src/async/futures.md:1 msgid "Futures" msgstr "Futures" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/async/runtimes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:361 src/async/runtimes.md:1 msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Esecutori" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:362 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 msgid "Tokio" msgstr "Tokio" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:363 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:127 #: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 msgid "Tasks" msgstr "Compiti (Tasks)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/async/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:364 src/async/channels.md:1 msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Canali asincroni (Async Channels)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:365 +msgid "Control Flow" +msgstr "Flusso di Controllo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:366 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 msgid "Join" msgstr "Giunzione (Join)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:367 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 msgid "Select" msgstr "Selezione (Select)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:368 msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "Insidie" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:369 msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "Blocco dell’Esecutore" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 -msgid "Pin" -msgstr "Spillo (Pin)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:370 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 +msgid "`Pin`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:371 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Trait asincroni (Async Trait)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:303 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:372 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "Cancellazione (cancellation)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:306 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:375 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:95 msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "Applicazione Chat-Broadcast" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:309 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:378 msgid "Final Words" msgstr "Parole finali" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:313 src/thanks.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:382 src/thanks.md:1 msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "Grazie!" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 src/glossary.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:383 src/glossary.md:1 msgid "Glossary" msgstr "Glossario" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:315 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:384 msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "Altre risorse" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:316 src/credits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:385 src/credits.md:1 msgid "Credits" msgstr "Crediti" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:319 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 -msgid "Solutions" -msgstr "Soluzioni" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 -msgid "Day 1 Morning" -msgstr "Giorno 1 Mattina" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" -msgstr "Giorno 1 Pomeriggio" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 -msgid "Day 2 Morning" -msgstr "Giorno 2 Mattina" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:327 -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" -msgstr "Giorno 2 Pomeriggio" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 -msgid "Day 3 Morning" -msgstr "Giorno 3 Mattina" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:329 -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" -msgstr "Giorno 3 Pomeriggio" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" -msgstr "Mattina su Bare Metal Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:331 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" -msgstr "Pomeriggio su Bare Metal Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:332 -msgid "Concurrency Morning" -msgstr "Mattina su Concorrenza" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:333 -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" -msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio" - #: src/index.md:3 msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" @@ -1086,7 +1334,8 @@ msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "Mostra i comuni idiomi di Rust." #: src/index.md:22 -msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals." +#, fuzzy +msgid "We call the first four course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "Ci riferiamo ai primi tre giorni di corso come “Fondamenti di Rust”." #: src/index.md:24 @@ -1106,6 +1355,17 @@ msgstr "" "con C, C++ e Java." #: src/index.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Chromium](chromium.md): a half-day course on using Rust within Chromium " +"based browsers. This includes interoperability with C++ and how to include " +"third-party crates in Chromium." +msgstr "" +"[Android](android.md): un corso di mezza giornata sull'utilizzo della " +"piattaforma Rust per Android sviluppo (AOSP). Ciò include l'interoperabilità " +"con C, C++ e Java." + +#: src/index.md:31 msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " @@ -1115,7 +1375,7 @@ msgstr "" "di Rust per bare-metal sviluppo (incorporato). Lo sono sia i " "microcontrollori che i processori applicativi coperto." -#: src/index.md:31 +#: src/index.md:34 msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " @@ -1127,11 +1387,11 @@ msgstr "" "preventiva utilizzando thread e mutextes) e async/await concurrency " "(multitasking cooperativo tramite futuri)." -#: src/index.md:37 +#: src/index.md:38 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "Non goal" -#: src/index.md:39 +#: src/index.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" @@ -1139,7 +1399,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust è un linguaggio vasto e non saremo in grado di coprirlo tutto in pochi " "giorni. Alcuni non-obiettivi di questo corso sono:" -#: src/index.md:42 +#: src/index.md:43 msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" @@ -1149,11 +1409,11 @@ msgstr "" "19.5)](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) e [Rust by " "Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html)." -#: src/index.md:46 +#: src/index.md:48 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "Ipotesi" -#: src/index.md:48 +#: src/index.md:50 msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " @@ -1163,7 +1423,7 @@ msgstr "" "“tipato staticamente” (statically-typed) e talvolta faremo confronti con C e " "C++ per meglio spiegare o contrastare l'approccio di Rust." -#: src/index.md:52 +#: src/index.md:54 msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." @@ -1171,7 +1431,7 @@ msgstr "" "Se sai come programmare in un linguaggio tipizzato dinamicamente come Python " "o JavaScript, allora sarai anche in grado di seguire bene." -#: src/index.md:57 +#: src/index.md:59 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " @@ -1196,19 +1456,17 @@ msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course.md:8 msgid "" -"We typically run classes from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " -"in the middle. This leaves 2.5 hours for the morning class and 2.5 hours for " -"the afternoon class. Note that this is just a recommendation: you can also " -"spend 3 hour on the morning session to give people more time for exercises. " -"The downside of longer session is that people can become very tired after 6 " -"full hours of class in the afternoon." +"We typically run classes from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " +"in the middle. This leaves 3 hours for the morning class and 3 hours for the " +"afternoon class. Both sessions contain multiple breaks and time for students " +"to work on exercises." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course.md:13 msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "Prima di eseguire il corso, vorrai:" -#: src/running-the-course.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course.md:15 msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " @@ -1223,12 +1481,13 @@ msgstr "" "con una piccola freccia accanto a \"Note del relatore\"). In questo modo hai " "uno schermo pulito da presentare alla classe." -#: src/running-the-course.md:24 +#: src/running-the-course.md:21 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " -"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " -"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " -"helps them process all the information we give them." +"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes four days, we recommend that you " +"schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that they " +"find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process all " +"the information we give them." msgstr "" "Seleziona le date. Poiché il corso richiede almeno 3 giorni interi, " "raccomandiamo che tu prenoti i giorni del corso distribuendoli su due " @@ -1236,7 +1495,7 @@ msgstr "" "tra i giorni del corso, perché aiuta a processare tutte le informazioni che " "gli vengono fornite." -#: src/running-the-course.md:29 +#: src/running-the-course.md:26 msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " @@ -1255,7 +1514,7 @@ msgstr "" "vostri laptop. In particolare, scriverai molto codice dal vivo come " "istruttore, quindi un leggio non sarebbe molto utile." -#: src/running-the-course.md:37 +#: src/running-the-course.md:34 msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " @@ -1272,7 +1531,7 @@ msgstr "" "laptop ti consentirà anche di correggere errori di battitura, se tu o i " "partecipanti ne individuate." -#: src/running-the-course.md:43 +#: src/running-the-course.md:40 msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " @@ -1290,7 +1549,7 @@ msgstr "" "segnalalo alla classe e offri una soluzione, ad esempio mostrando alle " "persone dove trovare le informazioni pertinenti nella libreria standard." -#: src/running-the-course.md:51 +#: src/running-the-course.md:48 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" @@ -1298,7 +1557,7 @@ msgstr "" "Questo è tutto, buona fortuna con il corso! Speriamo che sarà altrettanto " "divertente per te come lo è stato per noi!" -#: src/running-the-course.md:54 +#: src/running-the-course.md:51 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " @@ -1318,45 +1577,166 @@ msgstr "Fondamenti di Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 msgid "" -"The first three days make up [Rust Fundaments](../welcome-day-1.md). The " -"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground:" +"The first four days make up [Rust Fundamentals](../welcome-day-1.md). The " +"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10 -msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +msgid "Course schedule:" +msgstr "Struttura del corso" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard " -"library." -msgstr "Giorno 2: tipi di dati composti, pattern matching, libreria standard." +msgid "Day 1 Morning (3 hours, including breaks)" +msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 +msgid "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Giorno 3: 'traits' e 'generics', gestione degli errori, test, Rust non " -"sicuro." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14 +msgid "[Types and Values](../types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:15 +msgid "[Control Flow Basics](../control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 +msgid "Day 1 Afternoon (2 hours and 55 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:17 +msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 +msgid "[References](../references.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 +msgid "[User-Defined Types](../user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:20 +msgid "Day 2 Morning (3 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21 +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "[Pattern Matching](../pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" +"Vedi [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) per maggiori dettagli sui " +"pattern in Rust." + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:23 +msgid "[Methods and Traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:24 +msgid "[Generics](../generics.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours, including breaks)" +msgstr "Giorno 2 Esercizi pomeridiani" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:26 +msgid "[Standard Library Types](../std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 +msgid "[Standard Library Traits](../std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:28 +msgid "Day 3 Morning (2 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:29 +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30 +msgid "[Memory Management](../memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:31 +msgid "[Smart Pointers](../smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:32 +msgid "Day 3 Afternoon (2 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:33 +msgid "[Borrowing](../borrowing.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 +msgid "" +"[Slices and Lifetimes](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:35 +msgid "Day 4 Morning (3 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37 +msgid "[Iterators](../iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:38 +msgid "[Modules](../modules.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39 +msgid "[Testing](../testing.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40 +msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours, including breaks)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:41 +msgid "[Error Handling](../error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:42 +msgid "[Unsafe Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "Immersioni profonde" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " +"In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Oltre alla lezione di 3 giorni sui fondamenti di Rust, ne copriamo altri " "argomenti specialistici:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 msgid "Rust in Android" msgstr "Rust in Android" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " @@ -1367,7 +1747,7 @@ msgstr "" "sull'utilizzo di Rust per Sviluppo sulla piattaforma Android. Ciò include " "l'interoperabilità con C, C++ e Java." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:56 msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" @@ -1381,7 +1761,7 @@ msgstr "" "`src/android/` in la radice del tuo checkout AOSP. Ciò garantirà che il " "sistema di compilazione Android vede i file `Android.bp` in `src/android/`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " @@ -1392,11 +1772,31 @@ msgstr "" "build_all.sh`. Leggi lo script per vedere i comandi che esegue e assicurati " "che funzionino quando li esegui a mano." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:68 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Rust in Android" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:70 +msgid "" +"The [Rust in Chromium](../chromium.md) deep dive is a half-day course on " +"using Rust as part of the Chromium browser. It includes using Rust in " +"Chromium's `gn` build system, bringing in third-party libraries (\"crates\") " +"and C++ interoperability." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:75 +msgid "" +"You will need to be able to build Chromium --- a debug, component build is " +"[recommended](../chromium/setup.md) for speed but any build will work. " +"Ensure that you can run the Chromium browser that you've built." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:79 msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "Rust su Bare-Metal" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:81 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " @@ -1407,7 +1807,7 @@ msgstr "" "giornata sull'uso di Rust per sviluppo bare metal (embedded). Sono coperti " "sia i microcontrollori che i processori applicativi." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:43 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:85 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " @@ -1419,11 +1819,11 @@ msgstr "" "installare un certo numero di pacchetti come descritto nel file [welcome " "page](../bare-metal.md)." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:90 msgid "Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Concorrenza in Rust" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:92 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " @@ -1433,7 +1833,7 @@ msgstr "" "un'intera giornata sulla concorrenza classica in Rust, così come la " "concorrenza `async`/`await`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:53 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:95 msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " @@ -1443,11 +1843,11 @@ msgstr "" "pronte per l'utilizzo. Puoi quindi copiare/incollare gli esempi in `src/main." "rs` per sperimentare attraverso di loro:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:64 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:106 msgid "Format" msgstr "Formato" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:66 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:108 msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" @@ -1511,13 +1911,15 @@ msgstr "" "github.com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), e " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " "by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" "wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/" "kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://" -"github.com/superwhd), and [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK)." +"github.com/superwhd), [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK), and [@nodmp]" +"(https://github.com/nodmp)." msgstr "" "[Chinese (Semplificato)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " "di [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" @@ -1525,7 +1927,21 @@ msgstr "" "kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://" "github.com/superwhd), e [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " +"by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" +"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), [@kuanhungchen](https://" +"github.com/kuanhungchen), and [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/" +"johnathan79717)." +msgstr "" +"[Cinese (Traditionale)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " +"di [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" +"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), e [@johnathan79717]" +"(https://github.com/johnathan79717)." + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:12 msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), and " @@ -1535,7 +1951,7 @@ msgstr "" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) e " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 msgid "" "[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]" "(https://github.com/deavid)." @@ -1543,61 +1959,49 @@ msgstr "" "[Spagnolo](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) di [@deavid]" "(https://github.com/deavid)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:15 msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "" "Usa il selettore di lingua nell'angolo in alto a destra per passare da una " "lingua all'altra." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "Traduzioni" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:15 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22 msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 -msgid "" -"[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " -"by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" -"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), and [@johnathan79717]" -"(https://github.com/johnathan79717)." -msgstr "" -"[Cinese (Traditionale)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " -"di [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" -"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), e [@johnathan79717]" -"(https://github.com/johnathan79717)." - -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:20 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:23 msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:24 msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:25 msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:24 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:27 msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " @@ -1622,15 +2026,15 @@ msgstr "" "panoramica di cos'è Cargo e di come si inserisce nell'ecosistema e in questa " "formazione." -#: src/cargo.md:8 +#: src/cargo.md:9 msgid "Installation" msgstr "Installazione" -#: src/cargo.md:10 +#: src/cargo.md:11 msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo.md:12 +#: src/cargo.md:13 msgid "" "This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " "(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " @@ -1640,7 +2044,7 @@ msgstr "" "(`rustc`). Inoltre anche `rustup`, una utility da “command line” che può " "essere utilizzata per installare diverse versioni del compilatore." -#: src/cargo.md:14 +#: src/cargo.md:17 msgid "" "After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with " "Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-" @@ -1651,7 +2055,7 @@ msgid "" "different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo.md:18 +#: src/cargo.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " @@ -1696,9 +2100,10 @@ msgstr "" "predisposti per il progetto (_unit tests_)." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " -"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " +"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust are " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." @@ -1710,14 +2115,10 @@ msgstr "" "più versioni di Rust installate contemporaneamente e `rustup` ti permetterà " "di passare da una all'altra secondo le necessità." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32 -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:24 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:55 -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world/hello-world.md:26 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:39 src/references/exclusive.md:20 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:69 src/memory-management/move.md:153 +#: src/error-handling/try.md:53 src/android/setup.md:18 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Punti chiave:" @@ -1751,7 +2152,7 @@ msgid "" "rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35 msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." @@ -1759,7 +2160,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust ha anche le \\[edizioni\\]: l'edizione attuale è Rust 2021. Le " "precedenti edizioni erano Rust 2015 e Rust 2018." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38 msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." @@ -1767,7 +2168,7 @@ msgstr "" "Le edizioni possono apportare modifiche incompatibili con le versioni " "precedenti del linguaggio." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41 msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." @@ -1775,7 +2176,7 @@ msgstr "" "Per evitare incompatibilità del codice, le edizioni sono opt-in: si può " "selezionare l'edizione di riferimento' attraverso il file `Cargo.toml`." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44 msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." @@ -1783,7 +2184,7 @@ msgstr "" "Per evitare di dividere l'ecosistema, i compilatori di Rust possono " "mescolare il codice scritto per diverse edizioni." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47 msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." @@ -1791,43 +2192,44 @@ msgstr "" "Nota che è abbastanza raro usare il compilatore direttamente non attraverso " "`cargo` (la maggior parte degli utenti non lo fa mai)." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " -"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " -"not limited to: " +"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " +"not limited to:" msgstr "" "Potrebbe valere la pena accennare al fatto che Cargo stesso è uno strumento " "estremamente potente e completo. È in grado di offrire molte funzionalità " "avanzate, tra cui, a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo: " -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "Struttura del progetto/pacchetto" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "\\[aree di lavoro\\]" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "" "Dipendenze di sviluppo e gestione/memorizzazione nella cache delle " "dipendenze di runtime" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:56 msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "\\[costruzione script\\]" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:57 msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "\\[installazione globale\\]" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:58 msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." @@ -1835,7 +2237,7 @@ msgstr "" "È anche estensibile con plug-in di comandi secondari (come [cargo clippy]" "(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:60 msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "" @@ -1870,13 +2272,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "I blocchi di codice in questo corso sono completamente interattivi:" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:15 src/cargo/running-locally.md:46 +msgid "\"Edit me!\"" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 @@ -1931,13 +2328,13 @@ msgstr "" "darti un `rustc` e un `cargo` funzionanti. Al monento della scrittura, " "l'ultima versione stabile di Rust ha questi numeri di versione:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:16 msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " "compatibility." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18 msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" @@ -1945,26 +2342,26 @@ msgstr "" "Con questo è a posto, segui questi passaggi per creare un 'binario Rust' da " "uno degli esempi in questo training:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:21 msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "" "Click sul bottone \"Copy to clipboard\" nell'esempio che si vuole copiare'." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:23 msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" "Usa `cargo new exercise` per creare una nuova directory `exercise/` per il " "tuo codice:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:30 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" "Naviga in `exercise/` e usa `cargo run` per compilare ed eseguire " "l'esercizio:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" @@ -1972,25 +2369,11 @@ msgstr "" "Sostituisci il codice predefinito in `src/main.rs` con il tuo codice. Per " "esempio, usando l'esempio della pagina precedente, cambia `src/main.rs` in" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:43 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```rust\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:50 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "Usa `cargo run` per compilare ed eseguire il codice aggiornato:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:60 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" @@ -2003,7 +2386,7 @@ msgstr "" "per produrre una versione ottimizzata del codice, in questo caso l'output si " "trova in `target/release/`." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:65 msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " @@ -2013,7 +2396,7 @@ msgstr "" "Quando si esegue il comando `cargo`, sono automaticamente scaricate e " "compilate le dipendenze mancanti." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:73 msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " @@ -2036,7 +2419,7 @@ msgstr "" "Questo è il primo giorno di 'Comprehensive Rust'. Oggi copriremo un sacco di " "strada:" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:5 msgid "" "Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, " "references, functions, and methods." @@ -2044,32 +2427,68 @@ msgstr "" "Sintassi di base di Rust: variabili, tipi scalari e composti, enum, struct, " "riferimenti, funzioni e metodi." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " -"`continue`." -msgstr "" -"Costrutti del flusso di controllo: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, " -"`break` e `continua`." +msgid "Types and type inference." +msgstr "Inferenza del Tipo" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:8 +msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 +msgid "User-defined types: structs and enums." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "Pattern matching: destrutturazione di enum, struct e array." +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 src/welcome-day-2.md:12 src/welcome-day-3.md:9 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:11 +msgid "Schedule" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:14 src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:14 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:13 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "In this session:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:15 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 +msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:17 +msgid "[Types and Values](./types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 +msgid "[Control Flow Basics](./control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:26 msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "Si prega di ricordare agli studenti che:" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:28 msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." msgstr "" "Dovrebbero fare domande quando ne sentono il bisogno, non trattenerle fino " "alla fine." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" @@ -2077,13 +2496,13 @@ msgstr "" "La lezione è pensata per essere interattiva e le discussioni sono molto " "incoraggiate!" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:30 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " -"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " -"language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " -"allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " -"communication." +"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other language. " +"It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing " +"discussions since they engage people much more than one-way communication." msgstr "" "In qualità di istruttore, dovresti cercare di mantenere le discussioni " "pertinenti, ad es. mantieni la relazione con il modo in cui Rust fa le cose " @@ -2091,14 +2510,14 @@ msgstr "" "equilibrio, ma è meglio permettere discussioni che coinvolgono le persone " "piuttosto che una comunicazione unidirezionale." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:34 msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." msgstr "" "Le domande probabilmente significheranno che parleremo di cose prima delle " "diapositive." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:35 msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " "Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as " @@ -2108,42 +2527,53 @@ msgstr "" "dell'apprendimento. Ricordare che le diapositive sono solo un supporto e sei " "libero di saltarle come preferisci." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 -msgid "" -"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " -"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " -"major feature and we should show students this right away." -msgstr "" -"L'idea per il primo giorno è mostrare _quanto basta_ di Rust per poter " -"parlare sul famoso _borrow checker_. Il modo in cui Rust gestisce la memoria " -"è una caratteristica importante e dovremmo mostrarlo subito agli studenti." - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 -msgid "" -"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " -"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" -msgstr "" -"Se stai insegnando in un'aula, questo è un buon posto per esaminare il " -"programma. Suggeriamo di dividere la giornata in due parti (seguendo le " -"slide):" - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 -msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," -msgstr "Mattina: dalle 9:00 alle 12:00," - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37 -msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." -msgstr "Pomeriggio: dalle 13:00 alle 16:00." - #: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 msgid "" -"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " -"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +"The idea for the first day is to show the \"basic\" things in Rust that " +"should have immediate parallels in other languages. The more advanced parts " +"of Rust come on the subsequent days." msgstr "" -"Ovviamente puoi regolarlo se necessario. Assicurati di includere pause, " -"consigliamo una pausa ogni ora!" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:43 +msgid "" +"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " +"schedule. Note that there is an exercise at the end of each segment, " +"followed by a break. Plan to cover the exercise solution after the break. " +"The times listed here are a suggestion in order to keep the course on " +"schedule. Feel free to be flexible and adjust as necessary!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:3 src/types-and-values.md:3 src/control-flow-basics.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 src/references.md:3 src/user-defined-types.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 src/methods-and-traits.md:3 src/generics.md:3 +#: src/std-types.md:3 src/std-traits.md:3 src/memory-management.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers.md:3 src/borrowing.md:3 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:3 +#: src/iterators.md:3 src/modules.md:3 src/testing.md:3 src/error-handling.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:3 +msgid "In this segment:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:4 +msgid "[What is Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:5 +msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world/hello-world.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:6 +msgid "[Benefits of Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:7 +msgid "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md:9 +msgid "This segment should take about 20 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" @@ -2151,15 +2581,15 @@ msgstr "" "Rust è un nuovo linguaggio di programmazione che ha avuto la sua [versione " "1.0 nel 2015](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:5 msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "Rust è un linguaggio compilato staticamente in modo simile a C++" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:6 msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc` utilizza LLVM come backend." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:7 msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" @@ -2167,51 +2597,51 @@ msgstr "" "Rust supporta molte [piattaforme e architetture](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:9 msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:10 msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:11 msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "Rust è utilizzato per un'ampia gamma di dispositivi:" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:12 msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "firmware e _boot loaders_," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:13 msgid "smart displays," msgstr "display 'smart'," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:14 msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "cellulari," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:15 msgid "desktops," msgstr "desktop," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:16 msgid "servers." msgstr "server." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:21 msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "Rust è usato nelle stesse aree di C++:" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:23 msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "Elevata flessibilità." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:24 msgid "High level of control." msgstr "Alto livello di controllo." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." @@ -2219,71 +2649,66 @@ msgstr "" "Può essere adattato a dispositivi molto particolari come i telefoni " "cellulari." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:26 msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "Non ha runtime o garbage collection." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:27 msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" "Si concentra su affidabilità e sicurezza senza sacrificare le prestazioni." -#: src/hello-world.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:3 msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" msgstr "" "Passiamo al programma Rust più semplice possibile, un classico Hello World:" -#: src/hello-world.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:8 +msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:12 msgid "What you see:" msgstr "Quello che si vede:" -#: src/hello-world.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:14 msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "Le funzioni sono introdotte con `fn`." -#: src/hello-world.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:15 msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "I blocchi sono delimitati da parentesi graffe come in C e C++." -#: src/hello-world.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:16 msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "La funzione `main` è il punto di ingresso del programma." -#: src/hello-world.md:17 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:17 msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "" "Rust ha macro definite come 'igieniche' (_hygienic macros_), `println!` ne è " "un esempio." -#: src/hello-world.md:18 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:18 msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" "Le stringhe Rust sono codificate in UTF-8 e possono contenere qualsiasi " "carattere Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:22 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " -"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something " +"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "Questa diapositiva cerca di mettere gli studenti a proprio agio con il " "codice Rust. Vedranno un sacco di Rust nei prossimi quattro giorni, quindi " "iniziamo in piccolo con qualcosa di familiare." -#: src/hello-world.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " @@ -2293,20 +2718,21 @@ msgstr "" "imperativo (non funzionale) e non cerca di reinventare le cose a meno che " "non sia assolutamente necessario." -#: src/hello-world.md:31 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:31 msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "Rust è moderno con pieno supporto per cose come Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:33 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:33 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " -"arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." +"arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))." msgstr "" "Rust utilizza le macro per le situazioni in cui si desidera avere un numero " "variabile di argomenti (nessun [overloading di funzione](basic-syntax/" "functions-interlude.md))." -#: src/hello-world.md:36 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:36 msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " @@ -2318,7 +2744,7 @@ msgstr "" "in realtà solo [parzialmente igieniche](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/" "decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." -#: src/hello-world.md:40 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " @@ -2326,108 +2752,103 @@ msgid "" "concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 -msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" -msgstr "Ecco un piccolo programma di esempio in Rust:" - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() { // Program entry point\n" -" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" -" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" -" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" -" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" -" x = x / 2;\n" -" } else {\n" -" x = 3 * x + 1;\n" -" }\n" -" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 -msgid "" -"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " -"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " -"different inputs." -msgstr "" -"Il codice implementa la congettura di Collatz: si ritiene che il ciclo " -"finirà sempre, ma questo non è ancora provato. Modifica il codice e gioca " -"con diversi ingressi." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " -"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " -"overflow." -msgstr "" -"Spiegare che tutte le variabili sono tipizzate staticamente. Prova a " -"rimuovere `i32` per attivare l'inferenza di tipo. Prova invece con `i8` e " -"attiva un overflow di runtime integer." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." -msgstr "Modificare `let mut x` in `let x`, discutere l'errore del compilatore." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the " -"format string." -msgstr "" -"Mostra come `print!` restituisce un errore di compilazione se gli argomenti " -"non corrispondono al formato della stringa." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " -"expression which is more complex than just a single variable." -msgstr "" -"Mostra come devi usare `{}` come segnaposto se vuoi stampare un' espressione " -"che è più complessa di una singola variabile." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" -"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " -"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." -msgstr "" -"Mostra agli studenti la libreria standard, mostra loro come cercare `std::" -"fmt` che ha le regole del mini-linguaggio di formattazione. È importante che " -"il gli studenti acquisiscono familiarità con la ricerca nella libreria " -"standard." - -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 -msgid "" -"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " -"documentation" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:3 msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Alcuni punti di forza unici di Rust:" -#: src/why-rust.md:5 -msgid "Compile time memory safety." -msgstr "Sicurezza della memoria al tempo di compilazione." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:5 +msgid "" +"_Compile time memory safety_ - whole classes of memory bugs are prevented at " +"compile time" +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust.md:6 -msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." -msgstr "Mancanza di comportamento runtime non definito." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:7 +msgid "No uninitialized variables." +msgstr "Nessuna variabile non inizializzata." -#: src/why-rust.md:7 -msgid "Modern language features." -msgstr "Funzionalità del linguaggio moderno." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:8 +msgid "No double-frees." +msgstr "Nessun _double-frees_." -#: src/why-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:9 +msgid "No use-after-free." +msgstr "Nessun _use-after-free_." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:10 +msgid "No `NULL` pointers." +msgstr "Nessun puntatore `NULL`." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:11 +msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." +msgstr "Nessun mutex dimenticato bloccato." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:12 +msgid "No data races between threads." +msgstr "Nessuna 'situazione di corsa' (_race condition_) di dati tra i thread." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:13 +msgid "No iterator invalidation." +msgstr "Nessuna invalidazione dell'iteratore." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:15 +msgid "" +"_No undefined runtime behavior_ - what a Rust statement does is never left " +"unspecified" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:17 +msgid "Array access is bounds checked." +msgstr "L'accesso agli array è controllato dai loro limiti." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:18 +msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." +msgstr "L'overflow di numeri interi è definito (panic or wrap-around)." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:20 +msgid "" +"_Modern language features_ - as expressive and ergonomic as higher-level " +"languages" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:22 +msgid "Enums and pattern matching." +msgstr "Enumerazioni (_Enums_) e pattern matching." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:23 +msgid "Generics." +msgstr "Generici (_generic_)." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:24 +msgid "No overhead FFI." +msgstr "Nessun _overhead_ FFI." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:25 +msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." +msgstr "Astrazioni a costo zero (_Zero-cost abstractions_)." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:26 +msgid "Great compiler errors." +msgstr "Ottimi errori del compilatore." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:27 +msgid "Built-in dependency manager." +msgstr "Gestore delle dipendenze integrato." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:28 +msgid "Built-in support for testing." +msgstr "Supporto integrato per i test." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:29 +msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." +msgstr "Eccellente supporto del protocollo Language Server." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:34 +msgid "" +"Do not spend much time here. All of these points will be covered in more " +"depth later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:37 msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" @@ -2435,7 +2856,7 @@ msgstr "" "Assicurati di chiedere alla classe con quali linguaggi hanno esperienza. In " "base alla risposta puoi evidenziare diverse caratteristiche di Rust:" -#: src/why-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:40 msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " @@ -2448,7 +2869,7 @@ msgstr "" "con costrutti come il pattern matching e la gestione delle dipendenze " "incorporata." -#: src/why-rust.md:19 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:45 msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " @@ -2461,601 +2882,318 @@ msgstr "" "prevedibili come C e C++ (nessun Garbage Collector) così come l'accesso " "all'hardware di basso livello (quando serve)" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:4 -msgid "Let's consider the following \"minimum wrong example\" program in C:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:6 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:3 msgid "" -"```c,editable\n" -"#include \n" -"#include \n" -"#include \n" -"\n" -"int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {\n" -"\tchar *buf, *filename;\n" -"\tFILE *fp;\n" -"\tsize_t bytes, len;\n" -"\tstruct stat st;\n" -"\n" -"\tswitch (argc) {\n" -"\t\tcase 1:\n" -"\t\t\tprintf(\"Too few arguments!\\n\");\n" -"\t\t\treturn 1;\n" -"\n" -"\t\tcase 2:\n" -"\t\t\tfilename = argv[argc];\n" -"\t\t\tstat(filename, &st);\n" -"\t\t\tlen = st.st_size;\n" -"\t\t\t\n" -"\t\t\tbuf = (char*)malloc(len);\n" -"\t\t\tif (!buf)\n" -"\t\t\t\tprintf(\"malloc failed!\\n\", len);\n" -"\t\t\t\treturn 1;\n" -"\n" -"\t\t\tfp = fopen(filename, \"rb\");\n" -"\t\t\tbytes = fread(buf, 1, len, fp);\n" -"\t\t\tif (bytes = st.st_size)\n" -"\t\t\t\tprintf(\"%s\", buf);\n" -"\t\t\telse\n" -"\t\t\t\tprintf(\"fread failed!\\n\");\n" -"\n" -"\t\tcase 3:\n" -"\t\t\tprintf(\"Too many arguments!\\n\");\n" -"\t\t\treturn 1;\n" -"\t}\n" -"\n" -"\treturn 0;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) provides an easy way to " +"run short Rust programs, and is the basis for the examples and exercises in " +"this course. Try running the \"hello-world\" program it starts with. It " +"comes with a few handy features:" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:48 -msgid "How many bugs do you spot?" -msgstr "Quanti bug hai notato?" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:52 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:8 msgid "" -"Despite just 29 lines of code, this C example contains serious bugs in at " -"least 11:" +"Under \"Tools\", use the `rustfmt` option to format your code in the " +"\"standard\" way." msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:54 -msgid "Assignment `=` instead of equality comparison `==` (line 28)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:55 -msgid "Excess argument to `printf` (line 23)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:56 -msgid "File descriptor leak (after line 26)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:57 -msgid "Forgotten braces in multi-line `if` (line 22)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:58 -msgid "Forgotten `break` in a `switch` statement (line 32)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:59 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:11 msgid "" -"Forgotten NUL-termination of the `buf` string, leading to a buffer overflow " -"(line 29)" +"Rust has two main \"profiles\" for generating code: Debug (extra runtime " +"checks, less optimization) and Release (fewer runtime checks, lots of " +"optimization). These are accessible under \"Debug\" at the top." msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:60 -msgid "Memory leak by not freeing the `malloc`\\-allocated buffer (line 21)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:61 -msgid "Out-of-bounds access (line 17)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:62 -msgid "Unchecked cases in the `switch` statement (line 11)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:63 -msgid "Unchecked return values of `stat` and `fopen` (lines 18 and 26)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:65 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:15 msgid "" -"_Shouldn't these bugs be obvious even for a C compiler?_ \n" -"No, surprisingly this code compiles warning-free at the default warning " -"level, even in the latest GCC version (13.2 as of writing)." +"If you're interested, use \"ASM\" under \"...\" to see the generated " +"assembly code." msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:68 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:21 msgid "" -"_Isn't this a highly unrealistic example?_ \n" -"Absolutely not, these kind of bugs have lead to serious security " -"vulnerabilities in the past. Some examples:" +"As students head into the break, encourage them to open up the playground " +"and experiment a little. Encourage them to keep the tab open and try things " +"out during the rest of the course. This is particularly helpful for advanced " +"students who want to know more about Rust's optimizations or generated " +"assembly." msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:71 -msgid "" -"Assignment `=` instead of equality comparison `==`: [The Linux Backdoor " -"Attempt of 2003](https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2013/10/09/the-linux-backdoor-" -"attempt-of-2003)" +#: src/types-and-values.md:4 +msgid "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:72 -msgid "" -"Forgotten braces in multi-line `if`: [The Apple goto fail vulnerability]" -"(https://dwheeler.com/essays/apple-goto-fail.html)" +#: src/types-and-values.md:5 +msgid "[Values](./types-and-values/values.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:73 -msgid "" -"Forgotten `break` in a `switch` statement: [The break that broke sudo]" -"(https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2012/05/21/anatomy-of-a-security-hole-the-" -"break-that-broke-sudo)" +#: src/types-and-values.md:6 +msgid "[Arithmetic](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:75 -msgid "" -"_How is Rust any better here?_ \n" -"Safe Rust makes all of these bugs impossible:" +#: src/types-and-values.md:7 +msgid "[Strings](./types-and-values/strings.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:78 -msgid "Assignments inside an `if` clause are not supported." +#: src/types-and-values.md:8 +msgid "[Type Inference](./types-and-values/inference.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:79 -msgid "Format strings are checked at compile-time." +#: src/types-and-values.md:9 +msgid "[Exercise: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:80 -msgid "Resources are freed at the end of scope via the `Drop` trait." +#: src/types-and-values.md:11 src/testing.md:12 src/unsafe-rust.md:12 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:81 -msgid "All `if` clauses require braces." -msgstr "Tutte le clausole `if` richiedono parentesi." - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:82 -msgid "" -"`match` (as the Rust equivalent to `switch`) does not fall-through, hence " -"you can't accidentally forget a `break`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:83 -msgid "Buffer slices carry their size and don't rely on a NUL terminator." -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:84 -msgid "" -"Heap-allocated memory is freed via the `Drop` trait when the corresponding " -"`Box` leaves the scope." -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:85 -msgid "" -"Out-of-bounds accesses cause a panic or can be checked via the `get` method " -"of a slice." -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:86 -msgid "`match` mandates that all cases are handled." -msgstr "`match` impone che tutti i casi siano gestiti." - -#: src/why-rust/an-example-in-c.md:87 -msgid "" -"Fallible Rust functions return `Result` values that need to be unwrapped and " -"thereby checked for success. Additionally, the compiler emits a warning if " -"you miss to check the return value of a function marked with `#[must_use]`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 -msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" -msgstr "Gestione statica della memoria in fase di compilazione:" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 -msgid "No uninitialized variables." -msgstr "Nessuna variabile non inizializzata." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6 -msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." -msgstr "Nessun _memory leaks_ (_principalmente_, vedi note)." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7 -msgid "No double-frees." -msgstr "Nessun _double-frees_." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8 -msgid "No use-after-free." -msgstr "Nessun _use-after-free_." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9 -msgid "No `NULL` pointers." -msgstr "Nessun puntatore `NULL`." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10 -msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." -msgstr "Nessun mutex dimenticato bloccato." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11 -msgid "No data races between threads." -msgstr "Nessuna 'situazione di corsa' (_race condition_) di dati tra i thread." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12 -msgid "No iterator invalidation." -msgstr "Nessuna invalidazione dell'iteratore." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 -msgid "" -"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" -msgstr "" -"È possibile produrre perdite di memoria in Rust sicuro (Safe Rust). Qualche " -"esempio Sono:" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 -msgid "" -"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." -"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" -"initialized and runtime-sized static variables" -msgstr "" -"Puoi usare [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." -"html#method.leak) per far trapelare un puntatore. Un uso di questo potrebbe " -"essere quello di ottenere variabili statiche inizializzate/dimensionate in " -"runtime" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21 -msgid "" -"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." -"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor " -"is never run)." -msgstr "" -"Puoi usare [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." -"html) per fare in modo che il compilatore \"dimentichi\" un valore (il che " -"significa che il distruttore non viene mai eseguito)." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23 -msgid "" -"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." -msgstr "" -"Puoi anche creare accidentalmente un _[reference cycle](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html)_ con `Rc` o `Arc`." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25 -msgid "" -"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak " -"and Rust does not protect from those." -msgstr "" -"In effetti, alcuni considereranno il popolamento infinito di una raccolta un " -"_memory leak_ e Rust non protegge da quello." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28 -msgid "" -"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as " -"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." -msgstr "" -"Ai fini di questo corso, si dovrebbe intendere \"Nessuna perdita di " -"memoria\". come \"Praticamente nessuna perdita di memoria _accidentale_\"." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 -msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" -msgstr "Nessun comportamento indefinito in fase di esecuzione:" - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 -msgid "Array access is bounds checked." -msgstr "L'accesso agli array è controllato dai loro limiti." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 -msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." -msgstr "L'overflow di numeri interi è definito (panic or wrap-around)." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 -msgid "" -"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " -"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " -"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " -"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " -"build --release`)." -msgstr "" -"L'overflow di numeri interi è definito tramite il flag [`overflow-checks`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) " -"in fase di compilazione. Se abilitato il programma _va in panico_ (crash " -"controllato del programma), altrimenti si ha un _wrap-around_. Per " -"impostazione predefinita, si ottiene il panico in modalità di debug (`cargo " -"build`) e wrap-around in modalità rilascio (`cargo build --release`)." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 -msgid "" -"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " -"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " -"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds " -"checking." -msgstr "" -"Il controllo dei limiti non può essere disabilitato con un flag del " -"compilatore. Può anche non essere disabilitato direttamente con la parola " -"chiave `unsafe`. Tuttavia, `unsafe` ti permette di chiamare funzioni come " -"`slice::get_unchecked` che non esegue il controllo dei limiti." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." -msgstr "Rust è costruito con tutta l'esperienza maturata negli ultimi 40 anni." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 -msgid "Language Features" -msgstr "Caratteristiche del linguaggio" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 -msgid "Enums and pattern matching." -msgstr "Enumerazioni (_Enums_) e pattern matching." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8 -msgid "Generics." -msgstr "Generici (_generic_)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9 -msgid "No overhead FFI." -msgstr "Nessun _overhead_ FFI." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10 -msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." -msgstr "Astrazioni a costo zero (_Zero-cost abstractions_)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12 -msgid "Tooling" -msgstr "Tooling" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14 -msgid "Great compiler errors." -msgstr "Ottimi errori del compilatore." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15 -msgid "Built-in dependency manager." -msgstr "Gestore delle dipendenze integrato." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16 -msgid "Built-in support for testing." -msgstr "Supporto integrato per i test." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 -msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." -msgstr "Eccellente supporto del protocollo Language Server." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23 msgid "" -"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' " -"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, " -"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level " -"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." +"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " +"`let`:" msgstr "" -"Astrazioni a costo zero, simili a C++, significa che non devi \"pagare\" per " -"costrutti di programmazione di livello superiore con memoria o CPU. Per " -"esempio, scrivere un ciclo usando `for` dovrebbe comportare all'incirca lo " -"stesso livello di istruzioni come usare il costrutto `.iter().fold()`." +"Rust fornisce sicurezza di tipo tramite tipizzazione statica. Le " +"associazioni variabili sono immutabili da predefinito:" -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:9 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:34 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:17 +msgid "\"x: {x}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:10 msgid "" -"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also " -"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like " -"`Option` and `Result`." +"// x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" msgstr "" -"Potrebbe valere la pena ricordare che anche le enum di Rust sono \"tipi di " -"dati algebrici\" noti come \"tipi di somma\", che consentono al sistema di " -"tipi di esprimere cose come `Option` e `Result`." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:18 msgid "" -"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " -"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " -"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ " -"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." +"Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " +"default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." msgstr "" -"Ricordare alle persone di leggere gli errori --- molti sviluppatori si sono " -"abituati a ignorare l'output del compilatore. Il compilatore Rust è molto " -"più \"loquace\" rispetto ad altri compilatori. Spesso fornirà feedback " -"_pronti all'uso_, pronti per il copia-incolla nel tuo codice." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:21 msgid "" -"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, " -"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " -"and essential:" +"The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " +"time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " +"many cases." msgstr "" -"La libreria standard di Rust è piccola rispetto a linguaggi come Java, " -"Python, e Go. Rust non viene fornito con molte cose che potresti considerare " -"standard e essenziali:" -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41 -msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." -msgstr "" -"un generatore di numeri casuali, ma vedi [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42 -msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." -msgstr "supporto per SSL o TLS, ma vedi [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 -msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." -msgstr "supporto per JSON, ma vedi [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:3 msgid "" -"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " -"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " -"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " -"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." +"Here are some basic built-in types, and the syntax for literal values of " +"each type." msgstr "" -"Il ragionamento alla base di ciò è che una funzionalità nella libreria " -"standard non può essere tolta, quindi deve essere molto stabile. Per gli " -"esempi precedenti, la comunità Rust sta ancora lavorando per trovare la " -"soluzione migliore --- e forse non c'è un'unica \"soluzione migliore\" per " -"alcune di queste cose." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50 -msgid "" -"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " -"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence " -"of this is that the standard library can be smaller." -msgstr "" -"Rust viene fornito con un gestore di pacchetti integrato sotto forma di " -"Cargo e questo rende banale scaricare e compilare pacchetti di terze parti " -"(_crates_). Una conseguenza di ciò è che la libreria standard può essere più " -"piccola." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54 -msgid "" -"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to " -"find a good and trusted one." -msgstr "" -"La ricerca di buoni 'pacchetti' (_crates_) di terze parti può essere un " -"problema. Siti come aiutano in questo consentendo di " -"confrontare le metriche per specifiche _crate_ per trovarne uno buona e " -"affidabile." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58 -msgid "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " -"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." -msgstr "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) è un'implementazione LSP " -"ben supportata utilizzata neimaggiori IDE ed editor di testo." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:3 -msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" -msgstr "Gran parte della sintassi di Rust ti sarà familiare da C, C++ o Java:" - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:5 -msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." -msgstr "I blocchi e gli ambiti sono delimitati da parentesi graffe." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:6 -msgid "" -"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " -"*/`." -msgstr "" -"I commenti di riga iniziano con `//`, i commenti di blocco sono delimitati " -"da \\`/\\* ... \\*/'." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:8 -msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." -msgstr "Parole chiave come `if` e `while` funzionano allo stesso modo." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:9 -msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." -msgstr "" -"L'assegnazione delle variabili viene eseguita con `=`, il confronto viene " -"eseguito con `==`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 msgid "Types" msgstr "Tipi" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 msgid "Literals" msgstr "Letterali" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "Interi con segno" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "Interi senza segno" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "`0`, `123`, `10u16`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "Numeri in virgola mobile" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "`f32`, `f64`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "Strings" -msgstr "Corde" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "`&str`" -msgstr "`&str`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" -msgstr "`\"pippo\"`, `\"due\\nrighe\"`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "Valori scalari Unicode" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "`char`" msgstr "`char`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "Booleans" msgstr "Booleani" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "`bool`" msgstr "`bool`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "`vero`, `falso`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:14 msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "I tipi hanno larghezze come segue:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:16 msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "`iN`, `uN` e `fN` sono larghi _N_ bit," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:17 msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "`isize` e `usize` sono la larghezza di un puntatore," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:18 msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "`char` è largo 32 bit," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:19 msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "`bool` è largo 8 bit." -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:24 msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "Ci sono alcune sintassi che non sono mostrate sopra:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:26 +msgid "" +"All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " +"`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " +"as `123i64`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:9 +msgid "\"result: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:16 +msgid "" +"This is the first time we've seen a function other than `main`, but the " +"meaning should be clear: it takes three integers, and returns an integer. " +"Functions will be covered in more detail later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:20 +msgid "Arithmetic is very similar to other languages, with similar precedence." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:22 +msgid "" +"What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is " +"actually undefined, and might do different things on different platforms or " +"compilers. In Rust, it's defined." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:26 +msgid "" +"Change the `i32`'s to `i16` to see an integer overflow, which panics " +"(checked) in a debug build and wraps in a release build. There are other " +"options, such as overflowing, saturating, and carrying. These are accessed " +"with method syntax, e.g., `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c).saturating_add(c * " +"a)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:31 +msgid "" +"In fact, the compiler will detect overflow of constant expressions, which is " +"why the example requires a separate function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in " +"more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string." +msgstr "`String` è un buffer di stringa mutabile." + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:7 +msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:11 +msgid "\"Greetings\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:12 +msgid "\"🪐\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:15 +msgid "\", \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:17 +msgid "\"final sentence: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:18 src/async/control-flow/join.md:30 +msgid "\"{:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:19 +msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:26 +msgid "" +"This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more depth " +"later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to use strings." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:29 +msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:31 +msgid "" +"`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and methods " +"like `s.push_str(..)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:34 +msgid "" +"The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover " +"references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a read-" +"only string\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:37 +msgid "" +"The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. " +"`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. Adjust " +"it to a range that does, based on the error message." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:41 msgid "" "Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " "`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " @@ -3066,1155 +3204,13 @@ msgstr "" "racchiudere le doppie virgolette usando una quantità uguale di `#` su " "entrambi i lati delle virgolette:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:35 -msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" -msgstr "" -"Le stringhe di byte consentono di creare direttamente un valore `&[u8]`:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:45 -msgid "" -"All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " -"`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " -"as `123i64`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "Arrays" -msgstr "Array" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[T; N]`" -msgstr "`[T; N]`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" -msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "Tuples" -msgstr "Tuple" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." -msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." -msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 -msgid "Array assignment and access:" -msgstr "Assegnazione e accesso all’Array:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:19 -msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" -msgstr "Assegnazione e accesso alla Tupla:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 -msgid "Arrays:" -msgstr "Array:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:36 -msgid "" -"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " -"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " -"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " -"different types." -msgstr "" -"Un valore di un array tipo `[T; N]` contiene `N` (una costante _compile-" -"time_) elementi dello stesso tipo `T`. Nota che la lunghezza dell'array è " -"_parte del suo tipo_, il che significa che `[u8; 3]` e `[u8; 4]` sono " -"considerati due tipi diversi." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 -msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." -msgstr "Si possono usare i letterali per assegnare i valori agli array." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:42 -msgid "" -"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation " -"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives " -"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without " -"specifying the value after the format string." -msgstr "" -"Nalla funzione main, l'istruzione print richiede l'implementazione 'debug' " -"con il parametro `?`: `{}` da l'output predefinito (_default_), `{:?}` da " -"l'output tipo debug. Si sarebbe anche potuto usare `{a}` e `{a:?}` senza " -"specificare il valore dopo la stringa formattata." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47 -msgid "" -"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " -"easier to read." -msgstr "" -"Aggiungendo `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, si invoca un formato \"pretty printing\", il " -"quale può essere più facile da leggere." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49 -msgid "Tuples:" -msgstr "Tuple:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51 -msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." -msgstr "Come gli array, le tuple hanno una lunghezza fissa." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53 -msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." -msgstr "Le tuple raggruppano valori di tipi diversi in un tipo composto." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55 -msgid "" -"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " -"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." -msgstr "" -"È possibile accedere ai campi di una tupla tramite il punto e l'indice del " -"valore, ad es. `t.0`, `t.1`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:57 -msgid "" -"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " -"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its " -"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " -"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. " -msgstr "" -"La tupla vuota `()` è anche nota come \"tipo di unità\". È sia un tipo che " -"l'unico valore valido di quel tipo, vale a dire sia il tipo che il suo " -"valore sono espressi come `()`. Viene utilizzato per indicare, ad esempio, " -"che una funzione o espressione che non ha alcun valore di ritorno, come " -"vedremo in una diapositiva futura. " - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:61 -msgid "" -"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " -"programming languages." -msgstr "" -"Puoi pensarlo come un \"vuoto\" che può esserti familiare da altri linguaggi " -"di programmazione." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 -msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" -msgstr "Come C++, Rust ha riferimenti:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:15 -msgid "Some notes:" -msgstr "Alcune note:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17 -msgid "" -"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " -"pointers." -msgstr "" -"Dobbiamo dereferenziare `ref_x` quando lo assegni, in modo simile ai " -"puntatori C e C++." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:18 -msgid "" -"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " -"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)." -msgstr "" -"In alcuni casi Rust dereferenzia automaticamente, in particolare durante " -"l'invocazione di metodi (prova `ref_x.count_ones()`)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:20 -msgid "" -"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over " -"their lifetime." -msgstr "" -"I riferimenti dichiarati come `mut` possono essere associati a valori " -"diversi nel corso della loro durata." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:26 -msgid "" -"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " -"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound " -"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable " -"value." -msgstr "" -"Assicurati di notare la differenza tra `let mut ref_x: &i32` e `let ref_x: " -"&mut i32`. Il primo rappresenta un riferimento mutevole a cui può essere " -"associato valori diversi, mentre il secondo rappresenta un riferimento a un " -"valore mutabile." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 -msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" -msgstr "Rust proibirà staticamente i riferimenti penzolanti:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17 -msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." -msgstr "" -"Si dice che un riferimento \"prenda in prestito\" (_borrow_) il valore a cui " -"si riferisce." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:18 -msgid "" -"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " -"enough." -msgstr "" -"Rust tiene traccia delle vite di tutti i riferimenti per assicurarsi che " -"durino abbastanza a lungo." - -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:20 -msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." -msgstr "" -"Parleremo di più del _borrowing_ quando arriveremo alla proprietà " -"(_ownership_)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 -msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" -msgstr "Una _slice_ ti offre una vista in una raccolta più ampia:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17 -msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." -msgstr "Le sezioni prendono in prestito i dati dal tipo della raccolta." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:18 -msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" -msgstr "Domanda: Cosa succede se modifichi `a[3]` prima di stampare `s`?" - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:22 -msgid "" -"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " -"indexes in brackets." -msgstr "" -"Creiamo una sezione prendendo in prestito `a` e specificando gli indici " -"iniziale e finale tra parentesi." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:24 -msgid "" -"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " -"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Se la slice inizia all'indice 0, la sintassi dell'intervallo di Rust ci " -"consente di eliminare l'indice iniziale, il che significa che `&a[0..a." -"len()]` e `&a[..a.len()]` sono identici ." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:26 -msgid "" -"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Lo stesso vale per l'ultimo indice, quindi `&a[2..a.len()]` e `&a[2..]` sono " -"identici." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:28 -msgid "" -"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." -msgstr "" -"Per creare facilmente una porzione dell'array completo, possiamo quindi " -"utilizzare `&a[..]`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:30 -msgid "" -"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " -"computation on slices of different sizes." -msgstr "" -"`s` è un riferimento a una porzione di `i32`s. Si noti che il tipo di `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) non menziona più la lunghezza dell'array. Questo ci permette di " -"eseguire il calcolo su fette di diverse dimensioni." - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:32 -msgid "" -"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " -"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " -msgstr "" -"Le fette prendono sempre in prestito da un altro oggetto. In questo esempio, " -"`a` deve rimanere 'vivo' (nello scope) almeno quanto la nostra fetta. " - -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " -"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " -"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " -"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " -"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained " -"in the borrow checker section." -msgstr "" -"La domanda sulla modifica di `a[3]` può innescare una discussione " -"interessante, ma la risposta è che per motivi di sicurezza della memoria non " -"puoi farlo tramite \"a\" dopo aver creato una sezione, ma puoi leggere i " -"dati sia da \"a\" che da \"s\" in modo sicuro. Maggiori dettagli saranno " -"spiegati nella sezione controllo del prestito." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 -msgid "`String` vs `str`" -msgstr "`String` vs `str`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 -msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" -msgstr "Ora possiamo comprendere i due tipi di stringhe in Rust:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n" -" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -"\n" -" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" s2.push_str(s1);\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" \n" -" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n" -" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20 -msgid "Rust terminology:" -msgstr "Terminologia di Rust:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 -msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." -msgstr "`&str` un riferimento immutabile a uno slice di stringa." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23 -msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." -msgstr "`String` è un buffer di stringa mutabile." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27 -msgid "" -"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " -"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " -"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." -msgstr "" -"`&str` introduce una _string slice_, che è un riferimento immutabile a una " -"stringa codificata UTF-8 memorizzata in un blocco di memoria. Le Stringhe " -"letterali (`”Hello”`), sono memorizzate all'interno del programma binario." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 -msgid "" -"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " -"`Vec`, it is owned." -msgstr "" -"Il tipo Rust `String` è costruito attorno a un vettore di bytes. Come con un " -"`Vec`, possiede i dati." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32 -msgid "" -"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " -"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " -"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." -msgstr "" -"Come con molti altri tipi, `String::from()` crea una stringa da un carattere " -"letterale; `String::new()` crea una stringa vuota a cui è possibile " -"aggiungere dati utilizzando i metodi `push()` and `push_str()`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35 -msgid "" -"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " -"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." -msgstr "" -"La macro `format!()` è un modo conveniente per generare una stringa da " -"valori dinamici. Accetta la stessa specifica di formato di `println!()`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38 -msgid "" -"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " -"selection." -msgstr "" -"Puoi prendere in prestito le sezioni `&str` da `String` con `&` e la " -"selezione dell'intervallo opzionale." - -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40 -msgid "" -"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one " -"that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " -"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " -"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." -msgstr "" -"Per i programmatori C++: pensa a `&str` come a `const char*` da C++ ma che " -"punta sempre a una stringa valida in memoria. Rust `String` è " -"approssimativamente equivalente a `std::string` da C++ (differenza " -"principale: può contenere solo byte codificati UTF-8 e non utilizzerà mai " -"l'ottimizzazione di stringhe piccole)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 -msgid "" -"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" -"Fizz_buzz) interview question:" -msgstr "" -"Una versione Rust del famoso gioco [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" -"Fizz_buzz):" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36 -msgid "" -"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations " -"nor headers are necessary. " -msgstr "" -"In `main` ci si riferisce a una funzione scritta di seguito. Non sono " -"necessarie né pre-dichiarazioni né intestazioni. " - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37 -msgid "" -"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " -"programming languages), then a return type." -msgstr "" -"I parametri di dichiarazione sono seguiti da un tipo (il contrario di alcuni " -"linguaggi di programmazione) e quindi da un tipo restituito." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38 -msgid "" -"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " -"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression." -msgstr "" -"L'ultima espressione nel corpo di una funzione (o in qualsiasi blocco) " -"diventa il valore restituito. Basta omettere `;` alla fine dell'espressione." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 -msgid "" -"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " -"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." -msgstr "" -"Alcune funzioni non hanno alcun valore di ritorno e restituiscono il 'tipo " -"di unità', `()`. Il compilatore lo dedurrà se il tipo restituito `->()` " -"viene omesso." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:40 -msgid "" -"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " -"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." -msgstr "" -"L'espressione di intervallo nel ciclo `for` in `fizzbuzz to()` contiene `=n` " -"che include il limite superiore." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 -msgid "" -"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." -msgstr "" -"Tutti gli elementi del linguaggio in Rust possono essere documentati usando " -"la sintassi speciale `///`." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " -"argument.\n" -"///\n" -"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" -"///\n" -"/// # Example\n" -"/// ```\n" -"/// assert!(is_divisible_by(42, 2));\n" -"/// ```\n" -"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" -" if rhs == 0 {\n" -" return false; // Corner case, early return\n" -" }\n" -" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " -"value\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " -"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " -"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern. Code " -"snippets can document usage and will be used as unit tests." -msgstr "" -"I contenuti sono trattati come Markdown. Tutti i _crate_ pubblicati della " -"libreria Rust sono automaticamente documentati in [`docs.rs`](https://docs." -"rs) utilizzando lo strumento [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/" -"what-is-rustdoc.html). È idiomatico per documentare tutti gli elementi " -"pubblici in un'API utilizzando questo modello." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30 -msgid "" -"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]" -"(https://docs.rs/rand)." -msgstr "" -"Mostra agli studenti i documenti generati per il _crate_ `rand` su [`docs.rs/" -"rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 -msgid "" -"This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in " -"real code they should be present." -msgstr "" -"Questo corso non include rustdoc sulle diapositive, solo per risparmiare " -"spazio, ma nel contesto reale dovrebbe essere presente." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:36 -msgid "" -"Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not " -"be addressed here." -msgstr "" -"I commenti interni al documento sono discussi più avanti (nella pagina sui " -"moduli) e non è necessario affrontarli qui." - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:39 -msgid "" -"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " -"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" -"testing/doc-tests.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 -msgid "" -"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " -"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" -msgstr "" -"I metodi sono funzioni associate a un tipo. L'argomento `self` di un metodo " -"è un'istanza del tipo a cui è associato:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Rectangle {\n" -" width: u32,\n" -" height: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Rectangle {\n" -" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" self.width * self.height\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n" -" self.width += delta;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n" -" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n" -" rect.inc_width(5);\n" -" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 -msgid "" -"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " -"class." -msgstr "" -"Approfondiremo maggiormente i metodi nell'esercizio di oggi e nella lezione " -"di domani." - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" -msgstr "Aggiungi un costruttore `Rectangle::new` e chiamalo da `main`:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 -msgid "" -"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods " -"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual " -"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See " -"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " -"static methods can take arbitrary parameters." -msgstr "" -"Aggiungi un costruttore `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)` per illustrare " -"che i costruttori possono accettare parametri arbitrari." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 -msgid "Function Overloading" -msgstr "Overloading di Funzione" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 -msgid "Overloading is not supported:" -msgstr "L'Overloading non è supportato:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 -msgid "Each function has a single implementation:" -msgstr "Ogni funzione ha una singola implementazione:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6 -msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." -msgstr "Accetta sempre un numero fisso di parametri." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7 -msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types." -msgstr "Accetta sempre un singolo set di tipi di parametro." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8 -msgid "Default values are not supported:" -msgstr "I valori predefiniti non sono supportati:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9 -msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." -msgstr "Tutti i siti di chiamata hanno lo stesso numero di argomenti." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10 -msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." -msgstr "Le macro sono talvolta utilizzate come alternativa." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 -msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" -msgstr "Tuttavia, i parametri delle funzioni possono essere generici:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n" -" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n" -" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27 -msgid "" -"When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of " -"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later " -"section." -msgstr "" -"Quando si usano i generici, `Into` della libreria standard può fornire " -"una sorta di polimorfismo limitato sui tipi dell'argomento. Vedremo maggiori " -"dettagli in una sezione successiva." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 1: Esercizi Mattutini" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 -msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" -msgstr "In questi esercizi esploreremo due parti di Rust:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 -msgid "Implicit conversions between types." -msgstr "Conversioni implicite tra tipi." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 -msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." -msgstr "Array e cicli `for`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 -msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" -msgstr "Alcune cose da considerare durante la risoluzione degli esercizi:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 -msgid "" -"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" -"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) " -"for details on installing Rust." -msgstr "" -"Utilizzare un'installazione locale di Rust, se possibile. In questo modo " -"puoi ottenere completamento automatico nel tuo editor. Vedi la pagina su " -"[Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) per i dettagli sull'installazione di Rust." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 -msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." -msgstr "In alternativa, usa Rust Playground." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 -msgid "" -"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose " -"their state if you navigate away from the page." -msgstr "" -"Gli snippet di codice non sono modificabili di proposito: gli snippet di " -"codice in linea perdono il loro stato se esci dalla pagina." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"morning.md) provided." -msgstr "" -"Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la \\[soluzione\\] fornita." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " -"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" -msgstr "" -"Rust non applicherà automaticamente le _conversioni implicite_ tra i tipi " -"([a differenza di C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). Puoi vederlo in un programma come questo:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:20 -msgid "" -"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The " -"`From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into` " -"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type " -"expresses that it can be converted into another type." -msgstr "" -"Tutti i tipi interi in Rust implementano i _traits_ [`From`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) consentendo la conversione tra di " -"loro. Il _trait_ `From` ha un singolo metodo `from()` e allo stesso modo, " -"il _trait_ `Into` ha un singolo metodo `into()`. L'implementazione di " -"questi _traits_ esprime il modo in cui un tipo consente di essere " -"convertito in un altro tipo." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:26 -msgid "" -"The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " -"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " -"calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for " -"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for " -"i8`." -msgstr "" -"La libreria standard ha un'implementazione di `From for i16`, che " -"significa che possiamo convertire una variabile `x` di tipo `i8` in una " -"`i16` chiamando `i16::from(x)`. O, più semplicemente, con `x.into()`, perché " -"l'implementazione `From for i16` crea automaticamente un'implementazione " -"di `Into per i8`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:31 -msgid "" -"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so " -"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " -"implementation automatically." -msgstr "" -"Lo stesso vale per le tue implementazioni `From` per i tuoi tipi, così è " -"sufficiente implementare solo `From` per ottenere automaticamente una " -"rispettiva implementazione `Into`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:34 -msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." -msgstr "Eseguire il programma precedente e osservare l'errore del compilatore." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:36 -msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." -msgstr "" -"Aggiornare il codice per utilizzare `into()` per eseguire la conversione." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:38 -msgid "" -"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " -"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " -"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " -"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you check." -msgstr "" -"Cambiare i tipi di `x` e `y` in altre cose (come `f32`, `bool`, `i128`) per " -"vedere quali tipi è possibile convertire in quali altri tipi. Provare a " -"convertire tipi \"piccoli\" in tipi \"grandi\" e viceversa. Controlla la " -"[documentazione della libreria standard](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) per vedere se `From` è implementato per le " -"coppie che controlli." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" -msgstr "Array e Cicli `for`" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 -msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" -msgstr "Abbiamo visto che un array può essere dichiarato in questo modo:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 -msgid "" -"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" -"`:" -msgstr "" -"Puoi stampare un tale array chiedendo la sua rappresentazione di debug con " -"`{:?}`:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:19 -msgid "" -"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " -"keyword:" -msgstr "" -"Rust ti consente di iterare cose come array e intervalli usando la parola " -"chiave `for`:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" -" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" -" for n in &array {\n" -" print!(\" {n}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"\n" -" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n" -" for i in 0..3 {\n" -" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n" -" }\n" -" println!();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:39 -msgid "" -"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " -"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " -"columns):" -msgstr "" -"Usa quanto sopra per scrivere una funzione `pretty_print` che stampa in modo " -"efficace una matrice e una funzione `transpose` che traspone una matrice " -"(trasforma le righe in colonne):" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 -msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." -msgstr "Implementa entrambe le funzioni per operare su matrici 3 × 3." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:51 -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and implement the " -"functions:" -msgstr "" -"Copia il codice qui sotto in e implementa le " -"funzioni:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:54 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" -"\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 -msgid "Bonus Question" -msgstr "Domanda bonus" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:84 -msgid "" -"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your " -"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional " -"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" -msgstr "" -"Potresti usare _slices_ `&[i32]` invece di matrici 3 × 3 codificate per il " -"tuo argomento e tipi restituiti? Qualcosa come `&[&[i32]]` per un oggetto " -"bidimensionale _slice-di-slices_. Perché o perché no?" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:89 -msgid "" -"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality " -"implementation." -msgstr "" -"Guarda il _crate_ [`ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) per una " -"implementazione di livello produzione (_production_)." