msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-03-06T16:11:58-08:00\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2023-10-09 19:59-0700\n" "Last-Translator: \n" "Language-Team: \n" "Language: zh_TW\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 3.4\n" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/index.md msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "歡迎參加 Comprehensive Rust 🦀 課程" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course.md msgid "Running the Course" msgstr "講授課程" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Course Structure" msgstr "課程架構" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" msgstr "鍵盤快速鍵" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "Translations" msgstr "翻譯" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/cargo.md msgid "Using Cargo" msgstr "使用 Cargo" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "Rust 生態系統" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Code Samples" msgstr "程式碼範例" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "在本機執行 Cargo" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "第 1 天：上午" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Welcome" msgstr "歡迎" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Hello, World" msgstr "Hello, World" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "什麼是 Rust？" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Benefits of Rust" msgstr "Rust 的優點" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "Playground" msgstr "Playground" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md msgid "Types and Values" msgstr "型別和值" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "Variables" msgstr "變數" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Values" msgstr "值" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "Arithmetic" msgstr "算術" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "Strings" msgstr "字串 (String)" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "Type Inference" msgstr "型別推斷" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci" msgstr "練習：費波那契數列" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/solution.md #: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md #: src/references/solution.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md #: src/pattern-matching/solution.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md #: src/generics/solution.md src/std-types/solution.md #: src/std-traits/solution.md src/memory-management/solution.md #: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/borrowing/solution.md #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md src/iterators/solution.md #: src/modules/solution.md src/testing/solution.md #: src/error-handling/solution.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "Solution" msgstr "解決方案" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "Control Flow Basics" msgstr "基本的控制流程概念" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "`if` Expressions" msgstr "`if` 表達式" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md #, fuzzy msgid "Loops" msgstr "`for` 迴圈" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "`for`" msgstr "`for`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md msgid "`loop`" msgstr "`loop` 迴圈" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md msgid "`break` and `continue`" msgstr "`break` 和 `continue`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "Labels" msgstr "標籤" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "Blocks and Scopes" msgstr "區塊 (block) 和範疇 (scope)" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" msgstr "範圍和遮蔽" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "Functions" msgstr "函式" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "Macros" msgstr "巨集" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence" msgstr "練習：考拉茲序列" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" msgstr "第 1 天：下午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md msgid "Tuples and Arrays" msgstr "元組和陣列" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "Arrays" msgstr "陣列" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Tuples" msgstr "元組" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md #, fuzzy msgid "Array Iteration" msgstr "疊代器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md #, fuzzy msgid "Patterns and Destructuring" msgstr "模式配對" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays" msgstr "練習：巢狀陣列" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md msgid "References" msgstr "參照" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/shared.md #, fuzzy msgid "Shared References" msgstr "共用列舉" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exclusive.md #, fuzzy msgid "Exclusive References" msgstr "迷途參照" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Geometry" msgstr "練習：幾何圖形" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md msgid "User-Defined Types" msgstr "使用者定義的型別" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md #, fuzzy msgid "Named Structs" msgstr "結構體" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "Tuple Structs" msgstr "元組結構體" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "Enums" msgstr "列舉" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #, fuzzy msgid "Static and Const" msgstr "靜態和常數" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "Type Aliases" msgstr "型別別名" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events" msgstr "練習：電梯事件" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 2: Morning" msgstr "第 2 天：上午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md msgid "Pattern Matching" msgstr "模式配對" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "Matching Values" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md #, fuzzy msgid "Destructuring" msgstr "解構列舉" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md #, fuzzy msgid "Let Control Flow" msgstr "控制流程" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" msgstr "練習：運算式求值" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md #, fuzzy msgid "Methods and Traits" msgstr "Read 和 Write" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Methods" msgstr "方法" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "Traits" msgstr "特徵" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Implmementing Traits" msgstr "實作不安全的特徵" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "Associated Types" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md #, fuzzy msgid "Deriving" msgstr "衍生特徵" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Generic Logger" msgstr "練習：泛型 Logger" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md msgid "Generics" msgstr "泛型" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "Generic Functions" msgstr "Extern 函式" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "Generic Data Types" msgstr "泛型資料型別" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "Trait Bounds" msgstr "特徵界限" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "`impl Trait`" msgstr "`impl Trait`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`" msgstr "練習：泛型 `min`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" msgstr "第 2 天：下午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md #, fuzzy msgid "Standard Library Types" msgstr "標準函式庫" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/std.md msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "標準函式庫" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/docs.md #, fuzzy msgid "Documentation" msgstr "說明文件測試" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`Option`" msgstr "`Option`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`Result`" msgstr "`Result`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`String`" msgstr "`String`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/vec.md msgid "`Vec`" msgstr "`Vec`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/hashmap.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`HashMap`" msgstr "`HashMap`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Counter" msgstr "練習：計數器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md #, fuzzy msgid "Standard Library Traits" msgstr "標準函式庫" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/comparisons.md src/async.md msgid "Comparisons" msgstr "比較" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/operators.md #, fuzzy msgid "Operators" msgstr "疊代器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "`From` and `Into`" msgstr "`From` 和 `Into`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/casting.md #, fuzzy msgid "Casting" msgstr "測試" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "`Read` and `Write`" msgstr "`Read` 和 `Write`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax" msgstr "`Default` (結構體更新語法)" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "Closures" msgstr "閉包" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: ROT13" msgstr "練習：ROT13 (迴轉13位)" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 3: Morning" msgstr "第 3 天：上午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md msgid "Memory Management" msgstr "記憶體管理" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Review of Program Memory" msgstr "檢查程式記憶體" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/approaches.md #, fuzzy msgid "Approaches to Memory Management" msgstr "自動記憶體管理" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "Ownership" msgstr "所有權" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Move Semantics" msgstr "移動語意" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`Clone`" msgstr "`Clone`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Copy Types" msgstr "Copy 型別" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`Drop`" msgstr "`Drop`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Builder Type" msgstr "練習：建構工具型別" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md msgid "Smart Pointers" msgstr "智慧指標" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/box.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`Box`" msgstr "`Box`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "`Rc`" msgstr "`Rc`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "Trait Objects" msgstr "特徵物件" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree" msgstr "練習：二元樹" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" msgstr "第 3 天：下午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md msgid "Borrowing" msgstr "借用" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/shared.md #, fuzzy msgid "Borrowing a Value" msgstr "借用" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/borrowck.md #, fuzzy msgid "Borrow Checking" msgstr "借用" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "Interior Mutability" msgstr "內部可變性 (Interior Mutability)" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics" msgstr "練習：衛生統計資料" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes.md #, fuzzy msgid "Slices and Lifetimes" msgstr "生命週期" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" msgstr "切片" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md #, fuzzy msgid "String References" msgstr "迷途參照" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md #, fuzzy msgid "Lifetime Annotations" msgstr "函式呼叫中的生命週期" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Lifetime Elision" msgstr "生命週期" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Struct Lifetimes" msgstr "生命週期" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing" msgstr "練習：Protobuf 剖析" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 4: Morning" msgstr "第 4 天：上午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators.md msgid "Iterators" msgstr "疊代器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/iterator.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Iterator`" msgstr "`Iterator`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "`IntoIterator`" msgstr "`IntoIterator`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`FromIterator`" msgstr "`FromIterator`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining" msgstr "練習：疊代器方法鏈結" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/modules.md msgid "Modules" msgstr "模組" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" msgstr "檔案系統階層" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Visibility" msgstr "能見度" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`" msgstr "`use`、`super`、`self`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library" msgstr "練習：GUI 程式庫的模組" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/chromium/testing.md msgid "Testing" msgstr "測試" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "測試模組" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/other.md #, fuzzy msgid "Other Types of Tests" msgstr "其他資源" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/lints.md msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy" msgstr "編譯器檢查 (Lint) 和 Clippy " #: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "盧恩演算法" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" msgstr "第 4 天：下午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md msgid "Error Handling" msgstr "錯誤處理" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Panics" msgstr "恐慌" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try.md #, fuzzy msgid "Try Operator" msgstr "疊代器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md #, fuzzy msgid "Try Conversions" msgstr "隱含轉換" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "`Error` Trait" msgstr "`Drop` 特徵" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md #, fuzzy msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" msgstr "`From` 和 `Into`" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`" msgstr "使用 `Result` 進行結構化錯誤處理" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "不安全的 Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe" msgstr "不安全的 Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "對裸指標解參考" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "可變的靜態變數" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "Unions" msgstr "聯合體" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Functions" msgstr "呼叫不安全的函式" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Traits" msgstr "實作不安全的特徵" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper" msgstr "練習：封裝外部函式介面 (FFI)" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/android.md msgid "Android" msgstr "Android" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/setup.md src/chromium/setup.md msgid "Setup" msgstr "設定" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Build Rules" msgstr "建構規則" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Binary" msgstr "二進位檔" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Library" msgstr "函式庫" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl.md msgid "AIDL" msgstr "AIDL" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md msgid "Birthday Service Tutorial" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Interface" msgstr "介面" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Service API" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Service" msgstr "伺服器" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Server" msgstr "伺服器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "Deploy" msgstr "部署" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Client" msgstr "用戶端" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "Changing API" msgstr "改寫 API" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Updating Implementations" msgstr "實作" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Types" msgstr "類型" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Primitive Types" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md #, fuzzy msgid "Array Types" msgstr "陣列" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md #, fuzzy msgid "Sending Objects" msgstr "特徵物件" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md #, fuzzy msgid "Parcelables" msgstr "變數" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "Sending Files" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "GoogleTest" msgstr "GoogleTest" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "Mocking" msgstr "模擬 (Mocking)" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/logging.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "Logging" msgstr "記錄" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability.md msgid "Interoperability" msgstr "互通性" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "With C" msgstr "與 C 的互通性" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" msgstr "使用 Bindgen 呼叫 C" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Calling Rust from C" msgstr "從 C 呼叫 Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp.md msgid "With C++" msgstr "與 C++ 的互通性" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md #, fuzzy msgid "The Bridge Module" msgstr "測試模組" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Rust Bridge" msgstr "Rust 橋接器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md msgid "Generated C++" msgstr "產生的 C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "C++ Bridge" msgstr "C++ 橋接器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md #, fuzzy msgid "Shared Types" msgstr "共用型別" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "Shared Enums" msgstr "共用列舉" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md #, fuzzy msgid "Rust Error Handling" msgstr "錯誤處理" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md #, fuzzy msgid "C++ Error Handling" msgstr "錯誤處理" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "Additional Types" msgstr "其他型別" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Building for Android: C++" msgstr "針對 Android 建構：C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Building for Android: Genrules" msgstr "針對 Android 建構：Genrules" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Building for Android: Rust" msgstr "針對 Android 建構：Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "With Java" msgstr "與 Java 的互通性" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/android/morning.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md msgid "Exercises" msgstr "練習" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Chromium" msgstr "Chromium" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "Comparing Chromium and Cargo Ecosystems" msgstr "比較 Chromium 和 Cargo 的生態系統" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Policy" msgstr "政策" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Code" msgstr "不安全的 Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++" msgstr "在 Chromium C++ 中使用 Rust 程式碼" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "Visual Studio Code" msgstr "Visual Studio Code" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "Exercise" msgstr "練習" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "`rust_gtest_interop` Library" msgstr "`rust_gtest_interop` 程式庫" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "GN Rules for Rust Tests" msgstr "Rust 測試適用的 GN 規則" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "`chromium::import!` Macro" msgstr "`chromium::import!` 巨集" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md #, fuzzy msgid "Interoperability with C++" msgstr "互通性" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md #, fuzzy msgid "Example Bindings" msgstr "範例" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "Limitations of CXX" msgstr "CXX 的限制" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md #, fuzzy msgid "CXX Error Handling" msgstr "錯誤處理" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Error Handling: QR Example" msgstr "錯誤處理" #: src/SUMMARY.md #, fuzzy msgid "Error Handling: PNG Example" msgstr "錯誤處理" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Using CXX in Chromium" msgstr "在 Chromium 中使用 CXX" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Adding Third Party Crates" msgstr "新增第三方 Crate" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Configuring Cargo.toml" msgstr "設定 Cargo.toml" #: src/SUMMARY.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "Configuring `gnrt_config.toml`" msgstr "設定 `gnrt_config.toml`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "Downloading Crates" msgstr "下載 Crate" #: src/SUMMARY.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "Generating `gn` Build Rules" msgstr "產生 `gn` 建構規則" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Resolving Problems" msgstr "解決問題" #: src/SUMMARY.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "Build Scripts Which Generate Code" msgstr "建構用於產生程式碼的指令碼" #: src/SUMMARY.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "Build Scripts Which Build C++ or Take Arbitrary Actions" msgstr "建構用於建立 C++ 或執行任意動作的指令碼" #: src/SUMMARY.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "Depending on a Crate" msgstr "使用 Crate" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Reviews and Audits" msgstr "程式庫審查和稽核" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Checking into Chromium Source Code" msgstr "提交為 Chromium 原始碼" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md msgid "Keeping Crates Up to Date" msgstr "保持 Crate 為最新版本" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Bringing It Together - Exercise" msgstr "融會貫通 - 練習題" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md #, fuzzy msgid "Exercise Solutions" msgstr "練習題的參考答案" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "裸機開發：上午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`no_std`" msgstr "`no_std`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "最小限度的範例" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "`alloc`" msgstr "`alloc`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "微控制器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "原始 MMIO" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "PACs" msgstr "PAC" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "HAL Crates" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "開發板支援 Crate" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "型別狀態模式" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "`embedded-hal`" msgstr "`embedded-hal`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md #, fuzzy msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`" msgstr "probe-rs、cargo-embed" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "Debugging" msgstr "偵錯" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "其他專案" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "Compass" msgstr "指南針" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Solutions" msgstr "解決方案" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "裸機開發：下午" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "應用程式處理器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "準備使用 Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "行內組語" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "MMIO" msgstr "MMIO" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "編寫 UART 驅動程式" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "More Traits" msgstr "其他特徵" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "經改良的 UART 驅動程式" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "Bitflags" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "多個暫存器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "Driver" msgstr "驅動程式" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Using It" msgstr "開始使用" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "例外狀況" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Useful Crates" msgstr "實用的 Crate" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "`zerocopy`" msgstr "`zerocopy`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "`aarch64-paging`" msgstr "`aarch64-paging`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "`tinyvec`" msgstr "`tinyvec`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "`spin`" msgstr "`spin`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`vmbase`" msgstr "`vmbase`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "RTC 驅動程式" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "並行：上午" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Threads" msgstr "執行緒" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "限定範圍執行緒" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md msgid "Channels" msgstr "通道" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "無界限的通道" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "有界限的通道" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" msgstr "`Send` 和 `Sync`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "`Send`" msgstr "`Send`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "`Sync`" msgstr "`Sync`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "Examples" msgstr "範例" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state.md msgid "Shared State" msgstr "共享狀態" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md msgid "`Arc`" msgstr "`Arc`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md msgid "`Mutex`" msgstr "`Mutex`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "Example" msgstr "範例" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "哲學家就餐問題" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "多執行緒連結檢查器" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "並行：下午" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "Async 基本概念" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/async-await.md msgid "`async`/`await`" msgstr "`async`/`await`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/futures.md msgid "Futures" msgstr "Futures" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/runtimes.md msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Runtimes" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Tokio" msgstr "Tokio" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md src/async/tasks.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "Tasks" msgstr "工作" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/channels.md msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "非同步管道" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Control Flow" msgstr "控制流程" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "Join" msgstr "加入" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "Select" msgstr "選取" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "陷阱" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "阻占執行器" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "`Pin`" msgstr "`Pin`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "非同步特徵" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md #, fuzzy msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "安裝" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "廣播聊天應用程式" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Final Words" msgstr "結語" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/thanks.md msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "謝謝！" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/glossary.md msgid "Glossary" msgstr "詞彙解釋" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "其他資源" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/credits.md msgid "Credits" msgstr "出處清單" #: src/index.md msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" "[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields." "io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" msgstr "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" "[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields." "io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" #: src/index.md msgid "" "This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The " "course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced " "topics like generics and error handling." msgstr "" "這個免費的 Rust 課程是由 Google 的 Android 團隊負責開發。本課程涵蓋 Rust 的全" "部內容，從基礎語法到進階主題 (泛型和錯誤處理等)，應有盡有。" #: src/index.md msgid "" "The latest version of the course can be found at . If you are reading somewhere else, please check there " "for updates." msgstr "" "如需最新版課程，請造訪 。假如您" "是在其他網址閱讀課程資料，別忘了查看這個連結的內容是否有更新。" #: src/index.md msgid "The course is also available [as a PDF](comprehensive-rust.pdf)." msgstr "" #: src/index.md msgid "" "The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " "anything about Rust and hope to:" msgstr "" "本課程旨在教授 Rust 的知識。我們會假設您是從零開始學習 Rust，希望能夠：" #: src/index.md msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language." msgstr "讓您對 Rust 語法和語言有全面的認識。" #: src/index.md msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust." msgstr "讓您學會在 Rust 中修改現有程式及編寫新程式。" #: src/index.md msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "向您介紹常見的 Rust 慣用語法。" #: src/index.md #, fuzzy msgid "We call the first four course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "我們將前三天的課程稱為「Rust 基礎知識」。" #: src/index.md msgid "" "Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:" msgstr "在此基礎上，我們將誠摯邀請您深入探討一或多個專題：" #: src/index.md msgid "" "[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform " "development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "[Android](android.md)：這是半天的課程，會說明如何針對 Android 平台開發作業 " "(Android 開放原始碼計畫) 使用 Rust，並介紹與 C、C++ 和 Java 的互通性。" #: src/index.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Chromium](chromium.md): a half-day course on using Rust within Chromium " "based browsers. This includes interoperability with C++ and how to include " "third-party crates in Chromium." msgstr "" "[Chromium](chromium.md)： 是半天的深入探索課程，會說明如何在 Chromium 瀏覽器" "中使用 Rust。這包括在 Chromium 的 `gn` 建構系統中使用 Rust，以提供與第三方程" "式庫 (「Crate」) 和 C++ 的互通性。" #: src/index.md msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " "covered." msgstr "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md)：這是半天的課程，會說明如何使用 Rust 在 bare-" "metal (嵌入式系統) 上台開發。課程內容包含微控制器和處理器。" #: src/index.md msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " "mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using " "futures)." msgstr "" "[並行](concurrency.md)：這個全天課程著重於 Rust 中的並行問題。我們將探討傳統" "並行 (使用執行緒和互斥鎖進行先占式排程) 以及 async/await 並行 (使用 future 進" "行合作多工處理)。" #: src/index.md msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "非課程目標" #: src/index.md msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" msgstr "" "Rust 是大型的程式語言，無法在幾天內就介紹完畢。因此，本課程不包含下列內容：" #: src/index.md msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead." msgstr "" "學習如何開發巨集 (macro)。請直接閱讀 [Rust Book 的 Chapter 19.5](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) 和 [Rust by Example](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html)." #: src/index.md msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "課程要求" #: src/index.md msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " "C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach." msgstr "" "本課程假設您已瞭解如何設計程式。Rust 是一種靜態的程式設計類型，我們有時會將其" "與 C 和 C++ 比較，以便進一步解釋或凸顯 Rust 做法上的差別。" #: src/index.md msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." msgstr "" "如果您知道如何以 Python 或 JavaScript 等動態程式語言編寫程式，也很適合跟著我" "們學習 Rust。" #: src/index.md msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " "should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class." msgstr "" "這是「演講者備忘稿」的範例。我們會透過這些備忘稿補充投影片中未提到的資訊。這" "可能包括老師應提及的重點，以及課堂上典型問題的解答。" #: src/running-the-course.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "This page is for the course instructor." msgstr "本頁面的適用對象為課程講師。" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" "Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the " "course internally at Google." msgstr "以下提供一些背景資訊，說明 Google 內部近期採用的授課方式。" #: src/running-the-course.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "We typically run classes from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " "in the middle. This leaves 3 hours for the morning class and 3 hours for the " "afternoon class. Both sessions contain multiple breaks and time for students " "to work on exercises." msgstr "" "我們一般會從上午 10 點上課到下午 4 點，中間 1 小時午休。也就是說，上下午課程" "各為 2.5 小時。請注意，這只是建議的上課時間：您也可以將上午的課程訂為 3 小" "時，讓學員有更多時間練習。延長課程時間的缺點是，學員上了整整 6 小時的課，到了" "下午可能會非常疲倦。" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "在講授課程前，建議您注意下列事項：" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " "speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker " "notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker " "Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class." msgstr "" "請熟悉課程教材。我們已附上演講者備忘稿，協助突顯重點，也請您不吝提供更多演講" "者備忘稿內容！分享螢幕畫面時，請務必在彈出式視窗中開啟演講者備忘稿 (按一下" "「Speaker Notes」旁小箭頭的連結)。如此一來，您就能在課堂上分享簡潔的螢幕畫" "面。" #: src/running-the-course.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Decide on the dates. Since the course takes four days, we recommend that you " "schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that they " "find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process all " "the information we give them." msgstr "" "請決定授課日期。由於課程長度至少為三個整天，建議您將授課日分散安排在兩週內。" "課程參與者曾表示，如果課程中間有間隔，可協助他們消化我們提供的所有資訊，對學" "習效果有助益。" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " "asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have " "time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself " "and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your " "laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an " "instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you." msgstr "" "找到可容納現場參與者的場地。建議的開班人數為 15 至 25 人。這樣的小班制教學可" "讓學員自在地提問，講師也有時間可以回答問題。請確認上課場地有_書桌\\_，可供講" "師和學員使用：您們都會需要能坐著使用筆電。 講師尤其會需要現場編寫許多程式碼，" "因此使用講台可能會造成不便。" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " "laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag " "as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as " "you or the course participants spot them." msgstr "" "在講課當天提早到上課場地完成設定。建議您直接在筆電上執行 `mdbook serve` 分享" "螢幕畫面 (請參閱[安裝操作說明](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust#building))。這可確保提供最佳效能，不會在您切換頁面時發生延遲。使用筆電也" "可讓您修正自己或課程參與者發現的錯字。" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " "afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people " "if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see " "that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and " "offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant " "information in the standard library." msgstr "" "讓學員獨自或分成小組做習題。我們通常會在早上和下午各安排 30 至 45 分鐘的時間" "做習題，這包含檢討解題方式的時間。請務必詢問學員是否遇到難題，或需要您的協" "助。如果發現多位學員遇到相同問題，請向全班說明該問題，並提供解決方式：例如示" "範如何在標準程式庫 (The Rust Standard Library) 找到相關資訊。" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" msgstr "以上為所有注意事項，祝您授課順利，並和我們一樣樂在其中！" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " "would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. " "Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!" msgstr "" "請在授課後[提供意見回饋](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86)，協助我們持續改善課程。您可以與我們分享您滿意的部分，以及值得" "改善的地方。也歡迎您的學生[提供意見回饋](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)！" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Rust Fundamentals" msgstr "Rust 基礎知識" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The first four days make up [Rust Fundamentals](../welcome-day-1.md). The " "days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!" msgstr "" "我們會在前三天介紹 [Rust 基礎知識](../welcome-day-1.md)。這幾天的步調會稍快，" "因為要探討許多層面：" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "Course schedule:" msgstr "課程架構" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 1 Morning (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 1 天上午 (2 小時 10 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Types and Values](../types-and-values.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[型別和值](../types-and-values.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Control Flow Basics](../control-flow-basics.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "[基本的控制流程概念](../control-flow-basics.md) (40 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 1 Afternoon (2 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 1 天下午 (2 小時 15 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 minutes)" msgstr "[元組和陣列](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[References](../references.md) (35 minutes)" msgstr "[參照](../references.md) (35 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[User-Defined Types](../user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" msgstr "[使用者定義的型別](../user-defined-types.md) (50 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 2 Morning (2 hours and 50 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 2 天上午 (2 小時 50 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Pattern Matching](../pattern-matching.md) (1 hour)" msgstr "[模式比對](../pattern-matching.md) (1 小時)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Methods and Traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[方法 (methods) 和特徵 (traits)](../methods-and-traits.md) (45 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Generics](../generics.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "[泛型 (generics)](../generics.md) (40 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 2 天下午 (3 小時 10 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Standard Library Types](../std-types.md) (1 hour and 20 minutes)" msgstr "[標準程式庫型別](../std-types.md) (1 小時 20 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Standard Library Traits](../std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" msgstr "[標準程式庫特徵](../std-traits.md) (1 小時 40 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 3 Morning (2 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 3 天上午 (2 小時 20 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Memory Management](../memory-management.md) (1 hour)" msgstr "[記憶體管理](../memory-management.md) (1 小時)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Smart Pointers](../smart-pointers.md) (55 minutes)" msgstr "[智慧指標](../smart-pointers.md) (55 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 3 Afternoon (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 3 天下午 (2 小時 10 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Borrowing](../borrowing.md) (50 minutes)" msgstr "[借用](../borrowing.md) (50 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "[Slices and Lifetimes](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" msgstr "[切片 (slice) 和生命週期](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 小時 10 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 4 Morning (2 hours and 40 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 4 天上午 (2 小時 40 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Iterators](../iterators.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[疊代器](../iterators.md) (45 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Modules](../modules.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "[模組](../modules.md) (40 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Testing](../testing.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[測試](../testing.md) (45 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "第 4 天下午 (2 小時 10 分鐘，含休息)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Error Handling](../error-handling.md) (55 minutes)" msgstr "[錯誤處理](../error-handling.md) (55 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "[Unsafe Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" msgstr "[不安全的 Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 小時 5 分鐘)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "深入探索" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "除了為期 3 天的 Rust 基礎知識課程，我們也涵蓋更多專門主題：" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "Rust in Android" msgstr "Android 中的 Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " "Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " "C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "[Android 中的 Rust](../android.md)是半天的課程，會說明如何針對 Android 平台開" "發作業使用 Rust，以及與 C、C++ 和 Java 的互通性。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/" "android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure " "that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." msgstr "" "您會需要檢出 (checkout) [AOSP (Android 開放原始碼專案)](https://source." "android.com/docs/setup/download/downloading)。請檢查[課程存放區](https://" "comprehensive-rust)上相同的機器，並將 `src/android/` 目錄移至檢出的 AOSP 根目" "錄下。這可確保 Android 建構系統能夠在 `src/android/` 中看到 `Android.bp` 的檔" "案。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " "see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand." msgstr "" "請確保 `adb sync` 可與模擬器或實際裝置搭配使用，並運用 `src/android/" "build_all.sh` 預先建構所有 Android 範例。請閱讀指令碼，瞭解指令碼執行的指令，" "並確保可以手動執行指令。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "Rust in Chromium" msgstr "在 Chromium 中的 Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The [Rust in Chromium](../chromium.md) deep dive is a half-day course on " "using Rust as part of the Chromium browser. It includes using Rust in " "Chromium's `gn` build system, bringing in third-party libraries (\"crates\") " "and C++ interoperability." msgstr "" "[Chromium 中的 Rust](../chromium.md) 是半天的深入探索課程，會說明如何在 " "Chromium 瀏覽器中使用 Rust。這包括在 Chromium 的 `gn` 建構系統中使用 Rust，以" "提供與第三方程式庫 (「Crate」) 和 C++ 的互通性。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "You will need to be able to build Chromium --- a debug, component build is " "[recommended](../chromium/setup.md) for speed but any build will work. " "Ensure that you can run the Chromium browser that you've built." msgstr "" "您需具備 Chromium 的建構知識。我們[建議](../chromium/setup.md)使用偵錯元件版" "本來加快執行速度，但其他版本也適用。請確保您能夠執行所建構的 Chromium 瀏覽" "器。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "裸機" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " "using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " "application processors are covered." msgstr "" "[裸機深入探索](../bare-metal.md)是一整天的課程，會說明如何使用 Rust 進行裸機 " "(嵌入式) 開發作業，也會介紹微控制器和應用程式處理器。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " "need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../" "bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" "針對微控制器，您會需要預先購買 [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) 第 2 版" "開發板。此外，所有人都需要按照[歡迎頁面](../bare-metal.md)上的指示安裝多種套" "件。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "歡迎使用 Rust 的並行程式設計" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " "on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." msgstr "" "[並行深入探索](../concurrency.md)是一整天的課程，會說明傳統並行與 `async`/" "`await` 並行。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " "with them:" msgstr "" "您會需要設定新的 Crate，然後下載並準備執行依附元件。接著就能將範例複製貼上至 " "`src/main.rs`，使用這些範例進行實驗：" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Format" msgstr "形式" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" msgstr "本課程極具互動性，因此建議您根據各項疑問，帶領學員瞭解 Rust！" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" msgstr "以下為 mdBook 中實用的鍵盤快速鍵：" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid "Arrow-Left" msgstr "向左鍵" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid ": Navigate to the previous page." msgstr "：前往上一頁。" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid "Arrow-Right" msgstr "向右鍵" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid ": Navigate to the next page." msgstr "：前往下一頁。" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "Ctrl + Enter" msgstr "Ctrl + Enter" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus." msgstr "：執行具有焦點的程式碼範例。" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid "s" msgstr "s" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid ": Activate the search bar." msgstr "：啟用搜尋列。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful " "volunteers:" msgstr "本課程已由一群優秀的志工翻譯成其他語言：" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." "com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" "\\[巴西葡萄牙文\\]\\][pt-BR](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-" "BR/)譯者：[@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) 和 [@hugojacob]" "(https://github.com/hugojacob)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " "by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" "wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/" "kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://" "github.com/superwhd), [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK), and [@nodmp]" "(https://github.com/nodmp)." msgstr "" "[中文 (簡體)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/)譯者：" "[@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei)、[@wnghl](https://github.com/wnghl)、" "[@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx)、[@kongy](https://github.com/kongy)、" "[@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon、[@superwhd](https://github.com/" "superwhd)、[@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK) 和 [@nodmp](https://" "github) .com/nodmp)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " "by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" "victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), [@kuanhungchen](https://" "github.com/kuanhungchen), and [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/" "johnathan79717)." msgstr "" "[中文 (簡體)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/)譯者：" "[@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei)、[@wnghl](https://github.com/wnghl)、" "[@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx)、[@kongy](https://github.com/kongy)、" "[@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon、[@superwhd](https://github.com/" "superwhd)、[@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK) 和 [@nodmp](https://" "github) .com/nodmp)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan), and [@namhyung](https://github." "com/namhyung)." msgstr "" "[韓文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/)譯者：[@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace)、[@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) 和 " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]" "(https://github.com/deavid)." msgstr "" "[法文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/)譯者：[@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) 和 [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "使用右上角的語言選單即可切換語言。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "不完整翻譯" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" msgstr "目前有許多正在翻譯的語言版本。以下連結為最近更新的翻譯：" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" "[德文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/)譯者：[@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn)和 [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." msgstr "" "[法文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/)譯者：[@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) 和 [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" "[德文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/)譯者：[@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn)和 [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." msgstr "" "[日文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/)譯者：\\[@\\] CoinEZ-" "JPN\\] 和 [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/momotaro1105)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Italian](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/it/) by " "[@henrythebuilder](https://github.com/henrythebuilder) and [@detro](https://" "github.com/detro)." msgstr "" "[德文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/)譯者：[@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn)和 [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " "get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." msgstr "" "如果想協助翻譯，請參閱\\[操作說明\\]，瞭解如何開始翻譯。譯者可以在\\[問題追蹤" "工具\\]上討論及統整翻譯。" #: src/cargo.md msgid "" "When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build " "and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what " "Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this " "training." msgstr "" "您開始閱讀 Rust 內容後，很快就會認識 [Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "cargo/)，這是在 Rust 生態系統中使用的標準工具，用於建構及執行 Rust 應用程式。" "以下簡要介紹 Cargo，以及如何在更廣大的生態系統和本訓練課程中運用 Cargo。" #: src/cargo.md msgid "Installation" msgstr "安裝" #: src/cargo.md msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" msgstr "**請按照 中的指示操作。**" #: src/cargo.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " "(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " "use to install to different compiler versions." msgstr "" "除了安裝 Cargo 和 rustc 之外，Rustup 還會將自己安裝為指令列公用程式，方便您安" "裝/切換工具鏈、設定跨平台程式碼編譯等。" #: src/cargo.md msgid "" "After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with " "Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-" "analyzer.github.io/), which provides auto-completion and jump-to-definition " "functionality for [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://" "rust-analyzer.github.io/manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-" "analyzer.github.io/manual.html#vimneovim), and many others. There is also a " "different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)." msgstr "" "安裝 Rust 後，您應設定編輯器或 IDE，以便與 Rust 搭配使用。為此，大多數編輯器" "會與 [rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) 通訊，後者提供適用於 " "[VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/)、[Emacs](https://rust-analyzer." "github.io/manual.html#emacs)、[Vim/Neovim](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/" "manual.html#vimneovim) 等的自動完成和跳至定義功能。此外，您也可以使用稱做 " "[RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/) 的不同 IDE。" #: src/cargo.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " "formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this " "gets you an outdated rust version and may lead to unexpected behavior. The " "command would be:" msgstr "" "您可以在 Debian/Ubuntu 上使用下列程式碼，安裝 Cargo、Rust 原始碼和 [Rust 格式" "設定工具](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt)：" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "Rust 生態系統" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:" msgstr "Rust 生態系統包含多項工具，以下列出主要工具：" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other " "intermediate formats." msgstr "`rustc`：Rust 編譯器，可將 `.rs` 檔案轉換成二進位檔和其他中繼格式。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to " "download dependencies, usually hosted on , and it will " "pass them to `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a " "built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests." msgstr "" "`cargo`：Rust 依附元件管理工具和建構工具。Cargo 知道如何下載 上代管的依附元件，且會在建構您的專案時，將這些依附元件傳送至 `rustc`。" "Cargo 也提供內建測試執行元件，可用於執行單元測試。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " "install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust are " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." msgstr "" "`rustup`：Rust 工具鍊安裝程式和更新程式。新版 Rust 推出時，這項工具可用來安裝" "及更新 `rustc` 和 `cargo`。此外，`rustup` 也可以下載標準程式庫的說明文件。您" "可以一次安裝多個 Rust 版本，並視需要使用 `rustup` 切換版本。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md #: src/references/exclusive.md src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md #: src/memory-management/move.md src/error-handling/try.md src/android/setup.md #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "Key points:" msgstr "重要須知：" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six " "weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- " "plus they enable new functionality." msgstr "" "Rust 的發布時程相當緊湊，每六週就會推出新版本。新版本可與舊版本回溯相容，且會" "啟用新功能。