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:94 -msgid "" -"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " -"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." -msgstr "" -"La soluzione e la risposta alla sezione bonus sono disponibili nella sezione " -"[Soluzione](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:97 -msgid "" -"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " -"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:100 -msgid "Without the `&`..." -msgstr "Senza il `&`…" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:101 -msgid "" -"The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " -"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" -"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:104 -msgid "" -"An implicit array copy would have occurred. Since `i32` is a copy type, " -"then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " -"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " -"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " -"work similarly in Rust." -msgstr "" -"Come abbiamo visto, \"if\" è un'espressione in Rust. È usato in modo " -"condizionale valutare uno dei due blocchi, ma i blocchi possono avere un " -"valore che poi diventa il valore dell'espressione \"if\". Altre espressioni " -"del flusso di controllo funzionano in modo simile a Ruggine." - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 -msgid "" -"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " -"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" -msgstr "" -"Un blocco in Rust contiene una sequenza di espressioni. Ogni blocco ha un " -"valore ed un tipo, che corrispondono a quelli dell’ultima espressione nel " -"blocco:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:27 -msgid "" -"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " -"`()`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:29 -msgid "" -"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " -"return value:" -msgstr "" -"La stessa regola viene utilizzata per le funzioni: il valore del corpo della " -"funzione è il valore di ritorno:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28 -#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 -#: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46 -msgid "Key Points:" -msgstr "Punti chiave:" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:46 -msgid "" -"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " -"Rust. " -msgstr "" -"Lo scopo di questa slide è mostrare che i blocchi hanno un tipo e un valore " -"in Rust. " - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:47 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " -"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." -msgstr "" -"Puoi mostrare come cambia il valore del blocco cambiando l'ultima riga nel " -"blocco. Ad esempio, aggiungendo/rimuovendo un punto e virgola o utilizzando " -"un `return`." - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`if` expressions" -msgstr "Espressioni `if`" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" -msgstr "" -"Tu usi [`if` espressioni](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-expressions) esattamente come le dichiarazioni `if` in altre " -"lingue:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " -"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" -msgstr "" -"Inoltre, puoi usare \"if\" come espressione. L'ultima espressione di " -"ciascuno block diventa il valore dell'espressione `if`:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 -msgid "" -"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " -"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " -"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`for` loops" -msgstr "Cicli `for`" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " -"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " -"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" -msgstr "" -"Il [ciclo `for`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) è " -"strettamente relativo al [ciclo `while let`](while-let-expression.md). Lo " -"farà chiama automaticamente `into_iter()` sull'espressione e quindi itera su " -"di essa:" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." -msgstr "Puoi usare `break` e `continue` qui come al solito." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." -msgstr "" -"L'iterazione dell'indice non è una sintassi speciale in Rust solo per quel " -"caso." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " -msgstr "`(0..10)` è un intervallo che implementa un tratto `Iterator`." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " -"element. " -msgstr "" -"`step_by` è un metodo che restituisce un altro `Iterator` che salta ogni " -"altro elemento." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " -"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." -msgstr "" -"Modifica gli elementi nel vettore e spiega gli errori del compilatore. " -"Cambia il vettore `v` in modo che sia mutabile e il ciclo for in `for x in v." -"iter_mut()`." - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`while` loops" -msgstr "Cicli `while`" - -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" -"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" -msgstr "" -"La [parola chiave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) funziona in modo molto simile ad altre " -"lingue:" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 -msgid "`break` and `continue`" -msgstr "`break` e `continue`" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," -msgstr "" -"Se vuoi uscire prima da un ciclo, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." -msgstr "" -"Se vuoi iniziare subito l'iterazione successiva usa [`continue`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " -"used to break out of nested loops:" -msgstr "" -"Sia `continue` che `break` possono facoltativamente accettare un argomento " -"label che viene utilizzato per uscire dai cicli nidificati:" - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." -msgstr "" -"In questo caso interrompiamo il ciclo esterno dopo 3 iterazioni del ciclo " -"interno." - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`loop` expressions" -msgstr "Espressioni `loop`" - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." -msgstr "" -"Infine, c'è una [parola chiave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) che crea un loop infinito." - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" -msgstr "Qui devi \"break\" o \"return\" per interrompere il ciclo:" - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." -msgstr "Interrompi il `loop` con un valore (ad es. `break 8`) e stampalo." - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " -"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " -"`while` and `for` loops)." -msgstr "" -"Si noti che `loop` è l'unico costrutto di ciclo che restituisce un valore " -"non banale valore. Questo perché è garantito che venga inserito almeno una " -"volta (a differenza di cicli `while` e `for`)." - -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " -"by default:" -msgstr "" -"Rust fornisce sicurezza di tipo tramite tipizzazione statica. Le " -"associazioni variabili sono immutabili da predefinito:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " -"types less and less as the course progresses." -msgstr "" -"A causa dell'inferenza del tipo, `i32` è facoltativo. Mostreremo " -"gradualmente i tipi sempre meno man mano che il corso procede." - -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "" "Rust esaminerà come la variabile viene _usata_ per determinare il tipo:" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:27 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " @@ -4223,7 +3219,7 @@ msgstr "" "Questa diapositiva mostra come il compilatore Rust deduce i tipi in base ai " "vincoli dati dalle dichiarazioni e dagli usi delle variabili." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:29 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " @@ -4238,210 +3234,326 @@ msgstr "" "dichiarazione esplicita di un tipo. Il compilatore fa il lavoro per noi e ci " "aiuta a scrivere codice più conciso." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:33 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:37 +msgid "" +"When nothing constrains the type of an integer literal, Rust defaults to " +"`i32`. This sometimes appears as `{integer}` in error messages. Similarly, " +"floating-point literals default to `f64`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:46 +msgid "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The first and second Fibonacci numbers are both `1`. For n>2, the n'th " +"Fibonacci number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and " +"n-2'th Fibonacci numbers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"Write a function `fib(n)` that calculates the n'th Fibonacci number. When " +"will this function panic?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:13 +msgid "// The base case.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:14 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:17 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Implement this\"" +msgstr "Implementazione" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:16 +msgid "// The recursive case.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:23 src/types-and-values/solution.md:14 +msgid "\"fib(n) = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:4 +msgid "[Conditionals](./control-flow-basics/conditionals.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:5 +msgid "[Loops](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:6 +msgid "" +"[break and continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Blocks and Scopes](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:8 +msgid "[Functions](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:9 +msgid "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:10 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Collatz Sequence](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md:12 src/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 src/borrowing.md:9 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:3 +msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" +msgstr "Gran parte della sintassi di Rust ti sarà familiare da C, C++ o Java:" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces." +msgstr "I blocchi e gli ambiti sono delimitati da parentesi graffe." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:6 +msgid "" +"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " +"*/`." +msgstr "" +"I commenti di riga iniziano con `//`, i commenti di blocco sono delimitati " +"da \\`/\\* ... \\*/'." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:8 +msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." +msgstr "Parole chiave come `if` e `while` funzionano allo stesso modo." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:9 +msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." +msgstr "" +"L'assegnazione delle variabili viene eseguita con `=`, il confronto viene " +"eseguito con `==`." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`if` expressions" +msgstr "Espressioni `if`" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " -"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " -"using `_` as a placeholder:" +"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" -"Il codice seguente indica al compilatore di copiare in un determinato " -"contenitore generico senza che il codice specifichi mai esplicitamente il " -"tipo contenuto, utilizzando `_` come segnaposto:" +"Tu usi [`if` espressioni](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-expressions) esattamente come le dichiarazioni `if` in altre " +"lingue:" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:48 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:21 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:36 +msgid "\"small\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:23 +msgid "\"biggish\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:25 +msgid "\"huge\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" -"HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " +"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) si basa su `FromIterator`, che \\[`HashSet`\\](https:/ /" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implementa." +"Inoltre, puoi usare \"if\" come espressione. L'ultima espressione di " +"ciascuno block diventa il valore dell'espressione `if`:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 -msgid "Static and Constant Variables" -msgstr "Variabili statiche e costanti" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:36 +msgid "\"large\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:37 +msgid "\"number size: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:44 msgid "" -"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" -"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " -"the program. " +"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " +"branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` " +"after `\"small\"` in the second example." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6 -msgid "`const`" -msgstr "`const`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:48 msgid "" -"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " -"inlined wherever they are used:" +"When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to " +"separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see " +"the compiler error." msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:3 +msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`while`" +msgstr "Cicli `while`" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" +"expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the " +"loop body as long as the condition is true." msgstr "" -"Secondo il [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-" -"static.html) questi sono incorporati dopo l'uso." +"La [parola chiave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) funziona in modo molto simile ad altre " +"lingue:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:32 -msgid "" -"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " -"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:18 +msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:34 -msgid "`static`" -msgstr "`static`" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`for`" +msgstr "Cicli `for`" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:36 -msgid "" -"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " -"therefore will not move:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:38 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:46 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " -"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " -"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " -"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " -"`const` is generally preferred." +"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates " +"over ranges of values:" msgstr "" -"Come notato nel [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), questi non sono allineati durante l'uso e hanno una " -"posizione di memoria associata effettiva. Questo è utile per il codice non " -"sicuro e incorporato e la variabile vive per tutta l'esecuzione del " -"programma." +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) usato per " +"definire i distruttori." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:50 -msgid "" -"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " -"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible " -"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any " -"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../" -"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust." +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:35 +msgid "`loop`" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." -msgstr "" -"Menziona che `const` si comporta semanticamente in modo simile a `constexpr` " -"del C++." - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " -"global variable in C++." +"The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " +"loops forever, until a `break`." msgstr "" -"`static`, d'altra parte, è molto più simile a una `const` o variabile " -"globale mutabile in C++." +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) usato per " +"definire i distruttori." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:45 +msgid "\"{i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:56 +msgid "" +"We will discuss iteration later; for now, just stick to range expressions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:57 +msgid "" +"Note that the `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax for " +"an inclusive range." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " -"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." +"If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " +"`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the " +"`loop` expression." msgstr "" -"Non è molto comune che si abbia bisogno di una costante valutata in fase di " -"esecuzione, ma è utile e più sicura rispetto all'utilizzo di una statica." +"Se vuoi uscire prima da un ciclo, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " -"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." +msgstr "" +"Se vuoi iniziare subito l'iterazione successiva usa [`continue`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:24 +msgid "\"{result}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:62 -msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " +"used to break out of nested loops:" +msgstr "" +"Sia `continue` che `break` possono facoltativamente accettare un argomento " +"label che viene utilizzato per uscire dai cicli nidificati:" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:37 +msgid "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:64 -msgid "Properties table:" -msgstr "Tabella proprietà:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:47 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +msgstr "" +"In questo caso interrompiamo il ciclo esterno dopo 3 iterazioni del ciclo " +"interno." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:66 -msgid "Property" -msgstr "Proprietà" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " +"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " +"`while` and `for` loops)." +msgstr "" +"Si noti che `loop` è l'unico costrutto di ciclo che restituisce un valore " +"non banale valore. Questo perché è garantito che venga inserito almeno una " +"volta (a differenza di cicli `while` e `for`)." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:66 -msgid "Static" -msgstr "Statico (Static)" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:3 +msgid "Blocks" +msgstr "Blocchi" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:66 -msgid "Constant" -msgstr "Costante" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions, enclosed by braces `{}`. " +"Each block has a value and a type, which are those of the last expression of " +"the block:" +msgstr "" +"Un blocco in Rust contiene una sequenza di espressioni. Ogni blocco ha un " +"valore ed un tipo, che corrispondono a quelli dell’ultima espressione nel " +"blocco:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -msgid "Has an address in memory" -msgstr "Ha un indirizzo in memoria" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:14 +msgid "\"y: {y}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:72 -msgid "Yes" -msgstr "Si" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:21 +msgid "" +"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " +"`()`." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -msgid "No (inlined)" -msgstr "No (inlined)" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:23 +msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" +msgstr "Scope e Shadowing" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" -msgstr "La funzione `main` “vive” per l’intera durata del programma" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:25 +msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:72 -msgid "No" -msgstr "No" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -msgid "Can be mutable" -msgstr "Può essere “mutable” (mutabile)" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -msgid "Yes (unsafe)" -msgstr "Si (“unsafe”)" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Evaluated at compile time" -msgstr "Valutato a tempo di compilazione" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" -msgstr "Si (inizializzato a tempo di compilazione)" - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:72 -msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" -msgstr "Inlined tutte le volte che viene usato" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:27 msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" @@ -4449,43 +3561,63 @@ msgstr "" "Puoi applicare “shadowing” alle variabili, sia a quelle degli “scope” " "esterni che a quelle dallo stesso “scope”:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = 10;\n" -" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let a = \"hello\";\n" -" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" -"\n" -" let a = true;\n" -" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:33 +msgid "\"before: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:7 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:19 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:225 +msgid "\"hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:36 +msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:39 +msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:42 +msgid "\"after: {a}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:49 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " -"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " -"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " +"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " +"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." +msgstr "" +"Puoi mostrare come cambia il valore del blocco cambiando l'ultima riga nel " +"blocco. Ad esempio, aggiungendo/rimuovendo un punto e virgola o utilizzando " +"un `return`." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:51 +msgid "" +"Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block " +"in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:53 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both " +"variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under " +"the same name, depending where you use it in the code." msgstr "" "Definizione: “shadowing” è diversa dalla mutazione, perché dopo lo shadowing " "le locazioni di memoria di entrambe le variabili esistono " "contemporaneamente. Entrambi sono disponibili con lo stesso nome, a seconda " "di dove lo usi nel codice. " -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 -msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:56 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type." msgstr "" "Una variable che fa “shadowing” di un’altra, può avere un tipo diverso. " -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:57 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " @@ -4494,539 +3626,485 @@ msgstr "" "L'ombreggiatura all'inizio sembra oscura, ma è utile per conservare i valori " "dopo `.unwrap()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:22 +msgid "" +"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " +"programming languages), then a return type." +msgstr "" +"I parametri di dichiarazione sono seguiti da un tipo (il contrario di alcuni " +"linguaggi di programmazione) e quindi da un tipo restituito." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " -"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " -"does not change." +"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " +"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` " +"keyword can be used for early return, but the \"bare value\" form is " +"idiomatic at the end of a function (refactor `gcd` to use a `return`)." msgstr "" -"Il codice seguente dimostra perché il compilatore non può semplicemente " -"riutilizzare le posizioni di memoria durante lo shadowing di una variabile " -"immutabile in un ambito, anche se il tipo non cambia." +"L'ultima espressione nel corpo di una funzione (o in qualsiasi blocco) " +"diventa il valore restituito. Basta omettere `;` alla fine dell'espressione." -#: src/enums.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:28 +msgid "" +"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " +"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." +msgstr "" +"Alcune funzioni non hanno alcun valore di ritorno e restituiscono il 'tipo " +"di unità', `()`. Il compilatore lo dedurrà se il tipo restituito `->()` " +"viene omesso." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " -"variants:" -msgstr "" -"La parola chiave `enum` consente la creazione di un tipo che ne ha alcuni " -"diverse varianti:" +"Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation." +msgstr "Ogni funzione ha una singola implementazione:" -#: src/enums.md:6 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:31 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" -" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" -" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum CoinFlip {\n" -" Heads,\n" -" Tails,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" -" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" -" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" -" } else {\n" -" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Always takes a fixed number of parameters. Default arguments are not " +"supported. Macros can be used to support variadic functions." msgstr "" -#: src/enums.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" -msgstr "" -"Le enumerazioni consentono di raccogliere un insieme di valori in un unico " -"tipo" - -#: src/enums.md:37 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " -"`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +"Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, " +"which will be covered later." +msgstr "Accetta sempre un singolo set di tipi di parametro." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:3 +msgid "" +"Macros are expanded into Rust code during compilation, and can take a " +"variable number of arguments. They are distinguished by a `!` at the end. " +"The Rust standard library includes an assortment of useful macros." msgstr "" -"Questa pagina offre un tipo di enum `CoinFlip` con due varianti `Heads` e " -"`Tail`. Potresti notare lo spazio dei nomi quando usi le varianti." -#: src/enums.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" -msgstr "Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per confrontare Struct ed Enum:" - -#: src/enums.md:39 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " -"with different types of fields (variant payloads). " +"`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting " +"described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." msgstr "" -"In entrambi, puoi avere una versione semplice senza campi (unit struct) o " -"una con diversi tipi di campi (variant payload)." +"L'overload degli operatori è implementato tramite i tratti in [`std::ops`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -#: src/enums.md:40 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:9 +msgid "" +"`format!(format, ..)` works just like `println!` but returns the result as a " +"string." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:11 +msgid "`dbg!(expression)` logs the value of the expression and returns it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:12 +msgid "" +"`todo!()` marks a bit of code as not-yet-implemented. If executed, it will " +"panic." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:14 +msgid "" +"`unreachable!()` marks a bit of code as unreachable. If executed, it will " +"panic." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:32 +msgid "\"{n}! = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:39 +msgid "" +"The takeaway from this section is that these common conveniences exist, and " +"how to use them. Why they are defined as macros, and what they expand to, is " +"not especially critical." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:43 +msgid "" +"The course does not cover defining macros, but a later section will describe " +"use of derive macros." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is " +"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 #, fuzzy -msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." -msgstr "" -"In entrambi, le funzioni associate sono definite all'interno di un blocco " -"`impl`." +msgid "1" +msgstr "12" -#: src/enums.md:41 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 +msgid " greater than zero:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "If _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid "_ is even, then _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i+1" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " = n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " / 2_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "_ is odd, then _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " = 3 * n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " + 1_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "For example, beginning with _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "_ = 3:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "3 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "2" +msgstr "12" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "10 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "3" +msgstr "3" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "5 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "4" +msgstr "4" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "16 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "5" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "8 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "6" +msgstr "6" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "4 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "7" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 +msgid "2 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "8" +msgstr "8" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 +msgid "_ = 1; and" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:19 +msgid "the sequence terminates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:21 +msgid "" +"Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " +"initial `n`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:25 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:20 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:30 +msgid "\"Length: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome Back" +msgstr "Benvenuti" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "[References](./references.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:6 +msgid "[User-Defined Types](./user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:8 +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 55 " +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:4 +msgid "" +"[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:5 +msgid "[Array Iteration](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:6 +msgid "[Pattern Matching](./tuples-and-arrays/match.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 +msgid "[Destructuring](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:8 +msgid "[Exercise: Nested Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 +msgid "" +"Tuples and arrays are the first \"compound\" types we have seen. All " +"elements of an array have the same type, while tuples can accommodate " +"different types. Both types have a size fixed at compile time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:27 +msgid "Arrays" +msgstr "Array" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[T; N]`" +msgstr "`[T; N]`" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" +msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:9 +msgid "Tuples" +msgstr "Tuple" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." +msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." +msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:12 +msgid "Array assignment and access:" +msgstr "Assegnazione e accesso all’Array:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:24 +msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" +msgstr "Assegnazione e accesso alla Tupla:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:41 +msgid "Arrays:" +msgstr "Array:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " -"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " -"all defined in an enum. " +"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " +"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " +"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " +"different types. Slices, which have a size determined at runtime, are " +"covered later." msgstr "" -"Potresti persino implementare le diverse varianti di un'enumerazione con " -"strutture separate, ma non sarebbero dello stesso tipo che sarebbero se " -"fossero tutte definite in un'enumerazione." +"Un valore di un array tipo `[T; N]` contiene `N` (una costante _compile-" +"time_) elementi dello stesso tipo `T`. Nota che la lunghezza dell'array è " +"_parte del suo tipo_, il che significa che `[u8; 3]` e `[u8; 4]` sono " +"considerati due tipi diversi." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:49 +msgid "" +"Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at " +"runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be " +"avoided using unsafe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:53 +msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." +msgstr "Si possono usare i letterali per assegnare i valori agli array." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:55 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " -"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +"The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format " +"parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. " +"Types such as integers and strings implement the default output, but arrays " +"only implement the debug output. This means that we must use debug output " +"here." msgstr "" -"È possibile definire enumerazioni più ricche in cui le varianti contengono " -"dati. È quindi possibile utilizzare il istruzione `match` per estrarre i " -"dati da ciascuna variante:" +"Nalla funzione main, l'istruzione print richiede l'implementazione 'debug' " +"con il parametro `?`: `{}` da l'output predefinito (_default_), `{:?}` da " +"l'output tipo debug. Si sarebbe anche potuto usare `{a}` e `{a:?}` senza " +"specificare il valore dopo la stringa formattata." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:60 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum WebEvent {\n" -" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" -" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" -" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" -" match event {\n" -" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" -" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" -" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" -" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" -" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" -"\n" -" inspect(load);\n" -" inspect(press);\n" -" inspect(click);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " +"easier to read." msgstr "" +"Aggiungendo `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, si invoca un formato \"pretty printing\", il " +"quale può essere più facile da leggere." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:63 +msgid "Tuples:" +msgstr "Tuple:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:65 +msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." +msgstr "Come gli array, le tuple hanno una lunghezza fissa." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:67 +msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." +msgstr "Le tuple raggruppano valori di tipi diversi in un tipo composto." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:69 +msgid "" +"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " +"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." +msgstr "" +"È possibile accedere ai campi di una tupla tramite il punto e l'indice del " +"valore, ad es. `t.0`, `t.1`." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:72 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " -"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " -"after the `=>`." +"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " +"and the only valid value of that type --- that is to say both the type and " +"its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " +"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide." msgstr "" -"È possibile accedere ai valori nelle varianti enum solo dopo essere stati " -"abbinati al modello. Il modello lega i riferimenti ai campi nel \"match " -"arm\" dopo il `=>`." +"La tupla vuota `()` è anche nota come \"tipo di unità\". È sia un tipo che " +"l'unico valore valido di quel tipo, vale a dire sia il tipo che il suo " +"valore sono espressi come `()`. Viene utilizzato per indicare, ad esempio, " +"che una funzione o espressione che non ha alcun valore di ritorno, come " +"vedremo in una diapositiva futura. " -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:76 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " -"no fall-through like in C or C++." +"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " +"programming languages." msgstr "" -"L'espressione viene confrontata con i modelli dall'alto verso il basso. Non " -"c'è fall-through come in C o C++." +"Puoi pensarlo come un \"vuoto\" che può esserti familiare da altri linguaggi " +"di programmazione." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:3 +msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:19 msgid "" -"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " -"match arm which was executed." +"This functionality uses the `IntoIterator` trait, but we haven't covered " +"that yet." msgstr "" -"L'espressione di corrispondenza ha un valore. Il valore è l'ultima " -"espressione nel braccio di corrispondenza che è stata eseguita." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:22 msgid "" -"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " -"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " -msgstr "" -"Partendo dall'alto cerchiamo quale modello corrisponde al valore, quindi " -"eseguiamo il codice seguendo la freccia. Una volta trovata una " -"corrispondenza, ci fermiamo." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " -"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " -msgstr "" -"Dimostrare cosa succede quando la ricerca è inesauribile. Nota il vantaggio " -"fornito dal compilatore Rust confermando quando tutti i casi vengono gestiti." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." -msgstr "`match` ispeziona un campo discriminante nascosto in `enum`." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" -"discriminant()`" -msgstr "" -"È possibile recuperare il discriminante chiamando `std::mem::discriminant()`" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " -"comparing field values doesn't affect equality." -msgstr "" -"Ciò è utile, ad esempio, se si implementa `PartialEq` per strutture in cui " -"il confronto dei valori dei campi non influisce sull'uguaglianza." - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " -"cannot implement traits, for example." -msgstr "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` non è esattamente la stessa cosa di `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` con una `struct Click { ... }` di primo livello. La versione " -"inline non può implementare tratti, per esempio." - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " -"account:" -msgstr "" -"Gli enum di Rust sono imballati strettamente, tenendo conto dei vincoli " -"dovuti all'allineamento:" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::any::type_name;\n" -"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" -"\n" -"fn dbg_size() {\n" -" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" -" type_name::(), size_of::(), align_of::());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"enum Foo {\n" -" A,\n" -" B,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" dbg_size::();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The `assert_ne!` macro is new here. There are also `assert_eq!` and `assert!" +"` macros. These are always checked while, debug-only variants like " +"`debug_assert!` compile to nothing in release builds." msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." -msgstr "" -"Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:30 -msgid "" -"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " -"variant." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:32 -msgid "" -"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:50 -msgid "" -"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " -"bytes." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:54 -msgid "Try out other types such as" -msgstr "Prova altri tipi come" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:56 -msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:57 -msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " -"see below)," -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:58 -msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:59 -msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " -"optimization, see below)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:61 src/memory-management/stack.md:32 -msgid "More to Explore" -msgstr "Ulteriori aspetti da Esplorare" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:63 -msgid "" -"Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less " -"space." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:65 -msgid "" -"Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " -"discriminant." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:68 -msgid "" -"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " -"`size_of::>()`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:72 -msgid "" -"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " -"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " -"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." -msgstr "" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:109 -msgid "" -"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " -"than 256 `Option`s together." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " -"They are used for pattern matching:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`if let` expressions" -msgstr "Espressioni `if let`" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:7 -msgid "`while let` expressions" -msgstr "espressioni `while let`" - -#: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`match` expressions" -msgstr "Espressioni `match`" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " -"whether a value matches a pattern:" -msgstr "" -"[L’espressione `if let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-let-expressions) consente di eseguire codice diverso a seconda " -"che un valore corrisponda a un pattern o meno:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" -" if let Some(value) = arg {\n" -" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" -" } else {\n" -" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:22 -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 -msgid "" -"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " -"in Rust." -msgstr "" -"Vedi [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) per maggiori dettagli sui " -"pattern in Rust." - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 -msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " -"it more concise than `match`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 -msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 -msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 -msgid "" -"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" -"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " -"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " -"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`while let` loops" -msgstr "Cicli `while let`" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " -"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" -msgstr "" -"Come con `if let`, c'è un [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variante che verifica " -"ripetutamente un valore rispetto a un modello:" - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option` on " -"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " -"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " -"items." -msgstr "" -"Qui l'iteratore restituito da `v.iter()` restituirà una `Option` su " -"ogni chiamata a `next()`. Restituisce `Some(x)` finché non è finito, " -"dopodiché lo farà restituire \"Nessuno\". Il `while let` ci consente di " -"continuare a scorrere tutti gli elementi." - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " -"matches the pattern." -msgstr "" -"Fai notare che il ciclo `while let` continuerà finché il valore corrisponde " -"al modello." - -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " -"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " -"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." -msgstr "" -"Potresti riscrivere il ciclo `while let` come un ciclo infinito con " -"un'istruzione if che si interrompe quando non c'è alcun valore da scartare " -"per `iter.next()`. Il `while let` fornisce lo zucchero sintattico per lo " -"scenario di cui sopra." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" -"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " -"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" -msgstr "" -"La [parola chiave `match`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"match-expr.html) viene utilizzato per confrontare un valore con uno o più " -"modelli. In questo senso funziona come una serie di espressioni `if let`:" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" -" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" -" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" -" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " -"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." -msgstr "" -"Come `if let`, ogni braccio di corrispondenza deve avere lo stesso tipo. Il " -"tipo è l'ultimo espressione del blocco, se esiste. Nell'esempio precedente, " -"il tipo è `()`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." -msgstr "Salva l'espressione di corrispondenza in una variabile e stampala." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." -msgstr "Rimuovi `.as_deref()` e spiega l'errore." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " -"against `String`." -msgstr "" -"`std::env::args().next()` restituisce un `Option`, ma non possiamo " -"confrontare `String`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " -"this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." -msgstr "" -"`as_deref()` trasforma una `Opzione` in `Opzione<&T::Target>`. Nel nostro " -"caso, questo trasforma `Option` in `Option<&str>`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." -msgstr "" -"Ora possiamo usare il pattern matching per confrontare con `&str` " -"all'interno di `Option`." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " @@ -5036,37 +4114,107 @@ msgstr "" "_pattern_. IL i confronti vengono effettuati dall'alto verso il basso e " "vince la prima partita." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" "I modelli possono essere valori semplici, in modo simile a `switch` in C e C+" "+:" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:8 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:11 +msgid "'x'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "'q'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "\"Quitting\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:62 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:62 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'a'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'s'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'w'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'d'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "\"Moving around\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:54 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:54 src/error-handling/solution.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'0'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:54 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:54 src/error-handling/solution.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'9'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 +msgid "\"Number input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:16 +msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:17 +msgid "\"Something else\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:22 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let input = 'x';\n" -"\n" -" match input {\n" -" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" -" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" -" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " +"expressions _must_ be irrefutable, meaning that it covers every possibility, " +"so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:21 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:26 #, fuzzy -msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." +msgid "" +"Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have " +"the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the " +"example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" -"Il modello `_` è un modello di caratteri jolly che corrisponde a qualsiasi " -"valore." +"Come `if let`, ogni braccio di corrispondenza deve avere lo stesso tipo. Il " +"tipo è l'ultimo espressione del blocco, se esiste. Nell'esempio precedente, " +"il tipo è `()`." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:26 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:30 +msgid "" +"A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " +"can be used within the match arm." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:33 +msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:38 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:35 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:29 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:69 +msgid "Key Points:" +msgstr "Punti chiave:" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " @@ -5075,260 +4223,23 @@ msgstr "" "Potresti sottolineare come vengono utilizzati alcuni caratteri specifici " "quando in uno schema" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:27 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:42 msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "`|` come un `or`" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:28 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:43 msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "`..` può espandersi fino a quanto necessario" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:29 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:44 msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "`1..=5` rappresenta un intervallo inclusivo" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:30 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:45 msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "`_` è un carattere jolly" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " -"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." -msgstr "" -"Può essere utile mostrare come funziona l'associazione, ad esempio " -"sostituendo un carattere jolly con una variabile o rimuovendo le virgolette " -"intorno a `q`." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." -msgstr "Puoi dimostrare la corrispondenza su un riferimento." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " -"as the term can show up in error messages." -msgstr "" -"Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per far emergere il concetto di " -"modelli inconfutabili, poiché il termine può apparire nei messaggi di errore." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " -"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " -"`enum` type:" -msgstr "" -"I modelli possono anche essere usati per associare variabili a parti dei " -"tuoi valori. Questo è come ispezioni la struttura dei tuoi tipi. Iniziamo " -"con un semplice tipo `enum`:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"enum Result {\n" -" Ok(i32),\n" -" Err(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" -" if n % 2 == 0 {\n" -" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" -" } else {\n" -" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let n = 100;\n" -" match divide_in_two(n) {\n" -" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" -" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " -"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " -"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." -msgstr "" -"Qui abbiamo usato le braccia per _destrutturare_ il valore `Result`. Nel " -"primo arm, \"half\" è legato al valore all'interno della variante \"Ok\". " -"Nel secondo braccio, `msg` è associato al messaggio di errore." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " -"a `match`." -msgstr "" -"L'espressione `if`/`else` restituisce un enum che viene successivamente " -"decompresso con un `match`." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " -"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " -"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." -msgstr "" -"Puoi provare ad aggiungere una terza variante alla definizione enum e " -"visualizzare gli errori durante l'esecuzione del codice. Indica i punti in " -"cui il tuo codice è ora inesausto e come il compilatore cerca di darti " -"suggerimenti." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 -msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" -msgstr "Puoi anche destrutturare `structs`:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Foo {\n" -" x: (u32, u32),\n" -" y: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" -" match foo {\n" -" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" -" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" -" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " -"ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." -msgstr "" -"Cambia i valori letterali in `foo` in modo che corrispondano agli altri " -"modelli." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." -msgstr "" -"Aggiungi un nuovo campo a \"Foo\" e apporta le modifiche al modello secondo " -"necessità." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " -"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " -"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." -msgstr "" -"La distinzione tra una cattura e un'espressione costante può essere " -"difficile da fare macchiare. Prova a cambiare il \"2\" nel secondo braccio " -"in una variabile e osservalo sottilmente non funziona. Cambialo in un " -"`const` e guardalo funzionare di nuovo." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" -msgstr "Puoi destrutturare array, tuple e slice abbinando i loro elementi:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" -" match triple {\n" -" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 -msgid "" -"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " -"length." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" -" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" -" match slice {\n" -" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" -" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 -msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 -msgid "Add more values to the array." -msgstr "Aggiungi più valori all’array." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 -msgid "" -"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " -"elements." -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 -msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " -"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" -msgstr "" -"Durante la corrispondenza, puoi aggiungere una _guard_ a un pattern. Questo " -"è un booleano arbitrario espressione che verrà eseguita se il modello " -"corrisponde:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[rustfmt::skip]\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let pair = (2, -2);\n" -" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" -" match pair {\n" -" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" -" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" -" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" -" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " @@ -5339,7 +4250,7 @@ msgstr "" "importanti e necessarie quando desideriamo esprimere in modo conciso idee " "più complesse di quanto i soli schemi consentirebbero." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " @@ -5354,13 +4265,7 @@ msgstr "" "blocco non comporterà altre braccia dell'espressione `match` originale " "considerata." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." -msgstr "" -"È possibile utilizzare le variabili definite nel modello nell'espressione if." - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " @@ -5369,1465 +4274,419 @@ msgstr "" "La condizione definita nella guardia si applica a ogni espressione in un " "modello con un `|`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 1: Esercizi pomeridiani" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:3 +msgid "" +"Destructuring is a way of extracting data from a data structure by writing a " +"pattern that is matched up to the data structure, binding variables to " +"subcomponents of the data structure." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "We will look at two things:" -msgstr "Vedremo due cose:" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can destructure tuples and arrays by matching on their elements:" +msgstr "Puoi destrutturare array, tuple e slice abbinando i loro elementi:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 -msgid "The Luhn algorithm," -msgstr "Algoritmo di Luhn," +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"on Y axis\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 -msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." -msgstr "Esercizio su pattern matching." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"on X axis\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:20 +msgid "\"left of Y axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:21 +msgid "\"below X axis\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:22 +msgid "\"first quadrant\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:33 +msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:35 +msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:36 +msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:37 +msgid "\"All elements were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:45 +msgid "Create a new array pattern using `_` to represent an element." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "Add more values to the array." +msgstr "Aggiungi più valori all’array." + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:47 +msgid "" +"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " +"elements." +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:49 +msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "What is the type of this variable?" +msgstr "Qual è il tipo di \"parola\" in ogni ciclo?" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." +"Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " +"transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" msgstr "" -"Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la \\[soluzione\\] fornita." +"Usa quanto sopra per scrivere una funzione `pretty_print` che stampa in modo " +"efficace una matrice e una funzione `transpose` che traspone una matrice " +"(trasforma le righe in colonne):" -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " -"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " -"does the following to validate the credit card number:" -msgstr "" -"L'[algoritmo di Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) viene " -"utilizzato per convalidare i numeri di carta di credito. L'algoritmo prende " -"una stringa come input e fa il seguente per convalidare il numero della " -"carta di credito:" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:22 +msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." +msgstr "Implementa entrambe le funzioni per operare su matrici 3 × 3." -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." -msgstr "Ignora tutti gli spazi. Rifiuta il numero con meno di due cifre." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " -"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." -msgstr "" -"Spostandoti da destra a sinistra, raddoppia ogni seconda cifra: per il " -"numero `1234`, raddoppiamo \"3\" e \"1\"." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " -"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." -msgstr "" -"Dopo aver raddoppiato una cifra, somma le cifre. Quindi raddoppiando \"7\" " -"diventa \"14\" which diventa \"5\"." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15 -msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." -msgstr "Somma tutte le cifre non raddoppiate e raddoppiate." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." -msgstr "Il numero della carta di credito è valido se la somma termina con `0`." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19 -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:24 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " -"function." +"functions:" msgstr "" "Copia il codice qui sotto in e implementa le " "funzioni:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21 -msgid "" -"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " -"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo 0 0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:1 -msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" -msgstr "Esercizio: Valutazione Espressione" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:3 -msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions. " -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum Operation {\n" -" Add,\n" -" Sub,\n" -" Mul,\n" -" Div,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// An expression, in tree form.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum Expression {\n" -" /// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" -" Op {\n" -" op: Operation,\n" -" left: Box,\n" -" right: Box,\n" -" },\n" -"\n" -" /// A literal value\n" -" Value(i64),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// The result of evaluating an expression.\n" -"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" -"enum Res {\n" -" /// Evaluation was successful, with the given result.\n" -" Ok(i64),\n" -" /// Evaluation failed, with the given error message.\n" -" Err(String),\n" -"}\n" -"// Allow `Ok` and `Err` as shorthands for `Res::Ok` and `Res::Err`.\n" -"use Res::{Err, Ok};\n" -"\n" -"fn eval(e: Expression) -> Res {\n" -" todo!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_value() {\n" -" assert_eq!(eval(Expression::Value(19)), Ok(19));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_sum() {\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" eval(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Add,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(10)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(20)),\n" -" }),\n" -" Ok(30)\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_recursion() {\n" -" let term1 = Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Mul,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(10)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(9)),\n" -" };\n" -" let term2 = Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Mul,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Sub,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(3)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(4)),\n" -" }),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(5)),\n" -" };\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" eval(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Add,\n" -" left: Box::new(term1),\n" -" right: Box::new(term2),\n" -" }),\n" -" Ok(85)\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_error() {\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" eval(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Div,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(99)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(0)),\n" -" }),\n" -" Err(String::from(\"division by zero\"))\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:100 -msgid "" -"The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later " -"in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the " -"tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator to \"unbox\" " -"it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:105 -msgid "" -"Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The `Res` " -"type represents either a successful value or an error with a message. This " -"is very similar to the standard-library `Result` which we will see later." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:109 -msgid "" -"Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing " -"`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use " -"`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:113 -msgid "" -"If you finish early, try writing a test that results in an integer overflow. " -"How could you handle this with `Res::Err` instead of a panic?" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 -msgid "Welcome to Day 2" -msgstr "Benvenuto al giorno 2" - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" -msgstr "" -"Ora che abbiamo visto una discreta quantità di ruggine, continueremo con:" - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 -msgid "" -"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " -"memory management, and garbage collection." -msgstr "" -"Gestione della memoria: stack vs heap, gestione manuale della memoria, " -"memoria basata sull'ambito (scoped), garbage collection." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 -msgid "" -"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." -msgstr "" -"Ownership: semantica di spostamento (move), copia e clonazione, prestito " -"(borrowing) e durata (lifetimes)." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 -msgid "Structs and methods." -msgstr "Struct e metodi." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 -msgid "" -"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " -"`Rc` and `Arc`." -msgstr "" -"La libreria standard: `String`, `Option` e `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc` " -"e `Arc`." - -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." -msgstr "Moduli: visibilità, percorsi e gerarchia del filesystem." - -#: src/memory-management.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" -msgstr "" -"Tradizionalmente, le lingue sono state suddivise in due grandi categorie:" - -#: src/memory-management.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." -msgstr "" -"Controllo completo tramite gestione manuale della memoria: C, C++, " -"Pascal, ..." - -#: src/memory-management.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " -"Haskell, ..." -msgstr "" -"Piena sicurezza tramite la gestione automatica della memoria in fase di " -"esecuzione: Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..." - -#: src/memory-management.md:8 -msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" -msgstr "Rust offre un nuovo mix:" - -#: src/memory-management.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " -"management." -msgstr "" -"Pieno controllo _e_ sicurezza tramite applicazione in fase di compilazione " -"della memoria corretta gestione." - -#: src/memory-management.md:13 -msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." -msgstr "Lo fa con un concetto di ownership (proprietà) esplicito." - -#: src/memory-management.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." -msgstr "" -"Innanzitutto, aggiorniamo il funzionamento della gestione della memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 -msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" -msgstr "Lo Stack (Pila) vs l’Heap" - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." -msgstr "Stack: area continua di memoria per le variabili locali." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." -msgstr "I valori hanno dimensioni fisse note al momento della compilazione." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." -msgstr "Estremamente veloce: basta spostare un puntatore dello stack." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." -msgstr "Facile da gestire: segue le chiamate alle funzioni." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 -msgid "Great memory locality." -msgstr "Ottima località di memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." -msgstr "Heap: archiviazione di valori al di fuori delle chiamate di funzione." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." -msgstr "I valori hanno dimensioni dinamiche determinate in fase di esecuzione." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." -msgstr "Leggermente più lento della pila: è necessaria un po' di contabilità." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 -msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." -msgstr "Nessuna garanzia di località di memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 -msgid "Stack and Heap Example" -msgstr "Esempio di Stack e Heap" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " -"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" -msgstr "" -"La creazione di una `Stringa` mette i dati di dimensioni fisse nello stack e " -"dimensionati dinamicamente dati sull'heap:" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 -msgid "" -"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " -"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 -msgid "" -"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " -"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" -"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " -"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 -msgid "" -"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " -"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:37 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -" s1.push(' ');\n" -" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" -" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" -" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " -"to\n" -" // undefined behavior.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" let (ptr, capacity, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" -"transmute(s1);\n" -" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 -msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." -msgstr "Allocate e de-allocate voi stessi la memoria dell'heap." - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " -"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." -msgstr "" -"Se non fatto con cura, ciò può portare a arresti anomali, bug, vulnerabilità " -"di sicurezza e perdite di memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 -msgid "C Example" -msgstr "Esempio C" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" -msgstr "Devi chiamare `free` su ogni puntatore allocato con `malloc`:" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"void foo(size_t n) {\n" -" int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" -" //\n" -" // ... lots of code\n" -" //\n" -" free(int_array);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " -"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the " -"pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security " -"vulnerabilities." -msgstr "" -"La memoria viene persa se la funzione ritorna in anticipo tra `malloc` e " -"`free`: the puntatore è perso e non possiamo deallocare la memoria." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." -msgstr "" -"Costruttori e distruttori ti consentono di agganciarti alla vita di un " -"oggetto." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " -"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " -"is raised." -msgstr "" -"Avvolgendo un puntatore in un oggetto, puoi liberare memoria quando " -"l'oggetto è distrutto. Il compilatore garantisce che ciò accada, anche se lo " -"è un'eccezione sollevato." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " -"gives you smart pointers." -msgstr "" -"Questo è spesso chiamato _l'acquisizione delle risorse è l'inizializzazione_ " -"(RAII) e dà puntatori intelligenti." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 -msgid "C++ Example" -msgstr "Esempio C++" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 -msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" -" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " -"allocated on the heap." -msgstr "" -"L'oggetto `std::unique_ptr` è allocato nello stack e punta a memoria " -"allocata nell'heap." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." -msgstr "" -"Alla fine di `say_hello`, verrà eseguito il distruttore `std::unique_ptr`." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." -msgstr "Il distruttore libera l'oggetto `Person` a cui punta." - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" -msgstr "" -"I costruttori di mosse speciali vengono utilizzati quando si passa la " -"proprietà a una funzione:" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 -msgid "Automatic Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestione automatica della Memoria" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " -"memory management:" -msgstr "" -"Un'alternativa alla gestione della memoria manuale e basata sull'ambito è la " -"memoria automatica gestione:" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." -msgstr "" -"Il programmatore non alloca o dealloca mai la memoria in modo esplicito." - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " -"programmer." -msgstr "" -"Un Garbage Collector trova la memoria inutilizzata e la dealloca per il " -"programmatore." - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 -msgid "Java Example" -msgstr "Esempio Java" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" -msgstr "" -"L'oggetto `person` non viene deallocato dopo che `sayHello` restituisce:" - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"void sayHello(Person person) {\n" -" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 -msgid "Memory Management in Rust" -msgstr "Gestione della Memoria in Rust" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 -msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" -msgstr "La gestione della memoria in Rust è un mix:" - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." -msgstr "Sicuro e corretto come Java, ma senza un garbage collector." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." -msgstr "" -"Basato sull'ambito come C++, ma il compilatore applica la piena aderenza." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " -"have no cost at runtime like C." -msgstr "" -"Un utente Rust può scegliere l'astrazione giusta per la situazione, alcuni " -"addirittura non hanno alcun costo in fase di esecuzione come C." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." -msgstr "Raggiunge questo modellando _ownership_ in modo esplicito." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " -"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " -"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " -"errors in C." -msgstr "" -"Se ti viene chiesto come a questo punto, puoi menzionare che in Rust questo " -"è solitamente gestito da tipi di wrapper RAII come [Box](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) o " -"[Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). Questi " -"incapsulano la proprietà e l'allocazione della memoria tramite vari mezzi e " -"prevengono i potenziali errori in C." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." -msgstr "" -"Qui ti potrebbe essere chiesto dei distruttori, il tratto [Drop](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) è l'equivalente di Rust." - -#: src/ownership.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " -"to use a variable outside its scope:" -msgstr "" -"Tutte le associazioni di variabili hanno un _scope_ in cui sono valide ed è " -"un errore usa una variabile al di fuori del suo ambito:" - -#: src/ownership.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." -msgstr "" -"Alla fine dell'ambito, la variabile viene _eliminata_ ei dati vengono " -"liberati." - -#: src/ownership.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." -msgstr "Un distruttore può essere eseguito qui per liberare risorse." - -#: src/ownership.md:21 -msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." -msgstr "Diciamo che la variabile _possiede_ (“_owns_”) il valore." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" -msgstr "Un'assegnazione trasferirà la proprietà tra le variabili:" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" -" let s2: String = s1;\n" -" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" -" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:28 src/borrowing/exercise.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:51 +msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." -msgstr "L'assegnazione di \"s1\" a \"s2\" trasferisce la proprietà." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." -msgstr "Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla: non ha proprietà." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." -msgstr "Quando `s2` esce dall'ambito, i dati della stringa vengono liberati." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." -msgstr "" -"C'è sempre _esattamente_ un legame di variabile che possiede un valore." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " -"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:37 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:34 +msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" msgstr "" -"Menziona che questo è l'opposto dei valori predefiniti in C++, che copia per " -"valore a meno che tu non usi `std::move` (e il costruttore di movimento è " -"definito!)." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23 -msgid "" -"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " -"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " -"are aggressively optimized away." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:42 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25 -msgid "" -"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:44 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:41 +msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27 -msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." -msgstr "In Rust, i cloni sono espliciti (utilizzando `clone`)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." -msgstr "I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono riutilizzati per `s2`." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." -msgstr "Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla (è stato spostato da)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:14 -msgid "Before move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Prima di muovere a `s2`:" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:31 -msgid "After move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Dopo il muovere a `s2`:" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:33 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": s2 : |\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" -": | len | 4 | :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ :\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 -msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" -msgstr "Copie difensive nel C++ Moderno" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 -msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" -msgstr "C++ moderno risolve questo problema in modo diverso:" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 -msgid "" -"```c++\n" -"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" -"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." -msgstr "" -"I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono duplicati e `s2` ottiene la propria copia " -"indipendente." - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." -msgstr "" -"Quando `s1` e `s2` escono dall'ambito, ciascuno libera la propria memoria." - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 -msgid "Before copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Prima dell'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 -msgid "After copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Dopo l'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:57 -msgid "" -"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " -"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " -"either string goes out of scope." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:61 -msgid "" -"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " -"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " -"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " -"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " -"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:66 -msgid "" -"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " -"which is being copied or moved." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " -"parameter. This transfers ownership:" -msgstr "" -"Quando si passa un valore a una funzione, il valore viene assegnato alla " -"funzione parametro. Questo trasferisce la proprietà:" - -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" -" say_hello(name);\n" -" // say_hello(name);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " -"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:17 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:25 +msgid "//\n" msgstr "" -"Con la prima chiamata a `say_hello`, `main` rinuncia alla proprietà di " -"`name`. Successivamente, `name` non può più essere utilizzato all'interno di " -"`main`." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " -"`say_hello` function." +#: src/references.md:4 +msgid "[Shared References](./references/shared.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"La memoria heap allocata per `name` verrà liberata alla fine della funzione " -"`say_hello`." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " -"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." +#: src/references.md:5 +msgid "[Exclusive References](./references/exclusive.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"`main` può mantenere la proprietà se passa `name` come riferimento (`&name`) " -"e se `say_hello` accetta un riferimento come parametro." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." -"clone()`)." +#: src/references.md:6 +msgid "[Exercise: Geometry](./references/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "" -"In alternativa, `main` può passare un clone di `name` nella prima chiamata " -"(`name.clone()`)." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " -"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." +#: src/references.md:8 src/user-defined-types.md:11 src/pattern-matching.md:8 +msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes" msgstr "" -"Rust rende più difficile del C++ creare copie inavvertitamente rendendo la " -"semantica di spostamento l'impostazione predefinita e costringendo i " -"programmatori a rendere espliciti i cloni." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/shared.md:3 msgid "" -"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" +"A reference provides a way to access another value without taking " +"responsibility for the value, and is also called \"borrowing\". Shared " +"references are read-only, and the referenced data cannot change." msgstr "" -"Sebbene la semantica di spostamento sia l'impostazione predefinita, alcuni " -"tipi vengono copiati per impostazione predefinita:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:15 -msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." -msgstr "Questi tipi implementano il trait `Copy`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" -msgstr "" -"Puoi acconsentire esplicitamente ai tuoi tipi per utilizzare la semantica " -"della copia:" - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." -msgstr "Dopo l'assegnazione, sia `p1` che `p2` possiedono i propri dati." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." -msgstr "Possiamo anche usare `p1.clone()` per copiare esplicitamente i dati." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" -msgstr "Copiare e clonare non sono la stessa cosa:" - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/shared.md:20 msgid "" -"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " -"arbitrary objects." +"A shared reference to a type `T` has type `&T`. A reference value is made " +"with the `&` operator. The `*` operator \"dereferences\" a reference, " +"yielding its value." msgstr "" -"La copia si riferisce a copie bit per bit di aree di memoria e non funziona " -"su oggetti arbitrari." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." -msgstr "" -"La copia non consente la logica personalizzata (a differenza dei costruttori " -"di copia in C++)." +#: src/references/shared.md:24 +msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" +msgstr "Rust proibirà staticamente i riferimenti penzolanti:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:41 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/shared.md:38 msgid "" -"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " -"implementing the `Clone` trait." +"A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to, and this is a good " +"model for students not familiar with pointers: code can use the reference to " +"access the value, but is still \"owned\" by the original variable. The " +"course will get into more detail on ownership in day 3." msgstr "" -"La clonazione è un'operazione più generale e consente anche un comportamento " -"personalizzato implementando il tratto `Clone`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." -msgstr "La copia non funziona sui tipi che implementano il tratto `Drop`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:30 -msgid "In the above example, try the following:" -msgstr "Nell'esempio sopra, prova quanto segue:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/shared.md:43 msgid "" -"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " -"is not a `Copy` type." +"References are implemented as pointers, and a key advantage is that they can " +"be much smaller than the thing they point to. Students familiar with C or C+" +"+ will recognize references as pointers. Later parts of the course will " +"cover how Rust prevents the memory-safety bugs that come from using raw " +"pointers." msgstr "" -"Aggiungi un campo `String` a `struct Point`. Non verrà compilato perché " -"`String` non è un tipo `Copy`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:47 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/shared.md:48 msgid "" -"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " -"`println!` for `p1`." +"Rust does not automatically create references for you - the `&` is always " +"required." msgstr "" -"Rimuovi `Copy` dall'attributo `derive`. L'errore del compilatore è ora in " -"`println!` per `p1`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 -msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." -msgstr "Dimostra che funziona se invece cloni `p1`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:50 +#: src/references/shared.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " -"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " -"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " +"methods (try `r.count_ones()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like " +"in C++." msgstr "" -"Se gli studenti chiedono informazioni su `derive`, è sufficiente dire che " -"questo è un modo per generare codice in Rust in fase di compilazione. In " -"questo caso vengono generate le implementazioni predefinite dei tratti " -"`Copy` e `Clone`." +"In alcuni casi Rust dereferenzia automaticamente, in particolare durante " +"l'invocazione di metodi (prova `ref_x.count_ones()`)." -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/shared.md:54 msgid "" -"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " -"function _borrow_ the value:" +"In this example, `r` is mutable so that it can be reassigned (`r = &b`). " +"Note that this re-binds `r`, so that it refers to something else. This is " +"different from C++, where assignment to a reference changes the referenced " +"value." msgstr "" -"Invece di trasferire la proprietà quando chiami una funzione, puoi lasciare " -"che a funzione _prende in prestito_ il valore:" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." -msgstr "" -"La funzione `add` _prende in prestito_ due punti e restituisce un nuovo " -"punto." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:24 -msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." -msgstr "Il chiamante (caller) mantiene la proprietà (ownership) degli input." - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 -msgid "Notes on stack returns:" -msgstr "Note sugli stack returns:" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:29 +#: src/references/shared.md:58 msgid "" -"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " -"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " -"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the " -"assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" " -"optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same " -"when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:50 -msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +"A shared reference does not allow modifying the value it refers to, even if " +"that value was mutable. Try `*r = 'X'`." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:51 +#: src/references/shared.md:61 msgid "" -"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " -"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " -"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " -"copy." +"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +"enough. Dangling references cannot occur in safe Rust. `x_axis` would return " +"a reference to `point`, but `point` will be deallocated when the function " +"returns, so this will not compile." msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" +#: src/references/shared.md:66 +msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." msgstr "" -"Rust pone dei vincoli sui modi in cui puoi prendere in prestito i valori:" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" -msgstr "Puoi avere uno o più valori `&T` in qualsiasi momento, _oppure_" - -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 -msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." -msgstr "Puoi avere un unico valore `&mut T`." +"Parleremo di più del _borrowing_ quando arriveremo alla proprietà " +"(_ownership_)." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/exclusive.md:3 msgid "" -"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " -"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." +"Exclusive references, also known as mutable references, allow changing the " +"value they refer to. They have type `&mut T`." msgstr "" -"Il codice precedente non viene compilato perché `a` è preso in prestito come " -"mutabile (attraverso `c`) e come immutabile (attraverso `b`) allo stesso " -"tempo." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/exclusive.md:22 msgid "" -"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " -"to make the code compile." +"\"Exclusive\" means that only this reference can be used to access the " +"value. No other references (shared or exclusive) can exist at the same time, " +"and the referenced value cannot be accessed while the exclusive reference " +"exists. Try making an `&point.0` or changing `point.0` while `x_coord` is " +"alive." msgstr "" -"Sposta l'istruzione `println!` per `b` prima dell'ambito che introduce `c` " -"per far compilare il codice." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:28 +#: src/references/exclusive.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " -"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " -"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." -msgstr "" -"Dopo tale modifica, il compilatore si rende conto che `b` è sempre e solo " -"usato prima del nuovo prestito mutabile da `a` a `c`. Questa è una " -"caratteristica del controllo del prestito chiamata \"vita non lessicale\"." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 -msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" -msgstr "Un valore preso in prestito (borrowed) ha un lifetime (i.e. _durata_):" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 -msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." +"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let " +"x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be " +"bound to different values, while the second represents an exclusive " +"reference to a mutable value." msgstr "" +"Assicurati di notare la differenza tra `let mut ref_x: &i32` e `let ref_x: " +"&mut i32`. Il primo rappresenta un riferimento mutevole a cui può essere " +"associato valori diversi, mentre il secondo rappresenta un riferimento a un " +"valore mutabile." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 -msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:24 -#, fuzzy +#: src/references/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " -"lifetime `a`\"." +"We will create a few utility functions for 3-dimensional geometry, " +"representing a point as `[f64;3]`. It is up to you to determine the function " +"signatures." msgstr "" -"Leggi `&'a Point` come \"un `Punto` preso in prestito che è valido almeno " -"per il vita `a`\"." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 +#: src/references/exercise.md:7 msgid "" -"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " -"yourself." +"// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its " +"coordinates\n" +"// and taking the square root. Use the `sqrt()` method to calculate the " +"square\n" +"// root, like `v.sqrt()`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 +#: src/references/exercise.md:15 msgid "" -"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " -"a valid solution." +"// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its\n" +"// coordinates by that magnitude.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 -msgid "" -"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " -"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " -"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." +#: src/references/exercise.md:23 +msgid "// Use the following `main` to test your work.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " -"value:" +#: src/references/exercise.md:27 src/references/solution.md:22 +msgid "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\"" msgstr "" -"Oltre a prendere in prestito i suoi argomenti, una funzione può restituire " -"un valore preso in prestito:" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." -msgstr "`'a` è un parametro generico, viene dedotto dal compilatore." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." -msgstr "Le durate iniziano con `'` e `'a` è un tipico nome predefinito." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." +#: src/references/exercise.md:30 src/references/solution.md:25 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\"" msgstr "" -"La parte _almeno_ è importante quando i parametri si trovano in ambiti " -"diversi." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 -msgid "" -"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " -"resulting in the following code:" +#: src/references/exercise.md:32 src/references/solution.md:27 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 -msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." +#: src/references/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 +#: src/references/solution.md:12 msgid "" -"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " -"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " -"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." +"/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its " +"direction.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:55 -msgid "Another way to explain it:" +#: src/user-defined-types.md:4 +msgid "[Named Structs](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 -msgid "" -"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " -"returns another reference." +#: src/user-defined-types.md:5 +msgid "[Tuple Structs](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:58 -msgid "" -"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." +#: src/user-defined-types.md:6 +msgid "[Enums](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:59 +#: src/user-defined-types.md:7 msgid "" -"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " -"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " -"reference came from." +"[Static and Const](./user-defined-types/static-and-const.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" -msgstr "" -"Se un tipo di dati memorizza dati presi in prestito, deve essere annotato " -"con una durata:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" -"\n" -"fn erase(text: String) {\n" -" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." -"\");\n" -" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" -" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" -" // erase(text);\n" -" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" -" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " -"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " -"`Highlight` that uses that data." -msgstr "" -"Nell'esempio precedente, l'annotazione su \"Highlight\" impone che i dati " -"sottostanti a \"&str\" contenuti durino almeno quanto qualsiasi istanza di " -"\"Highlight\" che utilizza quei dati." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " -"the borrow checker throws an error." -msgstr "" -"Se `text` viene consumato prima della fine della vita di `fox` (o `dog`), il " -"controllo del prestito genera un errore." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " -"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " -"somewhat harder to use." +#: src/user-defined-types.md:8 +msgid "[Type Aliases](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 minutes)" msgstr "" -"I tipi con dati presi in prestito costringono gli utenti a conservare i dati " -"originali. Questo può essere utile per creare viste leggere, ma in genere le " -"rende un po' più difficili da usare." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." -msgstr "" -"Quando possibile, fare in modo che le strutture dati possiedano direttamente " -"i propri dati." - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 -#, fuzzy +#: src/user-defined-types.md:9 msgid "" -"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " -"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " -"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " -"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." +"[Exercise: Elevator Events](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Alcune strutture con più riferimenti all'interno possono avere più di " -"un'annotazione di durata. Ciò può essere necessario se è necessario " -"descrivere le relazioni di durata tra i riferimenti stessi, oltre alla " -"durata della struttura stessa. Questi sono casi d'uso molto avanzati." -#: src/structs.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" msgstr "Come C e C++, Rust supporta le strutture personalizzate:" -#: src/structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" peter.age = 28;\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" -" \n" -" let jackie = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" -" ..peter\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:12 +msgid "\"{} is {} years old\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:33 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:16 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:87 +msgid "\"Peter\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:22 +msgid "\"Avery\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:27 +msgid "\"Jackie\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:37 msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "Structs funzionano come in C o C++." -#: src/structs.md:34 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:38 msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:35 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:39 msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:36 -msgid "" -"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " -"slides." -msgstr "" - -#: src/structs.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:40 msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " -"structs. " +"structs." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:38 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:42 msgid "" -"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " +"Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " -"value itself. " +"value itself." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:39 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:45 msgid "" "The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " "not important." msgstr "" -#: src/structs.md:40 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:47 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " +"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " +"struct using a shorthand." +msgstr "" +"Se disponi già di variabili con i nomi corretti, puoi creare il file struct " +"usando una scorciatoia:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:49 +msgid "" +"The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "" "Se i nomi dei campi non sono importanti, puoi utilizzare una struttura di " "tupla:" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Point(i32, i32);\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(17, 23);\n" -" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:14 +msgid "\"({}, {})\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" msgstr "" "Questo è spesso usato per i wrapper a campo singolo (chiamati newtypes):" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n" -"struct Newtons(f64);\n" -"\n" -"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n" -" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" -" // ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" -" set_thruster_force(force);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:25 +msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:14 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:98 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:101 +msgid "// ...\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " @@ -6836,23 +4695,23 @@ msgstr "" "I newtype sono un ottimo modo per codificare informazioni aggiuntive sul " "valore in un tipo primitivo, ad esempio:" -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "" "Il numero è misurato in alcune unità: `Newton` nell'esempio precedente." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " -"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." +"to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`." msgstr "" "Il valore ha superato una certa convalida quando è stato creato, quindi non " "è più necessario convalidarlo nuovamente a ogni utilizzo: 'Numero di " "telefono (Stringa)`o`Numero dispari (u32)\\`." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " @@ -6861,7 +4720,7 @@ msgstr "" "Dimostra come aggiungere un valore `f64` a un tipo `Newtons` accedendo al " "singolo campo nel newtype." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " @@ -6870,104 +4729,884 @@ msgstr "" "A Rust in genere non piacciono le cose inesplicite, come l'unwrapping " "automatico o, ad esempio, l'uso di valori booleani come numeri interi." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "Il sovraccarico degli operatori viene discusso il giorno 3 (generici)." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:52 msgid "" "The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " -"struct using a shorthand:" +"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " +"variants:" msgstr "" -"Se disponi già di variabili con i nomi corretti, puoi creare il file struct " -"usando una scorciatoia:" +"La parola chiave `enum` consente la creazione di un tipo che ne ha alcuni " +"diverse varianti:" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:15 +msgid "// Simple variant\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:16 +msgid "// Tuple variant\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:17 +msgid "// Struct variant\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:22 +msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type." +msgstr "" +"Le enumerazioni consentono di raccogliere un insieme di valori in un unico " +"tipo" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:32 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" -" Person { name, age }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" -" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"`Direction` is a type with variants. There are two values of `Direction`: " +"`Direction::Left` and `Direction::Right`." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:34 msgid "" -"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " -"interchangeable with the struct type name" +"`PlayerMove` is a type with three variants. In addition to the payloads, " +"Rust will store a discriminant so that it knows at runtime which variant is " +"in a `PlayerMove` value." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:" +msgstr "Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per confrontare Struct ed Enum:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:38 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " -"default values for the other fields." +"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " +"with different types of fields (variant payloads)." msgstr "" +"In entrambi, puoi avere una versione semplice senza campi (unit struct) o " +"una con diversi tipi di campi (variant payload)." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:40 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"impl Default for Person {\n" -" fn default() -> Person {\n" -" Person {\n" -" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" -" age: 0,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"fn create_default() {\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" ..Person::default()\n" -" };\n" -" let tmp = Person {\n" -" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" -" ..Person::default()\n" -" };\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " +"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " +"all defined in an enum." +msgstr "" +"Potresti persino implementare le diverse varianti di un'enumerazione con " +"strutture separate, ma non sarebbero dello stesso tipo che sarebbero se " +"fossero tutte definite in un'enumerazione." + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:43 +msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 -msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:44 +msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size" msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:45 msgid "" -"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " -"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." +"If the allowed variant values do not cover all bit patterns, it will use " +"invalid bit patterns to encode the discriminant (the \"niche " +"optimization\"). For example, `Option<&u8>` stores either a pointer to an " +"integer or `NULL` for the `None` variant." msgstr "" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:49 msgid "" -"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." +"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" msgstr "" -#: src/methods.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:67 +msgid "" +"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " +"bytes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:76 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:51 src/memory-management/move.md:100 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:84 src/borrowing/shared.md:33 +msgid "More to Explore" +msgstr "Ulteriori aspetti da Esplorare" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:72 +msgid "" +"Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less " +"space." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:74 +msgid "" +"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " +"`size_of::>()`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:78 +msgid "" +"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " +"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " +"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:3 +msgid "" +"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" +"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " +"the program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:6 +msgid "`const`" +msgstr "`const`" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:8 +msgid "" +"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " +"inlined wherever they are used:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +msgstr "" +"Secondo il [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-" +"static.html) questi sono incorporati dopo l'uso." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:33 +msgid "" +"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " +"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:36 +msgid "`static`" +msgstr "`static`" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:38 +msgid "" +"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " +"therefore will not move:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" +msgstr "Benvenuto al primo giorno" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:45 +msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " +"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and " +"the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " +"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " +"`const` is generally preferred." +msgstr "" +"Come notato nel [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), questi non sono allineati durante l'uso e hanno una " +"posizione di memoria associata effettiva. Questo è utile per il codice non " +"sicuro e incorporato e la variabile vive per tutta l'esecuzione del " +"programma." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:58 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." +msgstr "" +"Menziona che `const` si comporta semanticamente in modo simile a `constexpr` " +"del C++." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " +"global variable in C++." +msgstr "" +"`static`, d'altra parte, è molto più simile a una `const` o variabile " +"globale mutabile in C++." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:61 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " +"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." +msgstr "" +"Non è molto comune che si abbia bisogno di una costante valutata in fase di " +"esecuzione, ma è utile e più sicura rispetto all'utilizzo di una statica." + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:63 +msgid "" +"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " +"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:66 +msgid "Properties table:" +msgstr "Tabella proprietà:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:68 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +msgid "Property" +msgstr "Proprietà" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:68 +msgid "Static" +msgstr "Statico (Static)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:68 +msgid "Constant" +msgstr "Costante" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +msgid "Has an address in memory" +msgstr "Ha un indirizzo in memoria" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:74 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes" +msgstr "Si" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +msgid "No (inlined)" +msgstr "No (inlined)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" +msgstr "La funzione `main` “vive” per l’intera durata del programma" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:74 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "No" +msgstr "No" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +msgid "Can be mutable" +msgstr "Può essere “mutable” (mutabile)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +msgid "Yes (unsafe)" +msgstr "Si (“unsafe”)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +msgid "Evaluated at compile time" +msgstr "Valutato a tempo di compilazione" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" +msgstr "Si (inizializzato a tempo di compilazione)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:74 +msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" +msgstr "Inlined tutte le volte che viene usato" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:78 +msgid "" +"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " +"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:83 +msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:3 +msgid "" +"A type alias creates a name for another type. The two types can be used " +"interchangeably." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:13 +msgid "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:23 +msgid "C programmers will recognize this as similar to a `typedef`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will create a data structure to represent an event in an elevator control " +"system. It is up to you to define the types and functions to construct " +"various events. Use `#[derive(Debug)]` to allow the types to be formatted " +"with `{:?}`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"This exercise only requires creating and populating data structures so that " +"`main` runs without errors. The next part of the course will cover getting " +"data out of these structures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:12 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:4 +msgid "" +"/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:15 +msgid "// TODO: add required variants\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:17 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:22 +msgid "/// A direction of travel.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:24 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:39 +msgid "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:29 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:44 +msgid "/// The car doors have opened.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:34 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:49 +msgid "/// The car doors have closed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:39 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:54 +msgid "" +"/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given " +"floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:44 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:59 +msgid "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:52 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:67 +msgid "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:55 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:70 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:56 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:71 +msgid "\"The car door opened: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:58 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:73 +msgid "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:61 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"The car door closed: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:62 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:7 +msgid "/// A button was pressed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:10 +msgid "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// The car's doors have opened.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// The car's doors have closed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:19 +msgid "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:29 +msgid "/// A user-accessible button.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:33 +msgid "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:36 +msgid "/// A floor button within the car.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Day 2" +msgstr "Benvenuto al giorno 2" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, today will focus on Rust's type " +"system:" +msgstr "" +"Ora che abbiamo visto una discreta quantità di ruggine, continueremo con:" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pattern matching: extracting data from structures." +msgstr "Pattern matching: destrutturazione di enum, struct e array." + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 +msgid "Methods: associating functions with types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 +msgid "Traits: behaviors shared by multiple types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 +msgid "Generics: parameterizing types on other types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 +msgid "" +"Standard library types and traits: a tour of Rust's rich standard library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "[Pattern Matching](./pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" +"Vedi [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) per maggiori dettagli sui " +"pattern in Rust." + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:17 +msgid "[Methods and Traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:18 +msgid "[Generics](./generics.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:20 src/welcome-day-4.md:19 +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 5 " +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:4 +msgid "[Destructuring](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:5 +msgid "[Let Control Flow](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Expression Evaluation](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:3 +msgid "Like tuples, structs and enums can also be destructured by matching:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:59 +msgid "Structs" +msgstr "Strutture (Struct)" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:17 +msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " +"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " +"`enum` type:" +msgstr "" +"I modelli possono anche essere usati per associare variabili a parti dei " +"tuoi valori. Questo è come ispezioni la struttura dei tuoi tipi. Iniziamo " +"con un semplice tipo `enum`:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:39 +msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:47 +msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " +"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " +"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." +msgstr "" +"Qui abbiamo usato le braccia per _destrutturare_ il valore `Result`. Nel " +"primo arm, \"half\" è legato al valore all'interno della variante \"Ok\". " +"Nel secondo braccio, `msg` è associato al messaggio di errore." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:61 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." +msgstr "" +"Cambia i valori letterali in `foo` in modo che corrispondano agli altri " +"modelli." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:62 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." +msgstr "" +"Aggiungi un nuovo campo a \"Foo\" e apporta le modifiche al modello secondo " +"necessità." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:63 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " +"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " +"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." +msgstr "" +"La distinzione tra una cattura e un'espressione costante può essere " +"difficile da fare macchiare. Prova a cambiare il \"2\" nel secondo braccio " +"in una variabile e osservalo sottilmente non funziona. Cambialo in un " +"`const` e guardalo funzionare di nuovo." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:71 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " +"a `match`." +msgstr "" +"L'espressione `if`/`else` restituisce un enum che viene successivamente " +"decompresso con un `match`." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:73 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " +"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " +"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." +msgstr "" +"Puoi provare ad aggiungere una terza variante alla definizione enum e " +"visualizzare gli errori durante l'esecuzione del codice. Indica i punti in " +"cui il tuo codice è ora inesausto e come il compilatore cerca di darti " +"suggerimenti." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:76 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " +"matched." +msgstr "" +"È possibile accedere ai valori nelle varianti enum solo dopo essere stati " +"abbinati al modello. Il modello lega i riferimenti ai campi nel \"match " +"arm\" dopo il `=>`." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:78 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " +"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled." +msgstr "" +"Dimostrare cosa succede quando la ricerca è inesauribile. Nota il vantaggio " +"fornito dal compilatore Rust confermando quando tutti i casi vengono gestiti." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:80 +msgid "" +"Save the result of `divide_in_two` in the `result` variable and `match` it " +"in a loop. That won't compile because `msg` is consumed when matched. To fix " +"it, match `&result` instead of `result`. That will make `msg` a reference so " +"it won't be consumed. This [\"match ergonomics\"](https://rust-lang.github." +"io/rfcs/2005-match-ergonomics.html) appeared in Rust 2018. If you want to " +"support older Rust, replace `msg` with `ref msg` in the pattern." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " +"They are used for pattern matching:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:6 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:10 +msgid "`if let` expressions" +msgstr "Espressioni `if let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:7 +msgid "`while let` expressions" +msgstr "espressioni `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:8 +msgid "`match` expressions" +msgstr "Espressioni `match`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:12 +msgid "" +"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " +"whether a value matches a pattern:" +msgstr "" +"[L’espressione `if let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) consente di eseguire codice diverso a seconda " +"che un valore corrisponda a un pattern o meno:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:24 +msgid "\"slept for {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`let else` expressions" +msgstr "espressioni `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:35 +msgid "" +"For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, " +"use [`let else`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/" +"let_else.html). The \"else\" case must diverge (`return`, `break`, or panic " +"- anything but falling off the end of the block)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:45 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:108 +msgid "\"got None\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:51 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:112 +msgid "\"got empty string\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:57 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:116 +msgid "\"not a hex digit\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:62 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:113 +msgid "\"result: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:62 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:16 +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:87 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:90 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +#: src/testing/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"foo\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:66 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " +"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" +msgstr "" +"Come con `if let`, c'è un [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +"expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variante che verifica " +"ripetutamente un valore rispetto a un modello:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after " +"which it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through " +"all items." +msgstr "" +"Qui l'iteratore restituito da `v.iter()` restituirà una `Option` su " +"ogni chiamata a `next()`. Restituisce `Some(x)` finché non è finito, " +"dopodiché lo farà restituire \"Nessuno\". Il `while let` ci consente di " +"continuare a scorrere tutti gli elementi." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:90 +msgid "if-let" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:92 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " +"it more concise than `match`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:94 +msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:95 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:97 +msgid "let-else" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:99 +msgid "" +"`if-let`s can pile up, as shown. The `let-else` construct supports " +"flattening this nested code. Rewrite the awkward version for students, so " +"they can see the transformation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:103 +msgid "The rewritten version is:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:123 +#, fuzzy +msgid "while-let" +msgstr "Cicli `while let`" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:125 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " +"matches the pattern." +msgstr "" +"Fai notare che il ciclo `while let` continuerà finché il valore corrisponde " +"al modello." + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " +"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The " +"`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." +msgstr "" +"Potresti riscrivere il ciclo `while let` come un ciclo infinito con " +"un'istruzione if che si interrompe quando non c'è alcun valore da scartare " +"per `iter.next()`. Il `while let` fornisce lo zucchero sintattico per lo " +"scenario di cui sopra." + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:5 +msgid "" +"The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later " +"in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the " +"tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator (`*`) to " +"\"unbox\" it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:10 +msgid "" +"Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The standard " +"[`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result." +"html) type is an enum that represents either a successful value " +"(`Ok(Value)`) or an error (`Err(String)`). We will cover this type in detail " +"later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:15 +msgid "" +"Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing " +"`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use " +"`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one. You can also skip a test " +"temporarily with `#[ignore]`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:26 +msgid "" +"If you finish early, try writing a test that results in division by zero or " +"integer overflow. How could you handle this with `Result` instead of a panic?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:30 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:38 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:12 +msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:42 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:45 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:19 +msgid "/// A literal value\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:104 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:40 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:102 +msgid "\"division by zero\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:112 +msgid "\"expr: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:4 +msgid "[Methods](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:5 +msgid "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:6 +msgid "[Deriving](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:7 +msgid "[Trait Objects](./methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Generic Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md:10 +msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " @@ -6976,114 +5615,52 @@ msgstr "" "Rust ti consente di associare funzioni ai tuoi nuovi tipi. Lo fai con un " "Blocco `impl`:" -#: src/methods.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Person {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Person {\n" -" fn say_hello(&self) {\n" -" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let peter = Person {\n" -" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" -" age: 27,\n" -" };\n" -" peter.say_hello();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:14 +msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." -msgstr "Può essere utile introdurre metodi confrontandoli con funzioni." - -#: src/methods.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " -"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:19 +msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" msgstr "" -"I metodi vengono chiamati su un'istanza di un tipo (come struct o enum), il " -"primo parametro rappresenta l'istanza come `self`." -#: src/methods.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " -"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " -"all the implementation code in one predictable place." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:24 +msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" msgstr "" -"Gli sviluppatori possono scegliere di utilizzare i metodi per sfruttare la " -"sintassi del ricevitore del metodo e per mantenerli più organizzati. " -"Utilizzando i metodi possiamo mantenere tutto il codice di implementazione " -"in un posto prevedibile." -#: src/methods.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." -msgstr "Sottolinea l'uso della parola chiave `self`, un ricevitore di metodo." - -#: src/methods.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " -"the struct name could also be used." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:26 +msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" msgstr "" -"Mostra che è un termine abbreviato per `self:&Self` e forse mostra come " -"potrebbe essere usato anche il nome struct." -#: src/methods.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " -"can be used elsewhere in the block." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:28 +msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" msgstr "" -"Spiega che `Self` è un alias di tipo per il tipo in cui si trova il blocco " -"`impl` e può essere utilizzato altrove nel blocco." -#: src/methods.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " -"refer to individual fields." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:32 +msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" msgstr "" -"Nota come `self` viene utilizzato come altre strutture e la notazione con " -"punto può essere utilizzata per fare riferimento a singoli campi." -#: src/methods.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " -"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:35 +msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" msgstr "" -"Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per dimostrare in che modo `&self` " -"differisce da `self` modificando il codice e provando a eseguire say_hello " -"due volte." -#: src/methods.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." -msgstr "Di seguito descriviamo la distinzione tra ricevitori di metodi." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:40 +msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/methods/receiver.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:47 +msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " -"There are other possible receivers for a method:" +"The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts " +"on. There are several common receivers for a method:" msgstr "" "Il `&self` sopra indica che il metodo prende in prestito l'oggetto in modo " "immutabile. Là sono altri possibili ricevitori per un metodo:" -#: src/methods/receiver.md:6 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " @@ -7093,7 +5670,7 @@ msgstr "" "condiviso e immutabile riferimento. L'oggetto può essere riutilizzato in " "seguito." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:8 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:56 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " @@ -7102,7 +5679,7 @@ msgstr "" "`&mut self`: prende in prestito l'oggetto dal chiamante usando un oggetto " "unico e mutabile riferimento. L'oggetto può essere riutilizzato in seguito." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:10 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:58 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " @@ -7115,15 +5692,15 @@ msgstr "" "(deallocato) quando il metodo ritorna, a meno che la sua proprietà non sia " "esplicita trasmesso." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:14 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:62 #, fuzzy -msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " +msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object." msgstr "" "`mut self`: come sopra, ma mentre il metodo possiede l'oggetto, può farlo " "muta anche questo. Proprietà completa non significa automaticamente " "mutabilità." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:15 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:63 #, fuzzy msgid "" "No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " @@ -7133,7 +5710,75 @@ msgstr "" "Tipicamente utilizzato per creare costruttori che sono chiamati \"nuovi\" " "per convenzione." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:18 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:71 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." +msgstr "Può essere utile introdurre metodi confrontandoli con funzioni." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:72 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " +"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." +msgstr "" +"I metodi vengono chiamati su un'istanza di un tipo (come struct o enum), il " +"primo parametro rappresenta l'istanza come `self`." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:74 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " +"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " +"all the implementation code in one predictable place." +msgstr "" +"Gli sviluppatori possono scegliere di utilizzare i metodi per sfruttare la " +"sintassi del ricevitore del metodo e per mantenerli più organizzati. " +"Utilizzando i metodi possiamo mantenere tutto il codice di implementazione " +"in un posto prevedibile." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:77 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." +msgstr "Sottolinea l'uso della parola chiave `self`, un ricevitore di metodo." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:78 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " +"the struct name could also be used." +msgstr "" +"Mostra che è un termine abbreviato per `self:&Self` e forse mostra come " +"potrebbe essere usato anche il nome struct." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:80 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " +"can be used elsewhere in the block." +msgstr "" +"Spiega che `Self` è un alias di tipo per il tipo in cui si trova il blocco " +"`impl` e può essere utilizzato altrove nel blocco." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " +"refer to individual fields." +msgstr "" +"Nota come `self` viene utilizzato come altre strutture e la notazione con " +"punto può essere utilizzata per fare riferimento a singoli campi." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:84 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " +"by trying to run `finish` twice." +msgstr "" +"Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per dimostrare in che modo `&self` " +"differisce da `self` modificando il codice e provando a eseguire say_hello " +"due volte." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:86 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" @@ -7144,1973 +5789,7 @@ msgstr "" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) possono " "essere tipi di ricevitore, come `Box`." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " -"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " -"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " -"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." -msgstr "" -"Prendi in considerazione l'enfasi su \"condiviso e immutabile\" e \"unico e " -"mutevole\". Questi vincoli arrivano sempre insieme in Rust a causa delle " -"regole del correttore in prestito, e \"self\" non fa eccezione. Non è " -"possibile fare riferimento a una struttura da più posizioni e chiamare un " -"metodo mutante (`&mut self`) su di essa." - -#: src/methods/example.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Race {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" laps: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Race {\n" -" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" -" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " -"access to self\n" -" self.laps.push(lap);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" -" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" -" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" -" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" -" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" -" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " -"total);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" -" race.add_lap(70);\n" -" race.add_lap(68);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.add_lap(71);\n" -" race.print_laps();\n" -" race.finish();\n" -" // race.add_lap(42);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/methods/example.md:47 -#, fuzzy -msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." -msgstr "Tutti e quattro i metodi qui usano un ricevitore metodo diverso." - -#: src/methods/example.md:48 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " -"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." -msgstr "" -"Puoi indicare come ciò cambia ciò che la funzione può fare con i valori " -"delle variabili e se/come può essere riutilizzata in `main`." - -#: src/methods/example.md:49 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." -msgstr "" -"Puoi mostrare l'errore che appare quando provi a chiamare `finish` due volte." - -#: src/methods/example.md:50 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " -"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " -"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " -"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." -msgstr "" -"Si noti che sebbene i destinatari del metodo siano diversi, le funzioni non " -"statiche sono chiamate allo stesso modo nel corpo principale. Rust abilita " -"la referenziazione e la dereferenziazione automatica quando si chiamano i " -"metodi. Rust aggiunge automaticamente `&`, `*`, `muts` in modo che " -"quell'oggetto corrisponda alla firma del metodo." - -#: src/methods/example.md:51 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " -"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " -msgstr "" -"Potresti sottolineare che `print_laps` sta usando un vettore che viene " -"iterato. Descriviamo i vettori in modo più dettagliato nel pomeriggio." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 2: Esercizi mattutini" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" -msgstr "Esamineremo i metodi di implementazione in due contesti:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 -msgid "Storing books and querying the collection" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 -msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " -"now, you just need to know part of its API:" -msgstr "" -"Impareremo molto di più sulle strutture e sul tipo `Vec` domani. Per " -"adesso, devi solo conoscere parte della sua API:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" -" vec.push(30);\n" -" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n" -" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n" -" for item in &vec {\n" -" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " -" and update the types to make it compile:" -msgstr "" -"Usalo per creare un'applicazione libreria. Copia il codice qui sotto per " -" e aggiorna i tipi per farlo compilare:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:21 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Implement the methods below. Notice how the `self` parameter\n" -"// changes type to indicate the method's required level of ownership\n" -"// over the object:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" -"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" -"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" -"impl Library {\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" -" todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" -" todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" -" todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn print_books(&self) {\n" -" todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and print each book's title and " -"year\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\",\n" -" library.is_empty()\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -"\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\",\n" -" library.is_empty()\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" library.print_books();\n" -"\n" -" match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" -" None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " -"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." -msgstr "" -"Stai lavorando all'implementazione di un sistema di monitoraggio sanitario. " -"Come parte di questo, tu necessità di tenere traccia delle statistiche sulla " -"salute degli utenti." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " -"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " -"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." -msgstr "" -"Inizierai con alcune funzioni stubbed in un blocco `impl` così come in un " -"`User` definizione di struttura. Il tuo obiettivo è implementare i metodi " -"eliminati sul file `User` `struct` definito nel blocco `impl`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " -"methods:" -msgstr "" -"Copia il codice qui sotto in e inserisci " -"quello mancante metodi:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub struct User {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u32,\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" visit_count: usize,\n" -" last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Measurements {\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n" -" patient_name: &'a str,\n" -" visit_count: u32,\n" -" height_change: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl User {\n" -" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n" -" todo!(\"Create a new User instance\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" -" todo!(\"Return the user's name\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" todo!(\"Return the user's age\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n" -" todo!(\"Return the user's height\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" todo!(\"Return the number of time the user has visited the " -"doctor\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" -" todo!(\"Set the user's age\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n" -" todo!(\"Set the user's height\")\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> " -"HealthReport {\n" -" todo!(\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a " -"visit to the doctor\")\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_height() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_set_age() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" -" bob.set_age(33);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_visit() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n" -" });\n" -" assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n" -"\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " -"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " -"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." -msgstr "" -"Rust viene fornito con una libreria standard che aiuta a stabilire un " -"insieme di tipi comuni utilizzato dalla libreria e dai programmi Rust. In " -"questo modo, due librerie possono lavorare insieme senza problemi perché " -"entrambi usano lo stesso tipo `Stringa`." - -#: src/std.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" -msgstr "I tipi di vocabolario comuni includono:" - -#: src/std.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " -"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." -msgstr "" -"[Tipi `Option` e `Result`](std/option-result.md): usati per valori " -"facoltativi e [gestione degli errori](error-handling.md)." - -#: src/std.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." -msgstr "" -"[`String`](std/string.md): il tipo di stringa predefinito utilizzato per i " -"dati di proprietà." - -#: src/std.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." -msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): un vettore estensibile standard." - -#: src/std.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " -"algorithm." -msgstr "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): un tipo di mappa hash con un hash configurabile " -"algoritmo." - -#: src/std.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." -msgstr "" -"[`Box`](std/box.md): un puntatore di proprietà per i dati allocati nell'heap." - -#: src/std.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " -"data." -msgstr "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): un puntatore con conteggio dei riferimenti condiviso per " -"i dati allocati nell'heap." - -#: src/std.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " -"`alloc` and `std`. " -msgstr "" -"Infatti, Rust contiene diversi strati della Libreria Standard: `core`, " -"`alloc` e `std`." - -#: src/std.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " -"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " -msgstr "" -"`core` include i tipi e le funzioni più basilari che non dipendono da " -"`libc`, allocator o anche la presenza di un sistema operativo." - -#: src/std.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " -"`Box` and `Arc`." -msgstr "" -"`alloc` include tipi che richiedono un allocatore heap globale, come `Vec`, " -"`Box` e `Arc`." - -#: src/std.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." -msgstr "" -"Le applicazioni embedded di Rust spesso usano solo `core` e talvolta `alloc`." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Option` and `Result`" -msgstr "`Opzione` e `Risultato`" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The types represent optional data:" -msgstr "I tipi rappresentano dati facoltativi:" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" -" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let arr: Result<[i8; 3], Vec> = numbers.try_into();\n" -" println!(\"arr: {arr:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." -msgstr "" -"`Option` e `Result` sono ampiamente usati non solo nella libreria standard." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." -msgstr "`Option<&T>` ha un sovraccarico di spazio pari a zero rispetto a `&T`." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " -"Day 3." -msgstr "" -"`Result` è il tipo standard per implementare la gestione degli errori, come " -"vedremo il giorno 3." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:21 -msgid "" -"`try_into` attempts to convert the vector into a fixed-sized array. This can " -"fail:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:22 -msgid "" -"If the vector has the right size, `Result::Ok` is returned with the array." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:23 -msgid "Otherwise, `Result::Err` is returned with the original vector." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " -"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" -msgstr "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) è il " -"buffer di stringa UTF-8 espandibile allocato nell'heap standard:" - -#: src/std/string.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut s1 = String::new();\n" -" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" -" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" -" s2.push_str(&s1);\n" -" s2.push('!');\n" -" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" -" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" -" s3.chars().count());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " -"all `str` methods on a `String`." -msgstr "" -"`String` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), il che significa che puoi " -"chiamare tutti metodi `str` su una `stringa`." - -#: src/std/string.md:30 -msgid "" -"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " -"you know how much data you want to push to the string." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:31 -msgid "" -"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " -"different from its length in characters)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:32 -msgid "" -"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " -"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " -"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" -"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:33 -msgid "" -"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " -"`String`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:34 -msgid "" -"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " -"transparently call methods from `T`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:35 -msgid "" -"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " -"access to `str`'s methods." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:36 -msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:37 -msgid "" -"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " -"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " -"with some extra guarantees." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:38 -msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:39 -msgid "" -"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " -"out-of-bounds." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/string.md:40 -msgid "" -"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " -"boundaries or not." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Vec`" -msgstr "`Vec`" - -#: src/std/vec.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " -"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" -msgstr "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) è il buffer " -"ridimensionabile allocato nell'heap standard:" - -#: src/std/vec.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" -" v1.push(42);\n" -" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" -" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" -" v2.push(9999);\n" -" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" -"\n" -" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" -" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" -"\n" -" // Retain only the even elements.\n" -" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" -" v3.dedup();\n" -" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " -"methods on a `Vec`." -msgstr "" -"`Vec` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), il che significa che puoi chiamare " -"slice metodi su un `Vec`." - -#: src/std/vec.md:37 -msgid "" -"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " -"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " -"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:40 -msgid "" -"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " -"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " -"during the first `push` call." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:42 -msgid "" -"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " -"supports adding initial elements to the vector." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:44 -msgid "" -"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " -"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " -"remove the last element." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/vec.md:46 -msgid "" -"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " -"+= 50; }`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`HashMap`" -msgstr "`Mappa hash`" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" -msgstr "Mappa hash standard con protezione dagli attacchi HashDoS:" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " -"207);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" -" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" -"\n" -" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" -" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" -" page_counts.len());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" match page_counts.get(book) {\n" -" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" -" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" -" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " -"Wonderland\"] {\n" -" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." -"or_insert(0);\n" -" *page_count += 1;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:38 -msgid "" -"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:39 -msgid "" -"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " -"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " -"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:41 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let pc1 = page_counts\n" -" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" -" .unwrap_or(&336);\n" -" let pc2 = page_counts\n" -" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" -" .or_insert(374);\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:49 -msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:50 -msgid "" -"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" -"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " -"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" -" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" -" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" -" ]);\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:59 -msgid "" -"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" -"value tuples." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:60 -msgid "" -"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " -"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " -"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:62 -msgid "" -"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " -"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/hashmap.md:64 -msgid "" -"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" -"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " -"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " -"to the `keys` method." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/box.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Box`" -msgstr "`Scatola`" - -#: src/std/box.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " -"pointer to data on the heap:" -msgstr "" -"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) è un puntatore " -"di proprietà ai dati sull'heap:" - -#: src/std/box.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let five = Box::new(5);\n" -" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/box.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " -"methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." -msgstr "" -"`Box` implementa `Deref`, il che significa che puoi [chiamare " -"metodi da `T` direttamente su un `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." - -#: src/std/box.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " -"not null. " -msgstr "" -"`Box` è come `std::unique_ptr` in C++, tranne per il fatto che è garantito " -"che non sia nullo." - -#: src/std/box.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " -"statement thanks to `Deref`. " -msgstr "" -"Nell'esempio sopra, puoi anche tralasciare `*` nell'istruzione `println!` " -"grazie a `Deref`." - -#: src/std/box.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" -msgstr "Una `Box` può essere utile quando:" - -#: src/std/box.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " -"compiler wants to know an exact size." -msgstr "" -"hanno un tipo la cui dimensione non può essere conosciuta in fase di " -"compilazione, ma il compilatore Rust vuole conoscere una dimensione esatta." - -#: src/std/box.md:38 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " -"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " -"so only the pointer is moved." -msgstr "" -"desidera trasferire la proprietà di una grande quantità di dati. Per evitare " -"di copiare grandi quantità di dati nello stack, archivia invece i dati " -"nell'heap in un \"Box\" in modo che venga spostato solo il puntatore." - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" -msgstr "Box con strutture dati ricorsive" - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" -msgstr "" -"I tipi di dati ricorsivi o i tipi di dati con dimensioni dinamiche devono " -"utilizzare un `Box`:" - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum List {\n" -" Cons(T, Box>),\n" -" Nil,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" -"new(List::Nil))));\n" -" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " -"| :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " -"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " -"(`List` would be of infinite size)." -msgstr "" -"Se la `Box` non è stata utilizzata qui e abbiamo tentato di incorporare una " -"`Lista` direttamente nella `Lista`, il compilatore non calcolerebbe una " -"dimensione fissa della struttura in memoria, sembrerebbe infinita." - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " -"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." -msgstr "" -"`Box` risolve questo problema poiché ha le stesse dimensioni di un normale " -"puntatore e punta solo al successivo elemento della \"Lista\" nell'heap." - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " -"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " -"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." -msgstr "" -"Rimuovi il `Box` nella definizione dell'elenco e mostra l'errore del " -"compilatore. \"Ricorsivo con indiretto\" è un suggerimento che potresti " -"voler utilizzare un Box o un riferimento di qualche tipo, invece di " -"memorizzare direttamente un valore." - -#: src/std/box-niche.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " -"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" -msgstr "" -"Un `Box` non può essere vuoto, quindi il puntatore è sempre valido e non " -"`null`. Questo consente al compilatore di ottimizzare il layout della " -"memoria:" - -#: src/std/box-niche.md:19 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " -"| :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/rc.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Rc`" -msgstr "`Rc`" - -#: src/std/rc.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" -"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " -"from multiple places:" -msgstr "" -"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) è un puntatore " -"condiviso con conteggio dei riferimenti. Usalo quando hai bisogno di fare " -"riferimento agli stessi dati da più posizioni:" - -#: src/std/rc.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::rc::Rc;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" -" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" -" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/rc.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " -"context." -msgstr "" -"Vedere [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) se ci " -"si trova in un contesto multi-thread." - -#: src/std/rc.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." -msgstr "" -"Puoi _declassare_ un puntatore condiviso in un puntatore [`Weak`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) per creare cicli che verrà " -"abbandonato." - -#: src/std/rc.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " -"are references." -msgstr "" -"Il conteggio di `Rc` assicura che il suo valore contenuto sia valido finché " -"ci sono riferimenti." - -#: src/std/rc.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." -msgstr "Come `std::shared_ptr` di C++." - -#: src/std/rc.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " -"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " -"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." -msgstr "" -"`Rc::clone` è economico: crea un puntatore alla stessa allocazione e aumenta " -"il conteggio dei riferimenti. Non crea un clone profondo e generalmente può " -"essere ignorato quando si cercano problemi di prestazioni nel codice." - -#: src/std/rc.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " -"and returns a mutable reference." -msgstr "" -"`make_mut` in realtà clona il valore interno se necessario (\"clone-on-" -"write\") e restituisce un riferimento mutabile." - -#: src/std/rc.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." -msgstr "Usa `Rc::strong_count` per controllare il conteggio dei riferimenti." - -#: src/std/rc.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " -"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, " -"on the next slide)." -msgstr "" -"`Rc::downgrade` fornisce un oggetto _debolmente contato_ a creare cicli che " -"verranno eliminati correttamente (probabilmente in combinazione con " -"`RefCella`)." - -#: src/std/cell.md:1 -msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/cell.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust " -"calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context." -msgstr "" -"Usando [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), puoi " -"astrarre su fonti `u8`:" - -#: src/std/cell.md:8 -msgid "" -"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " -"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " -"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/cell.md:12 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::cell::RefCell;\n" -"use std::rc::Rc;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct Node {\n" -" value: i64,\n" -" children: Vec>>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Node {\n" -" fn new(value: i64) -> Rc> {\n" -" Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value, ..Node::default() }))\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn sum(&self) -> i64 {\n" -" self.value + self.children.iter().map(|c| c.borrow().sum()).sum::" -"()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let root = Node::new(1);\n" -" root.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(5));\n" -" let subtree = Node::new(10);\n" -" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(11));\n" -" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(12));\n" -" root.borrow_mut().children.push(subtree);\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" -" println!(\"graph sum: {}\", root.borrow().sum());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/cell.md:47 -msgid "" -"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " -"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " -"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, " -"but it's not ergonomic." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/cell.md:48 -msgid "" -"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " -"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/cell.md:49 -msgid "" -"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." -"children` (don't try to print it!)." -msgstr "" - -#: src/std/cell.md:50 -msgid "" -"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " -"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " -"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " -"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." -msgstr "" -"Abbiamo visto come i blocchi `impl` ci permettono di utilizzare lo spazio " -"dei nomi per un tipo." - -#: src/modules.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" -msgstr "" -"Allo stesso modo, `mod` ci consente tipi e funzioni dello spazio dei nomi:" - -#: src/modules.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod foo {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"mod bar {\n" -" pub fn do_something() {\n" -" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" foo::do_something();\n" -" bar::do_something();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " -"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." -msgstr "" -"I pacchetti forniscono funzionalità e includono un file `Cargo.toml` che " -"descrive come costruire un pacchetto di 1+ casse." - -#: src/modules.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " -"a library crate compiles to a library." -msgstr "" -"I crate sono un albero di moduli, in cui un crate binario crea un eseguibile " -"e un crate di libreria viene compilato in una libreria." - -#: src/modules.md:30 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." -msgstr "" -"I moduli definiscono l'organizzazione, l'ambito e sono il fulcro di questa " -"sezione." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" -msgstr "I moduli sono un limite di privacy:" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." -msgstr "" -"Gli elementi del modulo sono privati per impostazione predefinita (nasconde " -"i dettagli di implementazione)." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." -msgstr "Gli elementi dei genitori e dei fratelli sono sempre visibili." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " -"the descendants of `foo`." -msgstr "" -"In altre parole, se un elemento è visibile nel modulo `foo`, è visibile in " -"tutti i file discendenti di `foo`." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"mod outer {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::public\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" mod inner {\n" -" fn private() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn public() {\n" -" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" -" super::private();\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" outer::public();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:39 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." -msgstr "Usa la parola chiave `pub` per rendere pubblici i moduli." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:41 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " -"of public visibility." -msgstr "" -"Inoltre, ci sono specificatori avanzati `pub(...)` per restringere l'ambito " -"della visibilità pubblica." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" -"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." -msgstr "" -"Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-" -"and-privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:44 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." -msgstr "" -"La configurazione della visibilità di `pub(crate)` è un modello comune." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." -msgstr "Meno comunemente, puoi dare visibilità a un percorso specifico." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " -"its descendants)." -msgstr "" -"In ogni caso, la visibilità deve essere concessa a un modulo predecessore " -"(ea tutti i suoi discendenti)." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" -msgstr "I percorsi sono risolti come segue:" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "As a relative path:" -msgstr "Come percorso relativo:" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," -msgstr "`foo` o `self::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nel modulo corrente," - -#: src/modules/paths.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." -msgstr "`super::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nel modulo genitore." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "As an absolute path:" -msgstr "Come percorso assoluto:" - -#: src/modules/paths.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," -msgstr "`crate::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nella radice del crate corrente," - -#: src/modules/paths.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." -msgstr "`bar::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nella cassa `bar`." - -#: src/modules/paths.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " -"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" -msgstr "" -"Un modulo può portare i simboli di un altro modulo nell'ambito con `use`. In " -"genere vedrai qualcosa di simile nella parte superiore di ogni modulo:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 -msgid "" -"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 -msgid "" -"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." -"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" -"vegetables.rs`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `crate` root is in:" -msgstr "La radice di `crate` è in:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" -msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (per un crate di libreria)" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" -msgstr "`src/main.rs` (per una cassa binaria)" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " -"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " -"module." -msgstr "" -"Anche i moduli definiti nei file possono essere documentati utilizzando " -"\"commenti interni al documento\". Questi documentano l'elemento che li " -"contiene, in questo caso un modulo." - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:20 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " -"germination\n" -"//! implementation.\n" -"\n" -"// Re-export types from this module.\n" -"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n" -"pub use garden::Garden;\n" -"\n" -"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" -"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" -"\n" -"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" -"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 -msgid "" -"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " -"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 -msgid "" -"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." -"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 -msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 -msgid "" -"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " -"directive:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:54 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" -"mod some_module;\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 -msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " -"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 2: Esercizi pomeridiani" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." -msgstr "" -"Gli esercizi di questo pomeriggio si concentreranno su stringhe e iteratori." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"traits." -msgstr "" -"Il modello di proprietà di Rust influisce su molte API. Un esempio di questo " -"è il [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) e " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"tratti." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Iterator`" -msgstr "`Iteratore`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " -"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " -"back:" -msgstr "" -"I tratti sono come interfacce: descrivono il comportamento (metodi) per un " -"tipo. IL Il tratto \"Iterator\" dice semplicemente che puoi chiamare " -"\"next\" fino a quando non ottieni \"Nessuno\":" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You use this trait like this:" -msgstr "Usi questo tratto in questo modo:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" -msgstr "" -"Qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore? Metti alla prova la tua risposta " -"qui:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let mut iter = v.iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Why is this type used?" -msgstr "Perché viene utilizzato questo tipo?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`IntoIterator`" -msgstr "`IntoIterator`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " -"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " -"iterator:" -msgstr "" -"Il tratto `Iterator` ti dice come _iterare_ una volta che hai creato un file " -"iteratore. Il tratto correlato `IntoIterator` ti dice come creare " -"l'iteratore:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " -"declare two types:" -msgstr "" -"La sintassi qui significa che ogni implementazione di \"IntoIterator\" deve " -"dichiarare due tipi:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," -msgstr "`Item`: il tipo su cui iteriamo, come `i8`," - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." -msgstr "`IntoIter`: il tipo `Iterator` restituito dal metodo `into_iter`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " -"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" -msgstr "" -"Nota che \"IntoIter\" e \"Item\" sono collegati: l'iteratore deve avere lo " -"stesso Tipo `Item`, che significa che restituisce `Option`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" -msgstr "Come prima, qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" -" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" -"\n" -" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" -" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`for` Loops" -msgstr "cicli `for`" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " -"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " -"resulting iterator:" -msgstr "" -"Ora che conosciamo sia `Iterator` che `IntoIterator`, possiamo creare cicli " -"`for`. Chiamano `into_iter()` su un'espressione e itera sul risultato " -"iteratore:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" -"from(\"bar\")];\n" -"\n" -" for word in &v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" for word in v {\n" -" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 -#, fuzzy -msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" -msgstr "Qual è il tipo di \"parola\" in ogni ciclo?" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " -"IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for " -"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" -"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." -msgstr "" -"Sperimenta con il codice sopra e poi consulta la documentazione per [`impl " -"IntoIteratore per &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) e [`impl " -"IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) per controllare le tue " -"risposte." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " -"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " -"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " -"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." -msgstr "" -"In questo esercizio, implementerai un componente di instradamento di un " -"server web. IL il server è configurato con un numero di _prefissi di " -"percorso_ che vengono confrontati _percorsi di richiesta_. I prefissi di " -"percorso possono contenere un carattere jolly che corrisponde a un segmento " -"completo. Vedere i test unitari di seguito." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copy the following code to and make the tests " -"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" -msgstr "" -"Copia il seguente codice in ed esegui i test " -"passaggio. Prova a evitare di assegnare un `Vec` per i tuoi risultati " -"intermedi:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Welcome to Day 3" -msgstr "Benvenuto al giorno 3" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" -msgstr "Oggi tratteremo alcuni argomenti più avanzati di Rust:" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " -"traits." -msgstr "" -"Tratti: tratti derivati, metodi predefiniti e importante libreria standard " -"tratti." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " -"objects." -msgstr "" -"Generici: tipi di dati generici, metodi generici, monomorfizzazione e tratto " -"oggetti." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." -msgstr "Gestione degli errori: panic, `Result` e l'operatore try `?`." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." -msgstr "Test: unit test, test di documentazione e test di integrazione." - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " -"functions." -msgstr "" -"Unsafe Rust: puntatori grezzi, variabili statiche, funzioni non sicure ed " -"extern funzioni." - -#: src/generics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " -"(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." -msgstr "" -"Rust supporta i generici, che ti consentono di astrarre un algoritmo (come " -"l'ordinamento) sui tipi utilizzati nell'algoritmo." - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" -msgstr "Puoi utilizzare i generici per astrarre sul tipo di campo concreto:" - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point {\n" -" x: T,\n" -" y: T,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" -" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" -" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:21 -msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/data-types.md:23 -msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" -msgstr "Puoi dichiarare un tipo generico sul tuo blocco `impl`:" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Point(T, T);\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" -" &self.0 // + 10\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p = Point(5, 10);\n" -" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:25 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " -"redundant?" -msgstr "" -"_D:_ Perché `T` è specificato due volte in `impl Point {}`? Non è " -"ridondante?" - -#: src/generics/methods.md:26 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " -"They are independently generic." -msgstr "" -"Questo perché si tratta di una sezione di implementazione generica per un " -"tipo generico. Sono indipendentemente generici." - -#: src/generics/methods.md:27 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." -msgstr "Significa che questi metodi sono definiti per qualsiasi `T`." - -#: src/generics/methods.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " -msgstr "È possibile scrivere `impl Point { .. }`." - -#: src/generics/methods.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " -"block will only be available for `Point`." -msgstr "" -"`Point` è ancora generico e puoi usare `Point`, ma i metodi in questo " -"blocco saranno disponibili solo per `Point`." - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" -msgstr "" -"Il codice generico viene trasformato in codice non generico in base ai siti " -"di chiamata:" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "behaves as if you wrote" -msgstr "si comporta come se scrivessi" - -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " -"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." -msgstr "" -"Questa è un'astrazione a costo zero: ottieni esattamente lo stesso risultato " -"che se avessi codificato a mano le strutture dati senza l'astrazione." - -#: src/traits.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" @@ -9118,40 +5797,80 @@ msgstr "" "Rust ti consente di astrarre sui tipi con tratti. Sono simili alle " "interfacce:" -#: src/traits.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Dog { name: String, age: i8 }\n" -"struct Cat { lives: i8 } // No name needed, cats won't respond anyway.\n" -"\n" -"trait Pet {\n" -" fn talk(&self) -> String;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Dog {\n" -" fn talk(&self) -> String { format!(\"Woof, my name is {}!\", self." -"name) }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Cat {\n" -" fn talk(&self) -> String { String::from(\"Miau!\") }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn greet(pet: &P) {\n" -" println!(\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\", pet.talk());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let captain_floof = Cat { lives: 9 };\n" -" let fido = Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\"), age: 5 };\n" -"\n" -" greet(&captain_floof);\n" -" greet(&fido);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:18 +msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:24 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:20 +msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:30 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:26 +msgid "\"Miau!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:36 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:33 +msgid "\"Fido\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:46 +msgid "" +"A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " +"implement the trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:49 +msgid "Traits are implemented in an `impl for { .. }` block." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:51 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Traits may specify pre-implemented (provided) methods and methods that users " +"are required to implement themselves. Provided methods can rely on required " +"methods. In this case, `greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." +msgstr "" +"I tratti possono specificare metodi pre-implementati (predefiniti) e metodi " +"richiesti agli utenti implementare se stessi. I metodi con implementazioni " +"predefinite possono fare affidamento sui metodi richiesti." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:3 +msgid "" +"Supported traits can be automatically implemented for your custom types, as " +"follows:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:15 +msgid "// Default trait adds `default` constructor.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:16 +msgid "// Clone trait adds `clone` method.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:17 +msgid "\"EldurScrollz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:18 +msgid "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:19 +msgid "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:26 +msgid "" +"Derivation is implemented with macros, and many crates provide useful derive " +"macros to add useful functionality. For example, `serde` can derive " +"serialization support for a struct using `#[derive(Serialize)]`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " @@ -9160,43 +5879,16 @@ msgstr "" "Gli oggetti tratto consentono valori di tipi diversi, ad esempio in una " "raccolta:" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Dog { name: String, age: i8 }\n" -"struct Cat { lives: i8 } // No name needed, cats won't respond anyway.\n" -"\n" -"trait Pet {\n" -" fn talk(&self) -> String;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Dog {\n" -" fn talk(&self) -> String { format!(\"Woof, my name is {}!\", self." -"name) }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Pet for Cat {\n" -" fn talk(&self) -> String { String::from(\"Miau!\") }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" -" Box::new(Cat { lives: 9 }),\n" -" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\"), age: 5 }),\n" -" ];\n" -" for pet in pets {\n" -" println!(\"Hello, who are you? {}\", pet.talk());\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:36 +msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:32 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" msgstr "Layout della memoria dopo l'allocazione di \"animali domestici\":" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:34 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:43 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -9257,25 +5949,25 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:68 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:78 msgid "" "Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " "impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:70 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:80 msgid "" "`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " "implements `Pet`." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:82 msgid "" "In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " "the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:84 msgid "" "A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " "the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." @@ -9283,128 +5975,217 @@ msgid "" "implementation of that particular object." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:77 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:87 msgid "" "The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " "has a `lives` field." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:79 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:89 msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:80 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:91 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:92 src/std-traits/closures.md:63 +msgid "\"{} {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:93 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:94 src/std-traits/exercise.md:23 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:29 src/modules/exercise.md:136 +#: src/modules/solution.md:78 src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:17 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:59 +msgid "\"{}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::" -"());\n" -" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::" -"<&Cat>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n" -" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" -"```" +"Let's design a simple logging utility, using a trait `Logger` with a `log` " +"method. Code which might log its progress can then take an `&impl Logger`. " +"In testing, this might put messages in the test logfile, while in a " +"production build it would send messages to a log server." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:8 msgid "" -"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the " -"specified traits for a data structure." +"However, the `StderrLogger` given below logs all messages, regardless of " +"verbosity. Your task is to write a `VerbosityFilter` type that will ignore " +"messages above a maximum verbosity." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" -msgstr "Puoi lasciare che il compilatore derivi una serie di tratti:" - -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:7 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" -"struct Player {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" strength: u8,\n" -" hit_points: u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Player::default();\n" -" let p2 = p1.clone();\n" -" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" -" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"This is a common pattern: a struct wrapping a trait implementation and " +"implementing that same trait, adding behavior in the process. What other " +"kinds of wrappers might be useful in a logging utility?" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" -msgstr "" -"I tratti possono implementare il comportamento in termini di altri metodi di " -"tratto:" - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"trait Equals {\n" -" fn equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" -" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" -" !self.equals(other)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Centimeter(i16);\n" -"\n" -"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" -" fn equals(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" -" self.0 == other.0\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = Centimeter(10);\n" -" let b = Centimeter(20);\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equals(&b));\n" -" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equals(&b));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:20 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:7 +msgid "/// Log a message at the given verbosity level.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:28 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:15 +msgid "\"verbosity={verbosity}: {message}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:33 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:20 +msgid "\"FYI\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:34 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:21 +msgid "\"Uhoh\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:36 +msgid "// TODO: Define and implement `VerbosityFilter`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// Only log messages up to the given verbosity level.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:4 +msgid "[Generic Functions](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:5 +msgid "[Generic Data Types](./generics/generic-data.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:6 +msgid "[Trait Bounds](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:7 +msgid "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:8 +msgid "[Exercise: Generic min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md:10 src/smart-pointers.md:8 src/iterators.md:9 +#: src/error-handling.md:11 +msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users " -"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations " -"can rely on required methods." +"Rust supports generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data " +"structures (such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." msgstr "" -"I tratti possono specificare metodi pre-implementati (predefiniti) e metodi " -"richiesti agli utenti implementare se stessi. I metodi con implementazioni " -"predefinite possono fare affidamento sui metodi richiesti." +"Rust supporta i generici, che ti consentono di astrarre un algoritmo (come " +"l'ordinamento) sui tipi utilizzati nell'algoritmo." -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." -msgstr "Sposta il metodo `not_equal` in un nuovo tratto `NotEqual`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." -msgstr "Rendi `NotEqual` un super tratto per `Equal`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:7 +msgid "/// Pick `even` or `odd` depending on the value of `n`.\n" msgstr "" -"Con l'implementazione coperta, non hai più bisogno di \"NotEqual\" come " -"super tratto per \"Equal\"." -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:17 +msgid "\"picked a number: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +msgid "\"picked a tuple: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +msgid "\"dog\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +msgid "\"cat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:25 msgid "" -"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " -"trait for `NotEqual`." +"Rust infers a type for T based on the types of the arguments and return " +"value." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:27 +msgid "" +"This is similar to C++ templates, but Rust partially compiles the generic " +"function immediately, so that function must be valid for all types matching " +"the constraints. For example, try modifying `pick` to return `even + odd` if " +"`n == 0`. Even if only the `pick` instantiation with integers is used, Rust " +"still considers it invalid. C++ would let you do this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites. This " +"is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had " +"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." +msgstr "" +"Questa è un'astrazione a costo zero: ottieni esattamente lo stesso risultato " +"che se avessi codificato a mano le strutture dati senza l'astrazione." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" +msgstr "Puoi utilizzare i generici per astrarre sul tipo di campo concreto:" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:17 +msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:23 +msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:24 +msgid "\"coords: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " +"redundant?" +msgstr "" +"_D:_ Perché `T` è specificato due volte in `impl Point {}`? Non è " +"ridondante?" + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " +"They are independently generic." +msgstr "" +"Questo perché si tratta di una sezione di implementazione generica per un " +"tipo generico. Sono indipendentemente generici." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." +msgstr "Significa che questi metodi sono definiti per qualsiasi `T`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`." +msgstr "È possibile scrivere `impl Point { .. }`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " +"block will only be available for `Point`." +msgstr "" +"`Point` è ancora generico e puoi usare `Point`, ma i metodi in questo " +"blocco saranno disponibili solo per `Point`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:40 +msgid "" +"Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`. Update the " +"code to allow points that have elements of different types, by using two " +"type variables, e.g., `T` and `U`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " @@ -9414,57 +6195,45 @@ msgstr "" "implementare qualche tratto, in modo da poter chiamare i metodi di questo " "tratto." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" msgstr "Puoi farlo con `T: Trait` o `impl Trait`:" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" -" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" -"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" -"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into) -> i32 {\n" -" x.into() + 42_000_000\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// struct NotClonable;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n" -" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n" -" println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n" -" println!(\"{many}\");\n" -" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n" -" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:12 +msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:18 +msgid "\"{pair:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:25 +msgid "Try making a `NonClonable` and passing it to `duplicate`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:27 +msgid "When multiple traits are necessary, use `+` to join them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." msgstr "" "Mostra una clausola `where`, gli studenti la incontreranno durante la " "lettura del codice." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." msgstr "Riordina la firma della funzione se hai molti parametri." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." msgstr "Ha funzionalità aggiuntive che lo rendono più potente." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " @@ -9473,12 +6242,13 @@ msgstr "" "Se qualcuno lo chiede, la caratteristica extra è che il tipo a sinistra di " "\":\" può essere arbitrario, come `Option`." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`impl Trait`" -msgstr "`Impl Tratto`" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:45 +msgid "" +"Note that Rust does not (yet) support specialization. For example, given the " +"original `duplicate`, it is invalid to add a specialized `duplicate(a: u32)`." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " @@ -9487,36 +6257,34 @@ msgstr "" "Simile ai limiti dei tratti, in funzione può essere utilizzata una sintassi " "`impl Trait` argomenti e valori restituiti:" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:7 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fmt::Display;\n" -"\n" -"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n" -" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n" -" println!(\"{x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" +"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." -msgstr "`impl Trait` ti permette di lavorare con tipi che non puoi nominare." +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19 +msgid "\"{many}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:21 +msgid "\"{many_more}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:23 +msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." +"`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The " +"meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." msgstr "" "Il significato di \"impl Trait\" è leggermente diverso nelle diverse " "posizioni." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " @@ -9525,7 +6293,7 @@ msgstr "" "Per un parametro, `impl Trait` è come un parametro generico anonimo con un " "tratto associato." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " @@ -9536,7 +6304,7 @@ msgstr "" "che implementa il tratto, senza nominare il tipo. Questo può essere utile " "quando non vuoi esporre il tipo concreto in a API pubblica." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " @@ -9553,1255 +6321,299 @@ msgstr "" "chiamante potrebbe aver bisogno di sceglierne uno, come con `let x: Vec<_> = " "foo.collect()` o con il turbofish, `foo.collect::>()`." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 -#, fuzzy +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:47 msgid "" -"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " -"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " -"type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " -"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for " -"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what " -"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd " -"need two independent generic parameters." +"What is the type of `debuggable`? Try `let debuggable: () = ..` to see what " +"the error message shows." msgstr "" -"Questo esempio è fantastico, perché utilizza `impl Display` due volte. Aiuta " -"a spiegarlo nulla qui impone che sia _lo stesso_ tipo `impl Display`. Se " -"usiamo un singolo `T: Display`, imporrebbe il vincolo secondo cui l'input " -"`T` e il tipo restituito `T` sono dello stesso tipo. Non funzionerebbe per " -"questa particolare funzione, poiché probabilmente non lo è il tipo che ci " -"aspettiamo come input quale `formato!` restituisce. Se volessimo fare lo " -"stesso tramite la sintassi `: Display`, ne avremmo bisogno di due parametri " -"generici indipendenti." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/generics/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " -"library:" +"In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that " +"determines the minimum of two values, using a `LessThan` trait." msgstr "" -"Vedremo ora alcuni dei tratti più comuni della libreria standard di Rust:" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"used in `for` loops," +#: src/generics/exercise.md:8 src/generics/solution.md:5 +msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" msgstr "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) e " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"usati nei cicli `for`," -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " -"values," +#: src/generics/exercise.md:29 +msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" msgstr "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) utilizzati per " -"convertire i valori," -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," +#: src/generics/exercise.md:33 src/generics/solution.md:36 +msgid "\"Shapiro\"" msgstr "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) usati per IO," -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " -"overloading, and" +#: src/generics/exercise.md:34 src/generics/exercise.md:35 +#: src/generics/solution.md:37 src/generics/solution.md:38 +msgid "\"Baumann\"" msgstr "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... utilizzato per l'overload " -"degli operatori e" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " -"defining destructors." +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Standard Library Types](./std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) usato per " -"definire i distruttori." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " -"to construct a default instance of a type." +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "[Standard Library Traits](./std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" msgstr "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " -"utilizzato per costruire un'istanza predefinita di un tipo." - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Iterators" -msgstr "Iteratori" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." -"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" +#: src/std-types.md:4 +msgid "[Standard Library](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Puoi implementare il tratto [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/" -"trait.Iterator.html) sui tuoi tipi:" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Fibonacci {\n" -" curr: u32,\n" -" next: u32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" -" type Item = u32;\n" -"\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" -" self.curr = self.next;\n" -" self.next = new_next;\n" -" Some(self.curr)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" -" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" -" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types.md:5 +msgid "[Documentation](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:32 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " -"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " -"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " -"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " -"implementations." +#: src/std-types.md:6 +msgid "[Option](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Il tratto `Iterator` implementa molte comuni operazioni di programmazione " -"funzionale sulle raccolte (ad es. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, ecc.). Questo è " -"il tratto in cui puoi trovare tutta la documentazione su di loro. In Rust " -"queste funzioni dovrebbero produrre il codice tanto efficiente quanto " -"imperativo equivalente implementazioni." -#: src/traits/iterator.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " -"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " -"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " -"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." +#: src/std-types.md:7 +msgid "[Result](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"`IntoIterator` è la caratteristica che fa funzionare i cicli for. È " -"implementato da tipi di raccolta come `Vec` e riferimenti ad essi come " -"`&Vec` e `&[T]`. Anche le gamme lo implementano. Ecco perché puoi iterare " -"su un vettore con `for i in some_vec { .. }` ma `some_vec.next()` non esiste." -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." +#: src/std-types.md:8 +msgid "[String](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"consente di creare una raccolta da un [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" -" let prime_squares = primes\n" -" .into_iter()\n" -" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" println!(\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types.md:9 +msgid "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:18 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +#: src/std-types.md:10 +msgid "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Implementa `Iterator` `fn collect(self) -> B Dove B: FromIterator, Sé: dimensionato`" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:24 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " -"`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." +#: src/std-types.md:11 +msgid "[Exercise: Counter](./std-types/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -"Ci sono anche implementazioni che ti permettono di fare cose interessanti " -"come convertire un file `Iterator>` in un " -"`Result, E>`." -#: src/traits/from-into.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`From` and `Into`" -msgstr "`Da` e `Into`" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." -"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " -"facilitate type conversions:" +#: src/std-types.md:13 src/memory-management.md:13 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:11 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes" msgstr "" -"I tipi implementano [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"From.html) e [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) " -"per facilitare le conversioni di tipo:" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:5 +#: src/std-types.md:18 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" -" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" -" let one = i16::from(true);\n" -" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"For each of the slides in this section, spend some time reviewing the " +"documentation pages, highlighting some of the more common methods." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:15 +#: src/std-types/std.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " -"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" -msgstr "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) viene " -"implementato automaticamente quando [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) è implementato:" - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:17 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" -" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" -" let one: i16 = true.into();\n" -" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" -" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " +"types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work " +"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" +"Rust viene fornito con una libreria standard che aiuta a stabilire un " +"insieme di tipi comuni utilizzato dalla libreria e dai programmi Rust. In " +"questo modo, due librerie possono lavorare insieme senza problemi perché " +"entrambi usano lo stesso tipo `Stringa`." -#: src/traits/from-into.md:29 +#: src/std-types/std.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " -"`Into` implementation too." +"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " +"`alloc` and `std`." msgstr "" -"Ecco perché è comune implementare solo `From`, poiché anche il tuo tipo " -"otterrà l'implementazione di `Into`." +"Infatti, Rust contiene diversi strati della Libreria Standard: `core`, " +"`alloc` e `std`." -#: src/traits/from-into.md:30 +#: src/std-types/std.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " -"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " -"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " -"implement `Into`." +"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " +"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system." msgstr "" -"Quando si dichiara un tipo di input per l'argomento di una funzione come " -"\"qualsiasi cosa che può essere convertita in una `Stringa`\", la regola è " -"opposta, si dovrebbe usare `Into`. La tua funzione accetterà tipi che " -"implementano `From` e quelli che _solo_ implementano `Into`." - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Read` and `Write`" -msgstr "`Leggi` e `Scrivi`" +"`core` include i tipi e le funzioni più basilari che non dipendono da " +"`libc`, allocator o anche la presenza di un sistema operativo." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:3 +#: src/std-types/std.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " -"abstract over `u8` sources:" +"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " +"`Box` and `Arc`." msgstr "" -"Usando [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), puoi " -"astrarre su fonti `u8`:" +"`alloc` include tipi che richiedono un allocatore heap globale, come `Vec`, " +"`Box` e `Arc`." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" -"\n" -"fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" -" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" -" buf_reader.lines().count()\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" -" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" -"\n" -" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" -" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:23 +#: src/std-types/std.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " -"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" -"Allo stesso modo, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write." -"html) ti consente di astrarre sui sink `u8`:" +"Le applicazioni embedded di Rust spesso usano solo `core` e talvolta `alloc`." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" -"\n" -"fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" -" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" -" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" -" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" -" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" -" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/docs.md:3 +msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/drop.md:1 -msgid "The `Drop` Trait" -msgstr "Il trait `Drop`" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:3 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." -"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" -msgstr "" -"I valori che implementano [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"Drop.html) possono specificare il codice da eseguire quando escono " -"dall'ambito:" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"struct Droppable {\n" -" name: &'static str,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Drop for Droppable {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" -" {\n" -" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" -" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" -" }\n" -" drop(a);\n" -" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:34 -msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:35 -msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:36 -msgid "" -"When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::" -"drop` implementation will be called." +"All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" +"expressions/loop-expr.html)." msgstr "" +"Se vuoi uscire prima da un ciclo, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," -#: src/traits/drop.md:38 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:7 msgid "" -"All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`." +"Primitive types like [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive." +"u8.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/drop.md:39 -msgid "" -"`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The " -"significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its " -"scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop " -"values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:42 -msgid "" -"This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, " -"closing files, etc." -msgstr "" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:45 src/traits/operators.md:26 -msgid "Discussion points:" -msgstr "Punti di discussione:" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:47 -msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" -msgstr "Perché `Drop::drop` non accetta `self`?" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:48 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " -"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" +"Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" +"option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" +"std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." msgstr "" -"Risposta breve: se così fosse, `std::mem::drop` verrebbe chiamato alla fine " -"di il blocco, risultando in un'altra chiamata a `Drop::drop` e uno stack " -"traboccare!" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:51 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." -msgstr "Prova a sostituire `drop(a)` con `a.drop()`." +"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) e [`String`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" -#: src/traits/default.md:1 -msgid "The `Default` Trait" -msgstr "Il trait `Default`" - -#: src/traits/default.md:3 -msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " -"produces a default value for a type." +#: src/std-types/docs.md:13 +msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:" msgstr "" -"Il trait [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default." -"html) produce un valore predefinito per un tipo." -#: src/traits/default.md:5 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:16 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" -"struct Derived {\n" -" x: u32,\n" -" y: String,\n" -" z: Implemented,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Implemented(String);\n" -"\n" -"impl Default for Implemented {\n" -" fn default() -> Self {\n" -" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let default_struct = Derived::default();\n" -" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" -" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" -" ..Derived::default()\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let nothing: Option = None;\n" -" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"```" +"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " +"argument.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:40 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." +"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " +"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " +"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." msgstr "" -"Può essere implementato direttamente o può essere derivato tramite " -"`#[derive(Default)]`." +"I contenuti sono trattati come Markdown. Tutti i _crate_ pubblicati della " +"libreria Rust sono automaticamente documentati in [`docs.rs`](https://docs." +"rs) utilizzando lo strumento [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/" +"what-is-rustdoc.html). È idiomatico per documentare tutti gli elementi " +"pubblici in un'API utilizzando questo modello." -#: src/traits/default.md:41 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std-types/docs.md:32 msgid "" -"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " -"their default values." +"To document an item from inside the item (such as inside a module), use `//!" +"` or `/*! .. */`, called \"inner doc comments\":" msgstr "" -"L'implementazione derivata produrrà un'istanza in cui tutti i campi sono " -"impostati sui valori predefiniti." -#: src/traits/default.md:42 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." -msgstr "" -"Ciò significa che anche tutti i tipi nella struttura devono implementare " -"`Default`." - -#: src/traits/default.md:43 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std-types/docs.md:36 msgid "" -"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " -"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." +"//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of " +"integers.\n" msgstr "" -"I tipi Rust standard spesso implementano `Default` con valori ragionevoli " -"(ad esempio `0`, `\"\"`, ecc.)." -#: src/traits/default.md:44 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:42 #, fuzzy -msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." -msgstr "La copia parziale della struttura funziona bene con default." - -#: src/traits/default.md:45 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " -"provides convenience methods that use it." -msgstr "" -"La libreria standard di Rust sa che i tipi possono implementare `Default` e " -"fornisce comodi metodi che lo utilizzano." - -#: src/traits/default.md:46 msgid "" -"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" -"with-struct-update-syntax)" +"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at ." msgstr "" +"Mostra agli studenti i documenti generati per il _crate_ `rand` su [`docs.rs/" +"rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." -#: src/traits/operators.md:1 -msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." -msgstr "`Ad`, `Mul`, ..." - -#: src/traits/operators.md:3 +#: src/std-types/option.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -msgstr "" -"L'overload degli operatori è implementato tramite i tratti in [`std::ops`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" +msgid "Option" +msgstr "Eccezioni" -#: src/traits/operators.md:5 +#: src/std-types/option.md:3 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" -"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" -" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" -" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" -" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"We have already seen some use of `Option`. It stores either a value of " +"type `T` or nothing. For example, [`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/string/struct.String.html#method.find) returns an `Option`." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/operators.md:28 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " +#: src/std-types/option.md:10 +msgid "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\"" msgstr "" -"Puoi implementare `Aggiungi` per `&Punto`. In quali situazioni è utile?" -#: src/traits/operators.md:29 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " -"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " -"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." +#: src/std-types/option.md:11 +msgid "'é'" msgstr "" -"Risposta: `Add:add` consuma `self`. Se digita \"T\" per cui sei " -"l'overloading dell'operatore non è `Copy`, dovresti considerare " -"l'overloading anche l'operatore per `&T`. Ciò evita inutili clonazioni sul " -"file sito di chiamata." -#: src/traits/operators.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " -"method?" +#: src/std-types/option.md:12 src/std-types/option.md:15 +msgid "\"find returned {position:?}\"" msgstr "" -"Perché `Output` è un tipo associato? Potrebbe essere reso un parametro di " -"tipo?" -#: src/traits/operators.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " -"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " -"trait." +#: src/std-types/option.md:14 +msgid "'Z'" msgstr "" -"Risposta breve: i parametri di tipo sono controllati dal chiamante, ma i " -"tipi associati (come `Output`) sono controllati dall'implementatore di a " -"tratto." -#: src/traits/operators.md:37 -msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " -"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." +#: src/std-types/option.md:16 +msgid "\"Character not found\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/closures.md:1 -msgid "Closures" -msgstr "Closures" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:3 +#: src/std-types/option.md:23 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " -"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." -"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " -"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" +msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library." msgstr "" -"Le chiusure o le espressioni lambda hanno tipi che non possono essere " -"nominati. Tuttavia, loro implementare speciali [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.FnMut.html) e [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"FnOnce.html) caratteristiche:" +"`Option` e `Result` sono ampiamente usati non solo nella libreria standard." -#: src/traits/closures.md:8 +#: src/std-types/option.md:24 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" -" func(input)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" -" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" -" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n" -"\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n" -" v.push(x);\n" -" v.iter().sum::()\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n" -" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n" -"\n" -" let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::();\n" -" println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"`unwrap` will return the value in an `Option`, or panic. `expect` is similar " +"but takes an error message." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/closures.md:34 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std-types/option.md:26 msgid "" -"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " -"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " -"concurrently." +"You can panic on None, but you can't \"accidentally\" forget to check for " +"None." msgstr "" -"Un \"Fn\" non consuma né muta i valori acquisiti, o forse non cattura nulla, " -"quindi può farlo essere chiamato più volte contemporaneamente." -#: src/traits/closures.md:37 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std-types/option.md:28 msgid "" -"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " -"multiple times, but not concurrently." +"It's common to `unwrap`/`expect` all over the place when hacking something " +"together, but production code typically handles `None` in a nicer fashion." msgstr "" -"Un `FnMut` potrebbe mutare i valori catturati, quindi puoi chiamarlo più " -"volte ma non contemporaneamente." -#: src/traits/closures.md:40 -#, fuzzy +#: src/std-types/option.md:30 msgid "" -"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " -"might consume captured values." +"The niche optimization means that `Option` often has the same size in " +"memory as `T`." msgstr "" -"Se hai un `FnOnce`, puoi chiamarlo solo una volta. Potrebbe consumare i " -"valori acquisiti." -#: src/traits/closures.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " -"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " -"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." +#: src/std-types/result.md:1 +msgid "Result" msgstr "" -"\"FnMut\" è un sottotipo di \"FnOnce\". \"Fn\" è un sottotipo di \"FnMut\" e " -"\"FnOnce\". Cioè. puoi usare un `FnMut` ovunque sia richiesto un `FnOnce` e " -"puoi usare un `Fn` ovunque sia `FnMut` o `FnOnce` è richiesto." -#: src/traits/closures.md:47 +#: src/std-types/result.md:3 msgid "" -"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " -"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." +"`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an " +"operation, each with a different type. This is similar to the `Res` defined " +"in the expression exercise, but generic: `Result` where `T` is used in " +"the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/closures.md:50 -msgid "" -"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " -"keyword makes them capture by value." +#: src/std-types/result.md:13 +msgid "\"diary.txt\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/closures.md:52 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n" -" return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n" -" hi(\"there\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/result.md:18 +msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 3: Esercizi mattutini" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." -msgstr "Progetteremo una libreria GUI classica di tratti e oggetti di tratto." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 -msgid "" -"We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " -"polygons." +#: src/std-types/result.md:20 +msgid "\"Could not read file content\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Drawing A Simple GUI" -msgstr "Una semplice libreria per Interfacce Grafiche" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " -"trait objects. We'll only implement the drawing of it (as text) for " -"simplicity." -msgstr "" -"Progettiamo una libreria GUI classica utilizzando la nostra nuova conoscenza " -"dei tratti e oggetti di tratto." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" -msgstr "Avremo una serie di widget nella nostra libreria:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." -msgstr "`Window`: ha un `title` e contiene altri widget." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 -msgid "" -"`Button`: has a `label`. In reality, it would also take a callback function " -"to allow the program to do something when the button is clicked but we won't " -"include that since we're only drawing the GUI." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:12 -msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." -msgstr "`Label`: ha una `label`." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." -msgstr "I widget implementeranno un tratto `Widget`, vedi sotto." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " -"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" -msgstr "" -"Copia il codice qui sotto in , inserisci i " -"campi mancanti metodi `draw_into` in modo da implementare il tratto `Widget`:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:19 -msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" std::cmp::max(\n" -" self.title.chars().count(),\n" -" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" -" )\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Label {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Button {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\"\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:128 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" -msgstr "" -"L'output del programma sopra può essere qualcosa di semplice come questo:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:140 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " -"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " -"and how you can control alignment:" -msgstr "" -"Se vuoi disegnare un testo allineato, puoi usare il [fill/alignment](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) operatori di " -"formattazione. In particolare, nota come puoi riempire con diversi caratteri " -"(qui un `'/'`) e come puoi controllare l'allineamento:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:145 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let width = 10;\n" -" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:154 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" -msgstr "" -"Usando tali trucchi di allineamento, puoi ad esempio produrre un output come " -"questo:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1 -msgid "Polygon Struct" -msgstr "Struct Polygon (Poligono)" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " -"below to and fill in the missing methods to " -"make the tests pass:" -msgstr "" -"Creeremo una struttura `Polygon` che contiene alcuni punti. Copia il codice " -"qui sotto a e inserire i metodi mancanti per " -"rendere il file i test superano:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Point {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Polygon {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Polygon {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Circle {\n" -" // add fields\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Circle {\n" -" // add methods\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub enum Shape {\n" -" Polygon(Polygon),\n" -" Circle(Circle),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" -" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_dist() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_add() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" -" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -"\n" -" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" -" let shapes = vec![\n" -" Shape::from(poly),\n" -" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" -" ];\n" -" let perimeters = shapes\n" -" .iter()\n" -" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" -" .map(round_two_digits)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[allow(dead_code)]\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " -"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " -"the tests." -msgstr "" -"Poiché le firme del metodo mancano nelle dichiarazioni del problema, la " -"parte chiave dell'esercizio è specificarli correttamente. Non è necessario " -"modificare i test." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" -msgstr "Altre parti interessanti dell'esercizio:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " -"don't borrow their arguments." -msgstr "" -"Deriva un tratto `Copy` per alcune strutture, poiché nei test i metodi a " -"volte non prendono in prestito i loro argomenti." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " -"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." -msgstr "" -"Scopri che il tratto `Add` deve essere implementato affinché due oggetti " -"possano essere aggiunti tramite \"+\". Si noti che non discuteremo di " -"farmaci generici fino al giorno 3." - -#: src/error-handling.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" -msgstr "" -"La gestione degli errori in Rust viene eseguita utilizzando un flusso di " -"controllo esplicito:" - -#: src/error-handling.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," -msgstr "" -"Le funzioni che possono avere errori lo elencano nel loro tipo di ritorno," - -#: src/error-handling.md:6 -msgid "There are no exceptions." -msgstr "Non ci sono eccezioni." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" -msgstr "" -"Rust attiverà un panico se si verifica un errore fatale in fase di " -"esecuzione:" - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,should_panic\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." -msgstr "I panico sono per errori irrecuperabili e imprevisti." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." -msgstr "I panici sono sintomi di bug nel programma." - -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." -msgstr "Usa API senza panico (come `Vec::get`) se il crash non è accettabile." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Catturare lo srotolamento della pila" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " -"caught:" -msgstr "" -"Per impostazione predefinita, un panico causerà lo srotolamento dello stack. " -"Lo svolgimento può essere catturato:" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::panic;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" \"No problem here!\"\n" -" });\n" -" println!(\"{result:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" -" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" -" });\n" -" println!(\"{result:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " -"request crashes." -msgstr "" -"Questo può essere utile nei server che dovrebbero continuare a funzionare " -"anche se un singolo la richiesta va in crash." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 -#, fuzzy -msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." -msgstr "" -"Questo non funziona se `panic = 'abort'` è impostato nel tuo `Cargo.toml`." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" -msgstr "Gestione strutturata degli errori con `Result`" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " -"are expected as part of normal operation:" -msgstr "" -"Abbiamo già visto l'enumerazione `Result`. Questo è usato in modo pervasivo " -"quando ci sono errori previsto come parte del normale funzionamento:" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::fs;\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" -" match file {\n" -" Ok(mut file) => {\n" -" let mut contents = String::new();\n" -" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" -" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" -" },\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/std-types/result.md:24 +msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:27 +#: src/std-types/result.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " @@ -10815,494 +6627,3831 @@ msgstr "" "verificarsi un errore, È possibile chiamare `unwrap()` o `expect()`, e anche " "questo è un segnale dell'intenzione dello sviluppatore." -#: src/error-handling/result.md:30 +#: src/std-types/result.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " -"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " -"that help functional-style programming. " +"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " +"that help functional-style programming." msgstr "" "La documentazione `Result` è una lettura consigliata. Non durante il corso, " "ma vale la pena menzionarlo. Contiene molti metodi e funzioni utili che " "aiutano la programmazione in stile funzionale." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" -msgstr "Propagazione degli errori con `?`" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 +#: src/std-types/result.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " -"turn the common" +"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " +"Day 3." msgstr "" -"L'operatore try `?` viene utilizzato per restituire errori al chiamante. Ti " -"fa girare il comune" +"`Result` è il tipo standard per implementare la gestione degli errori, come " +"vedremo il giorno 3." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 +#: src/std-types/string.md:1 +msgid "String" +msgstr "Stringa (String)" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "into the much simpler" -msgstr "nel molto più semplice" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" -msgstr "" -"Possiamo usarlo per semplificare il nostro codice di gestione degli errori:" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" -" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" -" Ok(file) => file,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" -" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" -" Err(err) => Err(err),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" -"}\n" +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " +"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" +msgstr "" +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) è il " +"buffer di stringa UTF-8 espandibile allocato nell'heap standard:" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:8 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:23 src/memory-management/review.md:58 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:32 src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:9 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:26 +msgid "\"Hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:9 +msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:13 +msgid "'!'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:14 +msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:16 +msgid "\"🇨🇭\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:17 +msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " +"all `str` methods on a `String`." +msgstr "" +"`String` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), il che significa che puoi " +"chiamare tutti metodi `str` su una `stringa`." + +#: src/std-types/string.md:30 +msgid "" +"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " +"you know how much data you want to push to the string." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:32 +msgid "" +"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " +"different from its length in characters)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:34 +msgid "" +"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " +"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " +"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" +"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:37 +msgid "" +"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " +"`String`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:39 +msgid "" +"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " +"transparently call methods from `T`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:41 +msgid "" +"We haven't discussed the `Deref` trait yet, so at this point this mostly " +"explains the structure of the sidebar in the documentation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:43 +msgid "" +"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " +"access to `str`'s methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:45 +msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:46 +msgid "" +"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " +"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " +"with some extra guarantees." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:49 +msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:50 +msgid "" +"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " +"out-of-bounds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/string.md:52 +msgid "" +"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " +"boundaries or not." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " +"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" +msgstr "" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) è il buffer " +"ridimensionabile allocato nell'heap standard:" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:9 +msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:14 +msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:16 +msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:19 +msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:21 src/std-types/vec.md:25 +msgid "\"{v3:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:23 +msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " +"methods on a `Vec`." +msgstr "" +"`Vec` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), il che significa che puoi chiamare " +"slice metodi su un `Vec`." + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:38 +msgid "" +"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " +"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " +"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:41 +msgid "" +"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " +"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " +"during the first `push` call." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:44 +msgid "" +"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " +"supports adding initial elements to the vector." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:46 +msgid "" +"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " +"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " +"remove the last element." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/vec.md:49 +msgid "" +"Slices are covered on day 3. For now, students only need to know that a " +"value of type `Vec` gives access to all of the documented slice methods, too." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" +msgstr "Mappa hash standard con protezione dagli attacchi HashDoS:" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:10 +msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:11 +msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:12 src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:14 +msgid "\"Les Misérables\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:16 +msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:23 +msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:24 +msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:28 +msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:34 +msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:41 +msgid "" +"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:42 +msgid "" +"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " +"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " +"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:48 src/std-types/hashmap.md:60 +msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:51 src/std-types/hashmap.md:61 +msgid "\"The Hunger Games\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:54 +msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:55 +msgid "" +"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" +"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " +"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:65 +msgid "" +"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" +"value tuples." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:67 +msgid "" +"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " +"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " +"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:70 +msgid "" +"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " +"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:73 +msgid "" +"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" +"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " +"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " +"to the `keys` method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise you will take a very simple data structure and make it " +"generic. It uses a [`std::collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html) to keep track of which values " +"have been seen and how many times each one has appeared." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:9 +msgid "" +"The initial version of `Counter` is hard coded to only work for `u32` " +"values. Make the struct and its methods generic over the type of value being " +"tracked, that way `Counter` can track any type of value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:13 +msgid "" +"If you finish early, try using the [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) method to halve the " +"number of hash lookups required to implement the `count` method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:20 src/std-types/solution.md:6 +msgid "" +"/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:27 src/std-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// Create a new Counter.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:34 src/std-types/solution.md:18 +msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:43 src/std-types/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:59 src/std-types/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"saw {} values equal to {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:63 src/std-types/exercise.md:65 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:43 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:45 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"apple\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:64 src/std-types/solution.md:44 +msgid "\"orange\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"got {} apples\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:4 +msgid "[Comparisons](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:5 +msgid "[Operators](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:6 +msgid "[From and Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:7 +msgid "[Casting](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:8 +msgid "[Read and Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:9 +msgid "[Default, struct update syntax](./std-traits/default.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:10 +msgid "[Closures](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:11 +msgid "[Exercise: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:13 +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 40 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:18 +msgid "" +"As with the standard-library types, spend time reviewing the documentation " +"for each trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md:21 +msgid "This section is long. Take a break midway through." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:3 +msgid "" +"These traits support comparisons between values. All traits can be derived " +"for types containing fields that implement these traits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:6 +msgid "`PartialEq` and `Eq`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:8 +msgid "" +"`PartialEq` is a partial equivalence relation, with required method `eq` and " +"provided method `ne`. The `==` and `!=` operators will call these methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:23 +msgid "" +"`Eq` is a full equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) " +"and implies `PartialEq`. Functions that require full equivalence will use " +"`Eq` as a trait bound." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`" +msgstr "`Leggi` e `Scrivi`" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:29 +msgid "" +"`PartialOrd` defines a partial ordering, with a `partial_cmp` method. It is " +"used to implement the `<`, `<=`, `>=`, and `>` operators." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:49 +msgid "`Ord` is a total ordering, with `cmp` returning `Ordering`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:54 +msgid "" +"`PartialEq` can be implemented between different types, but `Eq` cannot, " +"because it is reflexive:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:69 +msgid "" +"In practice, it's common to derive these traits, but uncommon to implement " +"them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" +msgstr "" +"L'overload degli operatori è implementato tramite i tratti in [`std::ops`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:23 +msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:30 src/memory-management/drop.md:48 +msgid "Discussion points:" +msgstr "Punti di discussione:" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?" +msgstr "" +"Puoi implementare `Aggiungi` per `&Punto`. In quali situazioni è utile?" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " +"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " +"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." +msgstr "" +"Risposta: `Add:add` consuma `self`. Se digita \"T\" per cui sei " +"l'overloading dell'operatore non è `Copy`, dovresti considerare " +"l'overloading anche l'operatore per `&T`. Ciò evita inutili clonazioni sul " +"file sito di chiamata." + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " +"method?" +msgstr "" +"Perché `Output` è un tipo associato? Potrebbe essere reso un parametro di " +"tipo?" + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " +"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementer of a " +"trait." +msgstr "" +"Risposta breve: i parametri di tipo sono controllati dal chiamante, ma i " +"tipi associati (come `Output`) sono controllati dall'implementatore di a " +"tratto." + +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:41 +msgid "" +"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " +"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." +"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " +"facilitate type conversions:" +msgstr "" +"I tipi implementano [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." +"From.html) e [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) " +"per facilitare le conversioni di tipo:" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:11 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:23 +msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " +"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" +msgstr "" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) viene " +"implementato automaticamente quando [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) è implementato:" + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " +"`Into` implementation too." +msgstr "" +"Ecco perché è comune implementare solo `From`, poiché anche il tuo tipo " +"otterrà l'implementazione di `Into`." + +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " +"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " +"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " +"implement `Into`." +msgstr "" +"Quando si dichiara un tipo di input per l'argomento di una funzione come " +"\"qualsiasi cosa che può essere convertita in una `Stringa`\", la regola è " +"opposta, si dovrebbe usare `Into`. La tua funzione accetterà tipi che " +"implementano `From` e quelli che _solo_ implementano `Into`." + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has no _implicit_ type conversions, but does support explicit casts " +"with `as`. These generally follow C semantics where those are defined." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:9 +msgid "\"as u16: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:10 +msgid "\"as i16: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:11 +msgid "\"as u8: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:15 +msgid "" +"The results of `as` are _always_ defined in Rust and consistent across " +"platforms. This might not match your intuition for changing sign or casting " +"to a smaller type -- check the docs, and comment for clarity." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:19 +msgid "" +"Casting with `as` is a relatively sharp tool that is easy to use " +"incorrectly, and can be a source of subtle bugs as future maintenance work " +"changes the types that are used or the ranges of values in types. Casts are " +"best used only when the intent is to indicate unconditional truncation (e.g. " +"selecting the bottom 32 bits of a `u64` with `as u32`, regardless of what " +"was in the high bits)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:25 +msgid "" +"For infallible casts (e.g. `u32` to `u64`), prefer using `From` or `Into` " +"over `as` to confirm that the cast is in fact infallible. For fallible " +"casts, `TryFrom` and `TryInto` are available when you want to handle casts " +"that fit differently from those that don't." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:33 +msgid "Consider taking a break after this slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:35 +msgid "" +"`as` is similar to a C++ static cast. Use of `as` in cases where data might " +"be lost is generally discouraged, or at least deserves an explanatory " +"comment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:38 +msgid "This is common in casting integers to `usize` for use as an index." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " +"abstract over `u8` sources:" +msgstr "" +"Usando [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), puoi " +"astrarre su fonti `u8`:" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:14 +msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:15 +msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:18 +msgid "\"lines in file: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " +"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +msgstr "" +"Allo stesso modo, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write." +"html) ti consente di astrarre sui sink `u8`:" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:30 +msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:36 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:12 +msgid "\"World\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:37 +msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:1 +msgid "The `Default` Trait" +msgstr "Il trait `Default`" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " +"produces a default value for a type." +msgstr "" +"Il trait [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default." +"html) produce un valore predefinito per un tipo." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:18 +msgid "\"John Smith\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:24 +msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:27 +msgid "\"Y is set!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:28 +msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:31 src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:211 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:214 +msgid "\"{:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." +msgstr "" +"Può essere implementato direttamente o può essere derivato tramite " +"`#[derive(Default)]`." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " +"their default values." +msgstr "" +"L'implementazione derivata produrrà un'istanza in cui tutti i campi sono " +"impostati sui valori predefiniti." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." +msgstr "" +"Ciò significa che anche tutti i tipi nella struttura devono implementare " +"`Default`." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " +"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." +msgstr "" +"I tipi Rust standard spesso implementano `Default` con valori ragionevoli " +"(ad esempio `0`, `\"\"`, ecc.)." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default." +msgstr "La copia parziale della struttura funziona bene con default." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " +"provides convenience methods that use it." +msgstr "" +"La libreria standard di Rust sa che i tipi possono implementare `Default` e " +"fornisce comodi metodi che lo utilizzano." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:47 +msgid "" +"The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" +"with-struct-update-syntax)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " +"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." +"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " +"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" +msgstr "" +"Le chiusure o le espressioni lambda hanno tipi che non possono essere " +"nominati. Tuttavia, loro implementare speciali [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.FnMut.html) e [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"FnOnce.html) caratteristiche:" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" +msgstr "Chiamare Funzioni Unsafe" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:16 src/std-traits/closures.md:17 +msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:24 src/std-traits/closures.md:25 +msgid "\"accumulate: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:28 +msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " +"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " +"concurrently." +msgstr "" +"Un \"Fn\" non consuma né muta i valori acquisiti, o forse non cattura nulla, " +"quindi può farlo essere chiamato più volte contemporaneamente." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " +"multiple times, but not concurrently." +msgstr "" +"Un `FnMut` potrebbe mutare i valori catturati, quindi puoi chiamarlo più " +"volte ma non contemporaneamente." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " +"might consume captured values." +msgstr "" +"Se hai un `FnOnce`, puoi chiamarlo solo una volta. Potrebbe consumare i " +"valori acquisiti." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " +"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " +"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." +msgstr "" +"\"FnMut\" è un sottotipo di \"FnOnce\". \"Fn\" è un sottotipo di \"FnMut\" e " +"\"FnOnce\". Cioè. puoi usare un `FnMut` ovunque sia richiesto un `FnOnce` e " +"puoi usare un `Fn` ovunque sia `FnMut` o `FnOnce` è richiesto." + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:48 +msgid "" +"When you define a function that takes a closure, you should take `FnOnce` if " +"you can (i.e. you call it once), or `FnMut` else, and last `Fn`. This allows " +"the most flexibility for the caller." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:52 +msgid "" +"In contrast, when you have a closure, the most flexible you can have is `Fn` " +"(it can be passed everywhere), then `FnMut`, and lastly `FnOnce`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:55 +msgid "" +"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " +"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:58 +msgid "" +"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " +"keyword makes them capture by value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:67 +msgid "\"Hi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:68 +msgid "\"there\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this example, you will implement the classic [\"ROT13\" cipher](https://" +"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13). Copy this code to the playground, and " +"implement the missing bits. Only rotate ASCII alphabetic characters, to " +"ensure the result is still valid UTF-8." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:15 +msgid "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:20 src/std-traits/exercise.md:33 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:26 src/std-traits/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:36 src/std-traits/solution.md:42 +msgid "\"To get to the other side!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:55 +msgid "" +"What happens if you chain two `RotDecoder` instances together, each rotating " +"by 13 characters?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +msgid "'A'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Day 3" +msgstr "Benvenuto al giorno 3" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 +msgid "Today, we will cover:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 +msgid "" +"Memory management, lifetimes, and the borrow checker: how Rust ensures " +"memory safety." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:7 +msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:12 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 +msgid "[Memory Management](./memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:14 +msgid "[Smart Pointers](./smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:16 +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 15 " +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:4 +msgid "[Review of Program Memory](./memory-management/review.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:5 +msgid "" +"[Approaches to Memory Management](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:6 +msgid "[Ownership](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:7 +msgid "[Move Semantics](./memory-management/move.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:8 +msgid "[Clone](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:9 +msgid "[Copy Types](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:10 +msgid "[Drop](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md:11 +msgid "[Exercise: Builder Type](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:3 +msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." +msgstr "Stack: area continua di memoria per le variabili locali." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." +msgstr "I valori hanno dimensioni fisse note al momento della compilazione." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." +msgstr "Estremamente veloce: basta spostare un puntatore dello stack." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." +msgstr "Facile da gestire: segue le chiamate alle funzioni." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:9 +msgid "Great memory locality." +msgstr "Ottima località di memoria." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." +msgstr "Heap: archiviazione di valori al di fuori delle chiamate di funzione." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." +msgstr "I valori hanno dimensioni dinamiche determinate in fase di esecuzione." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." +msgstr "Leggermente più lento della pila: è necessaria un po' di contabilità." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:14 +msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." +msgstr "Nessuna garanzia di località di memoria." + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " +"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" +msgstr "" +"La creazione di una `Stringa` mette i dati di dimensioni fisse nello stack e " +"dimensionati dinamicamente dati sull'heap:" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:44 +msgid "" +"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " +"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:47 +msgid "" +"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " +"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" +"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " +"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:53 +msgid "" +"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " +"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:59 src/testing/unit-tests.md:15 +msgid "' '" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:60 +msgid "\"world\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:61 +msgid "" +"// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" +" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " +"to\n" +" // undefined behavior.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/review.md:66 +msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" +msgstr "" +"Tradizionalmente, le lingue sono state suddivise in due grandi categorie:" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." +msgstr "" +"Controllo completo tramite gestione manuale della memoria: C, C++, " +"Pascal, ..." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:6 +msgid "Programmer decides when to allocate or free heap memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:7 +msgid "" +"Programmer must determine whether a pointer still points to valid memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:8 +msgid "Studies show, programmers make mistakes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " +"Haskell, ..." +msgstr "" +"Piena sicurezza tramite la gestione automatica della memoria in fase di " +"esecuzione: Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:11 +msgid "" +"A runtime system ensures that memory is not freed until it can no longer be " +"referenced." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:13 +msgid "" +"Typically implemented with reference counting, garbage collection, or RAII." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:15 +msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" +msgstr "Rust offre un nuovo mix:" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " +"management." +msgstr "" +"Pieno controllo _e_ sicurezza tramite applicazione in fase di compilazione " +"della memoria corretta gestione." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:20 +msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." +msgstr "Lo fa con un concetto di ownership (proprietà) esplicito." + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:25 +msgid "" +"This slide is intended to help students coming from other languages to put " +"Rust in context." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:28 +msgid "" +"C must manage heap manually with `malloc` and `free`. Common errors include " +"forgetting to call `free`, calling it multiple times for the same pointer, " +"or dereferencing a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:32 +msgid "" +"C++ has tools like smart pointers (`unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`) that take " +"advantage of language guarantees about calling destructors to ensure memory " +"is freed when a function returns. It is still quite easy to mis-use these " +"tools and create similar bugs to C." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:37 +msgid "" +"Java, Go, and Python rely on the garbage collector to identify memory that " +"is no longer reachable and discard it. This guarantees that any pointer can " +"be dereferenced, eliminating use-after-free and other classes of bugs. But, " +"GC has a runtime cost and is difficult to tune properly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:42 +msgid "" +"Rust's ownership and borrowing model can, in many cases, get the performance " +"of C, with alloc and free operations precisely where they are required -- " +"zero cost. It also provides tools similar to C++'s smart pointers. When " +"required, other options such as reference counting are available, and there " +"are even third-party crates available to support runtime garbage collection " +"(not covered in this class)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " +"to use a variable outside its scope:" +msgstr "" +"Tutte le associazioni di variabili hanno un _scope_ in cui sono valide ed è " +"un errore usa una variabile al di fuori del suo ambito:" + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely " +"one owner at all times." +msgstr "Diciamo che la variabile _possiede_ (“_owns_”) il valore." + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A " +"destructor can run here to free up resources." +msgstr "" +"Alla fine dell'ambito, la variabile viene _eliminata_ ei dati vengono " +"liberati." + +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:29 +msgid "" +"Students familiar with garbage-collection implementations will know that a " +"garbage collector starts with a set of \"roots\" to find all reachable " +"memory. Rust's \"single owner\" principle is a similar idea." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" +msgstr "Un'assegnazione trasferirà la proprietà tra le variabili:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello!\"" +msgstr "Hello World!" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:9 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:16 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:18 +msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:10 +msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." +msgstr "L'assegnazione di \"s1\" a \"s2\" trasferisce la proprietà." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." +msgstr "Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla: non ha proprietà." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." +msgstr "Quando `s2` esce dall'ambito, i dati della stringa vengono liberati." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:18 +msgid "Before move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Prima di muovere a `s2`:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:35 +msgid "After move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Dopo il muovere a `s2`:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:37 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": s2 : |\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" +": | len | 4 | :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ :\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." -msgstr "La variabile `username` può essere `Ok(string)` o `Err(error)`." - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:58 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " -"file, file with username." +"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " +"parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "" -"Usa la chiamata `fs::write` per testare i diversi scenari: nessun file, file " -"vuoto, file con nome utente." +"Quando si passa un valore a una funzione, il valore viene assegnato alla " +"funzione parametro. Questo trasferisce la proprietà:" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 -msgid "" -"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " -"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " -"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " -"`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " -"`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " -"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." +#: src/memory-management/move.md:63 +msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57 -msgid "" -"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " -"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " -"`Result::err`." +#: src/memory-management/move.md:67 src/android/interoperability/java.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Alice\"" +msgstr "Slice" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:69 +msgid "// say_hello(name);\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:76 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " -"indicated:" +"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " +"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" -"L'effettiva espansione di `?` è un po' più complicata di quanto " -"precedentemente indicato:" +"Menziona che questo è l'opposto dei valori predefiniti in C++, che copia per " +"valore a meno che tu non usi `std::move` (e il costruttore di movimento è " +"definito!)." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 -msgid "works the same as" -msgstr "funziona allo stesso modo di" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:79 +msgid "" +"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " +"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " +"are aggressively optimized away." +msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:83 +msgid "" +"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:85 +msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." +msgstr "In Rust, i cloni sono espliciti (utilizzando `clone`)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:87 +msgid "In the `say_hello` example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:89 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " -"type returned by the function:" +"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " +"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" -"La chiamata `From::from` qui significa che tentiamo di convertire il tipo di " -"errore in tipo restituito dalla funzione:" +"Con la prima chiamata a `say_hello`, `main` rinuncia alla proprietà di " +"`name`. Successivamente, `name` non può più essere utilizzato all'interno di " +"`main`." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:91 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" -"use std::fs::{self, File};\n" -"use std::io::{self, Read};\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" IoError(io::Error),\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" -"\n" -"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" -" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " -"in {filename}\"),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" -" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" -" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" -" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" -"}\n" +"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " +"`say_hello` function." +msgstr "" +"La memoria heap allocata per `name` verrà liberata alla fine della funzione " +"`say_hello`." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:93 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " +"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." +msgstr "" +"`main` può mantenere la proprietà se passa `name` come riferimento (`&name`) " +"e se `say_hello` accetta un riferimento come parametro." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:95 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." +"clone()`)." +msgstr "" +"In alternativa, `main` può passare un clone di `name` nella prima chiamata " +"(`name.clone()`)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " +"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." +msgstr "" +"Rust rende più difficile del C++ creare copie inavvertitamente rendendo la " +"semantica di spostamento l'impostazione predefinita e costringendo i " +"programmatori a rendere espliciti i cloni." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:102 +msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" +msgstr "Copie difensive nel C++ Moderno" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:104 +msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" +msgstr "C++ moderno risolve questo problema in modo diverso:" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:107 +msgid "\"Cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:108 +msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:111 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." +msgstr "" +"I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono duplicati e `s2` ottiene la propria copia " +"indipendente." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:112 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." +msgstr "" +"Quando `s1` e `s2` escono dall'ambito, ciascuno libera la propria memoria." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:114 +msgid "Before copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Prima dell'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:130 +msgid "After copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Dopo l'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:155 +msgid "" +"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " +"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " +"either string goes out of scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:159 +msgid "" +"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " +"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " +"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " +"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " +"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:164 +msgid "" +"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " +"which is being copied or moved." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:1 +msgid "Clone" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:3 +msgid "" +"Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait " +"accomplishes this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:24 +msgid "" +"The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are " +"occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `Vec::new` or `Box::" +"new`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:27 +msgid "" +"It's common to \"clone your way out\" of problems with the borrow checker, " +"and return later to try to optimize those clones away." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" +msgstr "" +"Sebbene la semantica di spostamento sia l'impostazione predefinita, alcuni " +"tipi vengono copiati per impostazione predefinita:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:20 +msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." +msgstr "Questi tipi implementano il trait `Copy`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" +msgstr "" +"Puoi acconsentire esplicitamente ai tuoi tipi per utilizzare la semantica " +"della copia:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." +msgstr "Dopo l'assegnazione, sia `p1` che `p2` possiedono i propri dati." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." +msgstr "Possiamo anche usare `p1.clone()` per copiare esplicitamente i dati." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" +msgstr "Copiare e clonare non sono la stessa cosa:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " +"arbitrary objects." +msgstr "" +"La copia si riferisce a copie bit per bit di aree di memoria e non funziona " +"su oggetti arbitrari." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:48 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." +msgstr "" +"La copia non consente la logica personalizzata (a differenza dei costruttori " +"di copia in C++)." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " +"implementing the `Clone` trait." +msgstr "" +"La clonazione è un'operazione più generale e consente anche un comportamento " +"personalizzato implementando il tratto `Clone`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:51 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." +msgstr "La copia non funziona sui tipi che implementano il tratto `Drop`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:53 +msgid "In the above example, try the following:" +msgstr "Nell'esempio sopra, prova quanto segue:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:55 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " +"is not a `Copy` type." +msgstr "" +"Aggiungi un campo `String` a `struct Point`. Non verrà compilato perché " +"`String` non è un tipo `Copy`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " +"`println!` for `p1`." +msgstr "" +"Rimuovi `Copy` dall'attributo `derive`. L'errore del compilatore è ora in " +"`println!` per `p1`." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:59 +msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." +msgstr "Dimostra che funziona se invece cloni `p1`." + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:1 +msgid "The `Drop` Trait" +msgstr "Il trait `Drop`" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." +"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" +msgstr "" +"I valori che implementano [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"Drop.html) possono specificare il codice da eseguire quando escono " +"dall'ambito:" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:13 +msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:18 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:93 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:125 +msgid "\"a\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:20 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"b\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:22 +msgid "\"c\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:23 +msgid "\"d\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:24 +msgid "\"Exiting block B\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:26 +msgid "\"Exiting block A\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:29 +msgid "\"Exiting main\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:36 +msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:37 +msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:38 +msgid "" +"When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::" +"drop` implementation will be called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:40 +msgid "" +"All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:41 +msgid "" +"`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The " +"significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its " +"scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop " +"values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:45 +msgid "" +"This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, " +"closing files, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:50 +msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" +msgstr "Perché `Drop::drop` non accetta `self`?" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:51 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " +"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" +msgstr "" +"Risposta breve: se così fosse, `std::mem::drop` verrebbe chiamato alla fine " +"di il blocco, risultando in un'altra chiamata a `Drop::drop` e uno stack " +"traboccare!" + +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:53 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." +msgstr "Prova a sostituire `drop(a)` con `a.drop()`." + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this example, we will implement a complex data type that owns all of its " +"data. We will use the \"builder pattern\" to support building a new value " +"piece-by-piece, using convenience functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:7 +msgid "Fill in the missing pieces." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:22 src/memory-management/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// A representation of a software package.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:34 src/memory-management/solution.md:28 +msgid "" +"/// Return a representation of this package as a dependency, for use in\n" +" /// building other packages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:37 +msgid "\"1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:40 src/memory-management/solution.md:37 +msgid "" +"/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:46 +msgid "\"2\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:49 src/memory-management/solution.md:52 +msgid "/// Set the package version.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:55 src/memory-management/solution.md:58 +msgid "/// Set the package authors.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:57 +msgid "\"3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:60 src/memory-management/solution.md:64 +msgid "/// Add an additional dependency.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:62 +msgid "\"4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:65 src/memory-management/solution.md:70 +msgid "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:67 +msgid "\"5\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"base64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"0.13\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:77 src/memory-management/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"base64: {base64:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"log\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"0.4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:80 src/memory-management/solution.md:86 +msgid "\"log: {log:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:81 src/memory-management/solution.md:87 +msgid "\"serde\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:82 src/memory-management/solution.md:88 +msgid "\"djmitche\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:83 src/memory-management/solution.md:89 +msgid "\"4.0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:87 src/memory-management/solution.md:93 +msgid "\"serde: {serde:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:45 +msgid "\"0.1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:4 +msgid "[Box" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:4 +msgid "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:5 +msgid "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md:6 +msgid "[Exercise: Binary Tree](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " +"pointer to data on the heap:" +msgstr "" +"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) è un puntatore " +"di proprietà ai dati sull'heap:" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:9 +msgid "\"five: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " +"methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." +msgstr "" +"`Box` implementa `Deref`, il che significa che puoi [chiamare " +"metodi da `T` direttamente su un `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" +msgstr "" +"I tipi di dati ricorsivi o i tipi di dati con dimensioni dinamiche devono " +"utilizzare un `Box`:" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:35 +msgid "/// A non-empty list: first element and the rest of the list.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:37 +msgid "/// An empty list.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:44 src/smart-pointers/box.md:98 +msgid "\"{list:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:48 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"list : : :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // " +"| // | :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 -msgid "" -"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " -"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " -"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" -"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:64 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " -"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " -"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." +"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " +"not null." msgstr "" -"È buona pratica per tutti i tipi di errore implementare `std::error::Error`, " -"che richiede `Debug` e `Display`. In genere è utile per loro implementare " -"anche `Clone` e `Eq`, ove possibile, per fare vita più facile per i test e i " -"consumatori della tua libreria. In questo caso non possiamo farlo " -"facilmente, perché `io::Error` non li implementa." +"`Box` è come `std::unique_ptr` in C++, tranne per il fatto che è garantito " +"che non sia nullo." -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:66 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" +msgstr "Una `Box` può essere utile quando:" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:67 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " -"an error enum like we did on the previous page:" +"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " +"compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" -"Il crate [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) è un modo popolare per " -"creare un error enum come abbiamo fatto nella pagina precedente:" +"hanno un tipo la cui dimensione non può essere conosciuta in fase di " +"compilazione, ma il compilatore Rust vuole conoscere una dimensione esatta." -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:69 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" -"enum ReadUsernameError {\n" -" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" -" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -" EmptyUsername(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" +"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " +"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " +"so only the pointer is moved." +msgstr "" +"desidera trasferire la proprietà di una grande quantità di dati. Per evitare " +"di copiare grandi quantità di dati nello stack, archivia invece i dati " +"nell'heap in un \"Box\" in modo che venga spostato solo il puntatore." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:73 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " +"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " +"(`List` would be of infinite size)." +msgstr "" +"Se la `Box` non è stata utilizzata qui e abbiamo tentato di incorporare una " +"`Lista` direttamente nella `Lista`, il compilatore non calcolerebbe una " +"dimensione fissa della struttura in memoria, sembrerebbe infinita." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:77 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " +"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." +msgstr "" +"`Box` risolve questo problema poiché ha le stesse dimensioni di un normale " +"puntatore e punta solo al successivo elemento della \"Lista\" nell'heap." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:80 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " +"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " +"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." +msgstr "" +"Rimuovi il `Box` nella definizione dell'elenco e mostra l'errore del " +"compilatore. \"Ricorsivo con indiretto\" è un suggerimento che potresti " +"voler utilizzare un Box o un riferimento di qualche tipo, invece di " +"memorizzare direttamente un valore." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:86 +msgid "Niche Optimization" +msgstr "Ottimizzazioni di nicchia" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:102 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " +"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" +msgstr "" +"Un `Box` non può essere vuoto, quindi il puntatore è sempre valido e non " +"`null`. Questo consente al compilatore di ottimizzare il layout della " +"memoria:" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:105 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": list : : :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | // | :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " -"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " -"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." +"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" +"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " +"from multiple places:" msgstr "" -"La macro deriva di `thiserror` implementa automaticamente `std::error::" -"Error` e facoltativamente `Display` (se vengono forniti gli attributi " -"`#[error(...)]`) e `From` (se viene aggiunto l'attributo `#[from]`). " -"Funziona anche per le strutture." +"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) è un puntatore " +"condiviso con conteggio dei riferimenti. Usalo quando hai bisogno di fare " +"riferimento agli stessi dati da più posizioni:" -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 -#, fuzzy -msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:13 +msgid "\"a: {a}\"" msgstr "" -"Non influisce sulla tua API pubblica, il che lo rende utile per le librerie." -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:14 +msgid "\"b: {b}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " -"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " -"makes this easy." +"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " +"context." msgstr "" -"A volte vogliamo consentire la restituzione di qualsiasi tipo di errore " -"senza scrivere la nostra copertura enum tutte le diverse possibilità. `std::" -"error::Error` lo rende facile." +"Vedere [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) se ci " +"si trova in un contesto multi-thread." -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::fs;\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" -"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" -"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" -" let mut username = String::new();\n" -" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " -"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " -"idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " -"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " -"somewhere." +"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" -"Ciò consente di risparmiare sul codice, ma rinuncia alla possibilità di " -"gestire in modo pulito diversi casi di errore in modo diverso il programma. " -"Pertanto, generalmente non è una buona idea utilizzare `Box` " -"nell'API pubblica di a library, ma può essere una buona opzione in un " -"programma in cui si desidera solo visualizzare il messaggio di errore in " -"qualche luogo." +"Puoi _declassare_ un puntatore condiviso in un puntatore [`Weak`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) per creare cicli che verrà " +"abbandonato." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " -"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " -"error types:" +"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " +"are references." msgstr "" -"La cassa ampiamente utilizzata [comunque](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) può " -"aiutarti ad aggiungere informazioni contestuali ai tuoi errori e ti permette " -"di averne meno tipi di errore personalizzati:" +"Il conteggio di `Rc` assicura che il suo valore contenuto sia valido finché " +"ci sono riferimenti." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{fs, io};\n" -"use std::io::Read;\n" -"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" -"\n" -"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" -" fs::File::open(path)\n" -" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" -" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" -" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" -" if username.is_empty() {\n" -" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(username)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" -" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:32 #, fuzzy -msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." -msgstr "" -"`comunque::Risultato` è un alias di tipo per `Risultato`." +msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." +msgstr "Come `std::shared_ptr` di C++." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " -"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " -"is widely used in applications." +"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " +"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " +"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" -"`anyhow::Error` è essenzialmente un wrapper attorno a `Box`. In " -"quanto tale, generalmente non lo è una buona scelta per l'API pubblica di " -"una libreria, ma è ampiamente utilizzata nelle applicazioni." +"`Rc::clone` è economico: crea un puntatore alla stessa allocazione e aumenta " +"il conteggio dei riferimenti. Non crea un clone profondo e generalmente può " +"essere ignorato quando si cercano problemi di prestazioni nel codice." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." +"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " +"and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" -"Il tipo di errore effettivo all'interno di esso può essere estratto per " -"l'esame, se necessario." +"`make_mut` in realtà clona il valore interno se necessario (\"clone-on-" +"write\") e restituisce un riferimento mutabile." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." +msgstr "Usa `Rc::strong_count` per controllare il conteggio dei riferimenti." + +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " -"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " -"error)` from Go." +"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " +"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" -"La funzionalità fornita da `anyhow::Result` potrebbe essere familiare " -"agli sviluppatori Go, in quanto fornisce modelli di utilizzo ed ergonomia " -"simili a `(T, errore)` di Go." +"`Rc::downgrade` fornisce un oggetto _debolmente contato_ a creare cicli che " +"verranno eliminati correttamente (probabilmente in combinazione con " +"`RefCella`)." -#: src/testing.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two " +"children (left and right). We will create a tree where each node stores a " +"value. For a given node N, all nodes in a N's left subtree contain smaller " +"values, and all nodes in N's right subtree will contain larger values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:8 +msgid "Implement the following types, so that the given tests pass." +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:10 +msgid "" +"Extra Credit: implement an iterator over a binary tree that returns the " +"values in order." +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:14 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:5 +msgid "/// A node in the binary tree.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:21 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// A possibly-empty subtree.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:25 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:17 +msgid "" +"/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:33 +msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:48 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:105 +msgid "// not a unique item\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:89 src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"bar\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Borrowing](./borrowing.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "" +"[Slices and Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 20 " +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:4 +msgid "[Borrowing a Value](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:5 +msgid "[Borrow Checking](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:6 +msgid "[Interior Mutability](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md:7 +msgid "[Exercise: Health Statistics](./borrowing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, " +"you can let a function _borrow_ the value:" +msgstr "" +"Invece di trasferire la proprietà quando chiami una funzione, puoi lasciare " +"che a funzione _prende in prestito_ il valore:" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." +msgstr "" +"La funzione `add` _prende in prestito_ due punti e restituisce un nuovo " +"punto." + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:25 +msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." +msgstr "Il chiamante (caller) mantiene la proprietà (ownership) degli input." + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:30 +msgid "" +"This slide is a review of the material on references from day 1, expanding " +"slightly to include function arguments and return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:35 +msgid "Notes on stack returns:" +msgstr "Note sugli stack returns:" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:37 +msgid "" +"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " +"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " +"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) " +"or look at the assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the " +"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " +"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:63 +msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:64 +msgid "" +"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " +"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " +"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " +"copy." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. " +"For a given value, at any time:" +msgstr "" +"Rust pone dei vincoli sui modi in cui puoi prendere in prestito i valori:" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_" +msgstr "Puoi avere uno o più valori `&T` in qualsiasi momento, _oppure_" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value." +msgstr "Puoi avere un unico valore `&mut T`." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:29 +msgid "" +"Note that the requirement is that conflicting references not _exist_ at the " +"same point. It does not matter where the reference is dereferenced." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " +"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." +msgstr "" +"Il codice precedente non viene compilato perché `a` è preso in prestito come " +"mutabile (attraverso `c`) e come immutabile (attraverso `b`) allo stesso " +"tempo." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " +"to make the code compile." +msgstr "" +"Sposta l'istruzione `println!` per `b` prima dell'ambito che introduce `c` " +"per far compilare il codice." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " +"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " +"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." +msgstr "" +"Dopo tale modifica, il compilatore si rende conto che `b` è sempre e solo " +"usato prima del nuovo prestito mutabile da `a` a `c`. Questa è una " +"caratteristica del controllo del prestito chiamata \"vita non lessicale\"." + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:38 +msgid "" +"The exclusive reference constraint is quite strong. Rust uses it to ensure " +"that data races do not occur. Rust also _relies_ on this constraint to " +"optimize code. For example, a value behind a shared reference can be safely " +"cached in a register for the lifetime of that reference." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:42 +msgid "" +"The borrow checker is designed to accommodate many common patterns, such as " +"taking exclusive references to different fields in a struct at the same " +"time. But, there are some situations where it doesn't quite \"get it\" and " +"this often results in \"fighting with the borrow checker.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:3 +msgid "" +"In some situations, it's necessary to modify data behind a shared (read-" +"only) reference. For example, a shared data structure might have an internal " +"cache, and wish to update that cache from read-only methods." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:7 +msgid "" +"The \"interior mutability\" pattern allows exclusive (mutable) access behind " +"a shared reference. The standard library provides several ways to do this, " +"all while still ensuring safety, typically by performing a runtime check." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`RefCell`" +msgstr "`RefCella`" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:41 +msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:42 +msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Cell`" +msgstr "`Cella`" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:48 +msgid "" +"`Cell` wraps a value and allows getting or setting the value, even with a " +"shared reference to the `Cell`. However, it does not allow any references to " +"the value. Since there are no references, borrowing rules cannot be broken." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:55 +msgid "" +"The main thing to take away from this slide is that Rust provides _safe_ " +"ways to modify data behind a shared reference. There are a variety of ways " +"to ensure that safety, and `RefCell` and `Cell` are two of them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:59 +msgid "" +"`RefCell` enforces Rust's usual borrowing rules (either multiple shared " +"references or a single exclusive reference) with a runtime check. In this " +"case, all borrows are very short and never overlap, so the checks always " +"succeed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:64 +msgid "" +"`Rc` only allows shared (read-only) access to its contents, since its " +"purpose is to allow (and count) many references. But we want to modify the " +"value, so we need interior mutability." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:68 +msgid "" +"`Cell` is a simpler means to ensure safety: it has a `set` method that takes " +"`&self`. This needs no runtime check, but requires moving values, which can " +"have its own cost." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:72 +msgid "" +"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." +"children`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:75 +msgid "" +"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " +"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " +"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " +"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " +"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." +msgstr "" +"Stai lavorando all'implementazione di un sistema di monitoraggio sanitario. " +"Come parte di questo, tu necessità di tenere traccia delle statistiche sulla " +"salute degli utenti." + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You'll start with a stubbed function in an `impl` block as well as a `User` " +"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out method on the " +"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +msgstr "" +"Inizierai con alcune funzioni stubbed in un blocco `impl` così come in un " +"`User` definizione di struttura. Il tuo obiettivo è implementare i metodi " +"eliminati sul file `User` `struct` definito nel blocco `impl`." + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " +"method:" +msgstr "" +"Copia il codice qui sotto in e inserisci " +"quello mancante metodi:" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:51 +msgid "" +"\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the " +"doctor\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:56 src/borrowing/exercise.md:62 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:68 src/borrowing/solution.md:58 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:64 src/borrowing/solution.md:70 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 src/android/aidl/client.md:22 +msgid "\"Bob\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:57 src/borrowing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:4 +msgid "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:5 +msgid "[String References](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:6 +msgid "" +"[Lifetime Annotations](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) (10 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Lifetime Elision](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Struct Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:9 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Protobuf Parsing](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:1 +msgid "Slices" +msgstr "Slice" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:3 +msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" +msgstr "Una _slice_ ti offre una vista in una raccolta più ampia:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:18 +msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." +msgstr "Le sezioni prendono in prestito i dati dal tipo della raccolta." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:19 +msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" +msgstr "Domanda: Cosa succede se modifichi `a[3]` prima di stampare `s`?" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:24 +msgid "" +"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " +"indexes in brackets." +msgstr "" +"Creiamo una sezione prendendo in prestito `a` e specificando gli indici " +"iniziale e finale tra parentesi." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:27 +msgid "" +"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " +"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Se la slice inizia all'indice 0, la sintassi dell'intervallo di Rust ci " +"consente di eliminare l'indice iniziale, il che significa che `&a[0..a." +"len()]` e `&a[..a.len()]` sono identici ." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:31 +msgid "" +"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Lo stesso vale per l'ultimo indice, quindi `&a[2..a.len()]` e `&a[2..]` sono " +"identici." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:34 +msgid "" +"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." +msgstr "" +"Per creare facilmente una porzione dell'array completo, possiamo quindi " +"utilizzare `&a[..]`." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:36 +msgid "" +"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " +"computation on slices of different sizes." +msgstr "" +"`s` è un riferimento a una porzione di `i32`s. Si noti che il tipo di `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) non menziona più la lunghezza dell'array. Questo ci permette di " +"eseguire il calcolo su fette di diverse dimensioni." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " +"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." +msgstr "" +"Le fette prendono sempre in prestito da un altro oggetto. In questo esempio, " +"`a` deve rimanere 'vivo' (nello scope) almeno quanto la nostra fetta. " + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " +"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " +"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " +"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " +"`println`, when the slice is no longer used." +msgstr "" +"La domanda sulla modifica di `a[3]` può innescare una discussione " +"interessante, ma la risposta è che per motivi di sicurezza della memoria non " +"puoi farlo tramite \"a\" dopo aver creato una sezione, ma puoi leggere i " +"dati sia da \"a\" che da \"s\" in modo sicuro. Maggiori dettagli saranno " +"spiegati nella sezione controllo del prestito." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:7 +msgid "" +"We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like " +"`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:13 +msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello \"" +msgstr "Hello World!" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:21 +msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:25 +msgid "Rust terminology:" +msgstr "Terminologia di Rust:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:27 +msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." +msgstr "`&str` un riferimento immutabile a uno slice di stringa." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:28 +msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." +msgstr "`String` è un buffer di stringa mutabile." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " +"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " +"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." +msgstr "" +"`&str` introduce una _string slice_, che è un riferimento immutabile a una " +"stringa codificata UTF-8 memorizzata in un blocco di memoria. Le Stringhe " +"letterali (`”Hello”`), sono memorizzate all'interno del programma binario." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:37 +msgid "" +"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " +"`Vec`, it is owned." +msgstr "" +"Il tipo Rust `String` è costruito attorno a un vettore di bytes. Come con un " +"`Vec`, possiede i dati." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " +"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " +"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." +msgstr "" +"Come con molti altri tipi, `String::from()` crea una stringa da un carattere " +"letterale; `String::new()` crea una stringa vuota a cui è possibile " +"aggiungere dati utilizzando i metodi `push()` and `push_str()`." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " +"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." +msgstr "" +"La macro `format!()` è un modo conveniente per generare una stringa da " +"valori dinamici. Accetta la stessa specifica di formato di `println!()`." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:47 +msgid "" +"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +"selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " +"boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over " +"characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:52 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " +"one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " +"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " +"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." +msgstr "" +"Per i programmatori C++: pensa a `&str` come a `const char*` da C++ ma che " +"punta sempre a una stringa valida in memoria. Rust `String` è " +"approssimativamente equivalente a `std::string` da C++ (differenza " +"principale: può contenere solo byte codificati UTF-8 e non utilizzerà mai " +"l'ottimizzazione di stringhe piccole)." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" +msgstr "" +"Le stringhe di byte consentono di creare direttamente un valore `&[u8]`:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:3 +msgid "" +"A reference has a _lifetime_, which must not \"outlive\" the value it refers " +"to. This is verified by the borrow checker." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:6 +msgid "" +"The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes " +"can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with " +"`'` and `'a` is a typical default name. Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed " +"`Point` which is valid for at least the lifetime `a`\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:11 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " +"yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is " +"ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:15 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and " +"returning values from functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:36 +msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:37 +msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:44 +msgid "" +"In this example, the the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for " +"`p3`. Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume " +"that `p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, " +"Rust requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and " +"return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:50 +msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:56 +msgid "" +"This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives " +"for at least `'a`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:59 +msgid "" +"In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" +msgstr "Lifetime in Chiamate a Funzione" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:3 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " +"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " +"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html). This is not " +"inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:8 +msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:9 +msgid "" +"If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated " +"return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:11 +msgid "" +"If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, " +"that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:53 +msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:55 +msgid "" +"The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple " +"references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:58 +msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:64 +msgid "" +"This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for " +"validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers " +"(unsafe), and this is a common source of errors with unsafe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:68 +msgid "" +"Students may ask when to use lifetimes. Rust borrows _always_ have " +"lifetimes. Most of the time, elision and type inference mean these don't " +"need to be written out. In more complicated cases, lifetime annotations can " +"help resolve ambiguity. Often, especially when prototyping, it's easier to " +"just work with owned data by cloning values where necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" +msgstr "Lifetime in Strutture Dati" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" +msgstr "" +"Se un tipo di dati memorizza dati presi in prestito, deve essere annotato " +"con una durata:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:10 +msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:14 +msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:17 +msgid "// erase(text);\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:18 +msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:19 +msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " +"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " +"`Highlight` that uses that data." +msgstr "" +"Nell'esempio precedente, l'annotazione su \"Highlight\" impone che i dati " +"sottostanti a \"&str\" contenuti durino almeno quanto qualsiasi istanza di " +"\"Highlight\" che utilizza quei dati." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " +"the borrow checker throws an error." +msgstr "" +"Se `text` viene consumato prima della fine della vita di `fox` (o `dog`), il " +"controllo del prestito genera un errore." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " +"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " +"somewhat harder to use." +msgstr "" +"I tipi con dati presi in prestito costringono gli utenti a conservare i dati " +"originali. Questo può essere utile per creare viste leggere, ma in genere le " +"rende un po' più difficili da usare." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." +msgstr "" +"Quando possibile, fare in modo che le strutture dati possiedano direttamente " +"i propri dati." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " +"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " +"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " +"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." +msgstr "" +"Alcune strutture con più riferimenti all'interno possono avere più di " +"un'annotazione di durata. Ciò può essere necessario se è necessario " +"descrivere le relazioni di durata tra i riferimenti stessi, oltre alla " +"durata della struttura stessa. Questi sono casi d'uso molto avanzati." + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]" +"(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's " +"simpler than it seems! This illustrates a common parsing pattern, passing " +"slices of data. The underlying data itself is never copied." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, " +"indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` " +"file. In this exercise, we'll encode that information into `match` " +"statements in functions that get called for each field." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We'll use the following proto:" +msgstr "Puoi usare il seguente `Cargo.toml`:" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:28 +msgid "" +"A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each " +"is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field " +"number (e.g., `2` for the `id` field of a `Person` message) and a wire type " +"defining how the payload should be determined from the byte stream." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:33 +msgid "" +"Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding " +"called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given " +"code also defines callbacks to handle `Person` and `PhoneNumber` fields, and " +"to parse a message into a series of calls to those callbacks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:38 +msgid "" +"What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function and the " +"`ProtoMessage` trait for `Person` and `PhoneNumber`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:49 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:11 +msgid "\"Invalid varint\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:51 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:13 +msgid "\"Invalid wire-type\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:53 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:15 +msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:55 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:17 +msgid "\"Invalid length\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:57 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:19 +msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:59 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:21 +msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:62 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:24 +msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:65 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:27 +msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:67 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:29 +msgid "" +"//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" +" /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " +"a\n" +" /// VARINT followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:71 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:33 +msgid "" +"/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n" +" /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:76 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:38 +msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:80 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:42 +msgid "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:85 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:47 +msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:102 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:64 +msgid "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:132 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:94 +msgid "" +"/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:140 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:102 +msgid "" +"// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" +" // a u64 and return it.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:150 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:112 +msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:153 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:115 +msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:161 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:122 +msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:167 +msgid "" +"\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as " +"necessary.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:169 +msgid "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:171 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:153 +msgid "" +"/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field " +"in\n" +"/// the message.\n" +"///\n" +"/// The entire input is consumed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:198 +msgid "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:146 +msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:187 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:198 +msgid "// skip everything else\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:225 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:232 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:239 +msgid "b\"hello\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Day 4" +msgstr "Benvenuto al primo giorno" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today we will cover topics relating to building large-scale software in Rust:" +msgstr "Oggi tratteremo alcuni argomenti più avanzati di Rust:" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:5 +msgid "Iterators: a deep dive on the `Iterator` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:6 +msgid "Modules and visibility." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing." +msgstr "Testare" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." +msgstr "Gestione degli errori: panic, `Result` e l'operatore try `?`." + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:9 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust: the escape hatch when you can't express yourself in safe Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:14 +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:15 +msgid "[Iterators](./iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:16 +msgid "[Modules](./modules.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:17 +msgid "[Testing](./testing.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:4 +msgid "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:5 +msgid "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:6 +msgid "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:7 +msgid "" +"The [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait supports iterating over values in a collection. It requires a `next` " +"method and provides lots of methods. Many standard library types implement " +"`Iterator`, and you can implement it yourself, too:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:31 +msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " +"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " +"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " +"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " +"implementations." +msgstr "" +"Il tratto `Iterator` implementa molte comuni operazioni di programmazione " +"funzionale sulle raccolte (ad es. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, ecc.). Questo è " +"il tratto in cui puoi trovare tutta la documentazione su di loro. In Rust " +"queste funzioni dovrebbero produrre il codice tanto efficiente quanto " +"imperativo equivalente implementazioni." + +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " +"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " +"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " +"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." +msgstr "" +"`IntoIterator` è la caratteristica che fa funzionare i cicli for. È " +"implementato da tipi di raccolta come `Vec` e riferimenti ad essi come " +"`&Vec` e `&[T]`. Anche le gamme lo implementano. Ecco perché puoi iterare " +"su un vettore con `for i in some_vec { .. }` ma `some_vec.next()` non esiste." + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " +"iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) defines how to create an iterator for a type. " +"It is used automatically by the `for` loop." +msgstr "" +"Il tratto `Iterator` ti dice come _iterare_ una volta che hai creato un file " +"iteratore. Il tratto correlato `IntoIterator` ti dice come creare " +"l'iteratore:" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:49 +msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of " +"`IntoIterator` must declare two types:" +msgstr "" +"La sintassi qui significa che ogni implementazione di \"IntoIterator\" deve " +"dichiarare due tipi:" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`," +msgstr "`Item`: il tipo su cui iteriamo, come `i8`," + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:61 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." +msgstr "`IntoIter`: il tipo `Iterator` restituito dal metodo `into_iter`." + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:63 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " +"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" +msgstr "" +"Nota che \"IntoIter\" e \"Item\" sono collegati: l'iteratore deve avere lo " +"stesso Tipo `Item`, che significa che restituisce `Option`" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:66 +msgid "The example iterates over all combinations of x and y coordinates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:68 +msgid "" +"Try iterating over the grid twice in `main`. Why does this fail? Note that " +"`IntoIterator::into_iter` takes ownership of `self`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:71 +msgid "" +"Fix this issue by implementing `IntoIterator` for `&Grid` and storing a " +"reference to the `Grid` in `GridIter`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:74 +msgid "" +"The same problem can occur for standard library types: `for e in " +"some_vector` will take ownership of `some_vector` and iterate over owned " +"elements from that vector. Use `for e in &some_vector` instead, to iterate " +"over references to elements of `some_vector`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:1 +msgid "FromIterator" +msgstr "FromIterator" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." +msgstr "" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"consente di creare una raccolta da un [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:9 +msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Iterator` implements" +msgstr "`Iteratore`" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:25 +msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:27 +msgid "" +"With the \"turbofish\": `some_iterator.collect::()`, as " +"shown. The `_` shorthand used here lets Rust infer the type of the `Vec` " +"elements." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:29 +msgid "" +"With type inference: `let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`. " +"Rewrite the example to use this form." +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. " +"There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things " +"like convert an `Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." +msgstr "" +"Ci sono anche implementazioni che ti permettono di fare cose interessanti " +"come convertire un file `Iterator>` in un " +"`Result, E>`." + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods " +"in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait to implement a complex calculation." +msgstr "" +"Puoi implementare il tratto [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/" +"trait.Iterator.html) sui tuoi tipi:" + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the following code to and make the tests " +"pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the " +"return value." +msgstr "" +"Copia il seguente codice in ed esegui i test " +"passaggio. Prova a evitare di assegnare un `Vec` per i tuoi risultati " +"intermedi:" + +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:11 src/iterators/solution.md:4 +msgid "" +"/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by " +"`offset`,\n" +"/// wrapping around from the end of `values` to the beginning.\n" +"///\n" +"/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:4 +msgid "[Modules](./modules/modules.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:5 +msgid "[Filesystem Hierarchy](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:6 +msgid "[Visibility](./modules/visibility.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:7 +msgid "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library](./modules/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md:10 +msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." +msgstr "" +"Abbiamo visto come i blocchi `impl` ci permettono di utilizzare lo spazio " +"dei nomi per un tipo." + +#: src/modules/modules.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" +msgstr "" +"Allo stesso modo, `mod` ci consente tipi e funzioni dello spazio dei nomi:" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:10 +msgid "\"In the foo module\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:16 +msgid "\"In the bar module\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " +"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." +msgstr "" +"I pacchetti forniscono funzionalità e includono un file `Cargo.toml` che " +"descrive come costruire un pacchetto di 1+ casse." + +#: src/modules/modules.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " +"a library crate compiles to a library." +msgstr "" +"I crate sono un albero di moduli, in cui un crate binario crea un eseguibile " +"e un crate di libreria viene compilato in una libreria." + +#: src/modules/modules.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." +msgstr "" +"I moduli definiscono l'organizzazione, l'ambito e sono il fulcro di questa " +"sezione." + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 +msgid "" +"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 +msgid "" +"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." +"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" +"vegetables.rs`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `crate` root is in:" +msgstr "La radice di `crate` è in:" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" +msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (per un crate di libreria)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` (per una cassa binaria)" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " +"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " +"module." +msgstr "" +"Anche i moduli definiti nei file possono essere documentati utilizzando " +"\"commenti interni al documento\". Questi documentano l'elemento che li " +"contiene, in questo caso un modulo." + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:22 +msgid "" +"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " +"germination\n" +"//! implementation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24 +msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:28 +msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:33 +msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:43 +msgid "" +"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " +"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:46 +msgid "" +"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." +"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:49 +msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 +msgid "" +"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " +"directive:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:62 +msgid "\"some/path.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:66 +msgid "" +"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " +"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" +msgstr "I moduli sono un limite di privacy:" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." +msgstr "" +"Gli elementi del modulo sono privati per impostazione predefinita (nasconde " +"i dettagli di implementazione)." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." +msgstr "Gli elementi dei genitori e dei fratelli sono sempre visibili." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " +"the descendants of `foo`." +msgstr "" +"In altre parole, se un elemento è visibile nel modulo `foo`, è visibile in " +"tutti i file discendenti di `foo`." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:13 +msgid "\"outer::private\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:17 +msgid "\"outer::public\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:22 +msgid "\"outer::inner::private\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:26 +msgid "\"outer::inner::public\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." +msgstr "Usa la parola chiave `pub` per rendere pubblici i moduli." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " +"of public visibility." +msgstr "" +"Inoltre, ci sono specificatori avanzati `pub(...)` per restringere l'ambito " +"della visibilità pubblica." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" +"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." +msgstr "" +"Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-" +"and-privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:47 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." +msgstr "" +"La configurazione della visibilità di `pub(crate)` è un modello comune." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:48 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." +msgstr "Meno comunemente, puoi dare visibilità a un percorso specifico." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " +"its descendants)." +msgstr "" +"In ogni caso, la visibilità deve essere concessa a un modulo predecessore " +"(ea tutti i suoi discendenti)." + +#: src/modules/paths.md:1 +msgid "use, super, self" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " +"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" +msgstr "" +"Un modulo può portare i simboli di un altro modulo nell'ambito con `use`. In " +"genere vedrai qualcosa di simile nella parte superiore di ogni modulo:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:11 +msgid "Paths" +msgstr "Percorsi (Paths)" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" +msgstr "I percorsi sono risolti come segue:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "As a relative path:" +msgstr "Come percorso relativo:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," +msgstr "`foo` o `self::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nel modulo corrente," + +#: src/modules/paths.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." +msgstr "`super::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nel modulo genitore." + +#: src/modules/paths.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "As an absolute path:" +msgstr "Come percorso assoluto:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," +msgstr "`crate::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nella radice del crate corrente," + +#: src/modules/paths.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." +msgstr "`bar::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nella cassa `bar`." + +#: src/modules/paths.md:26 +msgid "" +"It is common to \"re-export\" symbols at a shorter path. For example, the " +"top-level `lib.rs` in a crate might have" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:36 +msgid "" +"making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a " +"convenient, short path." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:39 +msgid "" +"For the most part, only items that appear in a module need to be `use`'d. " +"However, a trait must be in scope to call any methods on that trait, even if " +"a type implementing that trait is already in scope. For example, to use the " +"`read_to_string` method on a type implementing the `Read` trait, you need to " +"`use std::io::Read`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:45 +msgid "" +"The `use` statement can have a wildcard: `use std::io::*`. This is " +"discouraged because it is not clear which items are imported, and those " +"might change over time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you will reorganize a small GUI Library implementation. " +"This library defines a `Widget` trait and a few implementations of that " +"trait, as well as a `main` function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own " +"module, so each widget type should get its own module." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cargo Setup" +msgstr "Setup" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:12 +msgid "" +"The Rust playground only supports one file, so you will need to make a Cargo " +"project on your local filesystem:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:21 +msgid "" +"Edit the resulting `src/main.rs` to add `mod` statements, and add additional " +"files in the `src` directory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:24 +msgid "Source" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:26 +msgid "Here's the single-module implementation of the GUI library:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:30 src/modules/solution.md:36 +msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:33 src/modules/solution.md:39 +msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:36 src/modules/solution.md:42 +msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:40 src/modules/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"{buffer}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:88 +msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:100 +msgid "" +"// TODO: Change draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use " +"the\n" +" // ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/exercise.md:102 src/modules/exercise.md:108 +#: src/modules/solution.md:165 src/modules/solution.md:171 +msgid "\"+-{:-. Then use\n" +" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/solution.md:177 +msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:4 +msgid "[Test Modules](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:5 +msgid "[Other Types of Tests](./testing/other.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:6 +msgid "[Useful Crates](./testing/useful-crates.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:7 +msgid "[GoogleTest](./testing/googletest.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:8 +msgid "[Mocking](./testing/mocking.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:9 +msgid "[Compiler Lints and Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md:10 +msgid "[Exercise: Luhn Algorithm](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 +msgid "Unit Tests" +msgstr "Test per unità" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "Rust e Cargo sono dotati di un semplice framework di unit test:" -#: src/testing.md:5 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "I test unitari sono supportati in tutto il codice." -#: src/testing.md:7 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "I test di integrazione sono supportati tramite la directory `tests/`." -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" -msgstr "Contrassegna i test unitari con `#[test]`:" - -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:9 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,ignore\n" -"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" -" match text.find(' ') {\n" -" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" -" None => &text,\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_word() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_multiple_words() {\n" -" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Tests are marked with `#[test]`. Unit tests are often put in a nested " +"`tests` module, using `#[cfg(test)]` to conditionally compile them only when " +"building tests." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 #, fuzzy -msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." -msgstr "Usa `cargo test` per trovare ed eseguire i test unitari." +msgid "\"Hello World\"" +msgstr "Hello World!" -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" -"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" -msgstr "" -"I test unitari vengono spesso inseriti in un modulo nidificato (esegui test " -"sul file [Parco giochi](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_helper() {\n" -" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "Questo ti consente di testare unitamente gli aiutanti privati." -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "L'attributo `#[cfg(test)]` è attivo solo quando esegui `cargo test`." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:48 +msgid "Run the tests in the playground in order to show their results." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:3 +msgid "Integration Tests" +msgstr "Test di integrazione" + +#: src/testing/other.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." +msgstr "" +"Se desideri testare la tua libreria come client, utilizza un test di " +"integrazione." + +#: src/testing/other.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" +msgstr "Crea un file `.rs` in `tests/`:" + +#: src/testing/other.md:10 +msgid "// tests/my_library.rs\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/other.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." +msgstr "Questi test hanno accesso solo all'API pubblica del tuo crate." + +#: src/testing/other.md:21 +msgid "Documentation Tests" +msgstr "Test nella documentazione" + +#: src/testing/other.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "Rust ha il supporto integrato per i test di documentazione:" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 +#: src/testing/other.md:26 msgid "" -"```rust\n" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" @@ -11310,31 +10459,27 @@ msgid "" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" -"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" -" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 +#: src/testing/other.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "" "I blocchi di codice nei commenti `///` sono visti automaticamente come " "codice Rust." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 +#: src/testing/other.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "Il codice verrà compilato ed eseguito come parte di `cargo test`." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 +#: src/testing/other.md:40 msgid "" -"Adding `# ` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/" +"Adding `#` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/" "run it." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:21 +#: src/testing/other.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" @@ -11343,28 +10488,6 @@ msgstr "" "Prova il codice precedente su [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." -msgstr "" -"Se desideri testare la tua libreria come client, utilizza un test di " -"integrazione." - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" -msgstr "Crea un file `.rs` in `tests/`:" - -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." -msgstr "Questi test hanno accesso solo all'API pubblica del tuo crate." - -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" -msgstr "Casse utili" - #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." @@ -11380,28 +10503,884 @@ msgid "" "library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:10 msgid "" "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " "tests." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:3 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " +"assertions using _matchers_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"baz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"xyz\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:16 +msgid "" +"If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " +"error message pin-pointing the error:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:37 +msgid "" +"GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " +"example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " +"to an existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:41 +msgid "" +"The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " +"macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." +"html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:44 +msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:46 +msgid "" +"A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings strings " +"are shown as a diff:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:52 +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:57 +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:64 +msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:81 +msgid "" +"The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" +"googletest/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:86 +msgid "GoogleTest is available for use in AOSP." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:3 +msgid "" +"For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " +"You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " +"mock:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:27 +msgid "" +"The advice here is for Android (AOSP) where Mockall is the recommended " +"mocking library. There are other [mocking libraries available on crates.io]" +"(https://crates.io/keywords/mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP " +"services. The other mocking libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, " +"meaning that they make it easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:34 +msgid "" +"Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " +"isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " +"more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured " +"wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:39 +msgid "" +"If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " +"an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " +"means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast " +"and will automatically clean up after themselves." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:44 +msgid "" +"Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " +"binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " +"the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:48 +msgid "" +"Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " +"in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " +"existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:52 +msgid "" +"Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " +"expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " +"a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/mocking.md:70 +msgid "" +"You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " +"called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " +"isn't satisfied." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful " +"built-in lints. [Clippy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/) provides even " +"more lints, organized into groups that can be enabled per-project." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:14 +msgid "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:21 +msgid "" +"Run the code sample and examine the error message. There are also lints " +"visible here, but those will not be shown once the code compiles. Switch to " +"the Playground site to show those lints." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:25 +msgid "" +"After resolving the lints, run `clippy` on the playground site to show " +"clippy warnings. Clippy has extensive documentation of its lints, and adds " +"new lints (including default-deny lints) all the time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/lints.md:29 +msgid "" +"Note that errors or warnings with `help: ...` can be fixed with `cargo fix` " +"or via your editor." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algoritmo di Luhn" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " +"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " +"does the following to validate the credit card number:" +msgstr "" +"L'[algoritmo di Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) viene " +"utilizzato per convalidare i numeri di carta di credito. L'algoritmo prende " +"una stringa come input e fa il seguente per convalidare il numero della " +"carta di credito:" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +msgstr "Ignora tutti gli spazi. Rifiuta il numero con meno di due cifre." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " +"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." +msgstr "" +"Spostandoti da destra a sinistra, raddoppia ogni seconda cifra: per il " +"numero `1234`, raddoppiamo \"3\" e \"1\"." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " +"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." +msgstr "" +"Dopo aver raddoppiato una cifra, somma le cifre. Quindi raddoppiando \"7\" " +"diventa \"14\" which diventa \"5\"." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:17 +msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." +msgstr "Somma tutte le cifre non raddoppiate e raddoppiate." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." +msgstr "Il numero della carta di credito è valido se la somma termina con `0`." + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:21 +msgid "" +"The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, " +"along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most the algorithm is " +"implemented correctly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:25 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and write additional " +"tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you " +"find." +msgstr "" +"Copia il codice qui sotto in e inserisci " +"quello mancante funzioni e metodi:" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:57 src/testing/solution.md:69 +msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:58 src/testing/solution.md:70 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:59 src/testing/solution.md:71 +msgid "\"7992 7398 713\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:64 src/testing/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:65 src/testing/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:66 src/testing/solution.md:78 +msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:4 +msgid "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:27 +msgid "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:56 +msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:58 +msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"yes\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"no\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:84 +msgid "\"foo 0 0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:90 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:91 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:92 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:97 +msgid "\"0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/solution.md:102 +msgid "\" 0 0 \"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:4 +msgid "[Error Handling](./error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:5 +msgid "[Unsafe Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:7 +msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:4 +msgid "[Panics](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:5 +msgid "[Try Operator](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:6 +msgid "[Try Conversions](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:7 +msgid "[Error Trait](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:8 +msgid "" +"[thiserror and anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md:9 +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Rewriting with Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 +msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" +msgstr "" +"Rust attiverà un panico se si verifica un errore fatale in fase di " +"esecuzione:" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:10 +msgid "\"v[100]: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." +msgstr "I panico sono per errori irrecuperabili e imprevisti." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." +msgstr "I panici sono sintomi di bug nel programma." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:16 +msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:17 +msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:18 +msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:19 +msgid "" +"A panic will \"unwind\" the stack, dropping values just as if the functions " +"had returned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." +msgstr "Usa API senza panico (come `Vec::get`) se il crash non è accettabile." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " +"caught:" +msgstr "" +"Per impostazione predefinita, un panico causerà lo srotolamento dello stack. " +"Lo svolgimento può essere catturato:" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:32 +msgid "\"No problem here!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:33 src/error-handling/panics.md:38 +msgid "\"{result:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:36 +msgid "\"oh no!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:42 +msgid "" +"Catching is unusual; do not attempt to implement exceptions with " +"`catch_unwind`!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " +"request crashes." +msgstr "" +"Questo può essere utile nei server che dovrebbero continuare a funzionare " +"anche se un singolo la richiesta va in crash." + +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." +msgstr "" +"Questo non funziona se `panic = 'abort'` è impostato nel tuo `Cargo.toml`." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:3 +msgid "" +"Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with " +"the `Result` type, but matching this type on every call can be cumbersome. " +"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +"turn the common" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "into the much simpler" +msgstr "nel molto più semplice" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" +msgstr "" +"Possiamo usarlo per semplificare il nostro codice di gestione degli errori:" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:42 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:43 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:65 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:36 +msgid "\"config.dat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:44 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:66 +msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:51 +msgid "Simplify the `read_username` function to use `?`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:55 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." +msgstr "La variabile `username` può essere `Ok(string)` o `Err(error)`." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:56 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " +"file, file with username." +msgstr "" +"Usa la chiamata `fs::write` per testare i diversi scenari: nessun file, file " +"vuoto, file con nome utente." + +#: src/error-handling/try.md:58 +msgid "" +"Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::" +"process:Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " +"The executable will print the `Err` variant and return a nonzero exit status " +"on error." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " +"indicated:" +msgstr "" +"L'effettiva espansione di `?` è un po' più complicata di quanto " +"precedentemente indicato:" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:10 +msgid "works the same as" +msgstr "funziona allo stesso modo di" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " +"type returned by the function. This makes it easy to encapsulate errors into " +"higher-level errors." +msgstr "" +"La chiamata `From::from` qui significa che tentiamo di convertire il tipo di " +"errore in tipo restituito dalla funzione:" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:42 +msgid "\"IO error: {e}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:43 +msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:35 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:73 +msgid "" +"The `?` operator must return a value compatible with the return type of the " +"function. For `Result`, it means that the error types have to be compatible. " +"A function that returns `Result` can only use `?` on a value " +"of type `Result` if `ErrorOuter` and `ErrorInner` are the " +"same type or if `ErrorOuter` implements `From`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:79 +msgid "" +"A common alternative to a `From` implementation is `Result::map_err`, " +"especially when the conversion only happens in one place." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:82 +msgid "" +"There is no compatibility requirement for `Option`. A function returning " +"`Option` can use the `?` operator on `Option` for arbitrary `T` and " +"`U` types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:86 +msgid "" +"A function that returns `Result` cannot use `?` on `Option` and vice versa. " +"However, `Option::ok_or` converts `Option` to `Result` whereas `Result::ok` " +"turns `Result` into `Option`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:1 +msgid "Dynamic Error Types" +msgstr "Tipi di errori dinamici" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " +"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. The `std::error::" +"Error` trait makes it easy to create a trait object that can contain any " +"error." +msgstr "" +"A volte vogliamo consentire la restituzione di qualsiasi tipo di errore " +"senza scrivere la nostra copertura enum tutte le diverse possibilità. `std::" +"error::Error` lo rende facile." + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 src/error-handling/error.md:21 +msgid "\"count.dat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 +msgid "\"1i3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:22 +msgid "\"Count: {count}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:23 +msgid "\"Error: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:31 +msgid "" +"The `read_count` function can return `std::io::Error` (from file operations) " +"or `std::num::ParseIntError` (from `String::parse`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Boxing errors saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle " +"different error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not " +"a good idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it " +"can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error " +"message somewhere." +msgstr "" +"Ciò consente di risparmiare sul codice, ma rinuncia alla possibilità di " +"gestire in modo pulito diversi casi di errore in modo diverso il programma. " +"Pertanto, generalmente non è una buona idea utilizzare `Box` " +"nell'API pubblica di a library, ma può essere una buona opzione in un " +"programma in cui si desidera solo visualizzare il messaggio di errore in " +"qualche luogo." + +#: src/error-handling/error.md:40 +msgid "" +"Make sure to implement the `std::error::Error` trait when defining a custom " +"error type so it can be boxed. But if you need to support the `no_std` " +"attribute, keep in mind that the `std::error::Error` trait is currently " +"compatible with `no_std` in [nightly](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/" +"issues/103765) only." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and [`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/" +"anyhow/) crates are widely used to simplify error handling." +msgstr "" +"Il crate [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) è un modo popolare per " +"creare un error enum come abbiamo fatto nella pagina precedente:" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:7 +msgid "" +"`thiserror` is often used in libraries to create custom error types that " +"implement `From`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:9 +msgid "" +"`anyhow` is often used by applications to help with error handling in " +"functions, including adding contextual information to your errors." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:19 +msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:25 +msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:27 +msgid "\"Failed to read\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:37 +msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:38 +msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`thiserror`" +msgstr "`Errore`" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:48 +msgid "" +"The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful " +"attributes to help define error types in a compact way." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:50 +msgid "The `std::error::Error` trait is derived automatically." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:51 +msgid "The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:53 +msgid "`anyhow`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:55 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " +"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " +"is widely used in applications." +msgstr "" +"`anyhow::Error` è essenzialmente un wrapper attorno a `Box`. In " +"quanto tale, generalmente non lo è una buona scelta per l'API pubblica di " +"una libreria, ma è ampiamente utilizzata nelle applicazioni." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:58 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." +msgstr "" +"`comunque::Risultato` è un alias di tipo per `Risultato`." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." +msgstr "" +"Il tipo di errore effettivo all'interno di esso può essere estratto per " +"l'esame, se necessario." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " +"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " +"error)` from Go." +msgstr "" +"La funzionalità fornita da `anyhow::Result` potrebbe essere familiare " +"agli sviluppatori Go, in quanto fornisce modelli di utilizzo ed ergonomia " +"simili a `(T, errore)` di Go." + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:63 +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Context` is a trait implemented for the standard `Result` and " +"`Option` types. `use anyhow::Context` is necessary to enable `.context()` " +"and `.with_context()` on those types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. " +"However, it handles errors by panicking. Rewrite it to instead use idiomatic " +"error handling and propagate errors to a return from `main`. Feel free to " +"use `thiserror` and `anyhow`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"HINT: start by fixing error handling in the `parse` function. Once that is " +"working correctly, update `Tokenizer` to implement " +"`Iterator>` and handle that in the parser." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:15 src/error-handling/solution.md:9 +msgid "/// An arithmetic operator.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:22 src/error-handling/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// A token in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:30 src/error-handling/solution.md:24 +msgid "/// An expression in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:34 src/error-handling/solution.md:28 +msgid "/// A reference to a variable.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:36 src/error-handling/solution.md:30 +msgid "/// A literal number.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:38 src/error-handling/solution.md:32 +msgid "/// A binary operation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:62 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:62 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'z'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'_'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:70 src/error-handling/solution.md:70 +msgid "'+'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:71 src/error-handling/solution.md:71 +msgid "'-'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:72 +msgid "\"Unexpected character {c}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:82 src/error-handling/solution.md:81 +msgid "\"Unexpected end of input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:86 +msgid "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:90 src/error-handling/exercise.md:100 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:92 src/error-handling/solution.md:104 +msgid "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:108 src/error-handling/solution.md:121 +msgid "\"10+foo+20-30\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:109 src/error-handling/solution.md:122 +msgid "\"{expr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:42 +msgid "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:79 +msgid "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"Invalid number\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:4 +msgid "[Unsafe](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:5 +msgid "" +"[Dereferencing Raw Pointers](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:6 +msgid "[Mutable Static Variables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:7 +msgid "[Unions](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:8 +msgid "[Unsafe Functions](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:9 +msgid "[Unsafe Traits](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:10 +msgid "[Exercise: FFI Wrapper](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "Il linguaggio Rust ha due parti:" -#: src/unsafe.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "" "**Safe Rust:** memoria sicura, nessun comportamento indefinito possibile." -#: src/unsafe.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " @@ -11410,16 +11389,16 @@ msgstr "" "**Unsafe Rust:** può attivare un comportamento indefinito se vengono violate " "le precondizioni." -#: src/unsafe.md:8 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " -"know what Unsafe Rust is." +"We saw mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know what " +"Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" "Vedremo Rust per lo più sicuro in questo corso, ma è importante saperlo " "cos'è Unsafe Rust." -#: src/unsafe.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " @@ -11429,37 +11408,37 @@ msgstr "" "dovrebbe essere attentamente documentato. Di solito è racchiuso in uno " "strato di astrazione sicuro." -#: src/unsafe.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "Unsafe Rust ti dà accesso a cinque nuove funzionalità:" -#: src/unsafe.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "Dereferenzia i puntatori grezzi." -#: src/unsafe.md:17 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "Accedi o modifica variabili statiche mutabili." -#: src/unsafe.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "Accedi ai campi `union`." -#: src/unsafe.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "Richiama funzioni `non sicure`, comprese le funzioni `extern`." -#: src/unsafe.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "Implementa i tratti \"non sicuri\"." -#: src/unsafe.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " @@ -11471,11 +11450,11 @@ msgstr "" "book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) e il [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nomicon/)." -#: src/unsafe.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " -"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " +"have turned off some compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." msgstr "" @@ -11484,38 +11463,50 @@ msgstr "" "compilatore e deve scrivere il codice corretto loro stessi. Significa che il " "compilatore non applica più le regole di sicurezza della memoria di Rust." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" "La creazione di puntatori è sicura, ma la loro dereferenziazione richiede " "`unsafe`:" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:7 +msgid "\"careful!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut num = 5;\n" -"\n" -" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" -" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" +"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" -" *r1 = 10;\n" -" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:18 +msgid "\"r1 is: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:19 +msgid "\"uhoh\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:20 +msgid "\"r2 is: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:23 +msgid "" +"// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS.\n" +" /*\n" +" let r3: &String = unsafe { &*r1 };\n" +" drop(s);\n" +" println!(\"r3 is: {}\", *r3);\n" +" */" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " @@ -11527,7 +11518,7 @@ msgstr "" "interno soddisfi i requisiti di sicurezza dell'unsafe operazioni che sta " "compiendo." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " @@ -11537,12 +11528,12 @@ msgstr "" "essere [_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), " "ovvero:" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "Il puntatore deve essere diverso da null." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " @@ -11551,17 +11542,17 @@ msgstr "" "Il puntatore deve essere _dereferenceable_ (entro i limiti di un singolo " "oggetto allocato)." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "L'oggetto non deve essere stato deallocato." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "Non devono esserci accessi contemporanei alla stessa posizione." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " @@ -11571,30 +11562,35 @@ msgstr "" "sottostante deve essere live e no riferimento può essere utilizzato per " "accedere alla memoria." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "" "Nella maggior parte dei casi anche il puntatore deve essere correttamente " "allineato." -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:52 +msgid "" +"The \"NOT SAFE\" section gives an example of a common kind of UB bug: `*r1` " +"has the `'static` lifetime, so `r3` has type `&'static String`, and thus " +"outlives `s`. Creating a reference from a pointer requires _great care_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "È sicuro leggere una variabile statica immutabile:" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello, world!\"" +msgstr "Hello World!" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:9 +msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " @@ -11603,24 +11599,11 @@ msgstr "" "Tuttavia, poiché possono verificarsi corse di dati, non è sicuro leggere e " "scrivere mutabili variabili statiche:" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" -"\n" -"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" -" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" add_to_counter(42);\n" -"\n" -" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:29 +msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:37 msgid "" "The program here is safe because it is single-threaded. However, the Rust " "compiler is conservative and will assume the worst. Try removing the " @@ -11628,7 +11611,7 @@ msgid "" "mutate a static from multiple threads." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:36 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " @@ -11639,30 +11622,26 @@ msgstr "" "alcuni casi in cui potrebbe avere senso nel codice `no_std` di basso " "livello, come implementare un allocatore di heap o lavorare con alcune API C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "" "Le unioni sono come le enum, ma devi monitorare tu stesso il campo attivo:" -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"#[repr(C)]\n" -"union MyUnion {\n" -" i: u8,\n" -" b: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" -" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" -" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:14 +msgid "\"int: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +msgid "\"bool: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n" +msgstr "Nessun comportamento indefinito in fase di esecuzione:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " @@ -11672,7 +11651,7 @@ msgstr "" "usare un enum. Occasionalmente sono necessari per interagire con le API " "della libreria C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " @@ -11685,7 +11664,11 @@ msgstr "" "transmute.html) o una cassaforte wrapper come la cassa [`zerocopy`](https://" "crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:3 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:75 +msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Chiamare Funzioni Unsafe" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " @@ -11694,37 +11677,68 @@ msgstr "" "Una funzione o un metodo può essere contrassegnato come \"non sicuro\" se ha " "precondizioni aggiuntive deve sostenere per evitare comportamenti indefiniti:" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " -"of\n" -" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" -" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" -"\n" -" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" -" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" -" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" -" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:9 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:91 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:38 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:8 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:23 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:49 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:104 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:110 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:118 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:124 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:130 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:136 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:142 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:148 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:43 +msgid "\"C\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:14 +msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:16 +msgid "" +"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" +" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:21 +msgid "\"emoji: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:24 +msgid "\"char count: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" +msgstr "Nessun comportamento indefinito in fase di esecuzione:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:28 +msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:31 +msgid "" +"// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" +" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" +" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe {\n" +" // emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:42 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:87 +msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Creare Funzioni Unsafe" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " @@ -11733,104 +11747,71 @@ msgstr "" "Puoi contrassegnare le tue funzioni come \"non sicure\" se richiedono " "condizioni particolari per evitare undefined comportamento." -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:48 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" -"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" -" let temp = *a;\n" -" *a = *b;\n" -" *b = temp;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut a = 42;\n" -" let mut b = 66;\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because ...\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " -"with references." -msgstr "" -"In realtà non useremmo i puntatori per questo perché può essere fatto in " -"sicurezza con i riferimenti." - -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " -"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " -"Try adding it and see what happens." -msgstr "" -"Si noti che il codice non sicuro è consentito all'interno di una funzione " -"non sicura senza un blocco `unsafe`. Noi possiamo proibiscilo con " -"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Prova ad aggiungerlo e guarda cosa " -"succede." - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Calling External Code" -msgstr "Chiamata codice esterno" - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " -"them is thus unsafe:" -msgstr "" -"Le funzioni di altri linguaggi potrebbero violare le garanzie di Rust. " -"Chiamata loro è quindi pericoloso:" - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" -" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:63 +msgid "// Safe because ...\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:68 +msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:77 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " -"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " -"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." +"`get_unchecked`, like most `_unchecked` functions, is unsafe, because it can " +"create UB if the range is incorrect. `abs` is incorrect for a different " +"reason: it is an external function (FFI). Calling external functions is " +"usually only a problem when those functions do things with pointers which " +"might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have " +"undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" "Questo di solito è solo un problema per le funzioni esterne che fanno cose " "con i puntatori che potrebbero violare il modello di memoria di Rust, ma in " "generale qualsiasi funzione C potrebbe avere un comportamento indefinito " "sotto qualsiasi circostanze arbitrarie." -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:84 msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:89 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We wouldn't actually use pointers for a `swap` function - it can be done " +"safely with references." +msgstr "" +"In realtà non useremmo i puntatori per questo perché può essere fatto in " +"sicurezza con i riferimenti." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:92 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " +"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " +"Try adding it and see what happens. This will likely change in a future Rust " +"edition." +msgstr "" +"Si noti che il codice non sicuro è consentito all'interno di una funzione " +"non sicura senza un blocco `unsafe`. Noi possiamo proibiscilo con " +"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Prova ad aggiungerlo e guarda cosa " +"succede." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:1 +msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" +msgstr "Implementare Unsafe Traits" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " @@ -11840,7 +11821,7 @@ msgstr "" "l'implementazione deve garantire condizioni particolari per evitare " "comportamenti indefiniti." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " @@ -11850,30 +11831,18 @@ msgstr "" "[qualcosa del genere](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes." "html):" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:12 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" -"use std::slice;\n" -"\n" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" -" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " -"size_of_val(self))\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" -"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:26 +msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " @@ -11882,7 +11851,7 @@ msgstr "" "Dovrebbe esserci una sezione `# Safety` su Rustdoc per il tratto che spiega " "i requisiti per il tratto da implementare in modo sicuro." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " @@ -11891,42 +11860,16 @@ msgstr "" "L'attuale sezione sulla sicurezza per `AsBytes` è piuttosto lunga e " "complicata." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "I tratti incorporati \"Invia\" e \"Sincronizza\" non sono sicuri." -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 3: Esercizi pomeridiani" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "Safe FFI Wrapper" -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" -msgstr "Costruiamo un wrapper sicuro per leggere il contenuto della directory!" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 -msgid "" -"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " -"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 -msgid "" -"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " -"instructions." -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." -msgstr "" -"Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la \\[soluzione\\] fornita." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " @@ -11938,27 +11881,27 @@ msgstr "" "sicuro per `libc` funzioni che useresti da C per leggere i nomi dei file di " "una directory." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "Ti consigliamo di consultare le pagine di manuale:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" @@ -11968,17 +11911,17 @@ msgstr "" "Dovrai anche sfogliare il modulo [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/). Lì trovi un numero di tipi di stringa necessari per l'esercizio:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Encoding" msgstr "Codifica" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Use" msgstr "Usa" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" @@ -11987,17 +11930,17 @@ msgstr "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) e [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "UTF-8" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "Elaborazione del testo in Rust" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" @@ -12006,17 +11949,17 @@ msgstr "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) e [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "con terminazione NUL" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "Comunicare con le funzioni C" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " @@ -12025,22 +11968,22 @@ msgstr "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) e [`OsString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "specifico del sistema operativo" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "Comunicazione con il sistema operativo" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "Potrai convertire tra tutti questi tipi:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " @@ -12049,14 +11992,14 @@ msgstr "" "Da `&str` a `CString`: è necessario allocare spazio per un carattere finale " "`\\0`," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" "Da `CString` a `*const i8`: è necessario un puntatore per chiamare le " "funzioni C," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " @@ -12065,7 +12008,7 @@ msgstr "" "Da `*const i8` a `&CStr`: hai bisogno di qualcosa che possa trovare il " "carattere finale `\\0`," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " @@ -12074,7 +12017,7 @@ msgstr "" "da `&CStr` a `&[u8]`: una fetta di byte è l'interfaccia universale per " "\"alcuni dati sconosciuti\"," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" @@ -12083,7 +12026,7 @@ msgstr "" "Da `&[u8]` a `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` è un passo verso `OsString`, usa [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) per crearlo," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " @@ -12092,7 +12035,7 @@ msgstr "" "`&OsStr` a `OsString`: è necessario clonare i dati in `&OsStr` per poterlo " "restituire e chiamare `readdir` di nuovo." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " @@ -12101,7 +12044,7 @@ msgstr "" "Il [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) ha anche un " "capitolo molto utile su FFI." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " @@ -12110,111 +12053,143 @@ msgstr "" "Copia il codice qui sotto in e inserisci " "quello mancante funzioni e metodi:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:56 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:69 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:80 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:19 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"macos\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:59 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:9 +msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:66 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:16 msgid "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" -"\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " -"and\n" +"// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_off: c_long,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" -" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" -" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" -" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" -" pub d_type: u8,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -"\n" -" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " -"on\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:79 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:29 +msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"x86_64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:97 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:47 +msgid "" +"// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" -" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:103 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:53 +msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:121 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:71 +msgid "" +"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" unimplemented!()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:130 +msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:137 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:105 +msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:143 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:116 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:44 +msgid "\".\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:144 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:117 +msgid "\"files: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:74 +msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:75 +msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:78 +msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:88 +msgid "" +"// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:92 +msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:95 +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" +" // terminated.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:107 +msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:109 +msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:128 +msgid "\"no-such-directory\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:136 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:151 +msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"..\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"foo.txt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 +msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"bar.png\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 +msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"crab.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 +msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\"" msgstr "" #: src/android.md:1 @@ -12224,9 +12199,9 @@ msgstr "Benvenuto a Rust in Android" #: src/android.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " -"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as " -"extending existing services." +"Rust is supported for system software on Android. This means that you can " +"write new services, libraries, drivers or even firmware in Rust (or improve " +"existing code as needed)." msgstr "" "Rust è supportato per lo sviluppo della piattaforma nativa su Android. Ciò " "significa che puoi scrivere nuovi servizi del sistema operativo in Rust, " @@ -12246,11 +12221,41 @@ msgstr "" "\"esotici\", meglio è. Qualcosa che analizza alcuni byte grezzi sarebbe " "l'ideale." +#: src/android.md:14 +msgid "" +"The speaker may mention any of the following given the increased use of Rust " +"in Android:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:17 +msgid "" +"Service example: [DNS over HTTP](https://security.googleblog.com/2022/07/dns-" +"over-http3-in-android.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:20 +msgid "" +"Libraries: [Rutabaga Virtual Graphics Interface](https://crosvm.dev/book/" +"appendix/rutabaga_gfx.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:23 +msgid "" +"Kernel Drivers: [Binder](https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-" +"rust-binder-v1-0-08ba9197f637@google.com/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android.md:26 +msgid "" +"Firmware: [pKVM firmware](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-" +"rust-in-android.html)" +msgstr "" + #: src/android/setup.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " -"have access to one or create a new one with:" +"We will be using a Cuttlefish Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make " +"sure you have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" "Useremo un dispositivo virtuale Android per testare il nostro codice. " "Assicurati di avere accedi a uno o creane uno nuovo con:" @@ -12264,6 +12269,18 @@ msgstr "" "Si prega di consultare il [Sviluppatore Android Codelab](https://source." "android.com/docs/setup/start) per i dettagli." +#: src/android/setup.md:20 +msgid "" +"Cuttlefish is a reference Android device designed to work on generic Linux " +"desktops. MacOS support is also planned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/setup.md:23 +msgid "" +"The Cuttlefish system image maintains high fidelity to real devices, and is " +"the ideal emulator to run many Rust use cases." +msgstr "" + #: src/android/build-rules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" @@ -12385,6 +12402,44 @@ msgstr "" msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." msgstr "Vedremo successivamente `rust_binary` e `rust_library`." +#: src/android/build-rules.md:20 +msgid "Additional items speaker may mention:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:22 +msgid "" +"Cargo is not optimized for multi-language repos, and also downloads packages " +"from the internet." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:25 +msgid "" +"For compliance and performance, Android must have crates in-tree. It must " +"also interop with C/C++/Java code. Soong fills that gap." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:28 +msgid "" +"Soong has many similarities to Bazel, which is the open-source variant of " +"Blaze (used in google3)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:31 +msgid "" +"There is a plan to transition [Android](https://source.android.com/docs/" +"setup/build/bazel/introduction), [ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromiumos/bazel/), and [Fuchsia](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" +"build/bazel/introduction) to Bazel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:37 +msgid "Learning Bazel-like build rules is useful for all Rust OS developers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:39 +msgid "Fun fact: Data from Star Trek is a Soong-type Android." +msgstr "" + #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust Binaries" @@ -12404,32 +12459,31 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_ciao_rust/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:10 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:11 +msgid "\"hello_rust\"" msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:19 +#: src/android/logging.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/main.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/principale.rs`:" + #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_ciao_rust/src/main.rs_:" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"//! Rust demo.\n" -"\n" -"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:19 src/android/build-rules/library.md:37 +msgid "//! Rust demo.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:20 src/android/build-rules/library.md:41 +msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:23 src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:9 +msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 @@ -12441,7 +12495,7 @@ msgstr "Ora puoi creare, inviare ed eseguire il binario:" msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust\" /data/local/tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -12476,58 +12530,47 @@ msgstr "" "`libtextwrap`, che è una cassa già venduta [`external/rust/crates/`](https://" "cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/crates/)." -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"libgreetings\",\n" -" \"libtextwrap\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"rust_library {\n" -" name: \"libgreetings\",\n" -" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:17 src/android/build-rules/library.md:18 +msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Rust demo.\n" -"\n" -"use greetings::greeting;\n" -"use textwrap::fill;\n" -"\n" -"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:21 src/android/build-rules/library.md:28 +msgid "\"libgreetings\"" msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:22 +msgid "\"libtextwrap\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:24 +msgid "// Need this to avoid dynamic link error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:29 +msgid "\"greetings\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:30 src/android/aidl/implementation.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/principale.rs`:" + #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_ciao_rust/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Greeting library.\n" -"\n" -"/// Greet `name`.\n" -"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" -" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:51 +msgid "//! Greeting library.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:52 +msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:55 +msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 @@ -12539,8 +12582,8 @@ msgstr "Costruisci, spingi ed esegui il binario come prima:" msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -12554,12 +12597,12 @@ msgstr "" "Il [linguaggio di definizione dell'interfaccia Android (AIDL)](https://" "developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) è supportato in Rust:" -#: src/android/aidl.md:6 +#: src/android/aidl.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," msgstr "Il codice Rust può chiamare i server AIDL esistenti," -#: src/android/aidl.md:7 +#: src/android/aidl.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "Puoi creare nuovi server AIDL in Rust." @@ -12581,25 +12624,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:9 src/android/aidl/changing.md:8 +msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:12 src/android/aidl/changing.md:11 +msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" +msgstr "" + #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/aidl/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"aidl_interface {\n" -" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" -" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" -" unstable: true,\n" -" backend: {\n" -" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" -" enabled: true,\n" -" },\n" -" },\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:21 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" +msgstr "" +"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:25 +msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 @@ -12626,50 +12675,44 @@ msgstr "Ora possiamo implementare il servizio AIDL:" msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" -"pub struct BirthdayService;\n" -"\n" -"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n" -"\n" -"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n" -" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::" -"Result {\n" -" Ok(format!(\n" -" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!" -"\"\n" -" ))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:8 +msgid "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" +msgstr "Implementazione del servizio" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:19 +msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:24 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_library {\n" -" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" ],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 src/android/aidl/server.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" +msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/src/lib.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:30 src/android/aidl/server.md:13 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/src/lib.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:36 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:44 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:33 src/android/aidl/server.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:45 +msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 @@ -12687,47 +12730,30 @@ msgstr "Infine, possiamo creare un server che espone il servizio:" msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/src/server.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Birthday service.\n" -"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" -"\n" -"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n" -" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n" -" birthday_service,\n" -" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n" -" );\n" -" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder." -"as_binder())\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n" -" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:8 src/android/aidl/client.md:8 +msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"birthday_server\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:14 +msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:23 +msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_server\"" +msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/src/lib.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:34 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/driver.rs`:" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:40 src/android/aidl/client.md:47 +msgid "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 @@ -12739,18 +12765,19 @@ msgstr "Ora possiamo creare, inviare e avviare il servizio:" msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb root\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "In un altro terminale, controlla che il servizio sia in esecuzione:" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21 +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "Puoi anche chiamare il servizio con `service call`:" @@ -12770,74 +12797,48 @@ msgstr "Infine, possiamo creare un client Rust per il nostro nuovo servizio." msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/src/client.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Birthday service.\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" -"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" -"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" -"\n" -"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" -"\n" -"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" -"pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::" -"StatusCode> {\n" -" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Call the birthday service.\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n" -" let name = std::env::args()\n" -" .nth(1)\n" -" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n" -" let years = std::env::args()\n" -" .nth(2)\n" -" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n" -" .unwrap_or(42);\n" -"\n" -" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n" -" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to " -"BirthdayService\");\n" -" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n" -" println!(\"{msg}\");\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:13 +msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"birthday_client\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" -" \"libbinder_rs\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:19 +msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:29 +msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:31 +msgid "\"{msg}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:40 src/android/aidl/client.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_client\"" +msgstr "_servizio_compleanno/src/client.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" +msgstr "`src/edificio.rs`:" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "Si noti che il client non dipende da `libbirthdayservice`." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "Crea, invia ed esegui il client sul tuo dispositivo:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:55 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" msgstr "" @@ -12865,66 +12866,65 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_ciao_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/logging.md:8 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"liblog_rust\",\n" -" \"liblogger\",\n" -" ],\n" -" prefer_rlib: true,\n" -" host_supported: true,\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/logging.md:10 src/android/logging.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" +msgstr "_ciao_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" + +#: src/android/logging.md:14 +msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:22 +#: src/android/logging.md:15 +msgid "\"liblogger\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_ciao_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" #: src/android/logging.md:24 -msgid "" -"```rust,ignore\n" -"//! Rust logging demo.\n" -"\n" -"use log::{debug, error, info};\n" -"\n" -"/// Logs a greeting.\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" logger::init(\n" -" logger::Config::default()\n" -" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n" -" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n" -" );\n" -" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n" -" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n" -" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 +#: src/android/logging.md:27 +msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:32 +msgid "\"rust\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:35 +msgid "\"Starting program.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:36 +msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:37 +msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/logging.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:96 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:72 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "Crea, invia ed esegui il file binario sul tuo dispositivo:" -#: src/android/logging.md:44 +#: src/android/logging.md:43 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_logs\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:50 +#: src/android/logging.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" msgstr "I log vengono visualizzati in `adb logcat`:" @@ -12977,19 +12977,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "Puoi farlo a mano se vuoi:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let x = -42;\n" -" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n" -" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:16 +msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 @@ -13044,19 +13033,26 @@ msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \n" -"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" -"\n" -"void print_card(const card* card) {\n" -" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" -" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n" -" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n" -" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:22 +msgid "" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:50 +msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:29 +msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:27 +msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:28 +msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 @@ -13067,19 +13063,18 @@ msgstr "Aggiungi questo al tuo file `Android.bp`:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"cc_library {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday\",\n" -" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:39 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:63 +msgid "\"libbirthday\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:40 +msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 @@ -13096,29 +13091,27 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "Ora puoi generare automaticamente le associazioni:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_bindgen {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n" -" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n" -" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n" -" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n" -" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:59 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:75 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:60 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "`ruggine_bindgen`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:61 +msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:62 +msgid "\"bindings\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 @@ -13126,53 +13119,39 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "Infine, possiamo usare i binding nel nostro programma Rust:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_binary {\n" -" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n" -" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:73 +msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:74 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"main.rs\"" +msgstr "`principale.rs`:" + #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/main.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"//! Bindgen demo.\n" -"\n" -"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n" -" let card = card {\n" -" name: name.as_ptr(),\n" -" years: 42,\n" -" };\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" print_card(&card as *const card);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:82 +msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:89 +msgid "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:104 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" @@ -13180,18 +13159,25 @@ msgstr "" "binding funzionino:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_test {\n" -" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" -" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" -" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n" -" auto_gen_config: true,\n" -" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n" -" lints: \"none\",\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:112 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:111 +msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:113 +msgid "\"general-tests\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:116 +msgid "\"none\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 @@ -13209,24 +13195,20 @@ msgstr "Esportare le funzioni e i tipi di Rust in C è facile:" msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"//! Rust FFI demo.\n" -"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n" -"\n" -"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n" -"\n" -"/// Analyze the numbers.