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"." msgstr "" "發布版本 (release channel) 分為三種：「穩定版」、「Beta 版」和「Nightly " "版」。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes " "\"stable\" every six weeks." msgstr "「Nightly 版」會用於測試新功能，「Beta 版」則會每六週成為「穩定版」。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more." msgstr "" "您也可以透過其他[註冊資料庫](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" "registries.html)、git、資料夾等管道解析依附元件。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." msgstr "" "Rust 還具有\\[版本\\] (edition)：目前版本為 Rust 2021。先前版本為 Rust 2015 " "和 Rust 2018。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." msgstr "這些版本可針對語言進行回溯不相容的變更。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." msgstr "" "為避免破壞程式碼，版本皆為自行選擇採用：您可以透過 `Cargo.toml` 檔案選擇所需" "版本。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." msgstr "為避免分割生態系統，Rust 編譯器可混合寫給不同版本的程式碼。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." msgstr "請說明很少會略過 `cargo` 直接使用編譯器，大部分使用者都不會這麼做。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " "comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " "not limited to:" msgstr "" "可以考慮暗示 Cargo 本身是極其強大且功能全面的工具，具有許多進階功能，包括但不" "限於：" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "專案/套件結構" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "\\[工作區\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "開發人員依附元件和執行階段依附元件管理/快取" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "\\[建構指令碼\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "\\[全域安裝\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." msgstr "" "此外，還可以擴充使用子指令外掛程式，例如 [cargo clippy](https://github.com/" "rust-lang/rust-clippy)" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "詳情請參閱\\[官方的 Cargo 手冊\\]。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "Code Samples in This Training" msgstr "本訓練課程的程式碼範例" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples " "which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier " "and ensures a consistent experience for everyone." msgstr "" "在本訓練課程中，我們主要會透過範例瞭解 Rust 語言，這些範例可在瀏覽器中執行。" "這麼做可讓設定程序更輕鬆，並確保所有人獲得一致的體驗。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do " "the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you " "how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo." msgstr "" "我們仍建議安裝 Cargo，方便您更輕鬆做習題。在最後一天，我們會做規模較大的習" "題，讓您瞭解如何使用依附元件，而這需要使用 Cargo。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "本課程的程式碼區塊皆完全為互動式：" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "\"Edit me!\"" msgstr "\"Edit me!\"" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "You can use " msgstr "當焦點位於文字方塊時，按下 " #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box." msgstr " 鍵即可執行程式碼。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not " "editable for various reasons:" msgstr "" "大部分程式碼範例都可供編輯，如上所示。有些程式碼範例無法編輯，原因如下：" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and " "open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests." msgstr "" "嵌入式遊樂場無法執行單元測試。請複製貼上程式碼，然後在實際的 Playground 中開" "啟，即可示範單元測試。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from " "the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises " "using a local Rust installation or via the Playground." msgstr "" "當您一離開頁面，嵌入式遊樂場就會失去目前狀態！因此，學生應使用本機 Rust 安裝" "項目或透過 Playground 來做習題。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo" msgstr "使用 Cargo 在本機執行程式碼" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will " "need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the " "Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This " "should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the " "latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:" msgstr "" "如果想在自己的系統上進行程式碼實驗，您會需要先安裝 Rust。請按照 [Rust 手冊中" "的指示](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html)操作。您應會" "獲得正常運作的 `rustc` 和 `cargo`。截至本文撰寫時間，最新的 Rust 穩定版具有下" "列版本編號：" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " "compatibility." msgstr "由於 Rust 保有回溯相容性，您也可以使用任何後續版本。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" msgstr "" "完成上述步驟後，請按照下列步驟操作，在本訓練課程的任一範例中建構 Rust 二進位" "檔：" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "在要複製的範例中，按一下「Copy to clipboard」按鈕。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "使用 `cargo new exercise`，為程式碼建立新的 `exercise/` 目錄：" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "前往 `exercise/`，使用 `cargo run` 建構並執行二進位檔：" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" "將 `src/main.rs` 中的樣板程式碼替換為自己的程式碼。以上一頁的範例為例，替換後" "的 `src/main.rs` 會類似如下：" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "使用 `cargo run` 建構並執行更新版二進位檔：" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" "debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an " "optimized release build in `target/release/`." msgstr "" "使用 `cargo check` 快速檢查專案中是否有錯誤，並使用 `cargo build` 在不執行的" "情況下編譯專案。您會在 `target/debug/` 中看到一般偵錯版本的輸出內容。使用 " "`cargo build --release`，在 `target/release/` 中產生經過最佳化的發布子版本。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " "dependencies for you." msgstr "" "只要編輯 `Cargo.toml`，即可為專案新增依附元件。執行 `cargo` 指令時，系統會自" "動下載及編譯缺少的依附元件。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " "development environment." msgstr "" "建議您鼓勵課程參與者安裝 Cargo 及使用本機編輯器。這麼做能提供正常的開發環境，" "降低操作難度。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "Welcome to Day 1" msgstr "歡迎參加第 1 天課程" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground " "today:" msgstr "今天是學習 Rust 基礎知識的第一天，我們會探討許多內容：" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, " "references, functions, and methods." msgstr "" "基本的 Rust 語法：變數、純量和複合型別、列舉、結構體、參照、函式和方法。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md #, fuzzy msgid "Types and type inference." msgstr "型別推斷" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on." msgstr "控制流程結構：迴圈、條件式等。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "User-defined types: structs and enums." msgstr "使用者定義的型別：結構體和列舉。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "模式配對：解構列舉、結構和陣列。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-3.md #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Schedule" msgstr "課程時間表" #: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2.md #: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md #: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4.md #: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md msgid "In this session:" msgstr "課程內容：" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "[Types and Values](./types-and-values.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[型別和值](./types-and-values.md) (45 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "[Control Flow Basics](./control-flow-basics.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "[基本的控制流程概念](./control-flow-basics.md) (40 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md #: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 10 " "minutes" msgstr "加上 10 分鐘的休息時間，這個課程大約需要 2 小時 10 分鐘" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "請提醒學生以下事項：" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." msgstr "應該一有問題就提問，不要留到最後。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" msgstr "本課程的宗旨是互動，非常鼓勵大家討論！" #: src/welcome-day-1.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " "keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other language. " "It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing " "discussions since they engage people much more than one-way communication." msgstr "" "老師應設法讓討論不要離題，例如確保討論的主題在於比較 Rust 和其他語言的運作方" "式。要找到適當的平衡點並不容易，但我們還是寧可讓學員討論，因為這比老師單向授" "課更能引起學生興趣。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." msgstr "我們討論的議題，可能會超前投影片進度。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " "Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as " "you like." msgstr "" "這完全沒問題！複習是學習的重要一環。請記得，投影片只是輔助，您可以視情況略過" "不需要的部分。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "The idea for the first day is to show the \"basic\" things in Rust that " "should have immediate parallels in other languages. The more advanced parts " "of Rust come on the subsequent days." msgstr "" "第一天的規畫是說明 Rust 中能夠直接對應到其他語言的「基礎」概念。後續幾天則會" "介紹更進階的部分。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " "schedule. Note that there is an exercise at the end of each segment, " "followed by a break. Plan to cover the exercise solution after the break. " "The times listed here are a suggestion in order to keep the course on " "schedule. Feel free to be flexible and adjust as necessary!" msgstr "" "如果您是在教室授課，就很適合參考這裡的時間表。請注意，每個主題結束後都有練" "習，然後才是休息時間。請規劃在休息後講解練習的解決方案。此處列出的時程建議是" "要確保課程進度。您可以視需要彈性調整！" #: src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md #: src/pattern-matching.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/generics.md #: src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md src/memory-management.md #: src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md src/slices-and-lifetimes.md #: src/iterators.md src/modules.md src/testing.md src/error-handling.md #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "In this segment:" msgstr "主題內容：" #: src/hello-world.md msgid "[What is Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[什麼是 Rust？](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/hello-world.md msgid "[Benefits of Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[Rust 的優點](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/hello-world.md msgid "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutes)" msgstr "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 分鐘)" #: src/hello-world.md msgid "This segment should take about 15 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 15 分鐘" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" msgstr "" "Rust 是一款新的程式設計語言，[在 2015 年推出 1.0 版](https://blog.rust-lang." "org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html)：" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "Rust 是靜態編譯的程式語言，功能與 C++ 類似" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc` 使用 LLVM 做為後端。" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" msgstr "" "Rust 支援許多[平台和架構](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-" "support.html)：" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86、ARM、WebAssembly..." #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Linux、Mac、Windows..." #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "Rust 適用於多種裝置：" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "韌體和啟動載入器" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "smart displays," msgstr "智慧螢幕、" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "手機、" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "desktops," msgstr "電腦、" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "servers." msgstr "伺服器。" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "Rust 適合用於與 C++ 同樣的領域，且具有以下特色：" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "高靈活性。" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "High level of control." msgstr "提供高度主控權。" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "可縮減到十分受限的裝置規模，例如微控制器。" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "沒有執行階段，也不使用垃圾收集機制。" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "著重可靠性和安全性，但不犧牲效能。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Rust 的幾個獨特賣點如下：" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "_Compile time memory safety_ - whole classes of memory bugs are prevented at " "compile time" msgstr "「編譯期的記憶體安全性」 - 在編譯期間就能避免各類記憶體錯誤" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No uninitialized variables." msgstr "不會產生未初始化的變數。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No double-frees." msgstr "不會導致重複釋放記憶體。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No use-after-free." msgstr "不會使用已釋放的記憶體。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No `NULL` pointers." msgstr "不會產生 `NULL` 指標。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." msgstr "不會產生忘記鎖定的互斥鎖。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No data races between threads." msgstr "執行緒之間不會發生資料競爭。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No iterator invalidation." msgstr "不會發生疊代器無效的情形。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "_No undefined runtime behavior_ - what a Rust statement does is never left " "unspecified" msgstr "" "「不會出現未定義的執行階段行為 (undefined runtime behavior)」 - Rust 陳述式的" "行為一律會有定義" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Array access is bounds checked." msgstr "陣列存取行為會經過邊界檢查。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." msgstr "整數溢位的行為是明確的 (恐慌或迴繞)。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "_Modern language features_ - as expressive and ergonomic as higher-level " "languages" msgstr "「現代化的語言特徵」 - 具表現力且符合人因工程學的高階語言" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Enums and pattern matching." msgstr "列舉和模式配對。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Generics." msgstr "泛型。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No overhead FFI." msgstr "沒有 FFI 負擔。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." msgstr "零成本的抽象化機制。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Great compiler errors." msgstr "更好的編譯錯誤描述。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Built-in dependency manager." msgstr "內建依附元件管理工具。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Built-in support for testing." msgstr "內建測試支援。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." msgstr "卓越的語言伺服器通訊協定支援。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Do not spend much time here. All of these points will be covered in more " "depth later." msgstr "這裡不要花太多時間。這幾點稍後全都會深入介紹。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" msgstr "" "請務必詢問全班同學，瞭解他們具備哪些語言的使用經驗。根據學生答覆，您可以強調" "不同的 Rust 功能：" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " "have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with " "constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management." msgstr "" "具備 C 或 C++ 經驗：Rust 會透過借用檢查器，徹底刪除一整類的「執行階段錯誤」。" "這不僅可讓您獲得像是 C 和 C++ 的效能，也不會造成記憶體安全問題。此外，您還能" "取得具備模式配對、內建依附元件管理機制等結構的新型語言。" #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " "addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage " "collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)" msgstr "" "具備 Java、Go、Python、JavaScript...經驗：Rust 能讓您享有與這些語言相同的記憶" "體安全性，而且還可帶來使用類似高階語言的感受。此外，您也能獲得像 C 和 C++ 一" "樣快速可預期的成效 (無垃圾收集器)，以及低階硬體的存取權限 (如有需要)。" #: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "The [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) provides an easy way to " "run short Rust programs, and is the basis for the examples and exercises in " "this course. Try running the \"hello-world\" program it starts with. It " "comes with a few handy features:" msgstr "" "[Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) 支援以簡便方式執行精簡的 Rust " "程式，也是本課程中範例和練習的基礎。不妨試著執行 Rust Playground 開頭的" "「hello-world」程式。Playground 兼具以下幾項便利功能：" #: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "Under \"Tools\", use the `rustfmt` option to format your code in the " "\"standard\" way." msgstr "在「Tools」下方點選「`rustfmt`」選項，以「標準」方式設定程式碼格式。" #: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "Rust has two main \"profiles\" for generating code: Debug (extra runtime " "checks, less optimization) and Release (fewer runtime checks, lots of " "optimization). These are accessible under \"Debug\" at the top." msgstr "" "Rust 有兩個主要的「設定檔」可產生程式碼，分別是「Debug」(加強執行階段檢查，最" "佳化程度較低) 和「Release」(減少執行階段檢查，大規模最佳化)。這些設定檔位於頂" "端的「Debug」下方。" #: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "If you're interested, use \"ASM\" under \"...\" to see the generated " "assembly code." msgstr "感興趣的話，不妨點選「...」下的「ASM」查看產生的組語程式碼。" #: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "As students head into the break, encourage them to open up the playground " "and experiment a little. Encourage them to keep the tab open and try things " "out during the rest of the course. This is particularly helpful for advanced " "students who want to know more about Rust's optimizations or generated " "assembly." msgstr "" "學員準備休息時，請鼓勵他們開啟 Playground 略微試驗一下。在剩餘的課堂時間，建" "議他們持續開啟 Playground 分頁嘗試操作。如果學生程度較高，想進一步瞭解 Rust " "的最佳化作業或產生的組語，就特別適合採用這個授課方式。" #: src/types-and-values.md msgid "[Hello, World](./types-and-values/hello-world.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[Hello, World](./types-and-values/hello-world.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/types-and-values.md msgid "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[變數](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/types-and-values.md msgid "[Values](./types-and-values/values.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[值](./types-and-values/values.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/types-and-values.md msgid "[Arithmetic](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[算術](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/types-and-values.md msgid "[Strings](./types-and-values/strings.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[字串](./types-and-values/strings.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/types-and-values.md msgid "[Type Inference](./types-and-values/inference.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[型別推斷](./types-and-values/inference.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/types-and-values.md msgid "[Exercise: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：費波那契數列](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/types-and-values.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/iterators.md #: src/testing.md msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 45 分鐘" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" msgstr "我們直接來看看最簡單的 Rust 程式吧，也就是經典的 Hello World 程式：" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" msgstr "\"Hello 🌍!\"" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "What you see:" msgstr "您會看到：" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "函式是以 `fn` 導入。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "區塊會用大括號分隔，這跟在 C 和 C++ 一樣。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "`main` 函式是程式的進入點。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "Rust 含有衛生巨集，例如 `println!`。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "Rust 字串採用 UTF-8 編碼，可包含任何萬國碼字元。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " "see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "我們會藉由這張投影片，試著讓學生熟悉 Rust 程式碼。在接下來的四天裡，他們會大" "量接觸到這些內容，所以我們得從他們熟悉的小地方著手。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " "imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." msgstr "" "Rust 與 C/C++/Java 傳統中的其他語言非常相似。它是指令式的程式語言，除非絕對必" "要，否則不會嘗試改編任何內容。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "Rust 是現代的程式語言，可完整支援萬國碼等等。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " "arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))." msgstr "" "當您想使用可變數量的引數時 (亦即無任何函式[超載](basic-syntax/functions-" "interlude.md))，可使用 Rust 的巨集。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " "hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene." "html)." msgstr "" "所謂「衛生」巨集，是指這類巨集不會誤從自身所用於的範圍內擷取 ID。Rust 巨集實" "際上只能算是[部分衛生](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/" "hygiene.html)的巨集。" #: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " "while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional " "concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." msgstr "" "Rust 是多範式的語言。舉例來說，它具備強大的[物件導向程式設計功能](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html)，雖然並非函式語言，卻涉及各式各樣的" "[函式概念](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)。" #: src/types-and-values/variables.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " "`let`:" msgstr "Rust 可透過靜態型別確保型別安全。根據預設，變數綁定不可變動：" #: src/types-and-values/variables.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "\"x: {x}\"" msgstr "\"x: {x}\"" #: src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "" "// x = 20;\n" " // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" msgstr "" "// x = 20;\n" " // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #: src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "" "Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " "default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." msgstr "" "取消註解 `x = 20`，證明變數預設為不可變動。如要允許變更，請加入 `mut` 關鍵" "字。" #: src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "" "The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " "time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " "many cases." msgstr "" "這裡的 `i32` 是變數型別。這是編譯器必須在編譯期間掌握的資訊，但透過型別推斷 " "(稍後會說明)，程式設計師在許多情況下都能省略其型別宣告。" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "" "Here are some basic built-in types, and the syntax for literal values of " "each type." msgstr "以下列出一些基本的內建型別，以及適用於各型的字面常量的語法。" #: src/types-and-values/values.md src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Types" msgstr "類型" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Literals" msgstr "常值" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "帶號整數" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "`i8`、`i16`、`i32`、`i64`、`i128`、`isize`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "`-10`、`0`、`1_000`、`123_i64`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "非帶號整數" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "`u8`、`u16`、`u32`、`u64`、`u128`、`usize`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "`0`、`123`、`10_u16`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "浮點數" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "`f32`、`f64`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "`3.14`、`-10.0e20`、`2_f32`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "萬國碼純量值" #: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`char`" msgstr "`char`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "`'a'`、`'α'`、`'∞'`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Booleans" msgstr "布林值" #: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`bool`" msgstr "`bool`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "`true`、`false`" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "型別的寬度如下：" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "`iN`、`uN` 和 `fN` 的寬度為 _N_ 位元" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "`isize` 和 `usize` 等同於指標的寬度" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "`char` 寬度為 32 位元" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "`bool` 寬度為 8 位元" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "除此之外，還有一些其他語法：" #: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "" "All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " "`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " "as `123i64`." msgstr "" "數字中的底線全都可以省略，寫出來只是為了方便閱讀。換句話說，`1_000` 可以寫成 " "`1000` (或 `10_00`)，而 `123_i64` 則可寫成 `123i64`。" #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "\"result: {}\"" msgstr "\"result: {}\"" #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen a function other than `main`, but the " "meaning should be clear: it takes three integers, and returns an integer. " "Functions will be covered in more detail later." msgstr "" "這是我們第一次看到 `main` 以外的函式，但此函式的含意應該很清楚，那就是它需要" "三個整數，且會傳回整數。我們稍後會詳細說明函式的細節。" #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "Arithmetic is very similar to other languages, with similar precedence." msgstr "在其他語言中，算數的方法非常相似，運算的優先順序也雷同。" #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is " "actually undefined, and might do different things on different platforms or " "compilers. In Rust, it's defined." msgstr "" "那麼整數溢位現象呢？在 C 和 C++ 中，「有號」整數的溢位現象實際上並未定義，而" "且在不同的平台或編譯器上可能有不同行為。但在 Rust 中，整數溢位會經過定義。" #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "Change the `i32`'s to `i16` to see an integer overflow, which panics " "(checked) in a debug build and wraps in a release build. There are other " "options, such as overflowing, saturating, and carrying. These are accessed " "with method syntax, e.g., `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c).saturating_add(c * " "a)`." msgstr "" "將 `i32` 變更為 `i16`，即可查看整數溢位現象，這在偵錯版本中會造成恐慌 " "(checked)，並納入發布子版本中。此外，Rust 還提供溢位、飽和與進位等其他選項，" "可透過方法語法存取，例如 `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c).saturating_add(c * " "a)`。" #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "In fact, the compiler will detect overflow of constant expressions, which is " "why the example requires a separate function." msgstr "" "事實上，編譯器會偵測常數運算式的溢位，這也是本例中需要另一個函式的原因。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "" "Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in " "more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings." msgstr "" "Rust 用來代表字串的型別有兩種，稍後會深入介紹。兩者「一律」都儲存 UTF-8 編碼" "字串。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md #, fuzzy msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string." msgstr "`String` 是可變動的字串緩衝區。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type." msgstr "`&str` - 這是唯讀字串。字串常量會採用此型別。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "\"Greetings\"" msgstr "\"Greetings\"" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "\"🪐\"" msgstr "\"🪐\"" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "\", \"" msgstr "\", \"" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "\"final sentence: {}\"" msgstr "\"final sentence: {}\"" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "\"{:?}\"" msgstr "\"{:?}\"" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" msgstr "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "" "This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more depth " "later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to use strings." msgstr "" "這張投影片用於介紹字串。我們稍後會深入介紹此處提及的所有內容，但目前這些就已" "足夠用於後續的投影片和使用字串的練習題中。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust." msgstr "字串中的無效 UTF-8 屬於 UB，而安全的 Rust 環境不允許此行為。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "" "`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and methods " "like `s.push_str(..)`." msgstr "" "`String` 是使用者定義的型別，具備建構函式 (`::new()`) 和 `s.push_str(..)` 等" "方法。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "" "The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover " "references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a read-" "only string\"." msgstr "" "`&str` 中的 `&` 表示這是參照。我們稍後會講解何謂參照，因此現在只需將 `&str` " "視為代表「唯讀字串」的單位就行了。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "" "The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. " "`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. Adjust " "it to a range that does, based on the error message." msgstr "" "被註解掉的那行程式碼會按照位元組位置建立索引到字串中。`12..13` 的結尾不是字元" "邊界，因此程式會發生恐慌。請根據錯誤訊息，將其調整至結尾為字元邊界的範圍。" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "" "Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " "`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " "amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" msgstr "" "原形字串可讓您建立停用逸出功能的 `&str` 值：`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`。只要在引" "號兩側使用等量的 `#`，即可嵌入雙引號：" #: src/types-and-values/strings.md msgid "" "Using `{:?}` is a convenient way to print array/vector/struct of values for " "debugging purposes, and it's commonly used in code." msgstr "" #: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "Rust 會觀察變數的「使用」方式，藉此判斷型別：" #: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " "constraints given by variable declarations and usages." msgstr "" "這張投影片展示了 Rust 編譯器如何根據變數宣告和用法設下的限制來推斷型別。" #: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " "of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " "code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " "of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " "code." msgstr "" "請務必強調，以這種方式宣告的變數，並非「任一型別」這類可存放任何資料的動態型" "別。此類宣告產生的機器碼與型別的明確宣告相同。編譯器會替我們執行工作，並協助" "編寫更精簡的程式碼。" #: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "" "When nothing constrains the type of an integer literal, Rust defaults to " "`i32`. This sometimes appears as `{integer}` in error messages. Similarly, " "floating-point literals default to `f64`." msgstr "" "當整數常量的型別無任何限制時，Rust 會預設使用 `i32`。這有時會在錯誤訊息中顯示" "為「{integer}」。同樣地，浮點常量會預設為 `f64`。" #: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`\n" msgstr "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`\n" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "" "The first and second Fibonacci numbers are both `1`. For n>2, the n'th " "Fibonacci number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and " "n-2'th Fibonacci numbers." msgstr "" "第一和第二個費波那契數都是 `1`。當 n>2 時，第 n 個費波那契數會以遞迴方式計算" "為第 n-1 和第 n-2 個費波那契數的和。" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "" "Write a function `fib(n)` that calculates the n'th Fibonacci number. When " "will this function panic?" msgstr "" "編寫用於計算第 n 個費波那契數的 `fib(n)` 函式。這個函式何時會發生恐慌？" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "// The base case.\n" msgstr "// The base case.\n" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "\"Implement this\"" msgstr "實作" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "// The recursive case.\n" msgstr "// The recursive case.\n" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md src/types-and-values/solution.md msgid "\"fib(n) = {}\"" msgstr "\"fib(n) = {}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics.md #, fuzzy msgid "[if Expressions](./control-flow-basics/if.md) (4 minutes)" msgstr "[巨集](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 分鐘)" #: src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "[Loops](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[迴圈](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "" "[break and continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (4 minutes)" msgstr "[break 和 continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (4 分鐘)" #: src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "" "[Blocks and Scopes](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" "[區塊 (block) 和範疇 (scope)](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (5 " "分鐘)" #: src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "[Functions](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[函式](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutes)" msgstr "[巨集](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 分鐘)" #: src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Collatz Sequence](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：考拉茲序列](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/control-flow-basics.md src/generics.md src/modules.md msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 40 分鐘" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "`if` expressions" msgstr "`if` 表達式" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" "if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" "你可以像在其他語言中使用 `if` 陳述式那樣地使用 [`if` 表達式](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions)：" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"zero!\"" msgstr "\"zero!\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"biggish\"" msgstr "\"biggish\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"huge\"" msgstr "\"huge\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " "block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" "此外，你也可以將 `if` 當作表達式使用。每個區塊中的最後一行式子將成為 `if` 表" "達式的賦值：" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"small\"" msgstr "\"small\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"large\"" msgstr "\"large\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"number size: {}\"" msgstr "\"number size: {}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " "branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` " "after `\"small\"` in the second example." msgstr "" "因為 `if` 被當作表達式使用，它必須擁有一個特定的型別，因此兩個分支區塊必須擁" "有同樣的型別。試著在第二個範例中的 `x / 2` 之後加上 `;`，並觀察其結果。" #: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to " "separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see " "the compiler error." msgstr "" "在運算式中使用 `if` 時，運算式須有 `;`，才能與下一個陳述式分隔。移除 " "`println!` 前的 `;` 即可查看編譯器錯誤。" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:" msgstr "Rust 中有三個迴圈關鍵字：`while`、`loop` 和 `for`：" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "`while`" msgstr "`while`" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "" "The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" "expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the " "loop body as long as the condition is true." msgstr "" "[`while` 關鍵字](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr." "html#predicate-loops)的運作方式與其他語言非常相似：" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" msgstr "\"Final x: {x}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates " "over ranges of values or the items in a collection:" msgstr "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) 是具有所有權的指" "向堆積上的資料的指標：" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "\"elem: {elem}\"" msgstr "\"elem: {elem}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" "Under the hood `for` loops use a concept called \"iterators\" to handle " "iterating over different kinds of ranges/collections. Iterators will be " "discussed in more detail later." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" "Note that the `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax for " "an inclusive range." msgstr "" "請注意，`for` 迴圈只會疊代至 `4`。您可以示範 `1..=5` 語法，這代表含頭尾的範" "圍。" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " "loops forever, until a `break`." msgstr "" "[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) 用於定義解構函" "式。" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md msgid "\"{i}\"" msgstr "\"{i}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md msgid "" "If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" "如果你想立即進入下一次迭代，可以使用 [`continue`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)。" #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " "`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the " "`loop` expression." msgstr "" "如果你想提早跳出迴圈，可以使用 [`break`]((https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions))，" #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md src/std-traits/exercise.md #: src/std-traits/solution.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md #: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md #: src/android/build-rules/library.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"{}\"" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "" "Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " "used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" "`continue` 以及 `break` 都可以選擇性地接收一個迴圈標籤，用來跳出巢狀迴圈中的" "某一層：" #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "\"elements searched: {elements_searched}\"" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "" "Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " "value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " "`while` and `for` loops)." msgstr "" "請注意，`loop` 是唯一會傳回重要值的迴圈結構。這是因為系統保證至少會輸入一次此" "迴圈結構，這一點不同於 `while` 和 `for` 迴圈。" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "Blocks" msgstr "區塊" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions, enclosed by braces `{}`. " "Each block has a value and a type, which are those of the last expression of " "the block:" msgstr "" "Rust 中的區塊 (Block) 包含一個數值以及一個型別：數值即為該區塊中的最後一行表" "達式：" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "\"y: {y}\"" msgstr "\"y: {y}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " "`()`." msgstr "然而，如果最後一行表達式的結尾為 `;`，則最後的數值及型別皆為 `()`。" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "" "You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " "the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." msgstr "" "你可以藉由改變區塊中的最後一行來觀察區塊數值的變化。舉例來說，新增或刪除一個" "分號，或者使用 `return`。" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block." msgstr "變數的有效範疇受限於封閉其變數的區塊。" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" msgstr "您可以遮蔽變量，包括來自外部範圍以及來自同一範圍的變量：" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"before: {a}\"" msgstr "\"before: {a}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md #: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"hello\"" msgstr "\"hello\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" msgstr "\"inner scope: {a}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" msgstr "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"after: {a}\"" msgstr "\"after: {a}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block " "in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block." msgstr "" "請說明變數的範疇受到限制，做法是在最後一個範例的內部區塊中新增 `b`，然後嘗試" "在該區塊外部存取 `b`。" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both " "variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under " "the same name, depending where you use it in the code." msgstr "" "定義：遮蔽與可變數不同，因為在遮蔽之後，兩個變數的記憶體位置會同時存在。這兩" "者可以使用同一個名稱，具體取決於您在程式碼中使用的位置。" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md #, fuzzy msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type." msgstr "遮蔽變數可以有不同的型別。" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " "after `.unwrap()`." msgstr "遮蔽一開始看起來模糊不清，但對於保留 `.unwrap()` 之後的值很方便。" #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " "programming languages), then a return type." msgstr "宣告參數後面接有型別 (與某些程式設計語言相反)，然後才是傳回型別。" #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " "value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` " "keyword can be used for early return, but the \"bare value\" form is " "idiomatic at the end of a function (refactor `gcd` to use a `return`)." msgstr "" "函式主體 (或任何區塊) 中的最後一個運算式會成為回傳值。您只要省略運算式結尾的 " "`;` 即可。" #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " "compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." msgstr "" "某些函式沒有回傳值，會傳回 `()` 這個「單位型別」。如果省略 `-> ()` 傳回型別，" "編譯器則會推斷出這點。" #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation." msgstr "每個函式都有單一實作項目：" #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Always takes a fixed number of parameters. Default arguments are not " "supported. Macros can be used to support variadic functions." msgstr "" "請一律採用定量參數。系統不支援預設引數。如要支援可變參數函式，請使用巨集。" #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, " "which will be covered later." msgstr "一律採用單組參數型別。" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "Macros are expanded into Rust code during compilation, and can take a " "variable number of arguments. They are distinguished by a `!` at the end. " "The Rust standard library includes an assortment of useful macros." msgstr "" "巨集會在編譯期間展開為 Rust 程式碼，並可接受可變數量的引數。我們可透過結尾的 " "`!` 來辨別巨集。Rust 標準程式庫包含各式實用巨集。" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting " "described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." msgstr "" "運算子超載會透過 [`std::ops`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html): " "內的特徵實作：" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "`format!(format, ..)` works just like `println!` but returns the result as a " "string." msgstr "" "`format!(format, ..)` 的運作方式與 `println!` 類似，但會以字串形式傳回結果。" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "`dbg!(expression)` logs the value of the expression and returns it." msgstr "`dbg!(expression)` 會記錄並傳回運算式的值。" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "`todo!()` marks a bit of code as not-yet-implemented. If executed, it will " "panic." msgstr "`todo!()` 可將一小段程式碼標示為尚未實作，但執行後會發生恐慌。" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "`unreachable!()` marks a bit of code as unreachable. If executed, it will " "panic." msgstr "`unavailable!()` 可將一小段程式碼標示為無法存取，但執行後會發生恐慌。" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "\"{n}! = {}\"" msgstr "\"{n}! = {}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "The takeaway from this section is that these common conveniences exist, and " "how to use them. Why they are defined as macros, and what they expand to, is " "not especially critical." msgstr "" "本節的重點在於，上述的便利性不僅常見，而且確實存在，學員需瞭解如何運用。至於" "為何將便利性定義為巨集，以及巨集展開後會變成什麼內容，則沒有那麼重要。" #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "The course does not cover defining macros, but a later section will describe " "use of derive macros." msgstr "本課程不會探討如何定義巨集，但後續章節將說明衍生巨集的用法。" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "" "The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is " "defined as follows, for an arbitrary n" msgstr "" "[考拉茲序列](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "%E8%80%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B9%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3)的定義如下，對於任意大於零的數 " "n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "1" msgstr "1" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid " greater than zero:" msgstr " 大於零：" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "If _n" msgstr "如果 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "i" msgstr "i" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n" msgstr "_ 是 1，那麼序列會終止在 _n " #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_." msgstr "_。" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ is even, then _n" msgstr "_ 是偶數，那麼 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "i+1" msgstr "i+1" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid " = n" msgstr " = n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid " / 2_." msgstr " / 2_。" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ is odd, then _n" msgstr "_ 是奇數，那麼 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid " = 3 * n" msgstr " = 3 * n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid " + 1_." msgstr " + 1_。" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "For example, beginning with _n" msgstr "假設我們從 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 3:" msgstr "_ = 3 開始：" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "3 is odd, so _n" msgstr "3 是奇數，所以 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "2" msgstr "2" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" msgstr "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10；" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "10 is even, so _n" msgstr "10 是偶數，所以 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "3" msgstr "3" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" msgstr "_ = 10 / 2 = 5；" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "5 is odd, so _n" msgstr "5 是奇數，所以 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "4" msgstr "4" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" msgstr "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16；" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "16 is even, so _n" msgstr "16 是偶數，所以 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "5" msgstr "5" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" msgstr "_ = 16 / 2 = 8；" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "8 is even, so _n" msgstr "8 是偶數，所以 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "6" msgstr "6" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" msgstr "_ = 8 / 2 = 4；" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "4 is even, so _n" msgstr "4 是偶數，所以 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "7" msgstr "7" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" msgstr "_ = 4 / 2 = 2；" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "2 is even, so _n" msgstr "2 是偶數，所以 _n" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "8" msgstr "8" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "_ = 1; and" msgstr "_ = 1；之後" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "the sequence terminates." msgstr "序列就會終止。" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "" "Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " "initial `n`." msgstr "給定初始 `n`，請編寫一個函式來計算考拉茲序列的長度。" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/solution.md msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" msgstr "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" #: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md msgid "\"Length: {}\"" msgstr "\"Length: {}\"" #: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md #: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome Back" msgstr "歡迎" #: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 minutes)" msgstr "[元組和陣列](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md msgid "[References](./references.md) (35 minutes)" msgstr "[參照](./references.md) (35 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md msgid "[User-Defined Types](./user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" msgstr "[使用者定義的型別](./user-defined-types.md) (50 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 15 " "minutes" msgstr "加上 10 分鐘的休息時間，這個課程大約需要 2 小時 15 分鐘" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md msgid "[Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[元組和陣列](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md #, fuzzy msgid "[Tuples](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[元組和陣列](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md msgid "[Array Iteration](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[陣列疊代](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md msgid "" "[Patterns and Destructuring](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 " "minutes)" msgstr "[解構](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md msgid "[Exercise: Nested Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：巢狀陣列](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md msgid "This segment should take about 35 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 35 分鐘" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " "elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " "its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " "different types. Slices, which have a size determined at runtime, are " "covered later." msgstr "" "陣列型別 `[T; N]` 的值會保留同樣屬於 `T` 型別的 `N` (編譯時間常數) 元素。請注" "意，陣列的長度是「其型別的一部分」，也就是說 `[u8; 3]` 和 `[u8; 4]` 視為兩種" "不同型別。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at " "runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be " "avoided using unsafe Rust." msgstr "" "請嘗試存取超出範圍的陣列元素。系統會在執行階段檢查存取陣列的行為。Rust 通常可" "對這類檢查進行最佳化處理，避免使用不安全的 Rust 執行這些檢查。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." msgstr "我們可以使用常值將值指派給陣列。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format " "parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. " "Types such as integers and strings implement the default output, but arrays " "only implement the debug output. This means that we must use debug output " "here." msgstr "" "在主函式中，輸出陳述式會使用 `?` 格式參數要求偵錯實作：`{}` 提供預設輸出內" "容，`{:?}` 則提供偵錯輸出內容。我們也可以使用 `{a}` 和 `{a:?}` 而不需指定格式" "字串後方的值。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " "easier to read." msgstr "加入 `#` (例如 `{a:#?}`) 可叫用方便閱讀的「美化排版」格式。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." msgstr "和陣列一樣，元組有固定的長度。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." msgstr "元組會將不同型別的值組成複合型別。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "" "Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " "e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "元組的欄位可透過點號和值的索引存取，例如 `t.0`、`t.1`。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "" "The empty tuple `()` is referred to as the \"unit type\" and signifies " "absence of a return value, akin to `void` in other languages." msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)." msgstr "`for` 陳述式支援對陣列進行疊代 (對元組則不支援)。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "" "This functionality uses the `IntoIterator` trait, but we haven't covered " "that yet." msgstr "這項功能使用 `IntoIterator` 特徵，但這部分我們尚未介紹。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "" "The `assert_ne!` macro is new here. There are also `assert_eq!` and `assert!" "` macros. These are always checked while, debug-only variants like " "`debug_assert!` compile to nothing in release builds." msgstr "" "`assert_ne!` 是這裡的新巨集。此外還有 `assert_eq!` 和 `assert!` 巨集。系統一" "律會檢查這些巨集，但如果是 `debug_assert!` 這類僅供偵錯的變體，在發布子版本中" "會編譯為空白內容。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "When working with tuples and other structured values it's common to want to " "extract the inner values into local variables. This can be done manually by " "directly accessing the inner values:" msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "\"left: {left}, right: {right}\"" msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "However, Rust also supports using pattern matching to destructure a larger " "value into its constituent parts:" msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "This works with any kind of structured value:" msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "\"a: {a}, b: {b}\"" msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "The patterns used here are \"irrefutable\", meaning that the compiler can " "statically verify that the value on the right of `=` has the same structure " "as the pattern." msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "A variable name is an irrefutable pattern that always matches any value, " "hence why we can also use `let` to declare a single variable." msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "Rust also supports using patterns in conditionals, allowing for equality " "comparison and destructuring to happen at the same time. This form of " "pattern matching will be discussed in more detail later." msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "Edit the examples above to show the compiler error when the pattern doesn't " "match the value being matched on." msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" msgstr "陣列可包含其他陣列：" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "What is the type of this variable?" msgstr "思考一下，每個迴圈中的 `word` 型別為何？" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " "transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" msgstr "" "使用上述程式碼編寫可用用於美化矩陣排版的 `pretty_print` 函式，以及用於轉置矩" "陣 (將列轉換為欄) 的 `transpose` 函式：" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." msgstr "為這兩個函式進行硬式編碼，以便在 3 × 3 矩陣上執行。" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " "functions:" msgstr "將下方程式碼複製到 ，並實作函式：" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/borrowing/exercise.md #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" msgstr "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "//\n" msgstr "//\n" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" msgstr "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" msgstr "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" #: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" msgstr "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" #: src/references.md msgid "[Shared References](./references/shared.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[共用參照](./references/shared.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/references.md msgid "[Exclusive References](./references/exclusive.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[專屬參照](./references/Exclusive.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/references.md msgid "[Exercise: Geometry](./references/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：幾何圖形](./references/exercise.