\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n" -" if x < y {\n" -" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n" -" } else {\n" -" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:8 +msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:12 +msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:17 +msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:19 +msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 @@ -13234,35 +13216,22 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/analyze.h_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n" -"#define ANALYSE_H\n" -"\n" -"extern \"C\" {\n" -"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#endif\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_ffi {\n" -" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n" -" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n" -" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n" -" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:41 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:68 +msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:42 +msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:43 +msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 @@ -13275,17 +13244,8 @@ msgstr "Ora possiamo chiamarlo da un binario C:" msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "_interoperabilità/rust/analyze/main.c_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52 -msgid "" -"```c\n" -"#include \"analyze.h\"\n" -"\n" -"int main() {\n" -" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n" -" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n" -" return 0;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:53 +msgid "\"analyze.h\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 @@ -13293,28 +13253,25 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/analisi/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"cc_binary {\n" -" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n" -" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n" -" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:66 +msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:67 +msgid "\"main.c\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:74 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:82 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " @@ -13339,49 +13296,452 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "L'approccio generale è simile al seguente:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " +"from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " +"blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:9 +msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:11 +msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:17 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:6 +msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:18 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:9 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:10 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:9 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of " -"using this." -msgstr "" -"Vedere il [tutorial CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) per un esempio " -"completo di utilizzo di questo." +msgid "\"Rust\"" +msgstr "Rustdoc" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14 -msgid "" -"At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" -"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:6 +msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16 -msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:25 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:15 +msgid "\"C++\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18 -msgid "" -"Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " -"languages_." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:8 +msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20 -msgid "" -"Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings." -"html):" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:40 +msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:41 msgid "" -"Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " -"does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " -"types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" -"string`, making it very ergonomic to use." +"From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " +"Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " +"both languages." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:44 msgid "" -"Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " -"which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." +"To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" +"dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " +"examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module " +"(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:47 +msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:1 +msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:7 +msgid "// Opaque type\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:8 +msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Free function\n" +msgstr "Funzioni" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:28 +msgid "" +"Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " +"the parent module." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:30 +msgid "" +"The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" +"+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " +"header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, " +"except with a .rs.h file extension." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:1 +msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:20 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:30 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:39 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:56 +msgid "" +"The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " +"in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " +"correspond with what is declared in C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:59 +msgid "" +"`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " +"call from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:9 +msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:23 +msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:24 +msgid "" +"A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " +"Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " +"derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the " +"corresponding C++ type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generated Rust:" +msgstr "Unsafe Rust" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:33 +msgid "Generated C++:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:46 +msgid "" +"On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " +"wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " +"class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our " +"Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:13 +msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:16 +msgid "\"Success!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:22 +msgid "" +"Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " +"side." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:24 +msgid "" +"The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " +"exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " +"from the error type's `Display` impl." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:27 +msgid "" +"A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " +"immediately terminate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:7 +msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:14 +msgid "\"Error: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:22 +msgid "" +"C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " +"on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:24 +msgid "" +"If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " +"declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" +"terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown " +"through a `noexcept` C++ function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Type" +msgstr "Ruggine con l'esempio" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Type" +msgstr "Esempio C++" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::String`" +msgstr "`ruggine_bindgen`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +msgid "`&str`" +msgstr "`&str`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Str`" +msgstr "`test_ruggine`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxString`" +msgstr "Stringa (String)" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`std::string`" +msgstr "Stringa (String)" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Slice`" +msgstr "`ruggine_ffi`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +msgid "`rust::Box`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`UniquePtr`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Vec`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Ricevitore`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxVector`" +msgstr "`Cella`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`std::vector`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Ricevitore`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:16 +msgid "" +"These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " +"and returns of extern functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:18 +msgid "" +"Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " +"a few reasons for this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:20 +msgid "" +"`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:21 +msgid "" +"The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " +"directly between languages." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:23 +msgid "" +"`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " +"semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Building in Android" +msgstr "Rust in Android" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " +"generated header and source file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:10 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:9 +msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:11 +msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:10 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:14 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:19 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:20 +msgid "" +"Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " +"the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " +"are setup on the next slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " +"order to pull in common CXX definitions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" +"(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" +"android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share " +"that link with the class so that students know where they can find these " +"instructions again in the future." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " +"CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:7 +msgid "" +"// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" +"// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:20 +msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:12 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:13 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:8 +msgid "\"lib.rs\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:14 +msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:16 +msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:21 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:23 +msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:29 +msgid "" +"The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " +"bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:31 +msgid "" +"By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " +"named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " +"convention isn't enforced, though." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:7 +msgid "\"cxx_test\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:9 +msgid "\"libcxx\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 @@ -13400,99 +13760,77 @@ msgstr "" "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). Il [`jni` crate]" "(https://docs.rs/jni/) consente di creare una libreria compatibile." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" msgstr "Innanzitutto, creiamo una funzione Rust da esportare in Java:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" -"\n" -"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n" -"use jni::sys::jstring;\n" -"use jni::JNIEnv;\n" -"\n" -"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n" -" env: JNIEnv,\n" -" _class: JClass,\n" -" name: JString,\n" -") -> jstring {\n" -" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n" -" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n" -" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n" -" output.into_inner()\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:13 +msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:18 +msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:21 +msgid "\"system\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:27 +msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:33 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:63 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"rust_ffi_shared {\n" -" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n" -" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:37 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:70 +msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:38 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:53 +msgid "\"hello_jni\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:40 +msgid "\"libjni\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:44 #, fuzzy -msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" +msgid "We then call this function from Java:" msgstr "Infine, possiamo chiamare questa funzione da Java:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/HelloWorld.java_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47 -msgid "" -"```java\n" -"class HelloWorld {\n" -" private static native String hello(String name);\n" -"\n" -" static {\n" -" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" public static void main(String[] args) {\n" -" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n" -" System.out.println(output);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:67 +msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64 -msgid "" -"```javascript\n" -"java_binary {\n" -" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n" -" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n" -" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n" -" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:68 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" +msgstr "Hello World!" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:69 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" +msgstr "Hello World!" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:74 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "Infine, puoi creare, sincronizzare ed eseguire il binario:" @@ -13526,6 +13864,2068 @@ msgstr "" "si basa su qualcuno dentro la classe ha un pezzo di codice che puoi " "consegnare a Rust al volo." +#: src/chromium.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Benvenuto a Rust in Android" + +#: src/chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party " +"glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium.md:6 +msgid "" +"Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've " +"got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, " +"feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the " +"exact part we talk about." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:3 +msgid "" +"Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build " +"flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position " +"1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:13 +msgid "" +"(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This " +"is the default!)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:16 +msgid "" +"See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-" +"the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to " +"build Chromium takes time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:21 +msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:23 +msgid "About the exercises" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md:25 +msgid "" +"This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. " +"We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. " +"If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can " +"catch up in the next slot." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated set of " +"dependencies." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:6 +msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:8 +msgid "" +"Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*." +"gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses " +"Chromium's audited toolchain and crates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:11 +msgid "" +"Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and " +"crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/" +"docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:13 +msgid "" +"Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates " +"downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:16 +msgid "" +"From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust " +"code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an " +"important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mini exercise" +msgstr "Esercizi" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:22 +msgid "Split into small groups and:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:24 +msgid "" +"Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the " +"risk profile of these scenarios." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:26 +msgid "" +"Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when " +"using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:31 +msgid "" +"Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the " +"exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask them " +"to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:35 +msgid "" +"Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where " +"Cargo may offer an advantage\"):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:38 +msgid "" +"It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, " +"one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a " +"crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. " +"(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/" +"from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:44 +msgid "" +"`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo." +"toml` and start writing code)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:46 +msgid "" +"It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or " +"comparing with `python` + `pip`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:49 +msgid "" +"Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. " +"using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate " +"that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by " +"an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for " +"streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a " +"streamlined way to run benchmarks)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:56 +msgid "" +"`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:57 +msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:59 +msgid "" +"Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:61 +msgid "" +"Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry " +"for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is " +"comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich " +"typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted " +"language)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:66 +msgid "" +"Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like " +"Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be " +"used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) " +"should probably use Cargo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:71 +msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:72 +msgid "" +"`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which " +"resulted in PRs with performance improvements)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:74 +msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:75 +msgid "" +"`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` " +"for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:77 +msgid "" +"Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` " +"when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust " +"toolchain.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:80 +msgid "" +"`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on " +"third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, by `run_gnrt.py` asks " +"`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:84 +msgid "" +"Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly " +"trusted:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:87 +msgid "" +"`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the " +"Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust " +"compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:90 +msgid "" +"`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the " +"umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:92 +msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:93 +msgid "" +"Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for " +"distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:95 +msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:96 +msgid "" +"Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by " +"security@chromium.org)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:98 +msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:1 +msgid "Chromium Rust policy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as " +"approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:7 +msgid "" +"Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party." +"md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various " +"circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for " +"security." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:12 +msgid "" +"Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that " +"nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue " +"code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:15 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +"\"C++\" Rust\n" +".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " +"Rust :\n" +": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " +"crate :\n" +": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": | | : : | | | " +"| :\n" +": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " +"| :\n" +": | | : Language : | | Crate | " +"| :\n" +": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:30 +msgid "" +"First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should " +"normally be kept in `third_party/rust///wrapper`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:33 +msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:35 +msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:36 +msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/policy.md:38 +msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules" +msgstr "Regole (Rules) di Build" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and " +"`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust " +"is no exception." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:7 +msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:9 +msgid "" +"In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:20 +msgid "" +"You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to " +"depend upon third party code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:25 +msgid "" +"You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The " +"`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root " +"file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete " +"list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when " +"rebuilds are necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:31 +msgid "" +"(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire " +"crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:34 +msgid "" +"Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using " +"[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource." +"com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that " +"this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit " +"tests, some of which we'll use later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:3 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " +"won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " +"the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is " +"necessary.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [\n" +" \"lib.rs\",\n" +" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" +" ]\n" +" allow_unsafe = true\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:3 +msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:5 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" +"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" +" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:3 +msgid "" +"Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " +"for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:6 +msgid "" +"Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " +"Rust support" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:8 +msgid "" +"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " +"directory)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:10 +msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:16 +msgid "" +"A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" +"analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:19 +msgid "" +"The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " +"piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:22 +msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:23 +msgid "" +"Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " +"\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:25 +msgid "" +"Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " +"K)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:27 +msgid "" +"Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " +"(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:29 +msgid "" +"Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " +"164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " +"bindings = space o)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:32 +msgid "" +"Demo **type annotations** (there are quote a few nice examples in the " +"`QrCode::with_bits` method)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:35 +msgid "" +"It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " +"need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " +"times throughout the exercises in this session)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules exercise" +msgstr "Regole (Rules) di Build" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " +"containing:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:13 +msgid "" +"**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " +"by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " +"target." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:16 +msgid "" +"Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " +"function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " +"see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:24 +msgid "" +"Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " +"we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " +"and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of " +"times." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:28 +msgid "" +"If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " +"in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" +"click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:32 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:48 +msgid "Where to find help" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:34 +msgid "" +"The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" +"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:35 +msgid "" +"Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" +"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:36 +msgid "" +"Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." +"extern.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:37 +msgid "" +"Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" +"gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:38 +msgid "" +"[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" +"languages/rust)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:44 +msgid "" +"This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" +"denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " +"call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to " +"Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:48 +msgid "" +"`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " +"Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " +"guarantee that the right one is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:52 +msgid "" +"If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " +"`rust_executable` gn template." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same " +"source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing." +"md) in the course and looks like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:17 +msgid "" +"In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to " +"follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable " +"and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` " +"configuration)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:22 +msgid "" +"This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:24 +msgid "" +"Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/" +"rust`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:26 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient " +"when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide " +"sufficient coverage for the feature." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:29 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its " +"public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the " +"subject of the next few slides." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:35 +msgid "" +"Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be " +"exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after " +"adding or updating third-party crates.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:39 +msgid "" +"Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be " +"used:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:42 +msgid "" +"QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a " +"thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing " +"both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parameterizing the tests so they " +"enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing.md:47 +msgid "" +"Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe " +"implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but " +"missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such " +"functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" +"main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:5 +msgid "" +"Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " +"attribute)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:7 +msgid "" +"Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " +"panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example:" +msgstr "Esempio" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:3 +msgid "" +"The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " +"test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:6 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:14 +msgid "" +"Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " +"manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" +" testonly = true\n" +" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" +" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [\n" +" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" +" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" +" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:3 +msgid "" +"After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to " +"import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't " +"provided an explicit `crate_name` for `my_rust_lib` so its crate name is " +"computed based on the full target path and name. Fortunately we can avoid " +"working with such an unwieldy name by using the `chromium::import!` macro " +"from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:12 +msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:18 +msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:26 +msgid "" +"More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" +"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" +"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:31 +msgid "" +"`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` " +"property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the " +"crate name has to be globally unique. crates.io guarantees uniqueness of its " +"crate names so `cargo_crate` GN targets (generated by the `gnrt` tool " +"covered in a later section) use short crate names." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing exercise" +msgstr "Esercizi" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "Time for another exercise!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:5 +msgid "In your Chromium build:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:7 +msgid "" +"Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " +"two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " +"summing integers in a slice, etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:10 +msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:11 +msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:12 +msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new " +"tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool " +"called CXX." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:6 +msgid "" +"You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition " +"language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate " +"declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of " +"using this." +msgstr "" +"Vedere il [tutorial CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) per un esempio " +"completo di utilizzo di questo." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:19 +msgid "" +"Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just " +"the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has " +"the following benefits:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile " +"errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust " +"definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined " +"Behavior)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +msgid "" +"The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free " +"functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ " +"methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free " +"functions manually)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:31 +msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:32 +msgid "" +"`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't " +"guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::" +"span` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a " +"pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents " +"empty slices slightly differently)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:37 +msgid "" +"Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, and/or `Box` " +"are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-" +"compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety " +"risks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:41 +msgid "" +"`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in " +"string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can " +"build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-" +"terminate a string)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " +"modules inside `.rs` source code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:16 +msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:24 +msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:30 +msgid "Point out:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:32 +msgid "" +"Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " +"procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " +"bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called " +"`ffi` in your code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:36 +msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" +msgstr "Supporto integrato per i test." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:38 +msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:39 +msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:41 +msgid "" +"**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " +"Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " +"simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ " +"compilers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:3 +msgid "" +"By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" +"cxx.rs/bindings.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:5 +msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:7 +msgid "" +"Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " +"it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:8 +msgid "" +"You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " +"`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:11 +msgid "" +"It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " +"type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:14 +msgid "" +"These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " +"isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " +"considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to " +"draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple " +"enough." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:26 +msgid "" +"You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " +"example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:28 +msgid "" +"Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:29 +msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " +"on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:6 +msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:7 +msgid "" +"Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:9 +msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:10 +msgid "" +"A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " +"default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:12 +msgid "" +"Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " +"when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " +"cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:16 +msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:17 +msgid "" +"Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " +"representing failure)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:19 +msgid "" +"Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " +"needed in practice." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:3 +msgid "" +"The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." +"rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is " +"used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:8 +msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:23 +msgid "" +"Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " +"This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " +"admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of " +"the vector)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:27 +msgid "" +"It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " +"before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " +"points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, " +"when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:32 +msgid "" +"If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " +"references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " +"like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Gestione degli errori" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:3 +msgid "" +"A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " +"successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:7 +msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:10 +msgid "" +"/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result,\n" +" /// ()>`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:14 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:21 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:32 +msgid "" +"`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " +"types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " +"can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ " +"to store Rust objects by value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:37 +msgid "" +"This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " +"generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " +"manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the " +"example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into " +"appropriate methods of `Result` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or " +"`as_mut`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:1 +msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" +"node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " +"`rust_static_library`. Just add" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" +" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" +"allow_unsafe = true\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:13 +msgid "" +"to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " +"`sources`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:16 +msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:19 +msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:22 +msgid "" +"You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " +"C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;" +"l=21)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:27 +msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:29 +msgid "" +"The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " +"standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " +"to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of " +"_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise " +"ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/" +"writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust " +"binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:36 +msgid "" +"The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" +"interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " +"`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the " +"previous section." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interoperabilità con C" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +msgid "Part one" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:5 +msgid "" +"In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " +"specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " +"`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:8 +msgid "" +"Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " +"`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:10 +msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:11 +msgid "" +"In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " +"Instead, include the generated header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:13 +msgid "Build and run!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Part two" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:17 +msgid "" +"It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " +"flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Some things to try:" +msgstr "Alcune note:" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:22 +msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " +"You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " +"`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" +"extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +msgid "" +"You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." +"h\"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:29 +msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:30 +msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:31 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:33 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:35 +msgid "" +"Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " +"own some C++ object." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:37 +msgid "" +"Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " +"need a `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:39 +msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:40 +msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:42 +msgid "Part three" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:44 +msgid "" +"Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " +"couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " +"sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:50 +msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:51 +msgid "" +"The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:57 +msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:59 +msgid "" +"I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " +"and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " +"quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:62 +msgid "" +"I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " +"Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" +"sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although " +"CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So " +"they do!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ library" +msgstr "Libreria (Library)" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust crate" +msgstr "Ecosistema di Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build system" +msgstr "Ecosistema di Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Lots" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`" +msgstr "Puoi usare il seguente `Cargo.toml`:" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Typical library size" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Large-ish" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Small" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Few" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:12 +msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:14 +msgid "" +"All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into " +"Chromium..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:16 +msgid "" +"... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely " +"have to bring in multiple libraries." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:19 +msgid "We'll discuss:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:21 +msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:22 +msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:23 +msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " +"These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo." +"toml):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"bitflags = \"1\"\n" +"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" +"cxx = \"1\"\n" +"# lots more...\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:14 +msgid "" +"As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " +"dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" +"dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` " +"that you wish to enable in the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:18 +msgid "" +"When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " +"information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." +"toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " +"of:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:15 +msgid "For instance," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:22 +msgid "" +"Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " +"file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:25 +msgid "" +"Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " +"to resolve problems." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." +"gn` rules." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:6 +msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:13 +msgid "" +"Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " +"this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " +"`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security " +"decision." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:17 +msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Your crate" +msgstr "Crates utili" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:20 +msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:21 +msgid "" +"New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " +"set of crates required by Chromium." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:24 +msgid "" +"Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " +"patching fails you may need to take manual action." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:9 +msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" +"vendor`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:13 +msgid "" +"At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:15 +msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." +msgstr "" +"Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." +"html)." + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:19 +msgid "" +"Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:23 +msgid "" +"Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " +"it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " +"discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:3 +msgid "" +"If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " +"arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " +"design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules " +"to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:8 +msgid "" +"Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "build script effect" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Supported by our gn templates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Work required by you" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "None" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generating code" +msgstr "Generics" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +msgid "Building C/C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Patch around it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Arbitrary other actions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:18 +msgid "" +"Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " +"build scripts only do the top two actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:3 +msgid "" +"If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " +"writes source code files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:6 +msgid "" +"If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " +"add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " +"that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add " +"`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that " +"file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:11 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" +"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" +"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:17 +msgid "" +"Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " +"`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " +"to subsequent build steps." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " +"link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" +"crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be " +"supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is " +"very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:8 +msgid "So, your options are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:10 +msgid "Avoid these crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:11 +msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:13 +msgid "" +"Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" +"` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by " +"`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " +"on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " +"`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Specifically," +msgstr "specifico del sistema operativo" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:9 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" +"lib\"\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:1 +msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." +"md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As " +"you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive " +"dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe " +"Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:9 +msgid "" +"Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" +"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:11 +msgid "" +"Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:13 +msgid "" +"Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " +"If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " +"macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium " +"is normally built?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:17 +msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:18 +msgid "" +"Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " +"vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " +"ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../" +"cargo.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:21 +msgid "" +"Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." +"md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:22 +msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:23 +msgid "" +"Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " +"that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " +"100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:27 +msgid "" +"These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." +"org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:1 +msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:3 +msgid "`git status` should reveal:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:5 +msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:6 +msgid "" +"Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" +"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:9 +msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:11 +msgid "" +"You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." +"toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:14 +msgid "" +"**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " +"files may result in some files being skipped." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:17 +msgid "" +"As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " +"language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " +"branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So " +"you may need to run:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:3 +msgid "" +"As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " +"keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is " +"hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's " +"still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:3 +msgid "" +"Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " +"crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" +"features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in " +"shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:7 +msgid "" +"(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " +"ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " +"[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/" +"+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:13 +msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:15 +msgid "The total crates needed are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`instant`," +msgstr "Costante" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:18 +msgid "`lock_api`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:19 +msgid "`parking_lot`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:20 +msgid "`parking_lot_core`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:21 +msgid "`redox_syscall`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:22 +msgid "`scopeguard`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:23 +msgid "`smallvec`, and" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:24 +msgid "`uwuify`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:26 +msgid "" +"If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to " +"turn off the default features." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:29 +msgid "" +"Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:1 +msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing " +"together everything you already learned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:6 +msgid "The Brief from Product Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:8 +msgid "" +"A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. " +"It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as " +"possible." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:11 +msgid "" +"The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie " +"language." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:13 +msgid "" +"There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie " +"language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate " +"which does the translation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:17 +msgid "" +"In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://" +"crates.io/crates/uwuify)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:19 +msgid "" +"(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and " +"diligence. Don't ship this!)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:22 +msgid "Steps" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:24 +msgid "" +"Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all " +"strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always " +"do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:28 +msgid "" +"If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, " +"you should have created Chrome for pixies!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:36 +msgid "" +"UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, " +"and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ " +"side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:39 +msgid "" +"If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to " +"consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which " +"[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/" +"slice.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:42 +msgid "" +"Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. " +"taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a " +"string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student " +"that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may " +"need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for " +"mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved " +"around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:49 +msgid "" +"The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will " +"need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably " +"already did this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:52 +msgid "" +"The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/" +"uwuify/v0_2:lib`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]" +"(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)." +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" @@ -13545,7 +15945,7 @@ msgstr "" "esperienza con la programmazione bare metal in qualche altro linguaggio come " "C." -#: src/bare-metal.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " @@ -13554,28 +15954,28 @@ msgstr "" "Oggi parleremo di Rust 'bare-metal': eseguire il codice Rust senza un " "sistema operativo sotto di noi. Questo sarà essere suddiviso in più parti:" -#: src/bare-metal.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" msgstr "Cos'è \"no_std\" Rust?" -#: src/bare-metal.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." msgstr "Scrittura firmware per microcontrollori." -#: src/bare-metal.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." msgstr "" "Scrittura del codice bootloader/kernel per i processori delle applicazioni." -#: src/bare-metal.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." msgstr "Alcune casse utili per lo sviluppo di ruggine a metallo nudo." -#: src/bare-metal.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" @@ -13590,7 +15990,7 @@ msgstr "" "alcuni LED e pulsanti, un accelerometro e una bussola collegati a I2C e un " "debugger SWD integrato." -#: src/bare-metal.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" @@ -13598,33 +15998,23 @@ msgstr "" "Per iniziare, installa alcuni strumenti che ci serviranno in seguito. Su " "gLinux o Debian:" -#: src/bare-metal.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" "E dai agli utenti del gruppo `plugdev` l'accesso al programmatore micro:bit:" -#: src/bare-metal.md:38 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal.md:44 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "Su macOS:" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`no_std`" -msgstr "`no_std`" - #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`core`" msgstr "`nucleo`" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`alloc`" -msgstr "`alloc`" - #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`std`" @@ -13750,25 +16140,25 @@ msgstr "`std` riesporta il contenuto sia di `core` che di `alloc`." msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "Un programma `no_std` minimo" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:21 msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 msgid "" "Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " "avoid an error about `eh_personality`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:24 msgid "" "Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " "define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " @@ -13784,55 +16174,38 @@ msgstr "" "Per usare `alloc` devi implementare a [allocatore globale (heap)](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:23 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate alloc;\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use alloc::string::ToString;\n" -"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" -"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" -"\n" -"#[global_allocator]\n" -"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" -"\n" -"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" -"\n" -"pub fn entry() {\n" -" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " -"once.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" -" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" -" .lock()\n" -" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" -" let mut v = Vec::new();\n" -" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:25 +msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:29 +msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"A string\"" +msgstr "Stringa (String)" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:37 msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " "hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:40 msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:42 msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " @@ -13858,7 +16231,7 @@ msgstr "" "Il crate `cortex_m_rt` fornisce (tra le altre cose) un gestore di reset per " "i microcontrollori Cortex M." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " @@ -13867,7 +16240,7 @@ msgstr "" "Successivamente vedremo come accedere alle periferiche, con livelli " "crescenti di astrazione." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" @@ -13876,7 +16249,7 @@ msgstr "" "La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` richiede che la funzione abbia il tipo `fn() -" "> !`, perché restituisce al gestore di ripristino non ha senso." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" msgstr "Esegui l'esempio con `cargo embed --bin minimal`" @@ -13890,72 +16263,38 @@ msgstr "" "La maggior parte dei microcontrollori accede alle periferiche tramite IO " "mappato in memoria. Proviamo ad accendere un LED sul nostro micro:bit:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"mod interrupts;\n" -"\n" -"use core::mem::size_of;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"\n" -"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" -"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n" -"\n" -"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" -"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n" -"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n" -"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n" -"\n" -"// PIN_CNF fields\n" -"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n" -"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n" -"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n" -"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n" -"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::()) as *mut " -"u32;\n" -" let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::()) as *mut " -"u32;\n" -" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " -"and\n" -" // no aliases exist.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n" -" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " -"SENSE_DISABLED,\n" -" );\n" -" pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n" -" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " -"SENSE_DISABLED,\n" -" );\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n" -" let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n" -" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " -"and\n" -" // no aliases exist.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n" -" gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:16 +msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:19 +msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:24 +msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:26 +msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:59 +msgid "" +"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" +" // no aliases exist.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:30 +msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:72 #, fuzzy msgid "" "GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " @@ -13964,10 +16303,10 @@ msgstr "" "Il pin 21 di GPIO 0 è collegato alla prima colonna della matrice LED e il " "pin 28 alla prima riga." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:75 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:44 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "Esegui l'esempio con:" @@ -13988,49 +16327,6 @@ msgstr "" "più sicuri per periferiche mappate in memoria da [CMSIS-SVD](https://www." "keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) File." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -" let gpio0 = p.P0;\n" -"\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n" -" w.dir().output();\n" -" w.input().disconnect();\n" -" w.pull().disabled();\n" -" w.drive().s0s1();\n" -" w.sense().disabled();\n" -" w\n" -" });\n" -" gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n" -" w.dir().output();\n" -" w.input().disconnect();\n" -" w.pull().disabled();\n" -" w.drive().s0s1();\n" -" w.sense().disabled();\n" -" w\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n" -" gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14060,12 +16356,12 @@ msgstr "" "che correggono il file errori, aggiungere i dettagli mancanti e pubblicare " "le casse generate." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 #, fuzzy msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." msgstr "`cortex-m-rt` fornisce la tabella dei vettori, tra le altre cose." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:57 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " @@ -14092,47 +16388,18 @@ msgstr "" "a varie periferiche. Questi generalmente implementano i tratti da [`embedded-" "hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n" -"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" -" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" -"\n" -" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -" let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n" -" let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" -"\n" -" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -" col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" -" row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:23 +msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "" "`set_low` e `set_high` sono metodi sul tratto `embedded_hal` `OutputPin`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " @@ -14155,7 +16422,7 @@ msgstr "" "Le casse di supporto della tavola forniscono un ulteriore livello di " "avvolgimento per una tavola specifica per comodità." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " @@ -14164,7 +16431,7 @@ msgstr "" "In questo caso la cassa di supporto della scheda fornisce solo nomi più " "utili e un po' di inizializzazione." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " @@ -14173,7 +16440,7 @@ msgstr "" "Il crate può anche includere driver per alcuni dispositivi integrati al di " "fuori del microcontrollore si." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "`microbit-v2` include un semplice driver per la matrice LED." @@ -14183,40 +16450,15 @@ msgstr "`microbit-v2` include un semplice driver per la matrice LED." msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "Il modello di stato del tipo" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" -" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" -"\n" -" let pin: P0_01 = gpio0.p0_01;\n" -"\n" -" // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" -" let pin_input: P0_01> = pin.into_floating_input();\n" -" if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n" -" // ...\n" -" }\n" -" let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n" -" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " -"Level::Low);\n" -" pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n" -" // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" -"\n" -" let _pin2: P0_02> = gpio0\n" -" .p0_02\n" -" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " -"Level::Low);\n" -" let _pin3: P0_03> = gpio0.p0_03." -"into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:11 +msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:19 +msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " @@ -14226,7 +16468,7 @@ msgstr "" "di ciascuno. Una volta che uno spillo è spostato fuori dalla struttura " "portuale nessun altro può prenderlo." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " @@ -14235,7 +16477,7 @@ msgstr "" "La modifica della configurazione di un pin consuma la vecchia istanza del " "pin, quindi non puoi continuare a utilizzare il vecchio esempio dopo." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " @@ -14250,7 +16492,7 @@ msgstr "" "un pin in un certo modo senza prima configurarlo correttamente. Stato " "illegale le transizioni vengono rilevate in fase di compilazione." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " @@ -14259,16 +16501,11 @@ msgstr "" "Puoi chiamare `is_high` su un pin di input e `set_high` su un pin di output, " "ma non viceversa." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "Molte casse HAL seguono questo schema." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`embedded-hal`" -msgstr "`hal incorporato`" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14320,7 +16557,7 @@ msgstr "" "driver dell'accelerometro potrebbe richiedere un'implementazione del bus I2C " "o SPI." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " @@ -14329,7 +16566,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ci sono implementazioni per molti microcontrollori, così come altre " "piattaforme come Linux su Lampone Pi." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " @@ -14338,11 +16575,6 @@ msgstr "" "C'è lavoro in corso su una versione `async` di `embedded-hal`, ma non è " "ancora stabile." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" -msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" - #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14389,7 +16621,7 @@ msgstr "" "alla porta di accesso di debug CoreSight di vari Processori Arm Cortex. È " "ciò che utilizza il debugger integrato sul micro: bit della BBC." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " @@ -14398,7 +16630,7 @@ msgstr "" "ST-Link è una gamma di debugger in-circuit di ST Microelectronics, J-Link è " "una gamma di SEGGER." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " @@ -14407,7 +16639,7 @@ msgstr "" "La porta di accesso al debug è in genere un'interfaccia JTAG a 5 pin o un " "cavo di debug seriale a 2 pin." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " @@ -14415,7 +16647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "probe-rs è una libreria che puoi integrare nei tuoi strumenti se lo desideri." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" @@ -14426,12 +16658,12 @@ msgstr "" "adapter-protocol/) consente VSCode e altri IDE eseguono il debug del codice " "in esecuzione su qualsiasi microcontrollore supportato." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." msgstr "cargo-embed è un binario creato utilizzando la libreria probe-rs." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " @@ -14445,21 +16677,21 @@ msgstr "" msgid "_Embed.toml_:" msgstr "Incorpora.toml:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "In un terminale sotto `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "In un altro terminale nella stessa directory:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:25 msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "In GDB, prova a eseguire:" @@ -14512,12 +16744,12 @@ msgstr "" "RTOS incentrato sulla sicurezza con pianificazione preventiva e supporto " "dell'unità di protezione della memoria" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " @@ -14526,12 +16758,12 @@ msgstr "" "Microkernel RTOS di Oxide Computer Company con protezione della memoria, " "driver non privilegiati, IPC" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" msgstr "[Binding per FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." @@ -14540,17 +16772,17 @@ msgstr "" "Alcune piattaforme hanno implementazioni `std`, ad es. [esp-idf](https://esp-" "rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." msgstr "RTIC può essere considerato un RTOS o un framework di concorrenza." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." msgstr "Non include nessun HAL." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " @@ -14559,12 +16791,12 @@ msgstr "" "Utilizza Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) per la " "pianificazione piuttosto che un kernel corretto." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "Cortex-M only." msgstr "Solo Cortex-M." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." @@ -14572,7 +16804,7 @@ msgstr "" "Google utilizza TockOS sul microcontrollore Haven per le chiavi di sicurezza " "Titan." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " @@ -14590,6 +16822,15 @@ msgstr "" "Leggeremo la direzione da una bussola I2C e registreremo le letture su una " "porta seriale." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:8 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"morning.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la \\[soluzione\\] fornita." + #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14601,12 +16842,12 @@ msgstr "" "porta seriale. Se hai tempo, prova a visualizzarlo in qualche modo anche sui " "LED o usa i pulsanti in qualche modo." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Hints:" msgstr "Suggerimenti:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" @@ -14618,20 +16859,20 @@ msgstr "" "latest/lsm303agr/) e [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" "microbit/) e le [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/)." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "L'unità di misura inerziale LSM303AGR è collegata al bus I2C interno." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "" "TWI è un altro nome per I2C, quindi la periferica master I2C si chiama TWIM." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" @@ -14643,7 +16884,7 @@ msgstr "" "microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struttura implementa " "questo." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" @@ -14652,7 +16893,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hai un [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) struct con campi per i vari pin e periferiche." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." @@ -14663,7 +16904,7 @@ msgstr "" "nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) se vuoi, ma non dovrebbe essere " "necessario per questo esercizio." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " @@ -14672,69 +16913,59 @@ msgstr "" "Scarica il [modello di esercizio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) e " "guarda nella `bussola` directory per i seguenti file." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:29 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "_src/main.rs_:" msgstr "`src/principale.rs`:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Configure serial port.\n" -" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" -" board.UARTE0,\n" -" board.uart.into(),\n" -" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" -" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // TODO\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // TODO\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:47 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:34 +msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:55 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:42 +msgid "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:58 +msgid "" +"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +" // TODO\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:61 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:71 +msgid "\"Ready.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 +msgid "" +"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +" // TODO\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:70 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:387 #, fuzzy msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:92 #, fuzzy msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Embed.toml` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:108 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:988 #, fuzzy msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`.cargo/config.toml` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:121 #, fuzzy msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "Guarda l'output seriale su Linux con:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:129 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" @@ -14742,11 +16973,48 @@ msgstr "" "O su Mac OS qualcosa di simile (il nome del dispositivo potrebbe essere " "leggermente diverso):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:137 #, fuzzy msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "Usa Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q per uscire da picocom." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Esercizio mattutino ruggine metallo nudo" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" +msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](compass.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:45 +msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:46 +msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:64 +msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:74 +msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:82 +msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:120 +msgid "" +"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " +"LEDs\n" +" // on.\n" +msgstr "" + #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Application processors" @@ -14765,7 +17033,7 @@ msgstr "" "con aarch64 di QEMU ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" "virt.html) scheda." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " @@ -14776,7 +17044,7 @@ msgstr "" "privilegio (eccezione livelli su CPU Arm, anelli su x86), mentre i " "processori delle applicazioni lo fanno." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " @@ -14884,19 +17152,19 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:84 msgid "" "The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " "the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 msgid "" "We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " "we don't:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:88 msgid "" "Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" "unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " @@ -14904,7 +17172,7 @@ msgid "" "is not necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:92 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " @@ -14915,7 +17183,7 @@ msgid "" "not VA or IPA.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:99 msgid "" "For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " "identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " @@ -14923,13 +17191,13 @@ msgid "" "memory layout that QEMU uses." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:103 msgid "" "We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " "later." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:105 msgid "" "All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " "(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " @@ -14951,43 +17219,49 @@ msgstr "" "A volte abbiamo bisogno di usare l'assembly per fare cose che non sono " "possibili con il codice Rust. Per esempio, per effettuare un " -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:20 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"use core::arch::asm;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"\n" -"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" +"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n" -" inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n" -" inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n" -" inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n" -" options(nomem, nostack)\n" -" );\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:23 +msgid "\"hvc #0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:24 +msgid "\"w0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:25 +msgid "\"w1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:26 +msgid "\"w2\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:27 +msgid "\"w3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:28 +msgid "\"w4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:29 +msgid "\"w5\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:30 +msgid "\"w6\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:31 +msgid "\"w7\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" @@ -14996,7 +17270,7 @@ msgstr "" "(Se vuoi davvero farlo, usa la cassa [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) che ha wrapper per tutte queste funzioni.)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " @@ -15008,7 +17282,7 @@ msgstr "" "le altre cose. È implementato dal firmware EL3 e dagli hypervisor su molti " "sistemi." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " @@ -15021,7 +17295,7 @@ msgstr "" "Dobbiamo usare \"inout\" piuttosto che \"in\" perché la chiamata potrebbe " "potenzialmente intasare il contenuto dei registri." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " @@ -15030,7 +17304,7 @@ msgstr "" "Questa funzione `main` deve essere `#[no_mangle]` e `extern \"C\"` perché " "viene chiamata dal nostro punto di ingresso in \"entry.S\"." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " @@ -15047,7 +17321,7 @@ msgstr "" "primi 8 argomenti passati a una funzione, quindi `entry.S` non ha bisogno di " "fare niente di speciale tranne assicurati che non modifichi questi registri." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:60 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" @@ -15080,7 +17354,7 @@ msgstr "" "`addr_of!` consente di ottenere campi di struct senza creare un riferimento " "intermedio." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " @@ -15090,7 +17364,7 @@ msgstr "" "collaterali, quindi impedisci al compilatore o hardware dal riordinarli, " "duplicarli o eliminarli." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " @@ -15101,7 +17375,7 @@ msgstr "" "compilatore può assumerlo il valore letto è uguale al valore appena scritto, " "e non disturba effettivamente la lettura della memoria." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " @@ -15112,7 +17386,7 @@ msgstr "" "riferimenti, ma questo non è corretto. Ogni volta che esiste un riferimento, " "il compilatore può scegliere di dereferenziarlo." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " @@ -15135,22 +17409,13 @@ msgstr "" "La macchina QEMU 'virt' ha un [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, quindi scriviamo un driver per quello." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:9 +msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:13 msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n" -"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n" -"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n" -"\n" -"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" base_address: *mut u8,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" @@ -15160,34 +17425,32 @@ msgid "" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n" -" Self { base_address }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:29 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:25 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:337 +msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:31 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:27 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:339 +msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:34 src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:46 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n" -" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)." -"read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:37 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:33 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:345 +msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:37 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:349 +msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 @@ -15207,7 +17470,7 @@ msgstr "" "spazio degli indirizzi), quindi è sempre sicuro chiamare `write_byte` in " "seguito perché possiamo assumere il necessario precondizioni." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:61 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " @@ -15218,7 +17481,7 @@ msgstr "" "sicuro), ma quello sarebbe molto meno conveniente da usare poiché ogni posto " "che chiama `write_byte` dovrebbe ragionare sulla sicurezza" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:64 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " @@ -15243,27 +17506,14 @@ msgstr "" "Abbiamo derivato il tratto `Debug`. Sarebbe utile implementare anche qualche " "altro tratto." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:17 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:381 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:223 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" -"\n" -"impl Write for Uart {\n" -" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" -" self.write_byte(*c);\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " @@ -15272,7 +17522,7 @@ msgstr "" "L'implementazione di `Write` ci permette di usare le macro `write!` e " "`writeln!` con il nostro tipo `Uart`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" @@ -15341,11 +17591,6 @@ msgstr "0x04" msgid "RSR" msgstr "RSR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "4" -msgstr "4" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "0x18" @@ -15371,11 +17616,6 @@ msgstr "0x20" msgid "ILPR" msgstr "ILPR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 -#, fuzzy -msgid "8" -msgstr "8" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "0x24" @@ -15401,11 +17641,6 @@ msgstr "0x28" msgid "FBRD" msgstr "FBRD" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "6" -msgstr "6" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "0x2c" @@ -15492,11 +17727,6 @@ msgstr "0x48" msgid "DMACR" msgstr "DMACR" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 -#, fuzzy -msgid "3" -msgstr "3" - #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." @@ -15513,40 +17743,57 @@ msgstr "" "Il crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) è utile per " "lavorare con i bitflags." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use bitflags::bitflags;\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct Flags: u16 {\n" -" /// Clear to send.\n" -" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Data set ready.\n" -" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Data carrier detect.\n" -" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" -" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" -" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" -" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" -" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" -" /// Ring indicator.\n" -" const RI = 1 << 8;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:10 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:241 +msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:14 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:245 +msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:16 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:247 +msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:18 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:249 +msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:20 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:251 +msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:22 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:253 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:24 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:255 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:26 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:257 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:28 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:259 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:30 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:261 +msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " @@ -15568,7 +17815,7 @@ msgstr "" "Possiamo usare una struct per rappresentare il layout di memoria dei " "registri dell'UART." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" @@ -15589,72 +17836,31 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." msgstr "Ora usiamo la nuova struttura `Registers` nel nostro driver." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " -"received.\n" -" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" -" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" -" None\n" -" } else {\n" -" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" -" Some(data as u8)\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:6 +msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:54 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:342 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:366 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:41 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:353 +msgid "" +"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" +" /// received.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:48 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:360 +msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:63 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " @@ -15678,51 +17884,40 @@ msgstr "" "Scriviamo un piccolo programma usando il nostro driver per scrivere sulla " "console seriale ed echo in entrata byte." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:18 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:44 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:24 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:50 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:44 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::error;\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" +"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" if let Some(byte) = uart.read_byte() {\n" -" uart.write_byte(byte);\n" -" match byte {\n" -" b'\\r' => {\n" -" uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n" -" }\n" -" b'q' => break,\n" -" _ => {}\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:29 +msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:35 +msgid "b'\\r'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:36 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:27 +msgid "b'\\n'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:38 +msgid "b'q'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:44 +msgid "\"Bye!\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 @@ -15736,7 +17931,7 @@ msgstr "" "`main` è chiamata dal nostro codice del punto di ingresso in \"entry.S\". " "Vedi le note del relatore lì per i dettagli." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." @@ -15754,53 +17949,15 @@ msgstr "" "(https://crates.io/crates/log). Possiamo farlo con implementando il tratto " "`Log`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"struct Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Log for Logger {\n" -" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" -" true\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" -" \"[{}] {}\",\n" -" record.level(),\n" -" record.args()\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn flush(&self) {}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " -"SetLoggerError> {\n" -" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" -"\n" -" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" -" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:193 +msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:35 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:202 +msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " @@ -15814,47 +17971,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "Dobbiamo inizializzare il logger prima di usarlo." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n" -"\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:38 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:72 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:115 +msgid "\"{info}\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 @@ -15882,23 +18001,23 @@ msgid "" "calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:68 msgid "" "For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " "EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:70 msgid "" "For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " "expect any of them to actually happen." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:72 msgid "" "We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " "less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." @@ -15977,7 +18096,7 @@ msgid "" "necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:23 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " @@ -15988,6 +18107,10 @@ msgid "" "hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." msgstr "" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful crates" +msgstr "Crates utili" + #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15997,11 +18120,6 @@ msgstr "" "Esamineremo alcune casse che risolvono alcuni problemi comuni nella " "programmazione bare-metal." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`zerocopy`" -msgstr "`zerocopia`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16012,7 +18130,7 @@ msgstr "" "La cassa [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) (da Fuchsia) fornisce " "tratti e macro per la conversione sicura tra sequenze di byte e altri tipi." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " @@ -16023,7 +18141,7 @@ msgstr "" "volatili), ma può essere utile per lavorare con strutture condivise con " "l'hardware, ad es. tramite DMA o inviato tramite un'interfaccia esterna." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " @@ -16033,7 +18151,7 @@ msgstr "" "di byte è valido, e quindi può tranquillamente esserlo convertito da una " "sequenza di byte non attendibile." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " @@ -16044,7 +18162,7 @@ msgstr "" "`RequestType` non usa tutti possibili valori u32 come discriminanti, quindi " "non tutti i modelli di byte sono validi." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." @@ -16052,7 +18170,7 @@ msgstr "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` ha tipi per primitive numeriche che riconoscono " "l'ordine dei byte." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" @@ -16063,11 +18181,6 @@ msgstr "" "zerocopy-example/`. (Non lo farà eseguito nel Parco giochi a causa della " "dipendenza dalla cassa.)" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`aarch64-paging`" -msgstr "`aarch64-paging`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16079,27 +18192,16 @@ msgstr "" "consente di creare tabelle di pagine in base alla memoria virtuale AArch64 " "Architettura di sistema." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use aarch64_paging::{\n" -" idmap::IdMap,\n" -" paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"const ASID: usize = 1;\n" -"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n" -"\n" -"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" -"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n" -"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" -"idmap.map_range(\n" -" &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n" -" Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n" -").unwrap();\n" -"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" -"idmap.activate();\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:14 +msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:16 +msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:21 +msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 @@ -16131,11 +18233,6 @@ msgstr "" "Non esiste un modo semplice per eseguire questo esempio, poiché deve essere " "eseguito su hardware reale o sotto QEMU." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" -msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16157,12 +18254,12 @@ msgstr "" "(come abbiamo visto [prima](../alloc.md)), o per allocare altro spazio di " "indirizzi. Per esempio, potremmo voler allocare spazio MMIO per PCI BAR:" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "Le barre PCI hanno sempre un allineamento uguale alla loro dimensione." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" @@ -16173,11 +18270,6 @@ msgstr "" "allocator-example/`. (Non lo farà eseguito nel Parco giochi a causa della " "dipendenza dalla cassa.)" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`tinyvec`" -msgstr "`tinyvec`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16194,7 +18286,7 @@ msgstr "" "elementi vengono utilizzati e va in panico se ci provi utilizzare più di " "quanto assegnato." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " @@ -16203,7 +18295,7 @@ msgstr "" "`tinyvec` richiede che il tipo di elemento implementi `Default` per " "l'inizializzazione." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." @@ -16211,11 +18303,6 @@ msgstr "" "Rust Playground include `tinyvec`, quindi questo esempio funzionerà " "correttamente in linea." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`spin`" -msgstr "`gira`" - #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16237,24 +18324,24 @@ msgstr "" "La cassa [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) fornisce equivalenti basati " "su spinlock di molte di queste primitive." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:27 msgid "" "`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " -"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." +"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:29 msgid "" "The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " "useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " "`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:31 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" @@ -16272,6 +18359,10 @@ msgstr "" "con uno script linker per produrre il binario stesso, e poi a `raw_binary` " "per convertire l'ELF in un binario grezzo pronto per essere eseguito." +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 +msgid "vmbase" +msgstr "vmbase" + #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16286,7 +18377,7 @@ msgstr "" "predefinite per le regole di compilazione, insieme a un punto di ingresso, " "la registrazione della console UART e altro ancora." -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " @@ -16295,7 +18386,7 @@ msgstr "" "La macro `main!` contrassegna la tua funzione principale, da chiamare dal " "punto di ingresso `vmbase`." -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " @@ -16310,6 +18401,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." msgstr "Scriveremo un driver per il dispositivo orologio in tempo reale PL031." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la \\[soluzione\\] fornita." + #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy @@ -16348,7 +18448,7 @@ msgstr "" "secondi in futuro. (Chiama [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) all'interno del ciclo.)" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " @@ -16359,12 +18459,12 @@ msgstr "" "corrispondenza RTC. Puoi utilizzare il driver fornito nella cassa [`arm-gic`]" "(https://docs.rs/arm-gic/) per configurare Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "Usa l'interrupt RTC, che è cablato al GIC come `IntId::spi(2)`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" @@ -16373,7 +18473,7 @@ msgstr "" "Una volta abilitato l'interrupt, puoi mettere il core in sleep tramite " "`arm_gic::wfi()`, che farà dormire il core finché non riceve un interrupt." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " @@ -16382,65 +18482,33 @@ msgstr "" "Scarica il [modello di esercizio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) e " "cerca in `rtc` directory per i seguenti file." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" -"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" -"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " -"base\n" -" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" -" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" -" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " -"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" gic.setup();\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" -"\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:40 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:29 +msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:55 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:49 +msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:57 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:51 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" +" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:63 +msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:65 +msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:78 #, fuzzy msgid "" "_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " @@ -16449,9 +18517,9 @@ msgstr "" "`src/exceptions.rs` (dovresti solo cambiarlo per la terza parte " "dell'esercizio):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:84 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:159 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:218 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:418 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" @@ -16465,247 +18533,108 @@ msgid "" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n" -" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending " -"interrupt\");\n" -" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_current\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" -" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:105 +msgid "\"sync_exception_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:111 +msgid "\"irq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:113 +msgid "\"No pending interrupt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:114 +msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:119 +msgid "\"fiq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:125 +msgid "\"serr_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:131 +msgid "\"sync_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:137 +msgid "\"irq_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:143 +msgid "\"fiq_lower\"" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 +msgid "\"serr_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:154 #, fuzzy msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" -"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" -"\n" -"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" -"};\n" -"\n" -"struct Logger {\n" -" uart: SpinMutex>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Log for Logger {\n" -" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" -" true\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" -" \"[{}] {}\",\n" -" record.level(),\n" -" record.args()\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn flush(&self) {}\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " -"SetLoggerError> {\n" -" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" -"\n" -" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" -" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:172 +msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:213 #, fuzzy msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:236 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:264 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:268 +msgid "" +"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:272 +msgid "/// Framing error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:274 +msgid "/// Parity error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:276 +msgid "/// Break error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:278 +msgid "/// Overrun error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:282 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:314 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:316 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"#![allow(unused)]\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" -"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Flags\n" -"use bitflags::bitflags;\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct Flags: u16 {\n" -" /// Clear to send.\n" -" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Data set ready.\n" -" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Data carrier detect.\n" -" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" -" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" -" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" -" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" -" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" -" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" -" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" -" /// Ring indicator.\n" -" const RI = 1 << 8;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" -"\n" -"bitflags! {\n" -" /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" -" #[repr(transparent)]\n" -" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -" struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n" -" /// Framing error.\n" -" const FE = 1 << 0;\n" -" /// Parity error.\n" -" const PE = 1 << 1;\n" -" /// Break error.\n" -" const BE = 1 << 2;\n" -" /// Overrun error.\n" -" const OE = 1 << 3;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// ANCHOR: Registers\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" dr: u16,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" -" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" -" fr: Flags,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" -" ilpr: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" ibrd: u16,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" -" fbrd: u8,\n" -" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" -" lcr_h: u8,\n" -" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" -" cr: u16,\n" -" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" -" ifls: u8,\n" -" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" -" imsc: u16,\n" -" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" -" ris: u16,\n" -" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" -" mis: u16,\n" -" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" -" icr: u16,\n" -" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" -" dmacr: u8,\n" -" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" -"\n" "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Uart {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Uart {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " -"the\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:325 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" @@ -16715,110 +18644,57 @@ msgid "" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" -" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe {\n" -" // Write to the TX buffer.\n" -" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " -"received.\n" -" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" -" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" -" None\n" -" } else {\n" -" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" -" Some(data as u8)\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" -"\n" -"impl Write for Uart {\n" -" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" -" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" -" self.write_byte(*c);\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:370 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:413 #, fuzzy msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`build.rs` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"use cc::Build;\n" -"use std::env;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n" -" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n" -" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n" -"\n" -" Build::new()\n" -" .file(\"entry.S\")\n" -" .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n" -" .file(\"idmap.S\")\n" -" .compile(\"empty\")\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:438 +msgid "\"linux\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:437 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 +msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:437 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" +msgstr "paginazione aarch64 (aarch64-paging)" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 +msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:442 +msgid "\"entry.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:443 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"exceptions.S\"" +msgstr "Eccezioni" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:444 +msgid "\"idmap.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:445 +msgid "\"empty\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:449 #, fuzzy msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`entry.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:453 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -16980,12 +18856,12 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:598 #, fuzzy msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`eccezioni.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:602 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -17179,12 +19055,12 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:783 #, fuzzy msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`idmap.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:787 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" @@ -17233,12 +19109,12 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:832 #, fuzzy msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`image.ld` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:836 msgid "" "```ld\n" "/*\n" @@ -17349,61 +19225,199 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:943 #, fuzzy msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Makefile` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944 -msgid "" -"```makefile\n" -"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"#\n" -"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"#\n" -"# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"#\n" -"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"# limitations under the License.\n" -"\n" -"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n" -"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n" -"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n" -"else\n" -"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n" -"endif\n" -"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n" -"\n" -".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n" -"\n" -"all: rtc.bin\n" -"\n" -"build:\n" -"\tcargo build\n" -"\n" -"rtc.bin: build\n" -"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n" -"\n" -"qemu: rtc.bin\n" -"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio " -"-display none -kernel $< -s\n" -"\n" -"clean:\n" -"\tcargo clean\n" -"\trm -f *.bin\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:948 +msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:962 +msgid "$(shell uname -s)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:964 +#, fuzzy +msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu" +msgstr "paginazione aarch64 (aarch64-paging)" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:981 +msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:984 +msgid "cargo clean" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:999 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "Esegui il codice in QEMU con `make qemu`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" +msgstr "Pomeriggio su Bare Metal Rust" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" +msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](rtc.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_main.rs_:" +msgstr "`principale.rs`:" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:36 +msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:57 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" +" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:62 +msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:70 +msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:73 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:91 +msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:75 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:83 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:96 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:104 +msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:87 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:108 +msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:89 +msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_pl031.rs_:" +msgstr "`pl031.rs`:" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:128 +msgid "/// Data register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:130 +msgid "/// Match register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:132 +msgid "/// Load register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:134 +msgid "/// Control register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:137 +msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:140 +msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:143 +msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:146 +msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" +msgstr "Scriveremo un driver per il dispositivo orologio in tempo reale PL031." + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:158 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:170 +msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:172 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:180 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:188 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:199 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:211 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:218 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:177 +msgid "" +"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" +" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " +"not\n" +" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:194 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" +" /// interrupt is masked.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:205 +msgid "" +"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " +"the\n" +" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:216 +msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" +msgstr "" + #: src/concurrency.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" @@ -17435,26 +19449,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgstr "I thread Rust funzionano in modo simile ai thread in altre lingue:" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" for i in 1..5 {\n" -" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:12 +msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:18 +msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 @@ -17478,8 +19478,8 @@ msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " -"not waiting." +"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 --- the main thread " +"is not waiting." msgstr "" "Si noti che il thread viene interrotto prima che raggiunga 10 — il thread " "principale lo è non aspettare." @@ -17515,24 +19515,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "I thread normali non possono prendere in prestito dal loro ambiente:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn foo() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -" thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" foo();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17542,23 +19524,6 @@ msgstr "" "Tuttavia, puoi utilizzare un [thread con ambito](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/thread/fn.scope.html) per questo:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" -"\n" -" thread::scope(|scope| {\n" -" scope.spawn(|| {\n" -" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" -" });\n" -" });\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17569,7 +19534,7 @@ msgstr "" "è garantito che tutti i thread vengano uniti, in modo che possano restituire " "dati presi in prestito." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " @@ -17588,25 +19553,9 @@ msgstr "" "I canali Rust hanno due parti: un `Sender` e un `Receiver`. Le due " "parti sono collegati tramite il canale, ma vedi solo i punti finali." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" -" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"\n" -" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" -" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:15 src/concurrency/channels.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:20 +msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels.md:26 @@ -17619,7 +19568,7 @@ msgstr "" "`mpsc` sta per Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` e `SyncSender` " "implementano `Clone` (quindi puoi creare più produttori) ma `Receiver` no." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:28 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " @@ -17634,31 +19583,24 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "Ottieni un canale illimitato e asincrono con `mpsc::channel()`:" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:16 +msgid "\"Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:17 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:19 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:24 +msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 @@ -17669,33 +19611,6 @@ msgstr "" "I canali limitati e sincroni fanno in modo che `send` blocchi il thread " "corrente:" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::mpsc;\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" -" });\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"\n" -" for msg in rx.iter() {\n" -" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " @@ -17703,23 +19618,18 @@ msgid "" "is nobody who reads from the channel." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:34 msgid "" "A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " "if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:36 msgid "" "A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" -msgstr "`Invia` e `Sincronizza`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17729,7 +19639,7 @@ msgstr "" "Come fa Rust a sapere di vietare l'accesso condiviso attraverso il thread? " "La risposta è in due tratti:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " @@ -17738,7 +19648,7 @@ msgstr "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): un tipo `T` " "è `Send` se è sicuro spostare una `T` attraverso un thread confine." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " @@ -17747,7 +19657,7 @@ msgstr "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): un tipo `T` " "è `Sync` se è sicuro spostare una `&T` attraverso un thread confine." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " @@ -17760,7 +19670,7 @@ msgstr "" "solo i tipi \"Send\" e \"Sync\". Puoi anche implementarli manualmente quando " "tu sapere che è valido." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" @@ -17769,16 +19679,11 @@ msgstr "" "Si può pensare a questi tratti come indicatori che il tipo ha determinate " "proprietà di sicurezza del thread." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." msgstr "Possono essere usati nei vincoli generici come tratti normali." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Send`" -msgstr "`Invia`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17805,11 +19710,6 @@ msgid "" "a single thread." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Sync`" -msgstr "`Sincronizza`" - #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17840,7 +19740,7 @@ msgstr "" "tipo è thread-safe per l'uso condiviso, è anche thread-safe per passarne i " "riferimenti attraverso i thread." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " @@ -18015,11 +19915,6 @@ msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): " "garantisce l'accesso mutuamente esclusivo al valore `T`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Arc`" -msgstr "`Arco`" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18029,27 +19924,14 @@ msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) consente " "l'accesso condiviso in sola lettura tramite `Arc::clone`:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" -" for _ in 1..5 {\n" -" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" -" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" -" }));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:16 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45 +msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 @@ -18088,47 +19970,29 @@ msgstr "" "Attenzione ai cicli di riferimento, `Arc` non usa un garbage collector per " "rilevarli." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` può aiutare." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`Mutex`" -msgstr "`Mutex`" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " "mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " -"interface:" +"interface (another form of [interior mutability](../../borrowing/interior-" +"mutability)):" msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) " "garantisce l'esclusione reciproca _e_ consente l'accesso mutabile a `T` " "dietro un'interfaccia di sola lettura:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" guard.push(40);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:19 +msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" @@ -18139,15 +20003,15 @@ msgstr "" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E). " "implementazione." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " +"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " "protected data." msgstr "" "`Mutex` in Rust sembra una raccolta con un solo elemento: i dati protetti." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " @@ -18156,7 +20020,7 @@ msgstr "" "Non è possibile dimenticare di acquisire il mutex prima di accedere ai dati " "protetti." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " @@ -18166,24 +20030,24 @@ msgstr "" "`MutexGuard` assicura che il file `&mut T` non sopravvive al blocco " "mantenuto." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " "implements `Send`." msgstr "`Mutex` implementa sia `Send` che `Sync` se `T` implementa `Send`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:40 #, fuzzy -msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." +msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." msgstr "Una controparte del blocco lettura-scrittura - `RwLock`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:41 #, fuzzy -msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " +msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?" msgstr "Perché `lock()` restituisce un `Risultato`?" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " @@ -18204,23 +20068,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "Vediamo `Arc` e `Mutex` in azione:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" -" v.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:6 +msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 @@ -18228,33 +20077,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "Possibile soluzione:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable\n" -"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" -"\n" -" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" -" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v2.push(10);\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" {\n" -" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" -" v.push(1000);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" handle.join().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "Notable parts:" @@ -18269,7 +20091,7 @@ msgstr "" "`v` è racchiuso sia in `Arc` che in `Mutex`, perché i loro interessi sono " "ortogonali." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " @@ -18278,7 +20100,7 @@ msgstr "" "Avvolgere un `Mutex` in un `Arc` è un modello comune per condividere lo " "stato mutabile tra i thread." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:55 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " @@ -18287,7 +20109,7 @@ msgstr "" "`v: Arc<_>` deve essere clonato come `v2` prima di poter essere spostato in " "un altro thread. Nota che \"move\" è stato aggiunto alla firma lambda." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:57 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " @@ -18354,49 +20176,90 @@ msgstr "" "`src/main.rs`, compila il file spazi vuoti e verificare che `cargo run` non " "vada in stallo:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:28 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:23 msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // left_fork: ...\n" +"// left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Hypatia\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -"\n" -" // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -"}\n" -"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:36 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:24 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:31 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:25 +msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:41 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:37 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:31 +msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:42 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:33 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:38 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Socrates\"" +msgstr "casse HAL" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Hypatia\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Plato\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Aristotle\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:51 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:50 +msgid "// Create forks\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:53 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:50 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:54 +msgid "// Create philosophers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:55 +msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:57 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:54 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:88 +msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 @@ -18502,81 +20365,50 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "Il tuo file `src/main.rs` dovrebbe assomigliare a questo:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" -" BadResponse(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct CrawlCommand {\n" -" url: Url,\n" -" extract_links: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " -"Error> {\n" -" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" -" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" -" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" -" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" if !command.extract_links {\n" -" return Ok(link_urls);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" -" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" -"\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -" let href_values = document\n" -" .select(&selector)\n" -" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" -" for href in href_values {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(link_url) => {\n" -" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" -" }\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " -"{err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(link_urls)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let client = Client::new();\n" -" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" -" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " -"true };\n" -" match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" -" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" -" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:65 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:97 +msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:67 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:99 +msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:78 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:110 +msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:96 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:128 +msgid "\"href\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:103 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:135 +msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:112 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:245 +msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:115 +msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:116 +msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:121 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "Esegui il codice in `src/main.rs` con" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:129 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " @@ -18586,7 +20418,7 @@ msgstr "" "controllare a a channel e lasciare che alcuni thread controllino gli URL in " "parallelo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:131 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." @@ -18597,6 +20429,64 @@ msgstr "" "del file dominio \"www.google.org\". Metti un limite massimo di 100 pagine o " "giù di lì in modo che tu non finire per essere bloccato dal sito." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Esercizio mattutino in concorrenza" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" +msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](dining-philosophers.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:29 +msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:53 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:77 +msgid "\"{thought}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Link Checker" +msgstr "Correttore di Link a Thread multipli" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:84 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" +msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](luhn.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:154 +msgid "" +"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:162 +msgid "" +"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" +" /// been visited.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:188 +msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:229 +msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:247 +msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "" + #: src/async.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Async Rust" @@ -18640,11 +20530,6 @@ msgstr "" "I futures vengono interrogati da un runtime asincrono e diversi runtime lo " "sono disponibile." -#: src/async.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Comparisons" -msgstr "Comparazione" - #: src/async.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18667,11 +20552,6 @@ msgstr "" "callback. La lingua runtime implementa il ciclo di eventi, tanti dei " "dettagli di Promise risoluzione sono nascosti." -#: src/async/async-await.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`async`/`await`" -msgstr "`asincrono`/`aspetta`" - #: src/async/async-await.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18681,25 +20561,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ad alto livello, il codice asincrono di Rust assomiglia molto al codice " "sequenziale \"normale\":" -#: src/async/async-await.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use futures::executor::block_on;\n" -"\n" -"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=count {\n" -" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" -" count_to(count).await;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" block_on(async_main(10));\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/async-await.md:10 +msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:27 @@ -18719,7 +20582,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:33 msgid "" "The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " -"type with a future. " +"type with a future." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:36 @@ -18731,7 +20594,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:39 msgid "" "You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " -"until the provided future has run to completion. " +"until the provided future has run to completion." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:42 @@ -18743,7 +20606,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:45 msgid "" "`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " -"introduced later). " +"introduced later)." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:3 @@ -18880,72 +20743,56 @@ msgstr "" "differisce da JS Promesse, ad esempio, che andranno a buon fine anche se non " "lo saranno mai usato." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Tokio provides: " +msgid "Tokio provides:" msgstr "Tokyo fornisce:" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "Un runtime multithread per l'esecuzione di codice asincrono." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "Una versione asincrona della libreria standard." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "Un grande ecosistema di biblioteche." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"\n" -"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" -" for i in 1..=count {\n" -" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n" -"\n" -" for i in 1..5 {\n" -" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:14 +msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:24 +msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "Con la macro `tokio::main` ora possiamo rendere `main` asincrono." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "La funzione `spawn` crea un nuovo \"task\" simultaneo." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" "Nota: `spawn` prende un `Future`, non devi chiamare `.await` su `count_to`." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "**Ulteriori esplorazioni:**" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " @@ -18956,12 +20803,12 @@ msgstr "" "cancellazione. `tokio::spawn` restituisce un handle che può essere atteso " "per attendere finché non finisce." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "Prova `count_to(10).await` invece di spawnare." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47 +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "Prova ad attendere il task restituito da `tokio::spawn`." @@ -18985,58 +20832,45 @@ msgstr "" "di chiamate. La concorrenza all'interno di un'attività è possibile tramite " "polling di più futuri figli, come correre un timer e un'operazione di I/O." -#: src/async/tasks.md:10 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n" -"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n" -"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -"\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" return;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n" -" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n" -" Ok(n) => {\n" -" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()." -"trim();\n" -" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n" -" }\n" -" Err(e) => {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" return;\n" -" }\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n" -" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/tasks.md:16 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 +#: src/async/tasks.md:17 +msgid "\"listening on port {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:22 +msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:25 +msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:25 src/async/tasks.md:28 src/async/tasks.md:31 +msgid "\"socket error\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:30 +msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:39 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" "Copia questo esempio nel tuo `src/main.rs` preparato ed eseguilo da lì." -#: src/async/tasks.md:54 +#: src/async/tasks.md:41 +msgid "" +"Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." +"com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" +"telnet/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " @@ -19046,18 +20880,18 @@ msgstr "" "esempio con a pochi client connessi. Quali compiti esistono? Quali sono i " "loro futuri?" -#: src/async/tasks.md:57 +#: src/async/tasks.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " -"similar to an `async fn`. " +"similar to an `async fn`." msgstr "" "Questa è la prima volta che vediamo un blocco `async`. Questo è simile a a " "chiusura, ma non accetta argomenti. Il suo valore di ritorno è un Futuro, " "simile a un `async fn`." -#: src/async/tasks.md:61 +#: src/async/tasks.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " @@ -19074,36 +20908,24 @@ msgstr "" "Diversi crate hanno il supporto per `async`/`await`. Ad esempio i canali " "`tokio`:" -#: src/async/channels.md:5 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" -"\n" -"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n" -" let mut count: usize = 0;\n" -"\n" -" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n" -" count += 1;\n" -" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n" -" for i in 0..10 {\n" -" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n" -" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" drop(sender);\n" -" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler " -"task.\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/channels.md:13 +msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:16 +msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:24 +msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:25 +msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:29 +msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:35 @@ -19187,34 +21009,20 @@ msgstr "" "restituisce una raccolta dei loro risultati. Questo è simile a \"Promise." "all\" in JavaScript o `asyncio.gather` in Python." -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use anyhow::Result;\n" -"use futures::future;\n" -"use reqwest;\n" -"use std::collections::HashMap;\n" -"\n" -"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n" -" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n" -" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n" -" \"https://google.com\",\n" -" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n" -" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n" -" \"BAD_URL\",\n" -" ];\n" -" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n" -" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n" -" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n" -" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:21 +msgid "\"https://google.com\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:22 +msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:23 +msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:24 +msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 @@ -19232,7 +21040,7 @@ msgstr "" #, fuzzy msgid "" "The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " -"cause your program to stall. " +"cause your program to stall." msgstr "" "Il rischio di \"unirsi\" è che uno dei futuri potrebbe non risolversi mai, " "questo sì causare l'arresto del programma." @@ -19269,65 +21077,40 @@ msgstr "" #, fuzzy msgid "" "Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " -"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " -"ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " -"the `future`'s result." +"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When a `future` is ready, " +"its return value is destructured by the `pattern`. The `statement` is then " +"run with the resulting variables. The `statement` result becomes the result " +"of the `select!` macro." msgstr "" "Di solito è una macro, simile a match, con ogni braccio della forma `pattern " "= futuro => istruzione`. Quando il futuro è pronto, l'istruzione viene " "eseguita con il variabile legata al risultato del futuro." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n" -"enum Animal {\n" -" Cat { name: String },\n" -" Dog { name: String },\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n" -" mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n" -" mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n" -") -> Option {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n" -" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n" -" cat_sender\n" -" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n" -" });\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n" -" dog_sender\n" -" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:40 +msgid "\"Felix\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:40 +msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:44 +msgid "\"Rex\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:44 +msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:49 +msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:51 +msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:57 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " @@ -19340,7 +21123,7 @@ msgstr "" "che preferisci arriva prima. Poiché il cane impiega 50 ms, vince contro il " "gatto prendere 500 ms secondi." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " @@ -19349,7 +21132,7 @@ msgstr "" "In questo esempio puoi usare i canali `oneshot` come dovrebbero ricevere un " "solo \"invio\"." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:65 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " @@ -19358,7 +21141,7 @@ msgstr "" "Prova ad aggiungere una scadenza alla gara, dimostrando la selezione di " "diversi tipi di futuri." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:68 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " @@ -19369,7 +21152,7 @@ msgstr "" "è passa `&mut future` invece del futuro stesso, ma questo può portare a " "problemi, ulteriormente discussi nella diapositiva di blocco." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:71 msgid "" "An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " "this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." @@ -19393,22 +21176,22 @@ msgstr "" "in Rust ha la sua parte di insidie e pistole. Ne illustriamo alcuni in " "questo capitolo:" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" msgstr "[Blocco dell'esecutore](trappole/blocking-executor.md)" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:6 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" msgstr "[Pin](trappole/pin.md)" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" msgstr "[Tratti asincroni](trapano/async-traits.md)" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:10 msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" msgstr "" @@ -19431,27 +21214,12 @@ msgstr "" "soluzione semplice consiste nell'usare metodi equivalenti asincroni ove " "possibile." -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use futures::future::join_all;\n" -"use std::time::Instant;\n" -"\n" -"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n" -" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n" -" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let start = Instant::now();\n" -" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n" -" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:14 +msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:19 +msgid "\"current_thread\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 @@ -19521,138 +21289,138 @@ msgstr "" "essere in esecuzione sullo stesso thread." #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 -#, fuzzy msgid "" -"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " -"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " -"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " -"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." +"Async blocks and functions return types implementing the `Future` trait. The " +"type returned is the result of a compiler transformation which turns local " +"variables into data stored inside the future." msgstr "" -"Quando aspetti un futuro, tutte le variabili locali (che normalmente " -"sarebbero memorizzate su uno stack frame) vengono invece archiviati in " -"Future per il blocco asincrono corrente. Se tuo future ha puntatori ai dati " -"nello stack, quei puntatori potrebbero essere invalidati. Questo non è " -"sicuro." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:7 msgid "" -"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " -"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " -"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." +"Some of those variables can hold pointers to other local variables. Because " +"of that, the future should never be moved to a different memory location, as " +"it would invalidate those pointers." msgstr "" -"Pertanto, è necessario garantire che gli indirizzi futuri puntino a non " -"farlo modifica. Ecco perché dobbiamo \"bloccare\" i futuri. Usando " -"ripetutamente lo stesso futuro in un `select!` spesso porta a problemi con i " -"valori bloccati." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:11 +msgid "" +"To prevent moving the future type in memory, it can only be polled through a " +"pinned pointer. `Pin` is a wrapper around a reference that disallows all " +"operations that would move the instance it points to into a different memory " +"location." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:20 msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n" -"use tokio::task::spawn;\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct Work {\n" -" input: u32,\n" -" respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" -"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n" -" let mut iterations = 0;\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n" -" work.respond_on\n" -" .send(work.input * 1000)\n" -" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n" -" iterations += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" -"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n" -" work_queue\n" -" .send(Work {\n" -" input,\n" -" respond_on: tx,\n" -" })\n" -" .await\n" -" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n" -" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" -" spawn(worker(rx));\n" -" for i in 0..100 {\n" -" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n" -" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:28 +msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:35 +msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:38 +msgid "\"failed to send response\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:41 +msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:45 +msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:52 +msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:53 +msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:62 +msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:69 msgid "" "You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " "call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:72 msgid "" "This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " "time with it." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:75 msgid "" "Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " "the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:78 msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:89 msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " "`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" "pin`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:103 msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " "iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " "`timeout_fut` every time it expires." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:107 msgid "" "Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " "stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " "but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:111 msgid "" "Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " "will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:114 +msgid "" +"Data that contains pointers to itself is called self-referential. Normally, " +"the Rust borrow checker would prevent self-referential data from being " +"moved, as the references cannot outlive the data they point to. However, the " +"code transformation for async blocks and functions is not verified by the " +"borrow checker." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:120 +msgid "" +"`Pin` is a wrapper around a reference. An object cannot be moved from its " +"place using a pinned pointer. However, it can still be moved through an " +"unpinned pointer." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:124 +msgid "" +"The `poll` method of the `Future` trait uses `Pin<&mut Self>` instead of " +"`&mut Self` to refer to the instance. That's why it can only be called on a " +"pinned pointer." +msgstr "" + #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19666,7 +21434,7 @@ msgstr "" "stabilizzata a medio termine.\\](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-" "rust/2022/11 /17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " @@ -19675,53 +21443,15 @@ msgstr "" "Il crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " "fornisce una soluzione tramite una macro:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use async_trait::async_trait;\n" -"use std::time::Instant;\n" -"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" -"\n" -"#[async_trait]\n" -"trait Sleeper {\n" -" async fn sleep(&self);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct FixedSleeper {\n" -" sleep_ms: u64,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[async_trait]\n" -"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n" -" async fn sleep(&self) {\n" -" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, " -"n_times: usize) {\n" -" for _ in 0..n_times {\n" -" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n" -" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n" -" let start = Instant::now();\n" -" sleeper.sleep().await;\n" -" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n" -" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n" -" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n" -" ];\n" -" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:35 +msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:39 +msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:56 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " @@ -19731,7 +21461,7 @@ msgstr "" "per raggiungere questo obiettivo. Questa allocazione dell'heap comporta un " "sovraccarico delle prestazioni." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:59 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " @@ -19746,7 +21476,7 @@ msgstr "" "smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-" "hard/) se sei interessato a scavare più a fondo." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:65 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " @@ -19763,72 +21493,17 @@ msgid "" "example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8 -msgid "" -"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" -"use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n" -"\n" -"struct LinesReader {\n" -" stream: DuplexStream,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl LinesReader {\n" -" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" -" Self { stream }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" -" let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n" -" let mut buf = [0];\n" -" while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n" -" bytes.push(buf[0]);\n" -" if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n" -" break;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" if bytes.is_empty() {\n" -" return Ok(None)\n" -" }\n" -" let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n" -" .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not " -"UTF-8\"))?;\n" -" Ok(Some(s))\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::" -"Result<()> {\n" -" for b in source.bytes() {\n" -" dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n" -" tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n" -" let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n" -" let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), " -"client));\n" -"\n" -" let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n" -" let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n" -" line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n" -" print!(\"{}\", l)\n" -" } else {\n" -" break\n" -" },\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" handle.await.unwrap()?;\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" +msgstr "UTF-8" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:51 +msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:57 +msgid "\"tick!\"" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 @@ -19853,51 +21528,31 @@ msgid "" "dropped." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 msgid "" "`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " "struct:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"struct LinesReader {\n" -" stream: DuplexStream,\n" -" bytes: Vec,\n" -" buf: [u8; 1],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl LinesReader {\n" -" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" -" Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n" -" }\n" -" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" -" // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" -" // ...\n" -" let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n" -" let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n" -" // ...\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:97 +msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:106 msgid "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " "tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 msgid "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " "returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:113 msgid "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " @@ -19924,7 +21579,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" +msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" msgstr "Filosofi da pranzo" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 @@ -19945,61 +21600,18 @@ msgstr "" "`src/main.rs`, compila il file spazi vuoti e verificare che `cargo run` non " "vada in stallo:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" -"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" // left_fork: ...\n" -" // right_fork: ...\n" -" // thoughts: ...\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" async fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." -"await\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" async fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Hypatia\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -"\n" -" // Make them think and eat\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:52 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:78 +msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:58 msgid "" "Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:63 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" @@ -20008,19 +21620,19 @@ msgid "" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" -"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " -"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " +"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:73 msgid "" "Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " "from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77 -msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? " +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:78 +msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 @@ -20036,19 +21648,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" -"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/tokio_websockets/) for the " -"communication between the client and the server." +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) for the communication between the client " +"and the server." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:12 msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:14 msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:18 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" @@ -20057,37 +21669,36 @@ msgid "" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" -"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.28\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" -"http = \"0.2.9\"\n" +"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" +"http = \"1.0.0\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" -"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.4.0\", features = [\"client\", " +"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.5.1\", features = [\"client\", " "\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:31 msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " -"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/" -"tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " -"API. " +"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes " +"to familiarize yourself with the API." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 msgid "" "[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" -"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " +"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 msgid "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" -"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " +"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" @@ -20104,12 +21715,12 @@ msgid "" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "Two binaries" msgstr "Binari Rust" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:47 msgid "" "Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." "rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " @@ -20117,98 +21728,59 @@ msgid "" "but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " "For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " "(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" -"targets.html#binaries)). " +"targets.html#binaries))." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:54 msgid "" "Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" "bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " -"described below. " +"described below." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:58 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:99 #, fuzzy msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" msgstr "`src/driver.rs`:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" -"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" -"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" -"\n" -"async fn handle_connection(\n" -" addr: SocketAddr,\n" -" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" -" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" -") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" -"\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" -"\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" -" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" -" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" -"\n" -" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:77 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:124 +msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:103 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:85 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:149 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:86 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:90 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:154 +msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:93 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:157 +msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:166 #, fuzzy msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" msgstr "`src/edificio.rs`:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:107 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" -"use http::Uri;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" -" let (mut ws_stream, _) =\n" -" ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" -" .connect()\n" -" .await?;\n" -"\n" -" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" -" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" -"\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" -"\n" -"}\n" -"```" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:116 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:178 +msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:129 #, fuzzy msgid "Running the binaries" msgstr "Esecuzione del corso" @@ -20252,6 +21824,69 @@ msgid "" "clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" +msgstr "Esercizio mattutino in concorrenza" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](dining-philosophers.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +msgid "" +"// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n" +" // to transfer to another task\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:41 +msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:61 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:75 +msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:90 +msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" +msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](rtc.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:117 +msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +msgid "" +"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" +" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" +" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:130 +msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:192 +msgid "\"From server: {}\"" +msgstr "" + #: src/thanks.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20288,223 +21923,298 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:32 -msgid "argument:" +msgid "" +"argument: \n" +"Information that is passed into a function or method." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:33 +#: src/glossary.md:34 msgid "" "Bare-metal Rust: \n" "Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating " "system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:36 +#: src/glossary.md:37 msgid "" "block: \n" "See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:38 +#: src/glossary.md:39 msgid "" "borrow: \n" "See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:40 +#: src/glossary.md:41 msgid "" "borrow checker: \n" "The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:42 +#: src/glossary.md:43 msgid "" "brace: \n" "`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:44 -msgid "build:" -msgstr "" - #: src/glossary.md:45 -msgid "call:" +msgid "" +"build: \n" +"The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable " +"program." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:46 +#: src/glossary.md:48 +msgid "" +"call: \n" +"To invoke or execute a function or method." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:50 msgid "" "channel: \n" "Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:48 +#: src/glossary.md:52 msgid "" "Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" "The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:50 -#, fuzzy -msgid "concurrency:" -msgstr "Concorrenza" +#: src/glossary.md:54 +msgid "" +"concurrency: \n" +"The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time." +msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:51 +#: src/glossary.md:56 msgid "" "Concurrency in Rust: \n" "See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:53 -#, fuzzy -msgid "constant:" -msgstr "`const`" - -#: src/glossary.md:54 -#, fuzzy -msgid "control flow:" -msgstr "Flusso di Controllo" - -#: src/glossary.md:55 -msgid "crash:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/glossary.md:56 -#, fuzzy -msgid "enumeration:" -msgstr "`Durata`" - -#: src/glossary.md:57 -#, fuzzy -msgid "error:" -msgstr "`Errore`" - #: src/glossary.md:58 -#, fuzzy -msgid "error handling:" -msgstr "Gestione degli errori" - -#: src/glossary.md:59 -#, fuzzy -msgid "exercise:" -msgstr "Esercizi" +msgid "" +"constant: \n" +"A value that does not change during the execution of a program." +msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:60 -#, fuzzy -msgid "function:" -msgstr "Funzioni" - -#: src/glossary.md:61 -#, fuzzy -msgid "garbage collector:" -msgstr "Garbage Collection" - -#: src/glossary.md:62 -#, fuzzy -msgid "generics:" -msgstr "Generics" +msgid "" +"control flow: \n" +"The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in " +"a program." +msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:63 -msgid "immutable:" +msgid "" +"crash: \n" +"An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:64 -#, fuzzy -msgid "integration test:" -msgstr "Test di integrazione" - #: src/glossary.md:65 -msgid "keyword:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/glossary.md:66 -#, fuzzy -msgid "library:" -msgstr "Libreria (Library)" - -#: src/glossary.md:67 -msgid "macro:" +msgid "" +"enumeration: \n" +"A data type that holds one of several named constants, possibly with an " +"associated tuple or struct." msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:68 -#, fuzzy -msgid "main function:" -msgstr "Chiamare Funzioni Unsafe" - -#: src/glossary.md:69 -msgid "match:" +msgid "" +"error: \n" +"An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior." msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:70 -#, fuzzy -msgid "memory leak:" -msgstr "Perdite di memoria." - -#: src/glossary.md:71 -#, fuzzy -msgid "method:" -msgstr "Metodi" - -#: src/glossary.md:72 -#, fuzzy -msgid "module:" -msgstr "Moduli" - -#: src/glossary.md:73 -msgid "move:" +msgid "" +"error handling: \n" +"The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program " +"execution." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:74 -msgid "mutable:" +#: src/glossary.md:73 +msgid "" +"exercise: \n" +"A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills." msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:75 -#, fuzzy -msgid "ownership:" -msgstr "Proprietà" - -#: src/glossary.md:76 -#, fuzzy -msgid "panic:" -msgstr "Panico (Panics)" +msgid "" +"function: \n" +"A reusable block of code that performs a specific task." +msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:77 -msgid "parameter:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/glossary.md:78 -msgid "pattern:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/glossary.md:79 -msgid "payload:" +msgid "" +"garbage collector: \n" +"A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are " +"no longer in use." msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:80 -msgid "program:" +msgid "" +"generics: \n" +"A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling " +"code reuse with different data types." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:81 -msgid "programming language:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/glossary.md:82 -#, fuzzy -msgid "receiver:" -msgstr "Driver" - #: src/glossary.md:83 -msgid "reference counting:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/glossary.md:84 -msgid "return:" +msgid "" +"immutable: \n" +"Unable to be changed after creation." msgstr "" #: src/glossary.md:85 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust:" -msgstr "Rustdoc" +msgid "" +"integration test: \n" +"A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or " +"components of a system." +msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:86 +#: src/glossary.md:88 +msgid "" +"keyword: \n" +"A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and " +"cannot be used as an identifier." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:91 +msgid "" +"library: \n" +"A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:93 +msgid "" +"macro: \n" +"Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when " +"normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes " +"a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:97 +msgid "" +"`main` function: \n" +"Rust programs start executing with the `main` function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:99 +msgid "" +"match: \n" +"A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the " +"value of an expression." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:102 +msgid "" +"memory leak: \n" +"A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer " +"needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:105 +msgid "" +"method: \n" +"A function associated with an object or a type in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:107 +msgid "" +"module: \n" +"A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, " +"to organize code in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:110 +msgid "" +"move: \n" +"The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:112 +msgid "" +"mutable: \n" +"A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been " +"declared." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:115 +msgid "" +"ownership: \n" +"The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for " +"managing the memory associated with a value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:118 +msgid "" +"panic: \n" +"An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of " +"the program." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:121 +msgid "" +"parameter: \n" +"A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:123 +msgid "" +"pattern: \n" +"A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against " +"an expression in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:126 +msgid "" +"payload: \n" +"The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:128 +msgid "" +"program: \n" +"A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task " +"or solve a particular problem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:131 +msgid "" +"programming language: \n" +"A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:133 +msgid "" +"receiver: \n" +"The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which " +"the method is called." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:136 +msgid "" +"reference counting: \n" +"A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object " +"is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:139 +msgid "" +"return: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:141 +msgid "" +"Rust: \n" +"A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and " +"concurrency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:144 msgid "" "Rust Fundamentals: \n" "Days 1 to 3 of this course." @@ -20512,90 +22222,151 @@ msgstr "" "Fondamenti di Rust: \n" "Giorni da 1 a 3 di questo corso." -#: src/glossary.md:88 +#: src/glossary.md:146 msgid "" "Rust in Android: \n" "See [Rust in Android](android.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:90 -msgid "safe:" +#: src/glossary.md:148 +msgid "" +"Rust in Chromium: \n" +"See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:91 -msgid "scope:" +#: src/glossary.md:150 +msgid "" +"safe: \n" +"Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, " +"preventing memory-related errors." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:92 -#, fuzzy -msgid "standard library:" -msgstr "Libreria standard" - -#: src/glossary.md:93 -#, fuzzy -msgid "static:" -msgstr "`static`" - -#: src/glossary.md:94 -#, fuzzy -msgid "string:" -msgstr "Stringa (String)" - -#: src/glossary.md:95 -#, fuzzy -msgid "struct:" -msgstr "Strutture (Struct)" - -#: src/glossary.md:96 -msgid "test:" +#: src/glossary.md:153 +msgid "" +"scope: \n" +"The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:97 -#, fuzzy -msgid "thread:" -msgstr "Threads" - -#: src/glossary.md:98 -msgid "thread safety:" +#: src/glossary.md:155 +msgid "" +"standard library: \n" +"A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:99 -#, fuzzy -msgid "trait:" -msgstr "Traits" - -#: src/glossary.md:100 -msgid "type:" +#: src/glossary.md:157 +msgid "" +"static: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` " +"lifetime." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:101 -#, fuzzy -msgid "type inference:" -msgstr "Inferenza del Tipo" - -#: src/glossary.md:102 -#, fuzzy -msgid "undefined behavior:" -msgstr "Nessun comportamento indefinito in fase di esecuzione:" - -#: src/glossary.md:103 -#, fuzzy -msgid "union:" -msgstr "Unioni" - -#: src/glossary.md:104 -#, fuzzy -msgid "unit test:" -msgstr "Test per unità" - -#: src/glossary.md:105 -msgid "unsafe:" +#: src/glossary.md:160 +msgid "" +"string: \n" +"A data type storing textual data. See [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/" +"string-slices.html) for more." msgstr "" -#: src/glossary.md:106 -#, fuzzy -msgid "variable:\\" -msgstr "Variabili" +#: src/glossary.md:163 +msgid "" +"struct: \n" +"A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different " +"types under a single name." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:166 +msgid "" +"test: \n" +"A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other " +"functions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:169 +msgid "" +"thread: \n" +"A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:171 +msgid "" +"thread safety: \n" +"The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded " +"environment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:174 +msgid "" +"trait: \n" +"A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to " +"achieve polymorphism in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:177 +msgid "" +"trait bound: \n" +"An abstraction where you can require types to implement some traits of your " +"interest." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:180 +msgid "" +"tuple: \n" +"A composite data type that contains variables of different types. Tuple " +"fields have no names, and are accessed by their ordinal numbers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:183 +msgid "" +"type: \n" +"A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values " +"of a particular kind in Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:186 +msgid "" +"type inference: \n" +"The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or " +"expression." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:189 +msgid "" +"undefined behavior: \n" +"Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading " +"to unpredictable program behavior." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:192 +msgid "" +"union: \n" +"A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:194 +msgid "" +"unit test: \n" +"Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger " +"integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:197 +msgid "" +"unit type: \n" +"Type that holds no data, written as a tuple with no members." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:199 +msgid "" +"unsafe: \n" +"The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See " +"[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/glossary.md:202 +msgid "" +"variable: \n" +"A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_." +msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:1 #, fuzzy @@ -20732,7 +22503,7 @@ msgstr "" "rust_for_c/): copre Rust da la prospettiva degli sviluppatori che scrivono " "firmware in C." -#: src/other-resources.md:42 +#: src/other-resources.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " @@ -20743,7 +22514,7 @@ msgstr "" "copre la sintassi di Rust usando confronti fianco a fianco con altri " "linguaggi come C, C++, Java, JavaScript e Python." -#: src/other-resources.md:45 +#: src/other-resources.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " @@ -20752,7 +22523,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): oltre 100 esercizi per " "aiutarti impari Ruggine." -#: src/other-resources.md:47 +#: src/other-resources.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" @@ -20765,7 +22536,7 @@ msgstr "" "parte di base che quella avanzata del Linguaggio ruggine. Sono disponibili " "anche altri argomenti come WebAssembly e async/await coperto." -#: src/other-resources.md:52 +#: src/other-resources.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" @@ -20780,7 +22551,7 @@ msgstr "" "ai nuovi sviluppatori. Il primo è un set di 35 video e il il secondo è un " "set di 11 moduli che copre la sintassi di Rust ei costrutti di base." -#: src/other-resources.md:58 +#: src/other-resources.md:56 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." @@ -20792,7 +22563,7 @@ msgstr "" "gestione della memoria di Rust, implementandone alcune diversi tipi di " "strutture di elenchi." -#: src/other-resources.md:63 +#: src/other-resources.md:61 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " @@ -20872,2241 +22643,2377 @@ msgstr "" "utilizza un file immagine da [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Si prega di consultare " "la directory `Third_party/cxx/` per i dettagli, inclusi i termini di licenza." -#: src/credits.md:34 -msgid "" -"The [Why Rust? - An Example in C](why-rust/an-example-in-c.md) section has " -"been taken from the presentation slides of [Colin Finck's Master Thesis]" -"(https://colinfinck.de/Master_Thesis_Colin_Finck.pdf). It has been " -"relicensed under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license for this course by the " -"author." -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Small Example" +#~ msgstr "Piccolo esempio" + +#~ msgid "Why Rust?" +#~ msgstr "Perché Rust?" + +#~ msgid "An Example in C" +#~ msgstr "Un esempio in C" + +#~ msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garanzie alla Compilazione" + +#~ msgid "Runtime Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garanzie all’Esecuzione" + +#~ msgid "Modern Features" +#~ msgstr "Funzionalità moderne" + +#~ msgid "Basic Syntax" +#~ msgstr "Sintassi di base" + +#~ msgid "String vs str" +#~ msgstr "Differenza tra String e str" + +#~ msgid "Rustdoc" +#~ msgstr "Rustdoc" + +#~ msgid "Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Overloading" + +#~ msgid "Arrays and for Loops" +#~ msgstr "Array e Cicli for" + +#~ msgid "if expressions" +#~ msgstr "espressioni IF" + +#~ msgid "for expressions" +#~ msgstr "espressioni FOR" + +#~ msgid "while expressions" +#~ msgstr "espressioni WHILE" + +#~ msgid "break & continue" +#~ msgstr "break & continue" + +#~ msgid "loop expressions" +#~ msgstr "espressioni LOOP" + +#~ msgid "Variant Payloads" +#~ msgstr "Payload Variabili (Variant Payloads)" + +#~ msgid "Enum Sizes" +#~ msgstr "Dimensione degli Enum" + +#~ msgid "Novel Control Flow" +#~ msgstr "Flussi di Controllo “non-standard”" + +#~ msgid "if let expressions" +#~ msgstr "espressioni IF LET" + +#~ msgid "while let expressions" +#~ msgstr "espressioni WHILE LET" + +#~ msgid "match expressions" +#~ msgstr "espressioni MATCH" + +#~ msgid "Destructuring Structs" +#~ msgstr "Destrutturazione di Struct" + +#~ msgid "Destructuring Arrays" +#~ msgstr "Destrutturazione di Array" + +#~ msgid "Match Guards" +#~ msgstr "Match Guards" + +#~ msgid "Stack vs Heap" +#~ msgstr "Stack vs Heap" + +#~ msgid "Stack Memory" +#~ msgstr "Memoria sullo Stack" + +#~ msgid "Manual Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gestione manuale della Memoria" + +#~ msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gestione della Memoria basata su Scope" + +#~ msgid "Garbage Collection" +#~ msgstr "Garbage Collection" + +#~ msgid "Rust Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gestione della Memoria in Rust" + +#~ msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" +#~ msgstr "Stringhe a cui è applicata move" + +#~ msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" +#~ msgstr "Doppio applicazione di free in C++ moderno" + +#~ msgid "Moves in Function Calls" +#~ msgstr "Move nelle Chiamate a Funzione" + +#~ msgid "Copying and Cloning" +#~ msgstr "Copiare (Copy) e Clonare (Clone)" + +#~ msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" +#~ msgstr "Prestito (Borrow) Condiviso (Shared) e Unico (Unique)" + +#~ msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" +#~ msgstr "Sintassi abbreviata per Campo (Field)" + +#~ msgid "Method Receiver" +#~ msgstr "Ricevitore (Receiver) del Metodo" + +#~ msgid "Storing Books" +#~ msgstr "Memorizza i libri" + +#~ msgid "Option and Result" +#~ msgstr "Option e Result" + +#~ msgid "Vec" +#~ msgstr "Vec" + +#~ msgid "HashMap" +#~ msgstr "HashMap" + +#~ msgid "Box" +#~ msgstr "Box" + +#~ msgid "Recursive Data Types" +#~ msgstr "Tipi di dati ricorsivi" + +#~ msgid "Rc" +#~ msgstr "Rc" + +#~ msgid "Cell/RefCell" +#~ msgstr "Cell/RefCell" + +#~ msgid "Iterators and Ownership" +#~ msgstr "Iteratori (Iterators) e Proprietà (Ownership)" + +#~ msgid "Strings and Iterators" +#~ msgstr "Stringhe (Strings) e Iteratori (Iterators)" + +#~ msgid "Generic Methods" +#~ msgstr "Metodi Generic" + +#~ msgid "Monomorphization" +#~ msgstr "Monomorfizzazione (Monomorphization)" + +#~ msgid "Default Methods" +#~ msgstr "Metodi predefiniti (Default Methods)" + +#~ msgid "impl Trait" +#~ msgstr "impl Trait" + +#~ msgid "Important Traits" +#~ msgstr "Trait importanti" + +#~ msgid "From and Into" +#~ msgstr "From e Into (Trait)" + +#~ msgid "Default" +#~ msgstr "Predefinito (Default)" + +#~ msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." +#~ msgstr "Operatori: Add, Mul, ..." + +#~ msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" +#~ msgstr "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" + +#~ msgid "A Simple GUI Library" +#~ msgstr "Una semplice libreria per Interfacce Grafiche" + +#~ msgid "Points and Polygons" +#~ msgstr "Punti e Poligoni" + +#~ msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Catturare lo Stack Unwinding" + +#~ msgid "Structured Error Handling" +#~ msgstr "Gestione strutturata degli errori" + +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" +#~ msgstr "Propagazione degli errori con ?" + +#~ msgid "Converting Error Types" +#~ msgstr "Conversione dei tipi di errore" + +#~ msgid "Deriving Error Enums" +#~ msgstr "Derivazione di Enumerazioni (Enums) di errori" + +#~ msgid "Adding Context to Errors" +#~ msgstr "Aggiungere contesto agli errori" + +#~ msgid "no_std" +#~ msgstr "no_std" + +#~ msgid "alloc" +#~ msgstr "alloc" + +#~ msgid "embedded-hal" +#~ msgstr "embedded-hal" + +#~ msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" +#~ msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" + +#~ msgid "zerocopy" +#~ msgstr "zerocopy" + +#~ msgid "buddy_system_allocator" +#~ msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" + +#~ msgid "tinyvec" +#~ msgstr "tinyvec" + +#~ msgid "spin" +#~ msgstr "rotazione (spin)" + +#~ msgid "Send and Sync" +#~ msgstr "Send e Sync" + +#~ msgid "Send" +#~ msgstr "Send (Inviare)" + +#~ msgid "Sync" +#~ msgstr "Sync (Sincronizzare)" + +#~ msgid "Arc" +#~ msgstr "Arc" + +#~ msgid "Mutex" +#~ msgstr "Mutex" + +#~ msgid "async/await" +#~ msgstr "async/await" + +#~ msgid "Pin" +#~ msgstr "Spillo (Pin)" + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 1 Mattina" + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 1 Pomeriggio" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 2 Mattina" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 2 Pomeriggio" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 3 Mattina" + +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 3 Pomeriggio" + +#~ msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" +#~ msgstr "Mattina su Bare Metal Rust" + +#~ msgid "Concurrency Morning" +#~ msgstr "Mattina su Concorrenza" + +#~ msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio" -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." -msgstr "Troverai le soluzioni degli esercizi nelle pagine seguenti." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the " +#~ "standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Giorno 2: tipi di dati composti, pattern matching, libreria standard." -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " -"different or better solution than what is presented here." -msgstr "" -"Sentiti libero di fare domande sulle soluzioni [on GitHub](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Facci sapere se hai una " -"soluzione diversa o migliore di quella presentata qui." +#~ msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Giorno 3: 'traits' e 'generics', gestione degli errori, test, Rust non " +#~ "sicuro." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```rust\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```rust\n" +#~ "fn main() {\n" +#~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 1 Esercizi mattutini" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, " +#~ "and `continue`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Costrutti del flusso di controllo: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, " +#~ "`break` e `continua`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " +#~ "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " +#~ "major feature and we should show students this right away." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'idea per il primo giorno è mostrare _quanto basta_ di Rust per poter " +#~ "parlare sul famoso _borrow checker_. Il modo in cui Rust gestisce la " +#~ "memoria è una caratteristica importante e dovremmo mostrarlo subito agli " +#~ "studenti." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over " +#~ "the schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the " +#~ "slides):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se stai insegnando in un'aula, questo è un buon posto per esaminare il " +#~ "programma. Suggeriamo di dividere la giornata in due parti (seguendo le " +#~ "slide):" + +#~ msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," +#~ msgstr "Mattina: dalle 9:00 alle 12:00," + +#~ msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." +#~ msgstr "Pomeriggio: dalle 13:00 alle 16:00." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " +#~ "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ovviamente puoi regolarlo se necessario. Assicurati di includere pause, " +#~ "consigliamo una pausa ogni ora!" + +#~ msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Ecco un piccolo programma di esempio in Rust:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " +#~ "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " +#~ "different inputs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il codice implementa la congettura di Collatz: si ritiene che il ciclo " +#~ "finirà sempre, ma questo non è ancora provato. Modifica il codice e gioca " +#~ "con diversi ingressi." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " +#~ "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime " +#~ "integer overflow." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Spiegare che tutte le variabili sono tipizzate staticamente. Prova a " +#~ "rimuovere `i32` per attivare l'inferenza di tipo. Prova invece con `i8` e " +#~ "attiva un overflow di runtime integer." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" -" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" -" for i in 0..3 {\n" -" for j in 0..3 {\n" -" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" return result;\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" -" for row in matrix {\n" -" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_transpose() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], //\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" transposed,\n" -" [\n" -" [101, 201, 301], //\n" -" [102, 202, 302],\n" -" [103, 203, 303],\n" -" ]\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let matrix = [\n" -" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -" [201, 202, 203],\n" -" [301, 302, 303],\n" -" ];\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"matrix:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&matrix);\n" -"\n" -" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" -" println!(\"transposed:\");\n" -" pretty_print(&transposed);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:57 #, fuzzy -msgid "Bonus question" -msgstr "Domanda bonus" +#~ msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Modificare `let mut x` in `let x`, discutere l'errore del compilatore." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:59 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" -"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " -"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " -"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." -msgstr "" -"Richiede concetti più avanzati. Potrebbe sembrare che potremmo usare uno " -"slice-of-slice (`&[&[i32]]`) come tipo di input da trasporre e quindi fare " -"in modo che la nostra funzione gestisca qualsiasi dimensione di matrice. " -"Tuttavia, questo si interrompe rapidamente: il tipo restituito non può " -"essere `&[&[i32]]` poiché deve essere proprietario dei dati restituiti." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match " +#~ "the format string." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mostra come `print!` restituisce un errore di compilazione se gli " +#~ "argomenti non corrispondono al formato della stringa." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:61 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " -"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " -"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." -msgstr "" -"Puoi provare a usare qualcosa come `Vec>`, ma neanche questo " -"funziona immediatamente: è difficile convertire da `Vec>` a " -"`&[ &[i32]]` quindi ora non puoi nemmeno usare facilmente `pretty_print`." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " +#~ "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mostra come devi usare `{}` come segnaposto se vuoi stampare un' " +#~ "espressione che è più complessa di una singola variabile." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:63 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" -"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " -"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." -msgstr "" -"Una volta arrivati ai tratti e ai generici, saremo in grado di usare il " -"tratto [`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"AsRef.html) per astrarre su tutto ciò che può essere referenziato come slice." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" +#~ "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " +#~ "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mostra agli studenti la libreria standard, mostra loro come cercare `std::" +#~ "fmt` che ha le regole del mini-linguaggio di formattazione. È importante " +#~ "che il gli studenti acquisiscono familiarità con la ricerca nella " +#~ "libreria standard." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:65 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::convert::AsRef;\n" -"use std::fmt::Debug;\n" -"\n" -"fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" -"where\n" -" T: Debug,\n" -" // A line references a slice of items\n" -" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" -" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" -" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" -"{\n" -" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" -" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" // &[&[i32]]\n" -" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" -" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" -" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" -" // Vec>\n" -" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Compile time memory safety." +#~ msgstr "Sicurezza della memoria al tempo di compilazione." + +#~ msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." +#~ msgstr "Mancanza di comportamento runtime non definito." + +#~ msgid "Modern language features." +#~ msgstr "Funzionalità del linguaggio moderno." + +#~ msgid "How many bugs do you spot?" +#~ msgstr "Quanti bug hai notato?" + +#~ msgid "All `if` clauses require braces." +#~ msgstr "Tutte le clausole `if` richiedono parentesi." + +#~ msgid "`match` mandates that all cases are handled." +#~ msgstr "`match` impone che tutti i casi siano gestiti." + +#~ msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" +#~ msgstr "Gestione statica della memoria in fase di compilazione:" + +#~ msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." +#~ msgstr "Nessun _memory leaks_ (_principalmente_, vedi note)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "È possibile produrre perdite di memoria in Rust sicuro (Safe Rust). " +#~ "Qualche esempio Sono:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." +#~ "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get " +#~ "runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi usare [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." +#~ "html#method.leak) per far trapelare un puntatore. Un uso di questo " +#~ "potrebbe essere quello di ottenere variabili statiche inizializzate/" +#~ "dimensionate in runtime" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." +#~ "forget.html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the " +#~ "destructor is never run)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi usare [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." +#~ "forget.html) per fare in modo che il compilatore \"dimentichi\" un valore " +#~ "(il che significa che il distruttore non viene mai eseguito)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi anche creare accidentalmente un _[reference cycle](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html)_ con `Rc` o `Arc`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory " +#~ "leak and Rust does not protect from those." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "In effetti, alcuni considereranno il popolamento infinito di una raccolta " +#~ "un _memory leak_ e Rust non protegge da quello." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood " +#~ "as \"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ai fini di questo corso, si dovrebbe intendere \"Nessuna perdita di " +#~ "memoria\". come \"Praticamente nessuna perdita di memoria _accidentale_\"." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " +#~ "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " +#~ "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " +#~ "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode " +#~ "(`cargo build --release`)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'overflow di numeri interi è definito tramite il flag [`overflow-checks`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-" +#~ "checks) in fase di compilazione. Se abilitato il programma _va in panico_ " +#~ "(crash controllato del programma), altrimenti si ha un _wrap-around_. Per " +#~ "impostazione predefinita, si ottiene il panico in modalità di debug " +#~ "(`cargo build`) e wrap-around in modalità rilascio (`cargo build --" +#~ "release`)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not " +#~ "be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows " +#~ "you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do " +#~ "bounds checking." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il controllo dei limiti non può essere disabilitato con un flag del " +#~ "compilatore. Può anche non essere disabilitato direttamente con la parola " +#~ "chiave `unsafe`. Tuttavia, `unsafe` ti permette di chiamare funzioni come " +#~ "`slice::get_unchecked` che non esegue il controllo dei limiti." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:92 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " -"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." -msgstr "" -"Inoltre, il tipo stesso non imporrebbe che le sezioni figlie abbiano la " -"stessa lunghezza, quindi tale variabile potrebbe contenere una matrice non " -"valida." +#~ msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust è costruito con tutta l'esperienza maturata negli ultimi 40 anni." + +#~ msgid "Language Features" +#~ msgstr "Caratteristiche del linguaggio" + +#~ msgid "Tooling" +#~ msgstr "Tooling" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to " +#~ "'pay' for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For " +#~ "example, writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low " +#~ "level instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Astrazioni a costo zero, simili a C++, significa che non devi \"pagare\" " +#~ "per costrutti di programmazione di livello superiore con memoria o CPU. " +#~ "Per esempio, scrivere un ciclo usando `for` dovrebbe comportare " +#~ "all'incirca lo stesso livello di istruzioni come usare il costrutto `." +#~ "iter().fold()`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', " +#~ "also known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things " +#~ "like `Option` and `Result`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Potrebbe valere la pena ricordare che anche le enum di Rust sono \"tipi " +#~ "di dati algebrici\" noti come \"tipi di somma\", che consentono al " +#~ "sistema di tipi di esprimere cose come `Option` e `Result`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " +#~ "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " +#~ "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with " +#~ "_actionable_ feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ricordare alle persone di leggere gli errori --- molti sviluppatori si " +#~ "sono abituati a ignorare l'output del compilatore. Il compilatore Rust è " +#~ "molto più \"loquace\" rispetto ad altri compilatori. Spesso fornirà " +#~ "feedback _pronti all'uso_, pronti per il copia-incolla nel tuo codice." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, " +#~ "Python, and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider " +#~ "standard and essential:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La libreria standard di Rust è piccola rispetto a linguaggi come Java, " +#~ "Python, e Go. Rust non viene fornito con molte cose che potresti " +#~ "considerare standard e essenziali:" + +#~ msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "un generatore di numeri casuali, ma vedi [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." + +#~ msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." +#~ msgstr "supporto per SSL o TLS, ma vedi [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." + +#~ msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "supporto per JSON, ma vedi [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " +#~ "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " +#~ "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and " +#~ "perhaps there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il ragionamento alla base di ciò è che una funzionalità nella libreria " +#~ "standard non può essere tolta, quindi deve essere molto stabile. Per gli " +#~ "esempi precedenti, la comunità Rust sta ancora lavorando per trovare la " +#~ "soluzione migliore --- e forse non c'è un'unica \"soluzione migliore\" " +#~ "per alcune di queste cose." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " +#~ "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A " +#~ "consequence of this is that the standard library can be smaller." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust viene fornito con un gestore di pacchetti integrato sotto forma di " +#~ "Cargo e questo rende banale scaricare e compilare pacchetti di terze " +#~ "parti (_crates_). Una conseguenza di ciò è che la libreria standard può " +#~ "essere più piccola." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates " +#~ "to find a good and trusted one." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La ricerca di buoni 'pacchetti' (_crates_) di terze parti può essere un " +#~ "problema. Siti come aiutano in questo consentendo di " +#~ "confrontare le metriche per specifiche _crate_ per trovarne uno buona e " +#~ "affidabile." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " +#~ "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) è un'implementazione " +#~ "LSP ben supportata utilizzata neimaggiori IDE ed editor di testo." + +#~ msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" +#~ msgstr "`\"pippo\"`, `\"due\\nrighe\"`" + +#~ msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" +#~ msgstr "Come C++, Rust ha riferimenti:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " +#~ "pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dobbiamo dereferenziare `ref_x` quando lo assegni, in modo simile ai " +#~ "puntatori C e C++." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values " +#~ "over their lifetime." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "I riferimenti dichiarati come `mut` possono essere associati a valori " +#~ "diversi nel corso della loro durata." + +#~ msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si dice che un riferimento \"prenda in prestito\" (_borrow_) il valore a " +#~ "cui si riferisce." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +#~ "enough." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust tiene traccia delle vite di tutti i riferimenti per assicurarsi che " +#~ "durino abbastanza a lungo." + +#~ msgid "`String` vs `str`" +#~ msgstr "`String` vs `str`" + +#~ msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Ora possiamo comprendere i due tipi di stringhe in Rust:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +#~ "selection." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi prendere in prestito le sezioni `&str` da `String` con `&` e la " +#~ "selezione dell'intervallo opzionale." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" +#~ "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Una versione Rust del famoso gioco [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/" +#~ "wiki/Fizz_buzz):" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward " +#~ "declarations nor headers are necessary. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "In `main` ci si riferisce a una funzione scritta di seguito. Non sono " +#~ "necessarie né pre-dichiarazioni né intestazioni. " + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " +#~ "`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'espressione di intervallo nel ciclo `for` in `fizzbuzz to()` contiene " +#~ "`=n` che include il limite superiore." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tutti gli elementi del linguaggio in Rust possono essere documentati " +#~ "usando la sintassi speciale `///`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but " +#~ "in real code they should be present." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Questo corso non include rustdoc sulle diapositive, solo per risparmiare " +#~ "spazio, ma nel contesto reale dovrebbe essere presente." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need " +#~ "not be addressed here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "I commenti interni al documento sono discussi più avanti (nella pagina " +#~ "sui moduli) e non è necessario affrontarli qui." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " +#~ "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "I metodi sono funzioni associate a un tipo. L'argomento `self` di un " +#~ "metodo è un'istanza del tipo a cui è associato:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " +#~ "class." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Approfondiremo maggiormente i metodi nell'esercizio di oggi e nella " +#~ "lezione di domani." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 1 Esercizi pomeridiani" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" +#~ msgstr "Aggiungi un costruttore `Rectangle::new` e chiamalo da `main`:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " +#~ "static methods can take arbitrary parameters." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Aggiungi un costruttore `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)` per " +#~ "illustrare che i costruttori possono accettare parametri arbitrari." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" -" let mut sum = 0;\n" -" let mut double = false;\n" -" let mut digit_seen = 0;\n" -"\n" -" for c in cc_number.chars().filter(|&f| f != ' ').rev() {\n" -" if let Some(digit) = c.to_digit(10) {\n" -" if double {\n" -" let double_digit = digit * 2;\n" -" sum += if double_digit > 9 {\n" -" double_digit - 9\n" -" } else {\n" -" double_digit\n" -" };\n" -" } else {\n" -" sum += digit;\n" -" }\n" -" double = !double;\n" -" digit_seen += 1;\n" -" } else {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" if digit_seen < 2 {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" sum % 10 == 0\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" -" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"foo 0 0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" -" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" -" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Function Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Overloading di Funzione" + +#~ msgid "Overloading is not supported:" +#~ msgstr "L'Overloading non è supportato:" + +#~ msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." +#~ msgstr "Accetta sempre un numero fisso di parametri." + +#~ msgid "Default values are not supported:" +#~ msgstr "I valori predefiniti non sono supportati:" + +#~ msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." +#~ msgstr "Tutti i siti di chiamata hanno lo stesso numero di argomenti." + +#~ msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." +#~ msgstr "Le macro sono talvolta utilizzate come alternativa." + +#~ msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" +#~ msgstr "Tuttavia, i parametri delle funzioni possono essere generici:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind " +#~ "of limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a " +#~ "later section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Quando si usano i generici, `Into` della libreria standard può fornire " +#~ "una sorta di polimorfismo limitato sui tipi dell'argomento. Vedremo " +#~ "maggiori dettagli in una sezione successiva." + +#~ msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 1: Esercizi Mattutini" + +#~ msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" +#~ msgstr "In questi esercizi esploreremo due parti di Rust:" + +#~ msgid "Implicit conversions between types." +#~ msgstr "Conversioni implicite tra tipi." + +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." +#~ msgstr "Array e cicli `for`." + +#~ msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" +#~ msgstr "Alcune cose da considerare durante la risoluzione degli esercizi:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" +#~ "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo." +#~ "md) for details on installing Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Utilizzare un'installazione locale di Rust, se possibile. In questo modo " +#~ "puoi ottenere completamento automatico nel tuo editor. Vedi la pagina su " +#~ "[Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) per i dettagli sull'installazione di Rust." + +#~ msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." +#~ msgstr "In alternativa, usa Rust Playground." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets " +#~ "lose their state if you navigate away from the page." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gli snippet di codice non sono modificabili di proposito: gli snippet di " +#~ "codice in linea perdono il loro stato se esci dalla pagina." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " +#~ "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" +#~ "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust non applicherà automaticamente le _conversioni implicite_ tra i tipi " +#~ "([a differenza di C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" +#~ "implicit_conversion)). Puoi vederlo in un programma come questo:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between " +#~ "them. The `From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the " +#~ "`Into` trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits " +#~ "is how a type expresses that it can be converted into another type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tutti i tipi interi in Rust implementano i _traits_ [`From`](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`](https://doc." +#~ "rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) consentendo la conversione tra " +#~ "di loro. Il _trait_ `From` ha un singolo metodo `from()` e allo stesso " +#~ "modo, il _trait_ `Into` ha un singolo metodo `into()`. " +#~ "L'implementazione di questi _traits_ esprime il modo in cui un tipo " +#~ "consente di essere convertito in un altro tipo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " +#~ "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " +#~ "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From " +#~ "for i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of " +#~ "`Into for i8`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La libreria standard ha un'implementazione di `From for i16`, che " +#~ "significa che possiamo convertire una variabile `x` di tipo `i8` in una " +#~ "`i16` chiamando `i16::from(x)`. O, più semplicemente, con `x.into()`, " +#~ "perché l'implementazione `From for i16` crea automaticamente " +#~ "un'implementazione di `Into per i8`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, " +#~ "so it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " +#~ "implementation automatically." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lo stesso vale per le tue implementazioni `From` per i tuoi tipi, così è " +#~ "sufficiente implementare solo `From` per ottenere automaticamente una " +#~ "rispettiva implementazione `Into`." + +#~ msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Eseguire il programma precedente e osservare l'errore del compilatore." + +#~ msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Aggiornare il codice per utilizzare `into()` per eseguire la conversione." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " +#~ "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " +#~ "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " +#~ "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" +#~ "trait.From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you " +#~ "check." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Cambiare i tipi di `x` e `y` in altre cose (come `f32`, `bool`, `i128`) " +#~ "per vedere quali tipi è possibile convertire in quali altri tipi. Provare " +#~ "a convertire tipi \"piccoli\" in tipi \"grandi\" e viceversa. Controlla " +#~ "la [documentazione della libreria standard](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +#~ "convert/trait.From.html) per vedere se `From` è implementato per le " +#~ "coppie che controlli." + +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" +#~ msgstr "Array e Cicli `for`" + +#~ msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" +#~ msgstr "Abbiamo visto che un array può essere dichiarato in questo modo:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with " +#~ "`{:?}`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi stampare un tale array chiedendo la sua rappresentazione di debug " +#~ "con `{:?}`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " +#~ "keyword:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust ti consente di iterare cose come array e intervalli usando la parola " +#~ "chiave `for`:" + +#~ msgid "Bonus Question" +#~ msgstr "Domanda bonus" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for " +#~ "your argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-" +#~ "dimensional slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Potresti usare _slices_ `&[i32]` invece di matrici 3 × 3 codificate per " +#~ "il tuo argomento e tipi restituiti? Qualcosa come `&[&[i32]]` per un " +#~ "oggetto bidimensionale _slice-di-slices_. Perché o perché no?" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production " +#~ "quality implementation." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Guarda il _crate_ [`ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) per una " +#~ "implementazione di livello produzione (_production_)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " +#~ "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La soluzione e la risposta alla sezione bonus sono disponibili nella " +#~ "sezione [Soluzione](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." + +#~ msgid "Without the `&`..." +#~ msgstr "Senza il `&`…" -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:86 #, fuzzy -msgid "Pattern matching" -msgstr "Pattern Matching" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to " +#~ "conditionally evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value " +#~ "which then becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow " +#~ "expressions work similarly in Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Come abbiamo visto, \"if\" è un'espressione in Rust. È usato in modo " +#~ "condizionale valutare uno dei due blocchi, ma i blocchi possono avere un " +#~ "valore che poi diventa il valore dell'espressione \"if\". Altre " +#~ "espressioni del flusso di controllo funzionano in modo simile a Ruggine." -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:88 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum Operation {\n" -" Add,\n" -" Sub,\n" -" Mul,\n" -" Div,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// An expression, in tree form.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"enum Expression {\n" -" /// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" -" Op {\n" -" op: Operation,\n" -" left: Box,\n" -" right: Box,\n" -" },\n" -"\n" -" /// A literal value\n" -" Value(i64),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// The result of evaluating an expression.\n" -"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" -"enum Res {\n" -" /// Evaluation was successful, with the given result.\n" -" Ok(i64),\n" -" /// Evaluation failed, with the given error message.\n" -" Err(String),\n" -"}\n" -"// Allow `Ok` and `Err` as shorthands for `Res::Ok` and `Res::Err`.\n" -"use Res::{Err, Ok};\n" -"\n" -"fn eval(e: Expression) -> Res {\n" -" match e {\n" -" Expression::Op { op, left, right } => {\n" -" let left = match eval(*left) {\n" -" Ok(v) => v,\n" -" Err(msg) => return Err(msg),\n" -" };\n" -" let right = match eval(*right) {\n" -" Ok(v) => v,\n" -" Err(msg) => return Err(msg),\n" -" };\n" -" Ok(match op {\n" -" Operation::Add => left + right,\n" -" Operation::Sub => left - right,\n" -" Operation::Mul => left * right,\n" -" Operation::Div => {\n" -" if right == 0 {\n" -" return Err(String::from(\"division by zero\"));\n" -" } else {\n" -" left / right\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" })\n" -" }\n" -" Expression::Value(v) => Ok(v),\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_value() {\n" -" assert_eq!(eval(Expression::Value(19)), Ok(19));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_sum() {\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" eval(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Add,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(10)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(20)),\n" -" }),\n" -" Ok(30)\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_recursion() {\n" -" let term1 = Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Mul,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(10)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(9)),\n" -" };\n" -" let term2 = Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Mul,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Sub,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(3)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(4)),\n" -" }),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(5)),\n" -" };\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" eval(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Add,\n" -" left: Box::new(term1),\n" -" right: Box::new(term2),\n" -" }),\n" -" Ok(85)\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_error() {\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" eval(Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Div,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(99)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(0)),\n" -" }),\n" -" Err(String::from(\"division by zero\"))\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let expr = Expression::Op {\n" -" op: Operation::Sub,\n" -" left: Box::new(Expression::Value(20)),\n" -" right: Box::new(Expression::Value(10)),\n" -" };\n" -" println!(\"expr: {:?}\", expr);\n" -" println!(\"result: {:?}\", eval(expr));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is " +#~ "the return value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La stessa regola viene utilizzata per le funzioni: il valore del corpo " +#~ "della funzione è il valore di ritorno:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " +#~ "Rust. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lo scopo di questa slide è mostrare che i blocchi hanno un tipo e un " +#~ "valore in Rust. " -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 2 Esercizi mattutini" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is " +#~ "closely related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It " +#~ "will automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate " +#~ "over it:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il [ciclo `for`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) è " +#~ "strettamente relativo al [ciclo `while let`](while-let-expression.md). Lo " +#~ "farà chiama automaticamente `into_iter()` sull'espressione e quindi itera " +#~ "su di essa:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "Designing a Library" -msgstr "Progettare una libreria" +#~ msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." +#~ msgstr "Puoi usare `break` e `continue` qui come al solito." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](book-library.md))" +#~ msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'iterazione dell'indice non è una sintassi speciale in Rust solo per " +#~ "quel caso." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"struct Library {\n" -" books: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct Book {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" year: u16,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Book {\n" -" // This is a constructor, used below.\n" -" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" -" Book {\n" -" title: String::from(title),\n" -" year,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Implement the methods below. Notice how the `self` parameter\n" -"// changes type to indicate the method's required level of ownership\n" -"// over the object:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" -"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" -"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" -"impl Library {\n" -"\n" -" fn new() -> Library {\n" -" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" -" self.books.len()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" -" self.books.is_empty()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" -" self.books.push(book)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn print_books(&self) {\n" -" for book in &self.books {\n" -" println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" -" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" -"\n" -" // Longer hand-written solution:\n" -" let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n" -" for book in self.books.iter() {\n" -" if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n" -" oldest = Some(book);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" oldest\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\",\n" -" library.is_empty()\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -"\n" -" println!(\n" -" \"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\",\n" -" library.is_empty()\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" library.print_books();\n" -"\n" -" match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" -" None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_len() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" -" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert!(library.is_empty());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_print_books() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" -" // method to start with.\n" -" library.print_books();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" -" let mut library = Library::new();\n" -" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" assert_eq!(\n" -" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" -" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" -" );\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:153 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](health-statistics.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](rtc.md))" +#~ msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " +#~ msgstr "`(0..10)` è un intervallo che implementa un tratto `Iterator`." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:155 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub struct User {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" age: u32,\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" visit_count: usize,\n" -" last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Measurements {\n" -" height: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n" -" patient_name: &'a str,\n" -" visit_count: u32,\n" -" height_change: f32,\n" -" blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl User {\n" -" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" name,\n" -" age,\n" -" height,\n" -" visit_count: 0,\n" -" last_blood_pressure: None,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" -" &self.name\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" self.age\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n" -" self.height\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" self.visit_count as u32\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" -" self.age = new_age\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n" -" self.height = new_height\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> " -"HealthReport {\n" -" self.visit_count += 1;\n" -" let bp = measurements.blood_pressure;\n" -" let report = HealthReport {\n" -" patient_name: &self.name,\n" -" visit_count: self.visit_count as u32,\n" -" height_change: measurements.height - self.height,\n" -" blood_pressure_change: match self.last_blood_pressure {\n" -" Some(lbp) => Some((\n" -" bp.0 as i32 - lbp.0 as i32,\n" -" bp.1 as i32 - lbp.1 as i32\n" -" )),\n" -" None => None,\n" -" }\n" -" };\n" -" self.height = measurements.height;\n" -" self.last_blood_pressure = Some(bp);\n" -" report\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_height() {\n" -" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_set_age() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" -" bob.set_age(33);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_visit() {\n" -" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" -" assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n" -" });\n" -" assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n" -"\n" -" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" -" height: 156.1,\n" -" blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n" -" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 2 Esercizi pomeridiani" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every " +#~ "other element. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`step_by` è un metodo che restituisce un altro `Iterator` che salta ogni " +#~ "altro elemento." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](strings-iterators.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " +#~ "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Modifica gli elementi nel vettore e spiega gli errori del compilatore. " +#~ "Cambia il vettore `v` in modo che sia mutabile e il ciclo for in `for x " +#~ "in v.iter_mut()`." -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" -"\n" -" let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n" -"\n" -" for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n" -" let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n" -" return false;\n" -" };\n" -" if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n" -" return false;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" true\n" -"\n" -" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " -"prefix\n" -" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " -"of\n" -" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " -"request\n" -" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " -"chain()\n" -" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " -"segments,\n" -" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" -"abc-123\"));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" -"books\"));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" -"publishers\"));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[test]\n" -"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" -" ));\n" -" assert!(prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" -" ));\n" -"\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" -"publishers\"));\n" -" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" -" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" -" ));\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "`loop` expressions" +#~ msgstr "Espressioni `loop`" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Giorno 3 Esercizio mattutino" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +#~ "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Infine, c'è una [parola chiave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) che crea un loop " +#~ "infinito." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" +#~ msgstr "Qui devi \"break\" o \"return\" per interrompere il ciclo:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"pub trait Widget {\n" -" /// Natural width of `self`.\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" -"\n" -" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -" fn draw(&self) {\n" -" let mut buffer = String::new();\n" -" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" -" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Label {\n" -" label: String,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Label {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" -" Label {\n" -" label: label.to_owned(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Button {\n" -" label: Label,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Button {\n" -" fn new(label: &str) -> Button {\n" -" Button {\n" -" label: Label::new(label),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Window {\n" -" title: String,\n" -" widgets: Vec>,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Window {\n" -" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" -" Window {\n" -" title: title.to_owned(),\n" -" widgets: Vec::new(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" -" self.widgets.push(widget);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" std::cmp::max(\n" -" self.title.chars().count(),\n" -" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" -" )\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"\n" -"impl Widget for Window {\n" -" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" -" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" -" self.inner_width() + 4\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" let mut inner = String::new();\n" -" for widget in &self.widgets {\n" -" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n" -"\n" -" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" -" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" -" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" -" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" let width = self.width();\n" -" let mut label = String::new();\n" -" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" -" self.label\n" -" .lines()\n" -" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" -" .max()\n" -" .unwrap_or(0)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" -" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." -"\")));\n" -" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" -" \"Click me!\"\n" -" )));\n" -" window.draw();\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:144 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](points-polygons.md))" +#~ msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." +#~ msgstr "Interrompi il `loop` con un valore (ad es. `break 8`) e stampalo." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:146 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" -"pub struct Point {\n" -" x: i32,\n" -" y: i32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Point {\n" -" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n" -" Point { x, y }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n" -" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n" -" (self - other).magnitude()\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" -" Self {\n" -" x: self.x + other.x,\n" -" y: self.y + other.y,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n" -" type Output = Self;\n" -"\n" -" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" -" Self {\n" -" x: self.x - other.x,\n" -" y: self.y - other.y,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Polygon {\n" -" points: Vec,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Polygon {\n" -" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n" -" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n" -" self.points.push(point);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option {\n" -" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n" -" self.points.iter()\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" if self.points.is_empty() {\n" -" return 0.0;\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut result = 0.0;\n" -" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n" -" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n" -" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n" -" last_point = *point;\n" -" }\n" -" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" -" result\n" -" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as " -"pairs\n" -" // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last " -"point\n" -" // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as " -"one of \n" -" // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine " -"Iterator::cycle\n" -" // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and " -"using map \n" -" // and sum to calculate the total length.\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub struct Circle {\n" -" center: Point,\n" -" radius: i32,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Circle {\n" -" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n" -" Circle { center, radius }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n" -" self.center.dist(other.center)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"pub enum Shape {\n" -" Polygon(Polygon),\n" -" Circle(Circle),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl From for Shape {\n" -" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n" -" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl From for Shape {\n" -" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n" -" Shape::Circle(circle)\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Shape {\n" -" pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n" -" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -"\n" -" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" -" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_dist() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" -" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_point_add() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" -" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" -" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" -" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" -"\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(p1);\n" -" poly.add_point(p2);\n" -"\n" -" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" -" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" -" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" -" let shapes = vec![\n" -" Shape::from(poly),\n" -" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" -" ];\n" -" let perimeters = shapes\n" -" .iter()\n" -" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" -" .map(round_two_digits)\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Giorno 3 Esercizi pomeridiani" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " +#~ "types less and less as the course progresses." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A causa dell'inferenza del tipo, `i32` è facoltativo. Mostreremo " +#~ "gradualmente i tipi sempre meno man mano che il corso procede." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " +#~ "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " +#~ "using `_` as a placeholder:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il codice seguente indica al compilatore di copiare in un determinato " +#~ "contenitore generico senza che il codice specifichi mai esplicitamente il " +#~ "tipo contenuto, utilizzando `_` come segnaposto:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"mod ffi {\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" -"\n" -" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct DIR {\n" -" _data: [u8; 0],\n" -" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" -"PhantomPinned)>,\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " -"and\n" -" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" -" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" -" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" -" pub d_off: c_long,\n" -" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" -" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" -" #[repr(C)]\n" -" pub struct dirent {\n" -" pub d_fileno: u64,\n" -" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" -" pub d_reclen: u16,\n" -" pub d_namlen: u16,\n" -" pub d_type: u8,\n" -" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" extern \"C\" {\n" -" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" -"\n" -" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " -"on\n" -" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" -" //\n" -" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " -"refers\n" -" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " -"PowerPC.\n" -" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" -" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" -" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" -"\n" -" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" -"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct DirectoryIterator {\n" -" path: CString,\n" -" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" -" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" -" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" -" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " -"{err}\"))?;\n" -" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" -" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" -" if dir.is_null() {\n" -" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" -" } else {\n" -" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" type Item = OsString;\n" -" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" -" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" -" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" -" if dirent.is_null() {\n" -" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" -" return None;\n" -" }\n" -" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" -" // terminated.\n" -" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" -" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" -" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" -" fn drop(&mut self) {\n" -" // Call closedir as needed.\n" -" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" -" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" -" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" -" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" -" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" -" Ok(())\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[cfg(test)]\n" -"mod tests {\n" -" use super::*;\n" -" use std::error::Error;\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n" -" assert!(iter.is_err());\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" -" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" -" )?;\n" -" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" -" entries.sort();\n" -" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" #[test]\n" -" fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo " -"Diaries\\n\")?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"\\n\")?;\n" -" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n" -" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" -" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" -" )?;\n" -" let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" -" entries.sort();\n" -" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo." -"txt\"]);\n" -" Ok(())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Esercizio mattutino ruggine metallo nudo" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" +#~ "HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) si basa su `FromIterator`, che \\[`HashSet`\\]" +#~ "(https:/ /doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implementa." + +#~ msgid "Static and Constant Variables" +#~ msgstr "Variabili statiche e costanti" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](compass.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse " +#~ "memory locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if " +#~ "the type does not change." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il codice seguente dimostra perché il compilatore non può semplicemente " +#~ "riutilizzare le posizioni di memoria durante lo shadowing di una " +#~ "variabile immutabile in un ambito, anche se il tipo non cambia." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" -"\n" -"use core::fmt::Write;\n" -"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" -"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" -"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" -"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n" -"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" -"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n" -"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n" -"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n" -"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n" -"use microbit::Board;\n" -"\n" -"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" -"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" -"\n" -"#[entry]\n" -"fn main() -> ! {\n" -" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Configure serial port.\n" -" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" -" board.UARTE0,\n" -" board.uart.into(),\n" -" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" -" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" -" );\n" -"\n" -" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" -" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" -"K100);\n" -" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" -" imu.init().unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" -" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" // Set up display and timer.\n" -" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" -" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" -"\n" -" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" -" let mut button_pressed = false;\n" -"\n" -" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" -" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" -" {}\n" -" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" -" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" -" writeln!(\n" -" serial,\n" -" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" -" compass_reading.x,\n" -" compass_reading.y,\n" -" compass_reading.z,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" accelerometer_reading.z,\n" -" )\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" -" let (x, y) = match mode {\n" -" Mode::Compass => (\n" -" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " -"4) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" -" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" -" scale(\n" -" accelerometer_reading.x,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" scale(\n" -" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" -" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" -" 0,\n" -" 4,\n" -" ) as usize,\n" -" ),\n" -" };\n" -" image[y][x] = 255;\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" -"\n" -" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " -"all LEDs on.\n" -" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" -" if !button_pressed {\n" -" mode = mode.next();\n" -" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" -" }\n" -" button_pressed = true;\n" -" } else {\n" -" button_pressed = false;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" -"enum Mode {\n" -" Compass,\n" -" Accelerometer,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Mode {\n" -" fn next(self) -> Self {\n" -" match self {\n" -" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" -" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" -"> i32 {\n" -" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" -" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" -" cap(\n" -" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" -" min_out,\n" -" max_out,\n" -" )\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" -" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](rtc.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " +#~ "`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Questa pagina offre un tipo di enum `CoinFlip` con due varianti `Heads` e " +#~ "`Tail`. Potresti notare lo spazio dei nomi quando usi le varianti." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 #, fuzzy -msgid "_main.rs_:" -msgstr "`principale.rs`:" +#~ msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "In entrambi, le funzioni associate sono definite all'interno di un blocco " +#~ "`impl`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"#![no_main]\n" -"#![no_std]\n" -"\n" -"mod exceptions;\n" -"mod logger;\n" -"mod pl011;\n" -"mod pl031;\n" -"\n" -"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n" -"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n" -"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" -"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n" -"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" -"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" -"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" -"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" -"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" -"use smccc::Hvc;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" -"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" -"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" -"\n" -"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" -"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" -"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" -"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n" -"\n" -"#[no_mangle]\n" -"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" -" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " -"base\n" -" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" -" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" -" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " -"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" gic.setup();\n" -"\n" -" // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 " -"device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -" let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" -" let timestamp = rtc.read();\n" -" let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n" -" info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n" -"\n" -" GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n" -" gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n" -" gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n" -" irq_enable();\n" -" gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n" -"\n" -" // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" -" let target = timestamp + 3;\n" -" rtc.set_match(target);\n" -" info!(\n" -" \"Waiting for {}\",\n" -" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" -" );\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" while !rtc.matched() {\n" -" spin_loop();\n" -" }\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" -"\n" -" // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" -" let target = timestamp + 6;\n" -" info!(\n" -" \"Waiting for {}\",\n" -" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" -" );\n" -" rtc.set_match(target);\n" -" rtc.clear_interrupt();\n" -" rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n" -" wfi();\n" -" }\n" -" trace!(\n" -" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" -" rtc.matched(),\n" -" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" -" );\n" -" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" -"\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[panic_handler]\n" -"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" -" error!(\"{info}\");\n" -" system_off::().unwrap();\n" -" loop {}\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:127 #, fuzzy -msgid "_pl031.rs_:" -msgstr "`pl031.rs`:" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then " +#~ "use the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "È possibile definire enumerazioni più ricche in cui le varianti " +#~ "contengono dati. È quindi possibile utilizzare il istruzione `match` per " +#~ "estrarre i dati da ciascuna variante:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:129 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" -"\n" -"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" -"struct Registers {\n" -" /// Data register\n" -" dr: u32,\n" -" /// Match register\n" -" mr: u32,\n" -" /// Load register\n" -" lr: u32,\n" -" /// Control register\n" -" cr: u8,\n" -" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" -" imsc: u8,\n" -" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" -" ris: u8,\n" -" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" -" mis: u8,\n" -" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" -" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" -" icr: u8,\n" -" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"pub struct Rtc {\n" -" registers: *mut Registers,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Rtc {\n" -" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " -"the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" -" Self {\n" -" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" -" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an " -"interrupt\n" -" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" -" pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " -"not\n" -" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" -" pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" -" /// interrupt is masked.\n" -" pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)." -"read_volatile() };\n" -" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " -"the\n" -" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" -" pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n" -" let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)." -"write_volatile(imsc) }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" -" pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n" -" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" -"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Esercizio mattutino in concorrenza" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There " +#~ "is no fall-through like in C or C++." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'espressione viene confrontata con i modelli dall'alto verso il basso. " +#~ "Non c'è fall-through come in C o C++." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " +#~ "match arm which was executed." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'espressione di corrispondenza ha un valore. Il valore è l'ultima " +#~ "espressione nel braccio di corrispondenza che è stata eseguita." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust\n" -"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" -"use std::thread;\n" -"use std::time::Duration;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" left_fork: Arc>,\n" -" right_fork: Arc>,\n" -" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" fn eat(&self) {\n" -" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n" -" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" -" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Hypatia\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n" -"\n" -" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n" -" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n" -" .collect::>();\n" -"\n" -" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" -" let tx = tx.clone();\n" -" let mut left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" -" let mut right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()]);\n" -"\n" -" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n" -" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n" -" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n" -" thoughts: tx,\n" -" left_fork,\n" -" right_fork,\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" for _ in 0..100 {\n" -" philosopher.eat();\n" -" philosopher.think();\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" drop(tx);\n" -" for thought in rx {\n" -" println!(\"{thought}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:82 #, fuzzy -msgid "Link Checker" -msgstr "Correttore di Link a Thread multipli" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " +#~ "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Partendo dall'alto cerchiamo quale modello corrisponde al valore, quindi " +#~ "eseguiamo il codice seguendo la freccia. Una volta trovata una " +#~ "corrispondenza, ci fermiamo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:84 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." +#~ msgstr "`match` ispeziona un campo discriminante nascosto in `enum`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:86 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::{sync::Arc, sync::Mutex, sync::mpsc, thread};\n" -"\n" -"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" -"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" -"use thiserror::Error;\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" -"enum Error {\n" -" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" -" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" -" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" -" BadResponse(String),\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[derive(Debug)]\n" -"struct CrawlCommand {\n" -" url: Url,\n" -" extract_links: bool,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " -"Error> {\n" -" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" -" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" -" if !response.status().is_success() {\n" -" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" if !command.extract_links {\n" -" return Ok(link_urls);\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" -" let body_text = response.text()?;\n" -" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" -"\n" -" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" -" let href_values = document\n" -" .select(&selector)\n" -" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" -" for href in href_values {\n" -" match base_url.join(href) {\n" -" Ok(link_url) => {\n" -" link_urls.push(link_url);\n" -" }\n" -" Err(err) => {\n" -" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " -"{err}\");\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Ok(link_urls)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"struct CrawlState {\n" -" domain: String,\n" -" visited_pages: std::collections::HashSet,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl CrawlState {\n" -" fn new(start_url: &Url) -> CrawlState {\n" -" let mut visited_pages = std::collections::HashSet::new();\n" -" visited_pages.insert(start_url.as_str().to_string());\n" -" CrawlState {\n" -" domain: start_url.domain().unwrap().to_string(),\n" -" visited_pages,\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" -" fn should_extract_links(&self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" -" let Some(url_domain) = url.domain() else {\n" -" return false;\n" -" };\n" -" url_domain == self.domain\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" /// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" -" /// been visited.\n" -" fn mark_visited(&mut self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" -" self.visited_pages.insert(url.as_str().to_string())\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"type CrawlResult = Result, (Url, Error)>;\n" -"fn spawn_crawler_threads(\n" -" command_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" -" result_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" -" thread_count: u32,\n" -") {\n" -" let command_receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(command_receiver));\n" -"\n" -" for _ in 0..thread_count {\n" -" let result_sender = result_sender.clone();\n" -" let command_receiver = command_receiver.clone();\n" -" thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let client = Client::new();\n" -" loop {\n" -" let command_result = {\n" -" let receiver_guard = command_receiver.lock().unwrap();\n" -" receiver_guard.recv()\n" -" };\n" -" let Ok(crawl_command) = command_result else {\n" -" // The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" -" break;\n" -" };\n" -" let crawl_result = match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) " -"{\n" -" Ok(link_urls) => Ok(link_urls),\n" -" Err(error) => Err((crawl_command.url, error)),\n" -" };\n" -" result_sender.send(crawl_result).unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn control_crawl(\n" -" start_url: Url,\n" -" command_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" -" result_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" -") -> Vec {\n" -" let mut crawl_state = CrawlState::new(&start_url);\n" -" let start_command = CrawlCommand { url: start_url, extract_links: " -"true };\n" -" command_sender.send(start_command).unwrap();\n" -" let mut pending_urls = 1;\n" -"\n" -" let mut bad_urls = Vec::new();\n" -" while pending_urls > 0 {\n" -" let crawl_result = result_receiver.recv().unwrap();\n" -" pending_urls -= 1;\n" -"\n" -" match crawl_result {\n" -" Ok(link_urls) => {\n" -" for url in link_urls {\n" -" if crawl_state.mark_visited(&url) {\n" -" let extract_links = crawl_state." -"should_extract_links(&url);\n" -" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand { url, " -"extract_links };\n" -" command_sender.send(crawl_command).unwrap();\n" -" pending_urls += 1;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Err((url, error)) => {\n" -" bad_urls.push(url);\n" -" println!(\"Got crawling error: {:#}\", error);\n" -" continue;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" bad_urls\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn check_links(start_url: Url) -> Vec {\n" -" let (result_sender, result_receiver) = mpsc::channel::();\n" -" let (command_sender, command_receiver) = mpsc::channel::" -"();\n" -" spawn_crawler_threads(command_receiver, result_sender, 16);\n" -" control_crawl(start_url, command_sender, result_receiver)\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"fn main() {\n" -" let start_url = reqwest::Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\")." -"unwrap();\n" -" let bad_urls = check_links(start_url);\n" -" println!(\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\", bad_urls);\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" -msgstr "Esercizio mattutino in concorrenza" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" +#~ "discriminant()`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "È possibile recuperare il discriminante chiamando `std::mem::" +#~ "discriminant()`" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs " +#~ "where comparing field values doesn't affect equality." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ciò è utile, ad esempio, se si implementa `PartialEq` per strutture in " +#~ "cui il confronto dei valori dei campi non influisce sull'uguaglianza." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use std::sync::Arc;\n" -"use tokio::time;\n" -"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" -"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" -"\n" -"struct Fork;\n" -"\n" -"struct Philosopher {\n" -" name: String,\n" -" left_fork: Arc>,\n" -" right_fork: Arc>,\n" -" thoughts: Sender,\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"impl Philosopher {\n" -" async fn think(&self) {\n" -" self.thoughts\n" -" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." -"await\n" -" .unwrap();\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" async fn eat(&self) {\n" -" // Pick up forks...\n" -" let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n" -" // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the " -"execution\n" -" // to transfer to another task\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n" -" let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n" -"\n" -" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" -" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" -"\n" -" // The locks are dropped here\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" -" &[\"Socrates\", \"Hypatia\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() {\n" -" // Create forks\n" -" let mut forks = vec![];\n" -" (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::" -"new(Fork))));\n" -"\n" -" // Create philosophers\n" -" let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n" -" let mut philosophers = vec![];\n" -" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" -" for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n" -" let left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" -" let right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS." -"len()]);\n" -" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -" if i == 0 {\n" -" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" -" }\n" -" philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n" -" name: name.to_string(),\n" -" left_fork,\n" -" right_fork,\n" -" thoughts: tx.clone(),\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -" (philosophers, rx)\n" -" // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" -" };\n" -"\n" -" // Make them think and eat\n" -" for phil in philosophers {\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" for _ in 0..100 {\n" -" phil.think().await;\n" -" phil.eat().await;\n" -" }\n" -" });\n" -"\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" // Output their thoughts\n" -" while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n" -" println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:97 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" -msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](rtc.md))" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined " +#~ "version cannot implement traits, for example." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` non è esattamente la stessa cosa di `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` con una `struct Click { ... }` di primo livello. La " +#~ "versione inline non può implementare tratti, per esempio." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:101 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use std::error::Error;\n" -"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" -"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" -"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" -"\n" -"async fn handle_connection(\n" -" addr: SocketAddr,\n" -" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" -" bcast_tx: Sender,\n" -") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -"\n" -" ws_stream\n" -" .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n" -" .await?;\n" -" let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n" -"\n" -" // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) " -"receiving\n" -" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" -" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" -" match incoming {\n" -" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" -" if let Some(text) = msg.as_text() {\n" -" println!(\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\");\n" -" bcast_tx.send(text.into())?;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" None => return Ok(()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n" -" ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" -" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" -"\n" -" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" -" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" -"\n" -" loop {\n" -" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" -" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" -" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" -" tokio::spawn(async move {\n" -" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" -" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" -"\n" -" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" -" });\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " +#~ "account:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gli enum di Rust sono imballati strettamente, tenendo conto dei vincoli " +#~ "dovuti all'allineamento:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:168 -msgid "" -"```rust,compile_fail\n" -"use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" -"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" -"use http::Uri;\n" -"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" -"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" -"\n" -"#[tokio::main]\n" -"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" -" let (mut ws_stream, _) =\n" -" ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" -" .connect()\n" -" .await?;\n" -"\n" -" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" -" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" -"\n" -" // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" -" loop {\n" -" tokio::select! {\n" -" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" -" match incoming {\n" -" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" -" if let Some(text) = msg.as_text() {\n" -" println!(\"From server: {}\", text);\n" -" }\n" -" },\n" -" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" None => return Ok(()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -" res = stdin.next_line() => {\n" -" match res {\n" -" Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n" -" Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line." -"to_string())).await?,\n" -" Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"\n" -" }\n" -" }\n" -"}\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Try out other types such as" +#~ msgstr "Prova altri tipi come" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +#~ "match-expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. " +#~ "In that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La [parola chiave `match`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +#~ "expressions/match-expr.html) viene utilizzato per confrontare un valore " +#~ "con uno o più modelli. In questo senso funziona come una serie di " +#~ "espressioni `if let`:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." +#~ msgstr "Salva l'espressione di corrispondenza in una variabile e stampala." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." +#~ msgstr "Rimuovi `.as_deref()` e spiega l'errore." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot " +#~ "match against `String`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`std::env::args().next()` restituisce un `Option`, ma non " +#~ "possiamo confrontare `String`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our " +#~ "case, this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`as_deref()` trasforma una `Opzione` in `Opzione<&T::Target>`. Nel " +#~ "nostro caso, questo trasforma `Option` in `Option<&str>`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside " +#~ "`Option`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ora possiamo usare il pattern matching per confrontare con `&str` " +#~ "all'interno di `Option`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il modello `_` è un modello di caratteri jolly che corrisponde a " +#~ "qualsiasi valore." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " +#~ "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Può essere utile mostrare come funziona l'associazione, ad esempio " +#~ "sostituendo un carattere jolly con una variabile o rimuovendo le " +#~ "virgolette intorno a `q`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." +#~ msgstr "Puoi dimostrare la corrispondenza su un riferimento." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable " +#~ "patterns, as the term can show up in error messages." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per far emergere il concetto di " +#~ "modelli inconfutabili, poiché il termine può apparire nei messaggi di " +#~ "errore." + +#~ msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" +#~ msgstr "Puoi anche destrutturare `structs`:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " +#~ "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Durante la corrispondenza, puoi aggiungere una _guard_ a un pattern. " +#~ "Questo è un booleano arbitrario espressione che verrà eseguita se il " +#~ "modello corrisponde:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "È possibile utilizzare le variabili definite nel modello nell'espressione " +#~ "if." + +#~ msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 1: Esercizi pomeridiani" + +#~ msgid "We will look at two things:" +#~ msgstr "Vedremo due cose:" + +#~ msgid "The Luhn algorithm," +#~ msgstr "Algoritmo di Luhn," + +#~ msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." +#~ msgstr "Esercizio su pattern matching." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the code below to and implement the " +#~ "function." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Copia il codice qui sotto in e implementa " +#~ "le funzioni:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " +#~ "memory management, and garbage collection." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gestione della memoria: stack vs heap, gestione manuale della memoria, " +#~ "memoria basata sull'ambito (scoped), garbage collection." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ownership: semantica di spostamento (move), copia e clonazione, prestito " +#~ "(borrowing) e durata (lifetimes)." + +#~ msgid "Structs and methods." +#~ msgstr "Struct e metodi." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +#~ "`Rc` and `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La libreria standard: `String`, `Option` e `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +#~ "`Rc` e `Arc`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." +#~ msgstr "Moduli: visibilità, percorsi e gerarchia del filesystem." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Innanzitutto, aggiorniamo il funzionamento della gestione della memoria." + +#~ msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" +#~ msgstr "Lo Stack (Pila) vs l’Heap" + +#~ msgid "Stack and Heap Example" +#~ msgstr "Esempio di Stack e Heap" + +#~ msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." +#~ msgstr "Allocate e de-allocate voi stessi la memoria dell'heap." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " +#~ "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se non fatto con cura, ciò può portare a arresti anomali, bug, " +#~ "vulnerabilità di sicurezza e perdite di memoria." + +#~ msgid "C Example" +#~ msgstr "Esempio C" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" +#~ msgstr "Devi chiamare `free` su ogni puntatore allocato con `malloc`:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and " +#~ "`free`: the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, " +#~ "freeing the pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to " +#~ "exploitable security vulnerabilities." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La memoria viene persa se la funzione ritorna in anticipo tra `malloc` e " +#~ "`free`: the puntatore è perso e non possiamo deallocare la memoria." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Costruttori e distruttori ti consentono di agganciarti alla vita di un " +#~ "oggetto." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object " +#~ "is destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an " +#~ "exception is raised." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Avvolgendo un puntatore in un oggetto, puoi liberare memoria quando " +#~ "l'oggetto è distrutto. Il compilatore garantisce che ciò accada, anche se " +#~ "lo è un'eccezione sollevato." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " +#~ "gives you smart pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Questo è spesso chiamato _l'acquisizione delle risorse è " +#~ "l'inizializzazione_ (RAII) e dà puntatori intelligenti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to " +#~ "memory allocated on the heap." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'oggetto `std::unique_ptr` è allocato nello stack e punta a memoria " +#~ "allocata nell'heap." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Alla fine di `say_hello`, verrà eseguito il distruttore `std::unique_ptr`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." +#~ msgstr "Il distruttore libera l'oggetto `Person` a cui punta." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "I costruttori di mosse speciali vengono utilizzati quando si passa la " +#~ "proprietà a una funzione:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " +#~ "memory management:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un'alternativa alla gestione della memoria manuale e basata sull'ambito è " +#~ "la memoria automatica gestione:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il programmatore non alloca o dealloca mai la memoria in modo esplicito." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " +#~ "programmer." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un Garbage Collector trova la memoria inutilizzata e la dealloca per il " +#~ "programmatore." + +#~ msgid "Java Example" +#~ msgstr "Esempio Java" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'oggetto `person` non viene deallocato dopo che `sayHello` restituisce:" + +#~ msgid "Memory Management in Rust" +#~ msgstr "Gestione della Memoria in Rust" + +#~ msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" +#~ msgstr "La gestione della memoria in Rust è un mix:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." +#~ msgstr "Sicuro e corretto come Java, ma senza un garbage collector." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Basato sull'ambito come C++, ma il compilatore applica la piena aderenza." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " +#~ "have no cost at runtime like C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un utente Rust può scegliere l'astrazione giusta per la situazione, " +#~ "alcuni addirittura non hanno alcun costo in fase di esecuzione come C." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." +#~ msgstr "Raggiunge questo modellando _ownership_ in modo esplicito." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " +#~ "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +#~ "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." +#~ "Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " +#~ "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the " +#~ "potential errors in C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se ti viene chiesto come a questo punto, puoi menzionare che in Rust " +#~ "questo è solitamente gestito da tipi di wrapper RAII come [Box](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/" +#~ "struct.Rc.html) o [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc." +#~ "html). Questi incapsulano la proprietà e l'allocazione della memoria " +#~ "tramite vari mezzi e prevengono i potenziali errori in C." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Qui ti potrebbe essere chiesto dei distruttori, il tratto [Drop](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) è l'equivalente di Rust." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." +#~ msgstr "Un distruttore può essere eseguito qui per liberare risorse." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "C'è sempre _esattamente_ un legame di variabile che possiede un valore." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." +#~ msgstr "I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono riutilizzati per `s2`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla (è stato spostato da)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a " +#~ "way to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " +#~ "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se gli studenti chiedono informazioni su `derive`, è sufficiente dire che " +#~ "questo è un modo per generare codice in Rust in fase di compilazione. In " +#~ "questo caso vengono generate le implementazioni predefinite dei tratti " +#~ "`Copy` e `Clone`." + +#~ msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Un valore preso in prestito (borrowed) ha un lifetime (i.e. _durata_):" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " +#~ "lifetime `a`\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Leggi `&'a Point` come \"un `Punto` preso in prestito che è valido almeno " +#~ "per il vita `a`\"." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " +#~ "value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Oltre a prendere in prestito i suoi argomenti, una funzione può " +#~ "restituire un valore preso in prestito:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." +#~ msgstr "`'a` è un parametro generico, viene dedotto dal compilatore." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." +#~ msgstr "Le durate iniziano con `'` e `'a` è un tipico nome predefinito." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La parte _almeno_ è importante quando i parametri si trovano in ambiti " +#~ "diversi." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." +#~ msgstr "Di seguito descriviamo la distinzione tra ricevitori di metodi." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " +#~ "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker " +#~ "rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a " +#~ "struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method " +#~ "on it." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Prendi in considerazione l'enfasi su \"condiviso e immutabile\" e \"unico " +#~ "e mutevole\". Questi vincoli arrivano sempre insieme in Rust a causa " +#~ "delle regole del correttore in prestito, e \"self\" non fa eccezione. Non " +#~ "è possibile fare riferimento a una struttura da più posizioni e chiamare " +#~ "un metodo mutante (`&mut self`) su di essa." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." +#~ msgstr "Tutti e quattro i metodi qui usano un ricevitore metodo diverso." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " +#~ "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi indicare come ciò cambia ciò che la funzione può fare con i valori " +#~ "delle variabili e se/come può essere riutilizzata in `main`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` " +#~ "twice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi mostrare l'errore che appare quando provi a chiamare `finish` due " +#~ "volte." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " +#~ "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables " +#~ "automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust " +#~ "automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches " +#~ "the method signature." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Si noti che sebbene i destinatari del metodo siano diversi, le funzioni " +#~ "non statiche sono chiamate allo stesso modo nel corpo principale. Rust " +#~ "abilita la referenziazione e la dereferenziazione automatica quando si " +#~ "chiamano i metodi. Rust aggiunge automaticamente `&`, `*`, `muts` in modo " +#~ "che quell'oggetto corrisponda alla firma del metodo." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " +#~ "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Potresti sottolineare che `print_laps` sta usando un vettore che viene " +#~ "iterato. Descriviamo i vettori in modo più dettagliato nel pomeriggio." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 2: Esercizi mattutini" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" +#~ msgstr "Esamineremo i metodi di implementazione in due contesti:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " +#~ "now, you just need to know part of its API:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Impareremo molto di più sulle strutture e sul tipo `Vec` domani. Per " +#~ "adesso, devi solo conoscere parte della sua API:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " +#~ " and update the types to make it compile:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Usalo per creare un'applicazione libreria. Copia il codice qui sotto per " +#~ " e aggiorna i tipi per farlo compilare:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" +#~ msgstr "I tipi di vocabolario comuni includono:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " +#~ "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Tipi `Option` e `Result`](std/option-result.md): usati per valori " +#~ "facoltativi e [gestione degli errori](error-handling.md)." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md): il tipo di stringa predefinito utilizzato per " +#~ "i dati di proprietà." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." +#~ msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): un vettore estensibile standard." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " +#~ "algorithm." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): un tipo di mappa hash con un hash " +#~ "configurabile algoritmo." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Box`](std/box.md): un puntatore di proprietà per i dati allocati " +#~ "nell'heap." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " +#~ "data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): un puntatore con conteggio dei riferimenti condiviso " +#~ "per i dati allocati nell'heap." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`Option` and `Result`" +#~ msgstr "`Opzione` e `Risultato`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The types represent optional data:" +#~ msgstr "I tipi rappresentano dati facoltativi:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Option<&T>` ha un sovraccarico di spazio pari a zero rispetto a `&T`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " +#~ "statement thanks to `Deref`. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nell'esempio sopra, puoi anche tralasciare `*` nell'istruzione `println!` " +#~ "grazie a `Deref`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" +#~ msgstr "Box con strutture dati ricorsive" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and " +#~ "[`RefCell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) " +#~ "implement what Rust calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an " +#~ "immutable context." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Usando [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e " +#~ "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), puoi " +#~ "astrarre su fonti `u8`:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 2: Esercizi pomeridiani" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gli esercizi di questo pomeriggio si concentreranno su stringhe e " +#~ "iteratori." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) traits." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il modello di proprietà di Rust influisce su molte API. Un esempio di " +#~ "questo è il [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." +#~ "Iterator.html) e [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/" +#~ "trait.IntoIterator.html) tratti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. " +#~ "The `Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get " +#~ "`None` back:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "I tratti sono come interfacce: descrivono il comportamento (metodi) per " +#~ "un tipo. IL Il tratto \"Iterator\" dice semplicemente che puoi chiamare " +#~ "\"next\" fino a quando non ottieni \"Nessuno\":" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You use this trait like this:" +#~ msgstr "Usi questo tratto in questo modo:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore? Metti alla prova la tua " +#~ "risposta qui:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Why is this type used?" +#~ msgstr "Perché viene utilizzato questo tipo?" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" +#~ msgstr "Come prima, qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore?" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " +#~ "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " +#~ "resulting iterator:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ora che conosciamo sia `Iterator` che `IntoIterator`, possiamo creare " +#~ "cicli `for`. Chiamano `into_iter()` su un'espressione e itera sul " +#~ "risultato iteratore:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl " +#~ "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." +#~ "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Sperimenta con il codice sopra e poi consulta la documentazione per " +#~ "[`impl IntoIteratore per &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) e " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." +#~ "Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) per controllare le tue " +#~ "risposte." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web " +#~ "server. The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which " +#~ "are matched against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a " +#~ "wildcard character which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "In questo esercizio, implementerai un componente di instradamento di un " +#~ "server web. IL il server è configurato con un numero di _prefissi di " +#~ "percorso_ che vengono confrontati _percorsi di richiesta_. I prefissi di " +#~ "percorso possono contenere un carattere jolly che corrisponde a un " +#~ "segmento completo. Vedere i test unitari di seguito." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " +#~ "traits." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tratti: tratti derivati, metodi predefiniti e importante libreria " +#~ "standard tratti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and " +#~ "trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Generici: tipi di dati generici, metodi generici, monomorfizzazione e " +#~ "tratto oggetti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." +#~ msgstr "Test: unit test, test di documentazione e test di integrazione." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " +#~ "functions." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Unsafe Rust: puntatori grezzi, variabili statiche, funzioni non sicure ed " +#~ "extern funzioni." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" +#~ msgstr "Puoi dichiarare un tipo generico sul tuo blocco `impl`:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Il codice generico viene trasformato in codice non generico in base ai " +#~ "siti di chiamata:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "behaves as if you wrote" +#~ msgstr "si comporta come se scrivessi" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" +#~ msgstr "Puoi lasciare che il compilatore derivi una serie di tratti:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "I tratti possono implementare il comportamento in termini di altri metodi " +#~ "di tratto:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Sposta il metodo `not_equal` in un nuovo tratto `NotEqual`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Rendi `NotEqual` un super tratto per `Equal`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Con l'implementazione coperta, non hai più bisogno di \"NotEqual\" come " +#~ "super tratto per \"Equal\"." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`impl Trait` ti permette di lavorare con tipi che non puoi nominare." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " +#~ "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " +#~ "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " +#~ "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work " +#~ "for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely " +#~ "not what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` " +#~ "syntax, we'd need two independent generic parameters." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Questo esempio è fantastico, perché utilizza `impl Display` due volte. " +#~ "Aiuta a spiegarlo nulla qui impone che sia _lo stesso_ tipo `impl " +#~ "Display`. Se usiamo un singolo `T: Display`, imporrebbe il vincolo " +#~ "secondo cui l'input `T` e il tipo restituito `T` sono dello stesso tipo. " +#~ "Non funzionerebbe per questa particolare funzione, poiché probabilmente " +#~ "non lo è il tipo che ci aspettiamo come input quale `formato!` " +#~ "restituisce. Se volessimo fare lo stesso tramite la sintassi `: Display`, " +#~ "ne avremmo bisogno di due parametri generici indipendenti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " +#~ "library:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vedremo ora alcuni dei tratti più comuni della libreria standard di Rust:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) used in `for` loops," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) e " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) usati nei cicli `for`," + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and " +#~ "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to " +#~ "convert values," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) utilizzati per " +#~ "convertire i valori," + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e [`Write`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) usati per IO," + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " +#~ "overloading, and" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... utilizzato per " +#~ "l'overload degli operatori e" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " +#~ "used to construct a default instance of a type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " +#~ "utilizzato per costruire un'istanza predefinita di un tipo." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " +#~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Implementa `Iterator` `fn collect(self) -> B Dove B: " +#~ "FromIterator, Sé: dimensionato`" + +#~ msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." +#~ msgstr "`Ad`, `Mul`, ..." + +#~ msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 3: Esercizi mattutini" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Progetteremo una libreria GUI classica di tratti e oggetti di tratto." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Drawing A Simple GUI" +#~ msgstr "Una semplice libreria per Interfacce Grafiche" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits " +#~ "and trait objects. We'll only implement the drawing of it (as text) for " +#~ "simplicity." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Progettiamo una libreria GUI classica utilizzando la nostra nuova " +#~ "conoscenza dei tratti e oggetti di tratto." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" +#~ msgstr "Avremo una serie di widget nella nostra libreria:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." +#~ msgstr "`Window`: ha un `title` e contiene altri widget." + +#~ msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." +#~ msgstr "`Label`: ha una `label`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." +#~ msgstr "I widget implementeranno un tratto `Widget`, vedi sotto." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " +#~ "`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Copia il codice qui sotto in , inserisci i " +#~ "campi mancanti metodi `draw_into` in modo da implementare il tratto " +#~ "`Widget`:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'output del programma sopra può essere qualcosa di semplice come questo:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting " +#~ "operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different " +#~ "characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se vuoi disegnare un testo allineato, puoi usare il [fill/alignment]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) operatori di " +#~ "formattazione. In particolare, nota come puoi riempire con diversi " +#~ "caratteri (qui un `'/'`) e come puoi controllare l'allineamento:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Usando tali trucchi di allineamento, puoi ad esempio produrre un output " +#~ "come questo:" + +#~ msgid "Polygon Struct" +#~ msgstr "Struct Polygon (Poligono)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the " +#~ "code below to and fill in the missing " +#~ "methods to make the tests pass:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Creeremo una struttura `Polygon` che contiene alcuni punti. Copia il " +#~ "codice qui sotto a e inserire i metodi " +#~ "mancanti per rendere il file i test superano:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the " +#~ "key part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to " +#~ "modify the tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Poiché le firme del metodo mancano nelle dichiarazioni del problema, la " +#~ "parte chiave dell'esercizio è specificarli correttamente. Non è " +#~ "necessario modificare i test." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" +#~ msgstr "Altre parti interessanti dell'esercizio:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " +#~ "don't borrow their arguments." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Deriva un tratto `Copy` per alcune strutture, poiché nei test i metodi a " +#~ "volte non prendono in prestito i loro argomenti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be " +#~ "addable via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Scopri che il tratto `Add` deve essere implementato affinché due oggetti " +#~ "possano essere aggiunti tramite \"+\". Si noti che non discuteremo di " +#~ "farmaci generici fino al giorno 3." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La gestione degli errori in Rust viene eseguita utilizzando un flusso di " +#~ "controllo esplicito:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le funzioni che possono avere errori lo elencano nel loro tipo di ritorno," + +#~ msgid "There are no exceptions." +#~ msgstr "Non ci sono eccezioni." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Catturare lo srotolamento della pila" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when " +#~ "errors are expected as part of normal operation:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Abbiamo già visto l'enumerazione `Result`. Questo è usato in modo " +#~ "pervasivo quando ci sono errori previsto come parte del normale " +#~ "funzionamento:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" +#~ msgstr "Propagazione degli errori con `?`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +#~ "turn the common" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "L'operatore try `?` viene utilizzato per restituire errori al chiamante. " +#~ "Ti fa girare il comune" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " +#~ "possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " +#~ "this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement " +#~ "them." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "È buona pratica per tutti i tipi di errore implementare `std::error::" +#~ "Error`, che richiede `Debug` e `Display`. In genere è utile per loro " +#~ "implementare anche `Clone` e `Eq`, ove possibile, per fare vita più " +#~ "facile per i test e i consumatori della tua libreria. In questo caso non " +#~ "possiamo farlo facilmente, perché `io::Error` non li implementa." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, " +#~ "and optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) " +#~ "and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for " +#~ "structs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La macro deriva di `thiserror` implementa automaticamente `std::error::" +#~ "Error` e facoltativamente `Display` (se vengono forniti gli attributi " +#~ "`#[error(...)]`) e `From` (se viene aggiunto l'attributo `#[from]`). " +#~ "Funziona anche per le strutture." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Non influisce sulla tua API pubblica, il che lo rende utile per le " +#~ "librerie." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " +#~ "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " +#~ "error types:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La cassa ampiamente utilizzata [comunque](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) può " +#~ "aiutarti ad aggiungere informazioni contestuali ai tuoi errori e ti " +#~ "permette di averne meno tipi di errore personalizzati:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" +#~ msgstr "Contrassegna i test unitari con `#[test]`:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." +#~ msgstr "Usa `cargo test` per trovare ed eseguire i test unitari." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" +#~ "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "I test unitari vengono spesso inseriti in un modulo nidificato (esegui " +#~ "test sul file [Parco giochi](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" +#~ msgstr "Casse utili" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Calling External Code" +#~ msgstr "Chiamata codice esterno" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. " +#~ "Calling them is thus unsafe:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Le funzioni di altri linguaggi potrebbero violare le garanzie di Rust. " +#~ "Chiamata loro è quindi pericoloso:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 3: Esercizi pomeridiani" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Costruiamo un wrapper sicuro per leggere il contenuto della directory!" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" +#~ "afternoon.md) provided." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la \\[soluzione\\] " +#~ "fornita." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " +#~ "stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " +#~ "async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " +#~ "pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Quando aspetti un futuro, tutte le variabili locali (che normalmente " +#~ "sarebbero memorizzate su uno stack frame) vengono invece archiviati in " +#~ "Future per il blocco asincrono corrente. Se tuo future ha puntatori ai " +#~ "dati nello stack, quei puntatori potrebbero essere invalidati. Questo non " +#~ "è sicuro." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to " +#~ "don't change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " +#~ "repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pertanto, è necessario garantire che gli indirizzi futuri puntino a non " +#~ "farlo modifica. Ecco perché dobbiamo \"bloccare\" i futuri. Usando " +#~ "ripetutamente lo stesso futuro in un `select!` spesso porta a problemi " +#~ "con i valori bloccati." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "concurrency:" +#~ msgstr "Concorrenza" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "constant:" +#~ msgstr "`const`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "control flow:" +#~ msgstr "Flusso di Controllo" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "enumeration:" +#~ msgstr "`Durata`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "error:" +#~ msgstr "`Errore`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "error handling:" +#~ msgstr "Gestione degli errori" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "garbage collector:" +#~ msgstr "Garbage Collection" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "generics:" +#~ msgstr "Generics" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "integration test:" +#~ msgstr "Test di integrazione" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "main function:" +#~ msgstr "Chiamare Funzioni Unsafe" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "memory leak:" +#~ msgstr "Perdite di memoria." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "method:" +#~ msgstr "Metodi" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "module:" +#~ msgstr "Moduli" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "ownership:" +#~ msgstr "Proprietà" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "panic:" +#~ msgstr "Panico (Panics)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "receiver:" +#~ msgstr "Driver" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "standard library:" +#~ msgstr "Libreria standard" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "static:" +#~ msgstr "`static`" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "struct:" +#~ msgstr "Strutture (Struct)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "thread:" +#~ msgstr "Threads" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "trait:" +#~ msgstr "Traits" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "union:" +#~ msgstr "Unioni" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "unit test:" +#~ msgstr "Test per unità" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "variable:\\" +#~ msgstr "Variabili" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." +#~ msgstr "Troverai le soluzioni degli esercizi nelle pagine seguenti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." +#~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " +#~ "different or better solution than what is presented here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Sentiti libero di fare domande sulle soluzioni [on GitHub](https://github." +#~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Facci sapere se hai una " +#~ "soluzione diversa o migliore di quella presentata qui." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 1 Esercizi mattutini" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](for-loops.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Bonus question" +#~ msgstr "Domanda bonus" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a " +#~ "slice-of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus " +#~ "make our function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks " +#~ "down: the return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the " +#~ "data you return." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Richiede concetti più avanzati. Potrebbe sembrare che potremmo usare uno " +#~ "slice-of-slice (`&[&[i32]]`) come tipo di input da trasporre e quindi " +#~ "fare in modo che la nostra funzione gestisca qualsiasi dimensione di " +#~ "matrice. Tuttavia, questo si interrompe rapidamente: il tipo restituito " +#~ "non può essere `&[&[i32]]` poiché deve essere proprietario dei dati " +#~ "restituiti." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't " +#~ "work out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " +#~ "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puoi provare a usare qualcosa come `Vec>`, ma neanche questo " +#~ "funziona immediatamente: è difficile convertire da `Vec>` a " +#~ "`&[ &[i32]]` quindi ora non puoi nemmeno usare facilmente `pretty_print`." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::" +#~ "convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) " +#~ "trait to abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Una volta arrivati ai tratti e ai generici, saremo in grado di usare il " +#~ "tratto [`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" +#~ "trait.AsRef.html) per astrarre su tutto ciò che può essere referenziato " +#~ "come slice." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are " +#~ "of the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Inoltre, il tipo stesso non imporrebbe che le sezioni figlie abbiano la " +#~ "stessa lunghezza, quindi tale variabile potrebbe contenere una matrice " +#~ "non valida." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 1 Esercizi pomeridiani" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](luhn.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Pattern matching" +#~ msgstr "Pattern Matching" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 2 Esercizi mattutini" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Designing a Library" +#~ msgstr "Progettare una libreria" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](book-library.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](health-statistics.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](rtc.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](strings-iterators.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 3 Esercizio mattutino" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](simple-gui.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](points-polygons.md))" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Giorno 3 Esercizi pomeridiani" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#~ msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" #~ msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" #~ msgstr "Match di Pattern"