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A reference provides a way to access another value without taking " "responsibility for the value, and is also called \"borrowing\". Shared " "references are read-only, and the referenced data cannot change." msgstr "" "所謂參照，是一種可存取另一值而不對該值負責的方法，也稱為「借用 " "(borrowing)」。共用的參照僅供唯讀，且其參照的資料無法變更。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A shared reference to a type `T` has type `&T`. A reference value is made " "with the `&` operator. The `*` operator \"dereferences\" a reference, " "yielding its value." msgstr "" "如果是對 `T` 型別的共用參照，就屬於 `&T` 型別。系統會使用 `&` 運算子建立參照" "值。`*` 運算子則用於將參照「解除參照」，產生參照的值。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" msgstr "Rust 會以靜態方式禁止迷途參照：" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to, and this is a good " "model for students not familiar with pointers: code can use the reference to " "access the value, but is still \"owned\" by the original variable. The " "course will get into more detail on ownership in day 3." msgstr "" "參照可說是「借用」自身參照的值，對不熟悉指標的學生而言，這是不錯的模型，因為" "程式碼可以使用參照來存取值，但仍歸原始的變數所「擁有」。本課程將在第 3 天進一" "步說明擁有權。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "References are implemented as pointers, and a key advantage is that they can " "be much smaller than the thing they point to. Students familiar with C or C+" "+ will recognize references as pointers. Later parts of the course will " "cover how Rust prevents the memory-safety bugs that come from using raw " "pointers." msgstr "" "參照需以指標的形式實作，主要優點是大小會比指向的目標小得多。熟悉 C 或 C++ 的" "學生會覺得參照很像指標。在稍後的課程中，我們將介紹 Rust 如何避免使用原始指標" "導致的記憶體安全錯誤。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "Rust does not automatically create references for you - the `&` is always " "required." msgstr "Rust 不會自動為您建立參照，一律須使用 `&`。" #: src/references/shared.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " "methods (try `r.is_ascii()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like in " "C++." msgstr "" "在某些情況下，尤其是在叫用方法時，Rust 會自動解除參照 (請嘗試使用 `ref_x." "count_ones()`)。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "In this example, `r` is mutable so that it can be reassigned (`r = &b`). " "Note that this re-binds `r`, so that it refers to something else. This is " "different from C++, where assignment to a reference changes the referenced " "value." msgstr "" "這個範例中的 `r` 可變動，因此可以重新指派 (`r = &b`)。請注意，這會重新繫結 " "`r`，因此會參照其他內容。此方式與 C++ 不同，在 C++ 中，對參照的賦值會變更參照" "的值。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A shared reference does not allow modifying the value it refers to, even if " "that value was mutable. Try `*r = 'X'`." msgstr "" "共用參照不允許修改其參照的值，即使該值可變動也一樣。請嘗試使用 `*r = 'X'`。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " "enough. Dangling references cannot occur in safe Rust. `x_axis` would return " "a reference to `point`, but `point` will be deallocated when the function " "returns, so this will not compile." msgstr "" "Rust 會追蹤所有參照的生命週期，確保其存留時間夠長。在安全的 Rust 中不會發生迷" "途參照。`x_axis` 會傳回對 `point` 的參照，但在函式傳回時會釋放 `point` ，因此" "不會編譯。" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." msgstr "我們會在講到擁有權時進一步探討「借用」。" #: src/references/exclusive.md msgid "" "Exclusive references, also known as mutable references, allow changing the " "value they refer to. They have type `&mut T`." msgstr "" "專屬參照 (也稱做可變動參照) 允許變更自身參照的值。這類參照屬於 `&mut T` 型" "別。" #: src/references/exclusive.md msgid "" "\"Exclusive\" means that only this reference can be used to access the " "value. No other references (shared or exclusive) can exist at the same time, " "and the referenced value cannot be accessed while the exclusive reference " "exists. Try making an `&point.0` or changing `point.0` while `x_coord` is " "alive." msgstr "" "「專屬」表示只有這個參照可用來存取值。任何其他參照 (不論是共用或專屬參照) 都" "不可以同時存在，此外，在專屬參照存在的情況下，就無法存取參照的值。請嘗試在 " "`x_coord` 運作時建立 `&point.0` 或變更 `point.0`。" #: src/references/exclusive.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let " "x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be " "bound to different values, while the second represents an exclusive " "reference to a mutable value." msgstr "" "請務必留意 `let mut ref_x: &i32` 和 `let ref_x: &mut i32` 的差異。前者代表可" "變動的參照，可綁定至不同的值；後者則代表可變動值的參照。" #: src/references/exercise.md msgid "" "We will create a few utility functions for 3-dimensional geometry, " "representing a point as `[f64;3]`. It is up to you to determine the function " "signatures." msgstr "" "我們會建立幾個 3D 幾何圖形的公用函式，將點表示為 `[f64;3]`。函式簽章則由您自" "行決定。" #: src/references/exercise.md msgid "" "// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its " "coordinates\n" "// and taking the square root. Use the `sqrt()` method to calculate the " "square\n" "// root, like `v.sqrt()`.\n" msgstr "" "// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its " "coordinates\n" "// and taking the square root. Use the `sqrt()` method to calculate the " "square\n" "// root, like `v.sqrt()`.\n" #: src/references/exercise.md msgid "" "// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its\n" "// coordinates by that magnitude.\n" msgstr "" "// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its\n" "// coordinates by that magnitude.\n" #: src/references/exercise.md msgid "// Use the following `main` to test your work.\n" msgstr "// Use the following `main` to test your work.\n" #: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md msgid "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\"" msgstr "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\"" #: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\"" msgstr "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\"" #: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\"" msgstr "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\"" #: src/references/solution.md msgid "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n" msgstr "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n" #: src/references/solution.md msgid "" "/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its " "direction.\n" msgstr "" "/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its " "direction.\n" #: src/user-defined-types.md msgid "[Named Structs](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[已命名的結構體](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/user-defined-types.md msgid "[Tuple Structs](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[元組結構體](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/user-defined-types.md msgid "[Enums](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[列舉](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/user-defined-types.md msgid "" "[Static and Const](./user-defined-types/static-and-const.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[靜態和常數](./user-defined-types/static-and-const.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/user-defined-types.md msgid "[Type Aliases](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 minutes)" msgstr "[型別別名](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 分鐘)" #: src/user-defined-types.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Elevator Events](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：電梯事件](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/user-defined-types.md src/borrowing.md msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 50 分鐘" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" msgstr "與 C 和 C++ 一樣，Rust 支援自訂結構體：" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "\"{} is {} years old\"" msgstr "\"{} is {} years old\"" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"Peter\"" msgstr "\"Peter\"" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "\"Avery\"" msgstr "\"Avery\"" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "\"Jackie\"" msgstr "\"Jackie\"" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md #: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Key Points:" msgstr "重點：" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "結構體的運作方式與在 C 或 C++ 中類似。" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." msgstr "不需要 typedef 即可定義型別。這與 C++ 類似，但與 C 不同。" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "與 C++ 不同的是，結構體之間沒有繼承關係。" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " "structs." msgstr "不妨趁此機會讓學員瞭解還有幾種不同的結構體。" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " "value itself." msgstr "" "針對某些型別實作特徵時，可能會使用大小為零的結構體 `e.g., struct Foo;`，但其" "中沒有任何需要儲存在值本身的資料。" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "" "The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " "not important." msgstr "在下一張投影片中，我們會介紹元組結構體，可於欄位名稱不重要時使用。" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " "struct using a shorthand." msgstr "如果您已有名稱相同的變數，可以透過簡寫 建立結構體：" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" "`..peter` 語法可讓我們從舊的結構體中複製大部分欄位，而不必明確輸入所有欄位。" "此元素一律須位於最後。" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "如果欄位名稱不重要，您可以使用元組結構體：" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "\"({}, {})\"" msgstr "\"({}, {})\"" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" msgstr "這通常用於單一欄位的包裝函式 (稱為 newtypes)：" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" msgstr "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "// ...\n" msgstr "// ...\n" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " "a primitive type, for example:" msgstr "" "如要對原始型別中值的額外資訊進行編碼，Newtypes 是絕佳的方式，舉例來說：" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "此數字會採用某些測量單位：在上例中為 `Newtons`。" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " "to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`." msgstr "" "此值在建立時已通過某些驗證，因此往後不必在每次使用時再次驗證。例" "如：'PhoneNumber(String)`或`OddNumber(u32)\\` 。" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " "single field in the newtype." msgstr "" "示範如何透過存取 newtype 中的單一欄位，將 “f64” 值新增至 `Newtons` 類型。" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " "for instance using booleans as integers." msgstr "Rust 通常不太能接受不明確的內容，例如自動展開或使用布林值做為整數。" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "運算子超載會在第 3 天 (泛型) 討論。" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." msgstr "" "此範例巧妙地以 [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Mars_Climate_Orbiter) 的失敗經驗做為參照。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " "variants:" msgstr "`enum` 關鍵字可建立具有幾個不同變體的型別：" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "// Simple variant\n" msgstr "// Simple variant\n" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "// Tuple variant\n" msgstr "// Tuple variant\n" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "// Struct variant\n" msgstr "// Struct variant\n" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md #, fuzzy msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type." msgstr "列舉可讓您在單一類別中收集一組值。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "`Direction` is a type with variants. There are two values of `Direction`: " "`Direction::Left` and `Direction::Right`." msgstr "" "`Direction` 是含變體的型別，有`Direction::Left` 和 `Direction::Right` 這兩個" "值。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "`PlayerMove` is a type with three variants. In addition to the payloads, " "Rust will store a discriminant so that it knows at runtime which variant is " "in a `PlayerMove` value." msgstr "" "`PlayerMove` 是含三種變體的型別。除了酬載之外，Rust 還會儲存判別值，以便在執" "行階段瞭解哪個變體屬於 `PlayerMove` 值。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md #, fuzzy msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:" msgstr "這或許是比較結構體和列舉的好時機：" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " "with different types of fields (variant payloads)." msgstr "" "無論使用何者，都能取得沒有欄位的簡易版本 (單元結構體)，或是具有不同欄位型別的" "版本 (變體負載)。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " "structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " "all defined in an enum." msgstr "" "您甚至可以使用獨立的結構體實作列舉的不同變體，但比起在列舉中定義全部變體的情" "況，這麼做會讓變體的型別有所不同。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant." msgstr "Rust 會以最少的空間來儲存判別值。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size" msgstr "如有需要，Rust 會儲存最小所需大小的整數" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "If the allowed variant values do not cover all bit patterns, it will use " "invalid bit patterns to encode the discriminant (the \"niche " "optimization\"). For example, `Option<&u8>` stores either a pointer to an " "integer or `NULL` for the `None` variant." msgstr "" "如果允許的變體值未涵蓋所有位元模式，Rust 會使用無效的位元模式來編碼判別值 (即" "「區位最佳化」)。舉例來說，`Option<&u8>` 可儲存指向整數的指標，也可儲存 " "`None` 變體適用的 `NULL`。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" msgstr "您可以視需要控制判別值，例如為了與 C 相容：" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " "bytes." msgstr "" "如果沒有 `repr`，判別值型別會需要 2 個位元組，因為 10001 適合 2 個位元組。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #: src/memory-management/review.md src/memory-management/move.md #: src/smart-pointers/box.md src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "More to Explore" msgstr "探索更多內容" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less " "space." msgstr "Rust 支援多種最佳化做法，可用於縮減列舉占用的空間。" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " "`size_of::>()`." msgstr "" "空值指標最佳化：針對[部分型別](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/" "#representation)，Rust 保證 `size_of::()` 等於 `size_of::>()`." #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " "like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " "guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." msgstr "" "如果想示範位元表示法實際運作時「可能」的樣子，可以使用下列範例程式碼。請務必" "注意，編譯器並無對這個表示法提供保證，因此這完全不安全。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" "scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " "the program." msgstr "" "靜態和常數變數是建立全域範圍值的兩種不同方式，這個值無法在程式執行期間移動或" "重新分配。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "`const`" msgstr "`const`" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "" "Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " "inlined wherever they are used:" msgstr "常數變數會在編譯期間評估，且無論用於何處，其值都會內嵌：" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "" "According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." msgstr "" "根據《[Rust RFC 手冊](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-static." "html)》所述，這類值會在使用時內嵌。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "" "Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " "`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." msgstr "" "您只能在編譯期間呼叫標示為 `const` 的函式，以便產生 `const` 值，但可以在執行" "階段呼叫 `const` 函式。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "`static`" msgstr "`static`" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "" "Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " "therefore will not move:" msgstr "靜態變數會在程式的整個執行過程中持續運作，因此不會移動：" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #, fuzzy msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" msgstr "歡迎參加第 1 天課程" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" msgstr "\"{BANNER}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " "associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and " "the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " "globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " "`const` is generally preferred." msgstr "" "如《[Rust RFC 手冊](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-static." "html)》所述，這類值在使用時不會內嵌，且具備實際相關聯的記憶體位置。這對不安全" "和嵌入的程式碼很有幫助，且變數在程式執行全程都會持續運作。當全域範圍值沒有需" "要物件識別子的理由時，通常首選會是使用 `const`。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." msgstr "別忘了提到 `const` 的行為在語意上與 C++ 的 `constexpr` 相似。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "" "`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " "global variable in C++." msgstr "另一方面，`static` 則更類似於 C++ 中的 `const` 或可變動的全域變數。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "" "`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " "required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." msgstr "" "`static` 提供物件識別子，也就是記憶體中的位址，和具有內部可變動性型別 (例如 " "`Mutex`) 所需的狀態。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "" "It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " "it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" "需要在執行階段評估常數的情況雖不常見，但這會比使用靜態項目更有用且安全。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Properties table:" msgstr "屬性表：" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Property" msgstr "資源" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Static" msgstr "靜態" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Constant" msgstr "常數" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Has an address in memory" msgstr "具備記憶體中的位址" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Yes" msgstr "是" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "No (inlined)" msgstr "否 (已內嵌)" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" msgstr "在整個程式執行期間持續存在" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "No" msgstr "否" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Can be mutable" msgstr "可變動" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Yes (unsafe)" msgstr "是 (不安全)" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #, fuzzy msgid "Evaluated at compile time" msgstr "是 (已在編譯時初始化)" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" msgstr "是 (已在編譯時初始化)" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" msgstr "無論在何處使用都會內嵌" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " "`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." msgstr "" "由於 `static` 變數可從任何執行緒存取，因此必須是 `Sync`。內部可變動性則可透過" "原子或類似的 [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) " "實現。也可能有可變動的靜態項目，但這些需要手動同步，因此每當存取這類項目時就" "需要動用 `unsafe` 程式碼。我們會在「不安全的 Rust」章節中探討[可變動的靜態項" "目](../unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md)。" #: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md #, fuzzy msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." msgstr "您可以使用 `std::thread_local` 巨集來建立 `thread_local` 資料。" #: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "" "A type alias creates a name for another type. The two types can be used " "interchangeably." msgstr "型別別名會為另一型別建立名稱。這兩種型別可以交替使用。" #: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:\n" msgstr "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:\n" #: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "C programmers will recognize this as similar to a `typedef`." msgstr "別名在 C 語言的程式設計師眼中類似於 `typedef`。" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "" "We will create a data structure to represent an event in an elevator control " "system. It is up to you to define the types and functions to construct " "various events. Use `#[derive(Debug)]` to allow the types to be formatted " "with `{:?}`." msgstr "" "我們會建立資料結構，用來代表電梯控制系統中的事件。您可以自行定義類型和函式，" "建構各種事件。請使用 `#[derive(Debug)]` 來允許型別採用 `{:?}` 的格式。" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "" "This exercise only requires creating and populating data structures so that " "`main` runs without errors. The next part of the course will cover getting " "data out of these structures." msgstr "" "這項練習只需建立及填入資料結構，`main` 就能在不發生錯誤的情況下執行。本課程的" "下一部分將介紹如何從這些結構中取得資料。" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "" "/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n" msgstr "" "/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: add required variants\n" msgstr "// TODO: add required variants\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A direction of travel.\n" msgstr "/// A direction of travel.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n" msgstr "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car doors have opened.\n" msgstr "/// The car doors have opened.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car doors have closed.\n" msgstr "/// The car doors have closed.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "" "/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given " "floor.\n" msgstr "" "/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given " "floor.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n" msgstr "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car door opened: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"The car door opened: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car door closed: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"The car door closed: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A button was pressed.\n" msgstr "/// A button was pressed.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n" msgstr "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car's doors have opened.\n" msgstr "/// The car's doors have opened.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car's doors have closed.\n" msgstr "/// The car's doors have closed.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n" msgstr "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A user-accessible button.\n" msgstr "/// A user-accessible button.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n" msgstr "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n" #: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A floor button within the car.\n" msgstr "/// A floor button within the car.\n" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "Welcome to Day 2" msgstr "歡迎參加第 2 天課程" #: src/welcome-day-2.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, today will focus on Rust's type " "system:" msgstr "您目前對 Rust 已有相當程度的認識，接下來我們將繼續講解以下概念：" #: src/welcome-day-2.md #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern matching: extracting data from structures." msgstr "模式配對：解構列舉、結構和陣列。" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "Methods: associating functions with types." msgstr "方法：將函式與型別建立關聯。" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "Traits: behaviors shared by multiple types." msgstr "特徵：由多種型別共用的行為。" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "Generics: parameterizing types on other types." msgstr "泛型：在其他型別上將型別參數化。" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "" "Standard library types and traits: a tour of Rust's rich standard library." msgstr "標準程式庫的型別和特徵：一覽 Rust 豐富的標準程式庫。" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-2.md #, fuzzy msgid "[Pattern Matching](./pattern-matching.md) (1 hour)" msgstr "[模式配對](./pattern-matching.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "[Methods and Traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[方法和特徵](./methods-and-traits.md) (45 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "[Generics](./generics.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "[泛型](./generics.md) (40 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 50 " "minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 2 小時 50 分鐘" #: src/pattern-matching.md #, fuzzy msgid "[Matching Values](./pattern-matching/match.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[配對](./pattern-matching/match.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/pattern-matching.md msgid "[Destructuring](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[解構](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/pattern-matching.md msgid "[Let Control Flow](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[Let 控制流程](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/pattern-matching.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Expression Evaluation](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 " "minutes)" msgstr "[練習：運算式求值](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/pattern-matching.md src/memory-management.md msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 1 小時" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " "The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" "您可以使用 `match` 關鍵字，將值與一或多個「模式」配對。系統會從最上方往下依序" "比對，並套用第一個比對成功的模式。" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "模式可以是簡單的值，類似 C 和 C++ 中的 `switch`：" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'x'" msgstr "'x'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'q'" msgstr "'q'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Quitting\"" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/std-traits/solution.md #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md #, fuzzy msgid "'a'" msgstr "'a'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md #, fuzzy msgid "'s'" msgstr "'s'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'w'" msgstr "'w'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'d'" msgstr "'d'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Moving around\"" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md #: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'0'" msgstr "'0'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md #: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'9'" msgstr "'9'" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Number input\"" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Something else\"" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " "expressions _must_ be exhaustive, meaning that it covers every possibility, " "so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have " "the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the " "example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" "和 `if let` 一樣，每個比對臂都必須具有相同型別。型別是區塊的最後一個運算式 " "(如有)。在上述範例中，型別為 `()`。" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " "can be used within the match arm." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " "pattern" msgstr "建議您特別指出某些特定字元在模式中的使用方式" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "`|` 可做為 `or`" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "`..` 可以視需要展開" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "`1..=5` 代表含頭尾的範圍" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "`_` 是萬用字元" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " "we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " "allow." msgstr "" "有些概念比模式本身所允許的更加複雜，如果我們希望簡要地表達這些想法，就必須把" "配對守衛視為獨立的語法功能。" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " "An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " "match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " "result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" "這與配對分支內的個別 `if` 運算式不同。分支區塊中的 `if` 運算式 (位於 `=>` 之" "後) 會在選取配對分支後發生。即使該區塊內的 `if` 條件失敗，系統也不會考量原始 " "`match` 運算式的其他分支。" #: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " "with an `|`." msgstr "只要運算式隸屬於具備 `|` 的模式之中，就會套用守衛定義的條件。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "Like tuples, structs and enums can also be destructured by matching:" msgstr "就像元組，結構體和列舉也可透過配對來解構：" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "Structs" msgstr "結構體" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" msgstr "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" msgstr "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" msgstr "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "" "Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " "how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " "`enum` type:" msgstr "" "模式也可用來將變數綁定至值的某些部分。您可以透過這個方式檢查型別的結構。首先" "從簡單的 `enum` 型別開始吧：" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" msgstr "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" msgstr "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" msgstr "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "" "Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " "arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " "arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" "這裡我們利用分支來「解構」`Result` 值。在第一個分支中，`half` 會與 `Ok` 變體" "中的值綁定。在第二個分支中，`msg` 會綁定至錯誤訊息。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." msgstr "請變更 `foo` 中的常值，與其他模式配對。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." msgstr "在 `Foo` 中新增一個欄位，並視需要變更模式。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "" "The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " "spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " "subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." msgstr "" "捕獲和常數運算式之間的區別可能不容易發現。請嘗試將第二個分支的 `2` 變更為變" "數，您會發現它幾乎無法運作。現在將其變更為 `const`，您會看到它再次運作。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "" "The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " "a `match`." msgstr "`if`/`else` 運算式會傳回列舉，之後列舉會透過 `match` 解除封裝。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "" "You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " "errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " "inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" "您可以嘗試在列舉定義中加入第三個變體，並在執行程式碼時顯示錯誤。請向學員指出" "程式碼現在有哪些地方還不詳盡，並說明編譯器會如何嘗試給予提示。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " "matched." msgstr "" "只有在與模式配對相符後，才能存取列舉變數中的值。此模式會將參照繫結至 `=>` 後" "方「配對分支」中的欄位。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " "the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled." msgstr "" "請示範非窮舉搜尋的情況。請確認系統處理所有案例的時間，指出 Rust 編譯器提供的" "優勢。" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md msgid "" "Save the result of `divide_in_two` in the `result` variable and `match` it " "in a loop. That won't compile because `msg` is consumed when matched. To fix " "it, match `&result` instead of `result`. That will make `msg` a reference so " "it won't be consumed. This [\"match ergonomics\"](https://rust-lang.github." "io/rfcs/2005-match-ergonomics.html) appeared in Rust 2018. If you want to " "support older Rust, replace `msg` with `ref msg` in the pattern." msgstr "" "將 `divide_in_two` 的結果儲存在 `result` 變數中，並在迴圈中 `match` 結果。由" "於配對符合時會耗用 `msg`，因此這麼做並不會執行編譯。如要修正此問題，請配對 " "`&result`，而非 `result`。這會讓 `msg` 成為參照，因此就不會遭到耗用。這個" "[「人因工程學的配對」](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/2005-match-" "ergonomics.html)功能已於 Rust 2018 推出。如要支援舊版 Rust，請在模式中將 " "`msg` 替換成 `ref msg`。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " "They are used for pattern matching:" msgstr "Rust 的某些控制流程結構與其他程式語言不同。這些結構會用於模式配對：" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`if let` expressions" msgstr "`if let` 運算式" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`while let` expressions" msgstr "`while let` 運算式" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`match` expressions" msgstr "`match` 運算式" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" "expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " "whether a value matches a pattern:" msgstr "" "[`if let` 運算式](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr." "html#if-let-expressions)可讓您根據值是否符合模式，執行不同的程式碼：" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"slept for {:?}\"" msgstr "\"slept for {:?}\"" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`let else` expressions" msgstr "`let else` 運算式" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, " "use [`let else`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/" "let_else.html). The \"else\" case must diverge (`return`, `break`, or panic " "- anything but falling off the end of the block)." msgstr "" "如果是要配對模式並從函式傳回的常見情況，請使用 [`let else`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/let_else.html)。如果是「其他」情況，則" "必須發散 (`return`、`break` 或恐慌，也就是落在區塊結尾之外的任何情況)。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"got None\"" msgstr "\"got None\"" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"got empty string\"" msgstr "\"got empty string\"" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"not a hex digit\"" msgstr "\"not a hex digit\"" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "\"result: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"result: {:?}\"" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md #: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/testing/solution.md #: src/android/testing.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"foo\"" msgstr "\"foo\"" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " "repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" msgstr "" "和 `if let` 的情況一樣，有一個 [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) 變數可針對模式" "重複測試值：" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." "String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after " "which it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through " "all items." msgstr "" "`v.iter()` 傳回的疊代器會在每次呼叫 `next()` 時傳回 `Option`。疊代器會在" "完成後才傳回 `Some(x)`，之後則會傳回 `None`。`while let` 可讓我們持續疊代所有" "項目。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "if-let" msgstr "if-let" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " "it more concise than `match`." msgstr "與 `match` 不同，`if let` 不會為模式比對支援成立條件子句。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." msgstr "常見用途是在使用 `Option` 時處理 `Some` 值。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." msgstr "與 `match` 不同，`if let` 不會為模式比對支援成立條件子句。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "let-else" msgstr "let-else" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "`if-let`s can pile up, as shown. The `let-else` construct supports " "flattening this nested code. Rewrite the awkward version for students, so " "they can see the transformation." msgstr "" "如上所示，`if-let` 可能會越加越多。`let-else` 結構支援壓平合併這個巢狀程式" "碼。請為學生重新編寫這個冗長的版本，讓他們見識改寫的效果。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "The rewritten version is:" msgstr "重新編寫的版本如下：" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "while-let" msgstr "while-let" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " "matches the pattern." msgstr "請指出只要值符合模式，`while let` 迴圈就會持續運作。" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " "statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The " "`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." msgstr "" "您可以將 `while let` 迴圈重寫為無限迴圈，並加上會在無法為 `iter.next()` 取消" "包裝值的情況下結束的 if 陳述式。`while let` 可為上述情況提供語法糖。" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions." msgstr "我們現在要為算術運算式編寫簡單的遞迴評估器。" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later " "in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the " "tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator (`*`) to " "\"unbox\" it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`." msgstr "" "這裡的 `Box` 型別是一種智慧指標，我們會在本課程的後續部分詳細說明。如測試中所" "示，運算式可被 `Box::new`「裝箱」。如要求裝箱運算式的值，請使用 deref 運算子 " "(`*`) 來「開箱」：`eval(*boxed_expr)`。" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The standard " "[`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result." "html) type is an enum that represents either a successful value " "(`Ok(Value)`) or an error (`Err(String)`). We will cover this type in detail " "later." msgstr "" "部分運算式無法求值，且會傳回錯誤。標準 [`Result`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html) 型別是一種列舉，用於表示成功值 " "(`Ok(Value) )`) 或錯誤 (`Err(String)`)。我們稍後會詳細說明這種型別。" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing " "`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use " "`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one. You can also skip a test " "temporarily with `#[ignore]`:" msgstr "" "請複製程式碼並貼到 Rust Playground，然後開始實作 `eval`。最終成品應會通過測" "試。使用 `todo!()` 讓測試逐一通過可能有所幫助，但您也可以使用 `#[ignore]` 暫" "時略過測試：" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "If you finish early, try writing a test that results in division by zero or " "integer overflow. How could you handle this with `Result` instead of a panic?" msgstr "" "如果您提前完成操作，不妨試著編寫一個以零為除數或會整數溢位的測試。該如何利用 " "`Result` (而非恐慌) 處理這種情況？" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" msgstr "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n" msgstr "/// An expression, in tree form.\n" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" msgstr "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// A literal value\n" msgstr "/// A literal value\n" #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "\"division by zero\"" msgstr "\"division by zero\"" #: src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "\"expr: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"expr: {:?}\"" #: src/methods-and-traits.md msgid "[Methods](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[方法](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/methods-and-traits.md msgid "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[特徵](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/methods-and-traits.md msgid "[Deriving](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[衍生](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/methods-and-traits.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Generic Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：泛型 Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 分鐘)" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " "an `impl` block:" msgstr "" "Rust 可讓您將函式與新型別建立關聯。您可以使用 `impl` 區塊來執行這項操作：" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n" msgstr "// No receiver, a static method\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" msgstr "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" msgstr "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" msgstr "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" msgstr "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" msgstr "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" msgstr "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" msgstr "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" msgstr "// race.add_lap(42);\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts " "on. There are several common receivers for a method:" msgstr "" "上述的 `&self` 表示方法會以不可變的方式借用物件。以下是其他可能的方法接收器：" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" "`&self`：使用共用且不可變動的參照，從呼叫端借用物件。之後可以再次使用該物件。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" "`&mut self`：使用不重複且可變動的參照，從呼叫端借用物件。之後可以再次使用該物" "件。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " "method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " "(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " "transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." msgstr "" "`self`：取得物件擁有權，並將其移出呼叫端。方法會成為物件的擁有者。系統會在方" "法傳回時捨棄物件 (取消分配)，但如果其擁有權已明確傳送的情況例外。具備完整擁有" "權，不自動等同於具備可變動性。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md #, fuzzy msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object." msgstr "`mut self`：同上，但方法可以變動物件。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " "create constructors which are called `new` by convention." msgstr "" "沒有接收器：這會成為結構體上的靜態方法，通常用於建立依慣例稱為 `new` 的建構函" "式。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." msgstr "導入方法時，若將方法比做函式，會很有幫助。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " "first parameter represents the instance as `self`." msgstr "" "系統會在型別的執行個體 (例如結構體或列舉) 上呼叫方法，第一個參數以 `self` 代" "表執行個體。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " "syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " "all the implementation code in one predictable place." msgstr "" "開發人員可以選擇透過方法來充分利用方法接收器語法，以更有條理的方式進行整理。" "藉由使用方法，我們可以將所有實作程式碼存放在可預測的位置。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." msgstr "指出我們會使用關鍵字 `self`，也就是方法接收器。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " "the struct name could also be used." msgstr "說明 `self` 是 `self: Self` 的縮寫，或許也能示範結構體名稱的可能用法。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " "can be used elsewhere in the block." msgstr "講解 `Self` 是 `impl` 區塊所屬型別的型別別名，可用於該區塊的其他位置。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " "refer to individual fields." msgstr "" "提醒學員如何以類似於其他結構體的方式來使用 `self`，並指出點標記法可用來參照個" "別欄位，" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " "by trying to run `finish` twice." msgstr "" "這可能是示範 `&self` 和 `self` 差異的好時機，您只要修改程式碼並嘗試執行 " "say_hello 兩次即可。" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " "receiver types, such as `Box`." msgstr "" "除了 `self` 的變體以外，您還可以使用[特殊的包裝函式型別](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html)做為接收器型別，例如 " "`Box`。" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "" "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "Rust 可讓您依據特徵對型別進行抽象化處理，這與介面相似：" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "/// Return a sentence from this pet.\n" msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "/// Print a string to the terminal greeting this pet.\n" msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "" "A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " "implement the trait." msgstr "特徵用於定義型別必須具有哪幾個方法，才能實作該特徵。" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "" "In the \"Generics\" segment, next, we will see how to build functionality " "that is generic over all types implementing a trait." msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md #, fuzzy msgid "Implementing Traits" msgstr "實作不安全的特徵" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" msgstr "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" msgstr "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Fido\"" msgstr "\"Fido\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "To implement `Trait` for `Type`, you use an `impl Trait for Type { .. }` " "block." msgstr "特徵會在 `impl for { .. }` 區塊中實作。" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "" "Unlike Go interfaces, just having matching methods is not enough: a `Cat` " "type with a `talk()` method would not automatically satisfy `Pet` unless it " "is in an `impl Pet` block." msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "" "Traits may provide default implementations of some methods. Default " "implementations can rely on all the methods of the trait. In this case, " "`greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "" "Associated types allow are placeholder types which are filled in by the " "trait implementation." msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "" "Associated types are sometimes also called \"output types\". The key " "observation is that the implementer, not the caller, chooses this type." msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "" "Many standard library traits have associated types, including arithmetic " "operators and `Iterator`." msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "" "Supported traits can be automatically implemented for your custom types, as " "follows:" msgstr "系統會自動為您的自訂型別實作支援的特徵，如下所示：" #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "// Default trait adds `default` constructor.\n" msgstr "// Default trait adds `default` constructor.\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "// Clone trait adds `clone` method.\n" msgstr "// Clone trait adds `clone` method.\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "\"EldurScrollz\"" msgstr "\"EldurScrollz\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`.\n" msgstr "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`.\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\"" msgstr "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "" "Derivation is implemented with macros, and many crates provide useful derive " "macros to add useful functionality. For example, `serde` can derive " "serialization support for a struct using `#[derive(Serialize)]`." msgstr "" "衍生會透過巨集實作，許多 Crate 都提供實用的衍生巨集，以便新增實用功能。例如，" "`serde` 可以使用 `#[derive(Serialize)]`，為結構體衍生序列化支援。" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "Let's design a simple logging utility, using a trait `Logger` with a `log` " "method. Code which might log its progress can then take an `&impl Logger`. " "In testing, this might put messages in the test logfile, while in a " "production build it would send messages to a log server." msgstr "" "我們來設計一個簡單的記錄公用程式，使用 `Logger` 特徵搭配 `log` 方法。如果程式" "碼可能會記錄相關進度，就可以採用 `&impl Logger`。在測試過程中，這可能會將訊息" "置於測試記錄檔中；而在實際版本中，則會將訊息傳送至記錄伺服器。" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "However, the `StderrLogger` given below logs all messages, regardless of " "verbosity. Your task is to write a `VerbosityFilter` type that will ignore " "messages above a maximum verbosity." msgstr "" "不過，下方的 `StderrLogger` 會記錄詳細程度不限的所有訊息。您的任務是編寫 " "`VerbosityFilter` 型別，忽略超出詳細程度上限的訊息。" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "This is a common pattern: a struct wrapping a trait implementation and " "implementing that same trait, adding behavior in the process. What other " "kinds of wrappers might be useful in a logging utility?" msgstr "" "以下是常見模式：結構體包裝一個特徵實作項目，並實作該相同特徵，在程序中加入行" "為。想一想，還有哪些其他類型的包裝函式可能在記錄公用程式中派上用場？" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "/// Log a message at the given verbosity level.\n" msgstr "/// Log a message at the given verbosity level.\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "\"verbosity={verbosity}: {message}\"" msgstr "\"verbosity={verbosity}: {message}\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "\"FYI\"" msgstr "\"FYI\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "\"Uhoh\"" msgstr "\"Uhoh\"" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: Define and implement `VerbosityFilter`.\n" msgstr "// TODO: Define and implement `VerbosityFilter`.\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "/// Only log messages up to the given verbosity level.\n" msgstr "/// Only log messages up to the given verbosity level.\n" #: src/generics.md msgid "[Generic Functions](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[泛型函式](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/generics.md msgid "[Generic Data Types](./generics/generic-data.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[泛型資料型別](./generics/generic-data.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/generics.md msgid "[Trait Bounds](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[特徵界線](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/generics.md msgid "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[impl 特徵](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/generics.md msgid "[Exercise: Generic min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：泛型 min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust supports generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data " "structures (such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." msgstr "" "Rust 支援泛型 (Generics)，因此可以將一個演算法 (例如：排序) 抽象化而不需要依" "賴特定型別。" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "/// Pick `even` or `odd` depending on the value of `n`.\n" msgstr "/// Pick `even` or `odd` depending on the value of `n`.\n" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"picked a number: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"picked a number: {:?}\"" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"picked a tuple: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"picked a tuple: {:?}\"" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"dog\"" msgstr "\"dog\"" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"cat\"" msgstr "\"cat\"" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "" "Rust infers a type for T based on the types of the arguments and return " "value." msgstr "Rust 會根據引數型別和傳回的值來推斷 T 的型別。" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "" "This is similar to C++ templates, but Rust partially compiles the generic " "function immediately, so that function must be valid for all types matching " "the constraints. For example, try modifying `pick` to return `even + odd` if " "`n == 0`. Even if only the `pick` instantiation with integers is used, Rust " "still considers it invalid. C++ would let you do this." msgstr "" "這與 C++ 模板 (template) 類似，但 Rust 會立即對泛型函式進行部分編譯，因此函式" "必須適用於所有符合限制條件的型別。舉例來說，如果 `n == 0`，請嘗試修改 `pick` " "以傳回 `even + odd`。即使只使用具有整數的 `pick` 建立例項，Rust 仍會將其視為" "無效。但 C++ 就能讓您這麼做。" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites. This " "is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had " "hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." msgstr "" "這是一種零成本抽象：單型化的結果，等同於不使用抽象化並手動寫出資料結構的實際" "型別。" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" msgstr "你可以使用泛型將具體的欄位型別抽象化：" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" msgstr "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"" msgstr "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "\"coords: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"coords: {:?}\"" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " "redundant?" msgstr "_問題：_ 為什麼 `T` 在 `impl Point {}` 中重複出現了兩次？" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " "They are independently generic." msgstr "" "因為這是一個泛型型別 `T` 的 `Point` 實作，而 `Point` 的型別為泛型 `T`。它們是" "各自獨立的泛型。" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." msgstr "這表示這個方法是為了任意型別 `T` 而定義的。" #: src/generics/generic-data.md #, fuzzy msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`." msgstr "你可以寫成 `impl Point { .. }`。" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " "block will only be available for `Point`." msgstr "" "由於 `Point` 仍然是泛型型別，你可以使用 `Point`，但這個方法將只適用於 " "`Point`。" #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`. Update the " "code to allow points that have elements of different types, by using two " "type variables, e.g., `T` and `U`." msgstr "" "請嘗試宣告新變數 `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`。您可以使用兩種型別變數來" "更新程式碼，允許含有不同型別元素的點，例如：`T` 和 `U`。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " "some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." msgstr "" "使用泛型時，您通常會需要該型別實作 某些特徵，這樣才能呼叫該特徵的方法。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" msgstr "您可以使用 `T: Trait` 或 `impl Trait` 執行此操作：" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n" msgstr "// struct NotClonable;\n" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "\"{pair:?}\"" msgstr "\"{pair:?}\"" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "Try making a `NonClonable` and passing it to `duplicate`." msgstr "請嘗試建立 `NonClonable` 並將其傳送至 `duplicate`。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "When multiple traits are necessary, use `+` to join them." msgstr "如果需要多個特徵，請使用 `+` 彙整特徵。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." msgstr "顯示 `where` 子句，學生在閱讀程式碼時會看到此內容。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." msgstr "如果您有多個參數，這個子句可以整理函式簽名。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." msgstr "這個子句具有額外功能，因此效能也更強大。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "" "If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " "be arbitrary, like `Option`." msgstr "" "如果有人提問，請說明額外功能是指 \":\" 左側的類別可為任意值，例如 " "`Option`。" #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "" "Note that Rust does not (yet) support specialization. For example, given the " "original `duplicate`, it is invalid to add a specialized `duplicate(a: u32)`." msgstr "" "請注意，Rust 尚不支援特化。舉例來說，對於原始的 `duplicate`，您無法新增特化" "的 `duplicate(a: u32)`。" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " "arguments and return values:" msgstr "與特徵界限類似，`impl Trait` 語法可用於 函式引數和回傳值中：" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "// Syntactic sugar for:\n" "// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" msgstr "" "// Syntactic sugar for:\n" "// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "\"{many}\"" msgstr "\"{many}\"" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "\"{many_more}\"" msgstr "\"{many_more}\"" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" msgstr "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The " "meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." msgstr "`impl Trait` 的涵義會因使用位置而有些微不同。" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " "trait bound." msgstr "對參數來說，`impl Trait` 就像是具有特徵界限的匿名泛型參數。" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " "implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " "don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." msgstr "" "對回傳型別來說，`impl Trait` 代表回傳型別就是實作特徵的 某些具體型別，因而不" "必指名特定型別。如果您不想在公用 API 中公開具體型別， 這就非常有用。" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " "the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " "function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " "type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " "`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" ">()`." msgstr "" "在回傳位置進行推論並不容易。回傳 `impl Foo` 的函式 會挑選自身回傳的具體型別，" "而不必在來源中寫出此資訊。回傳泛型型別 (例如 `collect() -> B`) 的函式則可" "回傳 符合 `B` 的任何型別 ，而呼叫端可能需要選擇一個型別，例如使用 `let x: " "Vec<_> = foo.collect()` 或 Turbofish：`foo.collect::>()`。" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "What is the type of `debuggable`? Try `let debuggable: () = ..` to see what " "the error message shows." msgstr "" "思考一下，`debuggable` 的型別為何？您可以嘗試使用 `let debuggable: () = ..` " "查看錯誤訊息顯示的內容。" #: src/generics/exercise.md msgid "" "In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that " "determines the minimum of two values, using a `LessThan` trait." msgstr "" "在這個簡短練習中，您將使用 `LessThan` 特徵實作泛型 `min` 函式，藉此判定兩個值" "中的最小值。" #: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" msgstr "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" #: src/generics/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" msgstr "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" #: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "\"Shapiro\"" msgstr "\"Shapiro\"" #: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "\"Baumann\"" msgstr "\"Baumann\"" #: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md msgid "[Standard Library Types](./std-types.md) (1 hour and 20 minutes)" msgstr "[標準程式庫型別](./std-types.md) (1 小時 20 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md msgid "[Standard Library Traits](./std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" msgstr "[標準程式庫特徵](./std-traits.md) (1 小時 40 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 10 " "minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 3 小時 10 分鐘" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[Standard Library](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[標準程式庫](./std-types/std.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[Documentation](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[說明文件](./std-types/docs.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[Option](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[選項](./std-types/option.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[Result](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[結果](./std-types/result.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[String](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[字串](./std-types/string.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "[Exercise: Counter](./std-types/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：計數器](./std-types/exercise.md) (20 分鐘)" #: src/std-types.md msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 20 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 1 小時 20 分鐘" #: src/std-types.md msgid "" "For each of the slides in this section, spend some time reviewing the " "documentation pages, highlighting some of the more common methods." msgstr "" "請針對這節的每張投影片，花點時間帶學員詳讀說明文件頁面，並向他們強調一些較常" "見的方法。" #: src/std-types/std.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " "types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work " "together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" "Rust 提供標準函式庫，可用於建立供 Rust 函式庫和程式使用的常用型別集。如此一" "來，兩個函式庫會使用相同的 `String` 型別，因此能夠順暢搭配運作。" #: src/std-types/std.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " "`alloc` and `std`." msgstr "Rust 實際上含有多種層級的標準函式庫，分別是 `core`、`alloc` 和 `std`。" #: src/std-types/std.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " "`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system." msgstr "" "`core` 包括最基本的型別與函式，這些型別與函式不依附於 `libc`、配置器或作業系" "統。" #: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" "`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " "`Box` and `Arc`." msgstr "`alloc` 包括需要全域堆積配置器的型別，例如 `Vec`、`Box` 和 `Arc`。" #: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" "Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "嵌入式 Rust 應用程式通常只使用 `core`，偶爾會使用 `alloc`。" #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:" msgstr "Rust 說明文件的主題涵蓋甚廣，包括：" #: src/std-types/docs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" "expressions/loop-expr.html)." msgstr "" "如果你想提早跳出迴圈，可以使用 [`break`]((https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions))，" #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "Primitive types like [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive." "u8.html)." msgstr "" "基本型別，例如 [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.u8." "html)。" #: src/std-types/docs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" "option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" "std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." msgstr "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) 和 [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:" msgstr "您其實可以將程式碼記錄下來：" #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " "argument.\n" "///\n" "/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" msgstr "" "/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " "argument.\n" "///\n" "/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " "automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " "idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." msgstr "" "系統會將內容視為 Markdown。所有已發布的 Rust 程式庫 Crate，都會使用 [rustdoc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) 工具自動記錄於 " "[`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) 中。這種記錄 API 中所有公開項目的模式是慣用做" "法。" #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "To document an item from inside the item (such as inside a module), use `//!" "` or `/*! .. */`, called \"inner doc comments\":" msgstr "" "如要從項目內部 (例如在模組內) 記錄項目，請使用 `//!` 或 `/*! .. */`，這也稱做" "「內部文件註解」：" #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of " "integers.\n" msgstr "" "//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of " "integers.\n" #: src/std-types/docs.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at ." msgstr "" "向學生展示針對 `rand` Crate 產生的文件，路徑如下：[`docs.rs/rand`](https://" "docs.rs/rand)。" #: src/std-types/option.md #, fuzzy msgid "Option" msgstr "例外狀況" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "We have already seen some use of `Option`. It stores either a value of " "type `T` or nothing. For example, [`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "stable/std/string/struct.String.html#method.find) returns an `Option`." msgstr "" "我們已看過 `Option` 的某些用法，包括儲存型別為 `T` 的值，或不儲存任何東" "西。舉例來說，[`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/" "struct.String.html#method.find) 會傳回 `Option`。" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\"" msgstr "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\"" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "'é'" msgstr "'é'" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "\"find returned {position:?}\"" msgstr "\"find returned {position:?}\"" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "'Z'" msgstr "'Z'" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "\"Character not found\"" msgstr "\"Character not found\"" #: src/std-types/option.md #, fuzzy msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library." msgstr "`Option` 和 `Result` 這兩種型別的使用範圍很廣，不侷限於標準函式庫。" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "`unwrap` will return the value in an `Option`, or panic. `expect` is similar " "but takes an error message." msgstr "" "`unwrap` 會在 `Option` 或恐慌中傳回值。`expect` 也類似，但會收到錯誤訊息。" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "You can panic on None, but you can't \"accidentally\" forget to check for " "None." msgstr "您可以讓程式在 None 發生恐慌，但不能「因錯而」忘記檢查 None。" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "It's common to `unwrap`/`expect` all over the place when hacking something " "together, but production code typically handles `None` in a nicer fashion." msgstr "" "如果是要設計某些臨時程式，通常會在各處 `unwrap`/`expect`，但實際運作的程式碼" "一般會以較好的方式處理 `None`。" #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "The niche optimization means that `Option` often has the same size in " "memory as `T`." msgstr "所謂區位最佳化，代表 `Option` 的記憶體大小通常與 `T` 相同。" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "Result" msgstr "結果" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an " "operation, each with a different type. This is similar to the `Res` defined " "in the expression exercise, but generic: `Result` where `T` is used in " "the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." msgstr "" "`Result` 和 `Option` 類似，但會指出作業成功或失敗，且各自都有不同的型別。雖然" "和運算式練習中定義的 `Res` 很像，但這屬於泛型，也就是 `Result`，其中 " "`T` 用於 `Ok` 變體，而 `E` 則會出現在 `Err` 變數中。" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "\"diary.txt\"" msgstr "\"diary.txt\"" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" msgstr "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "\"Could not read file content\"" msgstr "\"Could not read file content\"" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" msgstr "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " "developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " "case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " "called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." msgstr "" "就跟使用 `Option` 一樣，成功的值會在 Result 內部，這會強制開發人員明確擷取該" "值，進而有利於檢查錯誤。在應該絕對不會發生錯誤的情況下，可以呼叫 `unwrap()` " "或 `expect()`，這也是開發人員意圖的訊號。" #: src/std-types/result.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " "is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " "that help functional-style programming." msgstr "" "建議您參閱 `Result` 說明文件。這不涵蓋在課程內，但值得一提。這份文件收錄許多" "方便的方法和函式，有助於您進行函式程式設計。" #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " "Day 3." msgstr "`Result` 是實作錯誤處理的標準型別，我們將在第 3 天的課程中介紹。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "String" msgstr "String" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " "standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" msgstr "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) 是標準堆" "積配置的可成長 UTF-8 字串緩衝區：" #: src/std-types/string.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md #: src/memory-management/review.md src/testing/unit-tests.md #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md msgid "\"Hello\"" msgstr "\"Hello\"" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "'!'" msgstr "'!'" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"🇨🇭\"" msgstr "\"🇨🇭\"" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" msgstr "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " "all `str` methods on a `String`." msgstr "" "`String` 會實作 [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/" "struct.String.html#deref-methods-str)。也就是說，您可以在 `String` 上呼叫所" "有 `str` 方法。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " "you know how much data you want to push to the string." msgstr "" "`String::new` 會傳回新的空白字串，如果您知道要向字串推送多少資料，請使用 " "`String::with_capacity`。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " "different from its length in characters)." msgstr "" "`String::len` 會傳回 `String` 的大小 (以位元組為單位，可能與以字元為單位的長" "度不同)。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " "`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " "to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" "unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." msgstr "" "`String::chars` 會傳回實際字元的疊代器。請注意，由於[字形叢集](https://docs." "rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)的" "關係，`char` 和一般人所認為的「字元」可能不同。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " "`String`." msgstr "提到字串時，一般人可能是指 `&str` 或 `String`。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " "transparently call methods from `T`." msgstr "" "當型別實作 `Deref` 時，編譯器可讓您以公開透明的方式呼叫 `T` 中的" "方法。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "We haven't discussed the `Deref` trait yet, so at this point this mostly " "explains the structure of the sidebar in the documentation." msgstr "我們尚未討論 `Deref` 特徵，因此目前主要會講解說明文件中的側欄結構。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " "access to `str`'s methods." msgstr "" "`String` 會實作 `Deref`，後者能以公開透明的方式授予前者 `str` " "方法的存取權。" #: src/std-types/string.md #, fuzzy msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." msgstr "編寫及比較 `let s3 = s1.deref();` 和 `let s3 = &*s1`;。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " "operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " "with some extra guarantees." msgstr "" "`String` 是以包裝函式的形式在位元組向量的四周實作，許多在向量上支援的作業也適" "用於 `String`，但需要某些額外保證。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" msgstr "請比較各種為 `String` 建立索引的方法：" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " "out-of-bounds." msgstr "使用 `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` 變為字元，其中 `i` 代表是否出界。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " "boundaries or not." msgstr "使用 `s3[0..4]` 變為子字串，其中該切片會位於字元邊界上，也可能不會。" #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "Many types can be converted to a string with the [`to_string`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html#tymethod.to_string) method. " "This trait is automatically implemented for all types that implement " "`Display`, so anything that can be formatted can also be converted to a " "string." msgstr "" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " "resizable heap-allocated buffer:" msgstr "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) 是可調整大小的標準" "堆積配置緩衝區：" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" msgstr "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n" msgstr "// Retain only the even elements.\n" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "\"{v3:?}\"" msgstr "\"{v3:?}\"" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" msgstr "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " "methods on a `Vec`." msgstr "" "`Vec` 會實作 [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D)。也就是說，您可以在 `Vec` 上呼叫切片方" "法。" #: src/std-types/vec.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " "it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " "need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" "`Vec` 是一種集合型別，與 `String` 和 `HashMap` 都一樣。`Vec` 內含的資料會儲存" "在堆積上。這表示在編譯期間無需得知資料量，可在執行階段増量或減量。" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " "explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " "during the first `push` call." msgstr "" "請留意 `Vec` 也能做為泛型型別，但您不必明確指定 `T`。和往常的 Rust 型別推" "論一樣，系統會在第一次 `push` 呼叫期間建立 `T`。" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " "supports adding initial elements to the vector." msgstr "" "`vec![...]` 是用於取代 `Vec::new()` 的標準巨集，且支援在向量中加入初始元素。" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " "Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " "remove the last element." msgstr "" "如要為向量建立索引，請使用 `[` `]`，但如果超出範圍會引發恐慌。或者，使用 " "`get` 則可傳回 `Option`。`pop` 函式會移除最後一個元素。" #: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "Slices are covered on day 3. For now, students only need to know that a " "value of type `Vec` gives access to all of the documented slice methods, too." msgstr "" "我們會在第 3 天談到切片。現階段，學生只需知道 `Vec` 型別的值也能存取所有記錄" "下來的切片方法。" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" msgstr "標準雜湊映射，可防範 HashDoS 攻擊：" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" msgstr "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" msgstr "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" msgstr "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Les Misérables\"" msgstr "\"Les Misérables\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" msgstr "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" msgstr "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" msgstr "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\"" msgstr "\"{book} is unknown.\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" msgstr "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" msgstr "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "我們一開始並未定義 `HashMap`，因此現在需要將其納入課程範圍。" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " "hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " "the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." msgstr "" "請嘗試使用以下幾行程式碼。第一行會查看書籍是否在雜湊表中，如果不在，系統會傳" "回替代值。如果系統找不到書籍，第二行會在雜湊表中插入替代值。" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" msgstr "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"The Hunger Games\"" msgstr "\"The Hunger Games\"" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "可惜的是，並沒有所謂標準的 `hashmap!` 巨集。這點與 `vec!` 不同。" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" "From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " "us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" msgstr "" "不過，自 Rust 1.56 起，HashMap 會實作 [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-From%3C%5B(K,+V);" "+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E)，以便讓我們能從常值陣列初始化雜" "湊映射：" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" "value tuples." msgstr "或者，您也可以透過任何能產生鍵/值元組的 `Iterator` 建立 HashMap。" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " "examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " "but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." msgstr "" "我們示範的是 `HashMap`，請避免使用 `&str 做為鍵，讓範例變得更簡" "單。當然，也可以在集合中使用參照，但這可能會使借用檢查器變得複雜。" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " "compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" msgstr "" "請嘗試從上述範例中移除 `to_string()`，看看是否仍可編譯。您認為我們可能會在哪" "裡遇到問題？" #: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" "collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " "Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " "to the `keys` method." msgstr "" "這個型別有多個「方法專屬」的傳回型別，例如 `std::collections::hash_map::" "Keys`。這些型別經常會在 Rust 文件的搜尋結果中出現。請向學生展示這個型別的文" "件，以及可返回 `keys` 方法的實用連結。" #: src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise you will take a very simple data structure and make it " "generic. It uses a [`std::collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html) to keep track of which values " "have been seen and how many times each one has appeared." msgstr "" "在本練習中，您要使用非常簡單的資料結構並將其設為泛型。此結構會使用 [`std::" "collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/" "struct.HashMap.html) 追蹤出現過的值和出現次數。" #: src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "" "The initial version of `Counter` is hard coded to only work for `u32` " "values. Make the struct and its methods generic over the type of value being " "tracked, that way `Counter` can track any type of value." msgstr "" "`Counter` 的初始版本經過硬式編碼，僅適用於 `u32` 值。請設法讓結構體和相應的方" "法成為泛型，而非所追蹤值的型別，這樣 `Counter` 就可以追蹤任何型別的值。" #: src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "" "If you finish early, try using the [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) method to halve the " "number of hash lookups required to implement the `count` method." msgstr "" "如果您提前完成操作，不妨試著使用 [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" "std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) 方法將實作 `count` 方法所需" "的雜湊查詢數量減半。" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "" "/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n" msgstr "" "/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "/// Create a new Counter.\n" msgstr "/// Create a new Counter.\n" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n" msgstr "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n" msgstr "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"saw {} values equal to {}\"" msgstr "\"saw {} values equal to {}\"" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"apple\"" msgstr "\"apple\"" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"orange\"" msgstr "\"orange\"" #: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"got {} apples\"" msgstr "\"got {} apples\"" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[Comparisons](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[比較](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[Operators](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[運算子](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[From and Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[From 和 Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[Casting](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[轉換](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[Read and Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[Read 和 Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[Default, struct update syntax](./std-traits/default.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[Default (結構體更新語法)](./std-traits/default.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[Closures](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "[閉包](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "[Exercise: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 40 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 1 小時 40 分鐘" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "" "As with the standard-library types, spend time reviewing the documentation " "for each trait." msgstr "和標準程式庫型別一樣，請花時間詳閱每種特徵的說明文件。" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "This section is long. Take a break midway through." msgstr "這節課時間很長，在中間休息片刻吧。" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "These traits support comparisons between values. All traits can be derived " "for types containing fields that implement these traits." msgstr "" "以下特徵可用於比較不同的值。如果欄位會實作這些特徵，您可以針對含有這類欄位的" "型別衍生所有特徵。" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "`PartialEq` and `Eq`" msgstr "`PartialEq` 和 `Eq`" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`PartialEq` is a partial equivalence relation, with required method `eq` and " "provided method `ne`. The `==` and `!=` operators will call these methods." msgstr "" "`PartialEq` 代表部分對等關係，具有必要方法 `eq` 和提供的方法 `ne`。`==` 和 `!" "=` 運算子會呼叫這些方法。" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`Eq` is a full equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) " "and implies `PartialEq`. Functions that require full equivalence will use " "`Eq` as a trait bound." msgstr "" "`Eq` 代表完整對等關係 (自反、對稱和傳遞性)，並且隱含 `PartialEq`。需要完整對" "等關係的函式會使用 `Eq` 做為特徵界線。" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`" msgstr "`PartialOrd` 和 `Ord`" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`PartialOrd` defines a partial ordering, with a `partial_cmp` method. It is " "used to implement the `<`, `<=`, `>=`, and `>` operators." msgstr "" "`PartialOrd` 會透過 `partial_cmp` 方法定義偏序，可用於實作 `<`、`<=`、`>=` " "和 `>` 運算子。" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "`Ord` is a total ordering, with `cmp` returning `Ordering`." msgstr "`Ord` 是全序，其中 `cmp` 會傳回 `Ordering`。" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`PartialEq` can be implemented between different types, but `Eq` cannot, " "because it is reflexive:" msgstr "`PartialEq` 可以在不同的型別之間實作，但具有自反性的 `Eq` 無法：" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "In practice, it's common to derive these traits, but uncommon to implement " "them." msgstr "實務上一般會衍生這些特徵，但鮮少會實作這些特徵。" #: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" msgstr "" "運算子超載會透過 [`std::ops`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html): " "內的特徵實作：" #: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" msgstr "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" #: src/std-traits/operators.md src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Discussion points:" msgstr "討論要點：" #: src/std-traits/operators.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?" msgstr "您可以針對 `&Point` 實作 `Add`。但這能在哪些情況派上用場？" #: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " "the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " "`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." msgstr "" "回答：`Add:add` 會耗用 `self`。如果您要超載運算子的型別 `T` 不是 " "`Copy`，建議您一併為 `&T` 超載運算子。這可避免呼叫點中出現不必要 的複" "製作業。" #: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " "method?" msgstr "為什麼 `Output` 是關聯型別？可將其用做方法的型別參數嗎？" #: src/std-traits/operators.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " "associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementer of a " "trait." msgstr "" "簡答：函式型別參數是由呼叫端控管，但 `Output` 這類關聯型別則由特徵 實" "作者控管。" #: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " "i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." msgstr "" "您可以針對兩種不同型別實作 `Add`，舉例來說， `impl Add<(i32, i32)> for " "Point` 會將元組新增至 `Point`。" #: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." "html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " "facilitate type conversions:" msgstr "" "型別會實作 [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) " "和 [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) 以利型別轉" "換作業執行：" #: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" msgstr "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" #: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " "automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" msgstr "" "實作 [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) 時，" "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) 也會自動實" "作：" #: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " "`Into` implementation too." msgstr "這就是為什麼通常只需實作 `From`，因為型別也會實作 `Into`。" #: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " "converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " "Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " "implement `Into`." msgstr "" "如要宣告函式引數輸入型別 (例如「任何可轉換成 `String` 的型別」)，規則便會相" "反，此時請使用 `Into`。 您的函式會接受實作 `From` 的型別，以及「僅」實作 " "`Into` 的型別。" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "Rust has no _implicit_ type conversions, but does support explicit casts " "with `as`. These generally follow C semantics where those are defined." msgstr "" "Rust 沒有「隱含」型別的轉換，但支援使用 `as` 明確轉換。後者通常會遵循定義前者" "時所用的 C 語意。" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "\"as u16: {}\"" msgstr "\"as u16: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "\"as i16: {}\"" msgstr "\"as i16: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "\"as u8: {}\"" msgstr "\"as u8: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "The results of `as` are _always_ defined in Rust and consistent across " "platforms. This might not match your intuition for changing sign or casting " "to a smaller type -- check the docs, and comment for clarity." msgstr "" "在 Rust 中，`as` 的結果「一律」會經過定義，且在不同平台間保持一致。這可能不符" "合您變更符號或轉換到較小型別時的直觀做法，請檢查文件並加註說明內容。" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "Casting with `as` is a relatively sharp tool that is easy to use " "incorrectly, and can be a source of subtle bugs as future maintenance work " "changes the types that are used or the ranges of values in types. Casts are " "best used only when the intent is to indicate unconditional truncation (e.g. " "selecting the bottom 32 bits of a `u64` with `as u32`, regardless of what " "was in the high bits)." msgstr "" "雖然使用 `as` 進行型別相當簡單，但是非常容易出錯；舉例來說，如果往後的維護作" "業改變了所用型別或型別中值的範圍，這常常就是某些細微錯誤的來源。只有在意圖用" "於指明無條件截斷時，我們才建議使用型別轉換。舉例來說，如果無論高位元中的內容" "為何，您都只需要 `u64` 的底部 32 位元，就可以使用 `as u32`。" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "For infallible casts (e.g. `u32` to `u64`), prefer using `From` or `Into` " "over `as` to confirm that the cast is in fact infallible. For fallible " "casts, `TryFrom` and `TryInto` are available when you want to handle casts " "that fit differently from those that don't." msgstr "" "如果是 `u32` 到 `u64` 這類絕對無誤的型別轉換，適合先使用 `From` 或 `Into` (而" "非 `as`) 確認轉換確實無誤。對於容易出錯的轉換，如果您想以不同的方式處理，可以" "使用 `TryFrom` 和 `TryInto`。" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "Consider taking a break after this slide." msgstr "建議在講解完這張投影片後休息片刻。" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "`as` is similar to a C++ static cast. Use of `as` in cases where data might " "be lost is generally discouraged, or at least deserves an explanatory " "comment." msgstr "" "`as` 類似於 C++ 的靜態轉換。一般不建議在資料可能遺失的情況下使用 `as`，如果要" "用，也至少要提供說明註解。" #: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "This is common in casting integers to `usize` for use as an index." msgstr "這在將整數轉換為 `usize` 以用做索引時很常見。" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "" "Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " "abstract over `u8` sources:" msgstr "" "使用 [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) 和 " "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html) 即可對 `u8` " "來源進行抽象化處理：" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" msgstr "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\"" msgstr "\"lines in slice: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"lines in file: {}\"" msgstr "\"lines in file: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "" "Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " "you abstract over `u8` sinks:" msgstr "" "同樣地，[`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) 則可讓您" "將 `u8` 接收器抽象化：" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"\\n\"" msgstr "\"\\n\"" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "\"World\"" msgstr "\"World\"" #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"Logged: {:?}\"" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "The `Default` Trait" msgstr "`Default` 特徵" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " "produces a default value for a type." msgstr "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) 特徵會" "產生型別的預設值。" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"John Smith\"" msgstr "\"John Smith\"" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" msgstr "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"Y is set!\"" msgstr "\"Y is set!\"" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" msgstr "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" #: src/std-traits/default.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"{:#?}\"" msgstr "\"{:#?}\"" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." msgstr "這可以直接實作，也可以透過 `#[derive(Default)]` 衍生得出。" #: src/std-traits/default.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " "their default values." msgstr "衍生的實作項目會產生一個執行個體，其中欄位全都設為預設值。" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." msgstr "也就是說，該結構體中的所有型別也都必須實作 `Default`。" #: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " "`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." msgstr "" "標準的 Rust 型別通常會以合理的值 (例如 `0`、`\"\"` 等等) 實作 `Default`。" #: src/std-traits/default.md #, fuzzy msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default." msgstr "部分結構體副本可與預設值完美搭配運作。" #: src/std-traits/default.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " "provides convenience methods that use it." msgstr "" "Rust 標準程式庫瞭解型別可能會實作 `Default`，因此提供了便利的使用方式。" #: src/std-traits/default.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" "with-struct-update-syntax)." msgstr "" "`..` 語法稱為[結構體更新語法](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-01-" "defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-" "update-syntax)。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " "they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." "html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " "[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" msgstr "" "無論是閉包還是 lambda 運算式，都含有無法命名的型別。不過，這兩者 都會實作特殊" "的 [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html)、 [`FnMut`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html) 和 [`FnOnce`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) 特徵：" #: src/std-traits/closures.md #, fuzzy msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" msgstr "呼叫不安全的函式" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" msgstr "\"add_3: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"accumulate: {}\"" msgstr "\"accumulate: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" msgstr "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " "perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " "concurrently." msgstr "" "`Fn` (例如 `add_3`) 既不會耗用也不會修改擷取的值，或許 也可說是不會擷取任何" "值，因此可以多次並行呼叫。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " "multiple times, but not concurrently." msgstr "" "`FnMut` (例如 `accumulate`) 可能會修改擷取的值，因此可以多次呼叫 (但不得並行" "呼叫)。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " "might consume captured values." msgstr "" "如果是 `FnOnce` (例如`multiply_sum`)，也許就只能呼叫一次，因為這可能會耗用 擷" "取的值。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " "I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " "use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." msgstr "" "`FnMut` 是 `FnOnce` 的子型別，而 `Fn` 是 `FnMut` 和 `FnOnce` 的子型別。換句話" "說，您可以在任何需要呼叫 `FnOnce` 的地方使用 `FnMut`，而在任何需要呼叫 " "`FnMut` 或 `FnOnce` 的地方 使用 `Fn`。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "When you define a function that takes a closure, you should take `FnOnce` if " "you can (i.e. you call it once), or `FnMut` else, and last `Fn`. This allows " "the most flexibility for the caller." msgstr "" "定義可接受閉包的函式時，您應盡量採用 `FnOnce` (也就是只呼叫一次)，其次是 " "`FnMut`，最後則是 `Fn`。這種做法可讓呼叫端享有最大彈性。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "In contrast, when you have a closure, the most flexible you can have is `Fn` " "(it can be passed everywhere), then `FnMut`, and lastly `FnOnce`." msgstr "" "相反地，當有閉包時，最有彈性的就是 `Fn` (可以在任何地方傳遞)、其次是 " "`FnMut`，最後是 `FnOnce`。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " "`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." msgstr "" "編譯器也會根據閉包擷取到的內容來推論 `Copy` (例如針對 `add_3`) 和 `Clone` (例" "如 `multiply_sum`)." #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " "keyword makes them capture by value." msgstr "" "根據預設，閉包會依據參照來擷取內容 (如果可行的話)。`move` 關鍵字則可讓閉包根" "據值 來擷取內容。" #: src/std-traits/closures.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"{} {}\"" msgstr "\"{} {}\"" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"Hi\"" msgstr "\"Hi\"" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"Greg\"" msgstr "" #: src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "In this example, you will implement the classic [\"ROT13\" cipher](https://" "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13). Copy this code to the playground, and " "implement the missing bits. Only rotate ASCII alphabetic characters, to " "ensure the result is still valid UTF-8." msgstr "" "在這個範例中，您將實作傳統的[「ROT13」加密方式](https://zh.wikipedia.org/" "wiki/ROT13)。請將此程式碼複製到 Playground，並實作缺少的位元。記得僅能旋轉 " "ASCII 字母字元，確保結果仍為有效的 UTF-8。" #: src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`.\n" msgstr "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`.\n" #: src/std-traits/exercise.md src/std-traits/solution.md msgid "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\"" msgstr "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\"" #: src/std-traits/exercise.md src/std-traits/solution.md msgid "\"To get to the other side!\"" msgstr "\"To get to the other side!\"" #: src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "What happens if you chain two `RotDecoder` instances together, each rotating " "by 13 characters?" msgstr "" "如果將兩個 `RotDecoder` 例項鏈結在一起，每個都以 13 個字元旋轉，會怎麼樣？" #: src/std-traits/solution.md msgid "'A'" msgstr "'A'" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "Welcome to Day 3" msgstr "歡迎參加第 3 天課程" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "Today, we will cover:" msgstr "今天我們將講解以下內容：" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "" "Memory management, lifetimes, and the borrow checker: how Rust ensures " "memory safety." msgstr "記憶體管理、生命週期和借用檢查器：Rust 如何確保記憶體安全。" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types." msgstr "智慧指標：標準程式庫指標型別。" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "[Memory Management](./memory-management.md) (1 hour)" msgstr "[記憶體管理](./memory-management.md) (1 小時)" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "[Smart Pointers](./smart-pointers.md) (55 minutes)" msgstr "[智慧指標](./smart-pointers.md) (55 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 20 " "minutes" msgstr "加上 10 分鐘的休息時間，這個課程大約需要 2 小時 20 分鐘" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "[Review of Program Memory](./memory-management/review.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[檢查程式記憶體](./memory-management/review.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "" "[Approaches to Memory Management](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 " "minutes)" msgstr "[管理記憶體的方法](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "[Ownership](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[擁有權](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "[Move Semantics](./memory-management/move.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[轉移語意](./memory-management/move.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "[Clone](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutes)" msgstr "[複製](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "[Copy Types](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[拷貝 (Copy) 型別](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "[Drop](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[拖放](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management.md msgid "[Exercise: Builder Type](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：建構工具型別](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 分鐘)" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:" msgstr "程式分配記憶體的方式有兩種：" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." msgstr "堆疊 (Stack)：本機變數的連續記憶體區域。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." msgstr "值在編譯期間具有已知的固定大小。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." msgstr "相當快速：只需移動堆疊指標。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." msgstr "易於管理：追蹤函式呼叫。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Great memory locality." msgstr "良好的記憶體區域性。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." msgstr "堆積 (Heap)：函式呼叫外的值儲存空間。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." msgstr "值在執行階段中以動態方式判斷大小。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "速度稍慢於堆疊：需要作一些記錄。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." msgstr "不保證記憶體區域性。" #: src/memory-management/review.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " "sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" msgstr "" "建立 `String` 時，系統會在堆疊上放置固定大小的資料，並在堆積上放置動態調整大" "小的資料：" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " "length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." msgstr "" "請說明 `String` 是由 `Vec` 支援，因此具有容量和長度，而且還能成長 (前提是可透" "過堆積上的重新配置作業進行變動)。" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " "allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" "struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " "[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" msgstr "" "如有學員問起，您可以說明基礎記憶體是使用\\[系統配置器\\]配置的堆積，而自訂配" "置器可以使用\\[配置器 API\\] 實作。" #: src/memory-management/review.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " "point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" msgstr "" "我們可以使用 `unsafe` 程式碼檢查記憶體配置。不過，您應指出這麼做非常不安全！" #: src/memory-management/review.md src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "' '" msgstr "' '" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "\"world\"" msgstr "\"world\"" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " "to\n" " // undefined behavior.\n" msgstr "" "// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " "to\n" " // undefined behavior.\n" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "\"capacity = {capacity}, ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}\"" msgstr "\"capacity = {capacity}, ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}\"" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" msgstr "傳統上，語言大致可分為兩種：" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." msgstr "透過手動管理記憶體，取得完整掌控權：C、C++、Pascal..." #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Programmer decides when to allocate or free heap memory." msgstr "程式設計師會決定何時分配或釋出堆積記憶體。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Programmer must determine whether a pointer still points to valid memory." msgstr "程式設計師必須判斷指標是否仍指向有效記憶體。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Studies show, programmers make mistakes." msgstr "研究顯示，程式設計師難免會出錯。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " "Haskell, ..." msgstr "" "透過在執行階段中自動管理記憶體，取得完整安全性：Java、Python、Go、Haskell..." #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "A runtime system ensures that memory is not freed until it can no longer be " "referenced." msgstr "執行階段系統會確保在可以參照記憶體之後，才釋出記憶體。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Typically implemented with reference counting, garbage collection, or RAII." msgstr "通常透過參照計算、垃圾收集或 RAII 的方式實作。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" msgstr "Rust 則融合這兩種做法：" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " "management." msgstr "" "透過正確的記憶體管理編譯時間強制執行措施，「同時」取得完整的掌控權和安全性。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." msgstr "Rust 運用明確所有權的概念實現這一點。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "This slide is intended to help students coming from other languages to put " "Rust in context." msgstr "這張投影片的目的，在於協助其他語言的學員瞭解 Rust。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "C must manage heap manually with `malloc` and `free`. Common errors include " "forgetting to call `free`, calling it multiple times for the same pointer, " "or dereferencing a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed." msgstr "" "如果是 C 語言，必須透過 `malloc` 和 `free` 手動管理堆積。常見的錯誤包括忘記呼" "叫 `free`、針對同一指標多次呼叫 `free`，或在其指向的記憶體釋出後取消參照指" "標。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "C++ has tools like smart pointers (`unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`) that take " "advantage of language guarantees about calling destructors to ensure memory " "is freed when a function returns. It is still quite easy to mis-use these " "tools and create similar bugs to C." msgstr "" "C++ 提供智慧指標 (`unique_ptr`、`shared_ptr`) 等工具，可利用有關呼叫解構函式" "的語言保證，確保在函式傳回時釋出記憶體。但這些工具仍很容易遭到濫用，並且會產" "生類似 C 語言中的那些錯誤。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Java, Go, and Python rely on the garbage collector to identify memory that " "is no longer reachable and discard it. This guarantees that any pointer can " "be dereferenced, eliminating use-after-free and other classes of bugs. But, " "GC has a runtime cost and is difficult to tune properly." msgstr "" "Java、Go 和 Python 會利用垃圾收集器來識別並捨棄無法再存取的記憶體。這能確保任" "何指標都可以取消參照，進而消除 UAF (使用已釋放記憶體)和其他類別的錯誤。不過，" "GC 會耗費執行階段成本，且很難正確調整。" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Rust's ownership and borrowing model can, in many cases, get the performance " "of C, with alloc and free operations precisely where they are required -- " "zero cost. It also provides tools similar to C++'s smart pointers. When " "required, other options such as reference counting are available, and there " "are even third-party crates available to support runtime garbage collection " "(not covered in this class)." msgstr "" "在許多情況下，Rust 的擁有權和借用模型效能都能媲美 C 語言，並在必要處精準分配" "及釋放，達成零成本作業。Rust 也提供類似 C++ 智慧指標的工具。如有需要，您還可" "以使用參照計數等其他選項，而且甚至還有第三方 Crate，可支援執行階段的垃圾收集" "作業 (本課程不會討論這部分)。" #: src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "" "All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " "to use a variable outside its scope:" msgstr "所有變數繫結都會在特定「範圍」內有效，在範圍外使用變數會是錯誤：" #: src/memory-management/ownership.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely " "one owner at all times." msgstr "我們會說變數「擁有」值。" #: src/memory-management/ownership.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A " "destructor can run here to free up resources." msgstr "範圍結束時，變數會遭到「捨棄」，資料也會釋放。" #: src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "" "Students familiar with garbage-collection implementations will know that a " "garbage collector starts with a set of \"roots\" to find all reachable " "memory. Rust's \"single owner\" principle is a similar idea." msgstr "" "熟悉垃圾回收實作的學員會知道，垃圾回收器是從一組「根」開始尋找所有可存取的記" "憶體。Rust 的「單一擁有者」原則也是類似的概念。" #: src/memory-management/move.md #, fuzzy msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" msgstr "指派會在變數之間轉移所有權：" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "\"Hello!\"" msgstr "\"Hello!\"" #: src/memory-management/move.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" msgstr "\"s2: {s2}\"" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" msgstr "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." msgstr "將 `s1` 指派給 `s2` 會轉移所有權。" #: src/memory-management/move.md #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." msgstr "當 `s1` 超出範圍時，系統不會執行任何動作，因為 `s1` 沒有所有權。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." msgstr "當 `s2` 超出範圍時，系統會釋放字串資料。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Before move to `s2`:" msgstr "移至 `s2` 前：" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "After move to `s2`:" msgstr "移至 `s2` 後：" #: src/memory-management/move.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| H | e | l | l | o | ! | :\n" ": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" ": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": s2 : |\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" ": | len | 4 | :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ :\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" " 堆疊 堆積\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" ": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" ": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": s2 : |\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" ": | len | 4 | :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ :\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " "parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "將值傳遞至函式時，該值會指派給函式參數。這麼做會轉移所有權：" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" msgstr "\"Hello {name}\"" #: src/memory-management/move.md src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"Alice\"" msgstr "\"Alice\"" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "// say_hello(name);\n" msgstr "// say_hello(name);\n" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " "value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" "請說明這與 C++ 中的預設情形相反：您必須使用 `std::move`，且已定義移動建構函" "式，系統才會根據值進行複製。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " "to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " "are aggressively optimized away." msgstr "" "只有擁有權才會轉移。是否產生任何機器碼來操控資料本身是一個最優化問題，而系統" "會主動將這些副本最優化。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." msgstr "簡單的值 (例如整數) 可標示為 `Copy` (請參閱後續投影片)。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." msgstr "在 Rust 中，克隆作業皆為明確設定，方法為使用 `clone`。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "In the `say_hello` example:" msgstr "在 `say_hello` 範例中：" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " "Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" "首次呼叫 `say_hello` 時，`main` 會放棄 `name` 的所有權。之後，`name` 就無法" "在 `main` 內使用。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " "`say_hello` function." msgstr "為 `name` 配置的堆積記憶體會在 `say_hello` 函式結束時釋放。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " "if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." msgstr "" "如果 `main` 以參照的形式傳送 `name` (`&name`)，且 `say_hello` 能以參數的形式" "接受參照，`main` 就可以保留所有權。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." "clone()`)." msgstr "另外，`main` 可在首次呼叫 (`name.clone()`) 中傳遞 `name` 的克隆。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " "semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." msgstr "" "在 Rust 中，移動語意為預設做法，且強制規定程式設計師必須明確設定克隆，因此不" "小心建立副本的可能性就會低於在 C++ 中。" #: src/memory-management/move.md #, fuzzy msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" msgstr "現代 C++ 中的雙重釋放" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" msgstr "現代 C++ 可使用不同方式解決這個問題：" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "\"Cpp\"" msgstr "\"Cpp\"" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" msgstr "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." msgstr "`s1` 的堆積資料會重複，`s2` 會取得專屬的獨立副本。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." msgstr "當 `s1` 和 `s2` 超出範圍時，皆會釋放自己的記憶體。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Before copy-assignment:" msgstr "複製指派前：" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "After copy-assignment:" msgstr "複製指派後：" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " "the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " "either string goes out of scope." msgstr "" "C++ 提供的選擇與 Rust 略有不同。由於 `=` 會複製資料，所以字串資料一定要完成複" "製。否則，假如其中任一字串超出範圍，就會導致重複釋放的結果。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " "which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " "been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " "move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " "programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." msgstr "" "C++ 也提供 [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move)，用" "於指出何時可以轉移特定值。例如假設是 `s2 = std::move(s1)`，就不會發生堆積分配" "的情形。轉移之後，`s1` 會處於有效但未指定的狀態。與 Rust 不同的是，程式設計師" "可以繼續使用 `s1`。" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " "which is being copied or moved." msgstr "" "C++ 中的 `=` 可以依照要複製或轉移的型別來執行任何程式碼，這點與 Rust 不同。" #: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "Clone" msgstr "`Clone` 複製" #: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait " "accomplishes this." msgstr "有時候，您可能會「想要」複製一個值。`Clone` 特徵可完成這項作業。" #: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are " "occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `Vec::new` or `Box::" "new`." msgstr "" "`Clone` 的概念是要輕鬆找出堆積分配量的發生位置。請尋找 `.clone()` 和 `Vec::" "new` 或 `Box::new` 等其他字詞。" #: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "It's common to \"clone your way out\" of problems with the borrow checker, " "and return later to try to optimize those clones away." msgstr "" "我們往往會使用借用檢查器「複製解決問題的方法」，稍後再回來試著將這些複製內容" "最佳化。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" msgstr "雖然移動語意是預設做法，但某些型別的預設做法為複製：" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." msgstr "這些型別會實作 `Copy` 特徵。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "您可以自行選擇加入型別，使用複製語意的做法：" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." msgstr "指派後，`p1` 和 `p2` 都會擁有自己的資料。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." msgstr "我們也能使用 `p1.clone()` 明確複製資料。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" msgstr "複製和克隆並不相同：" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " "arbitrary objects." msgstr "複製是指記憶體區域的按位元複製作業，不適用於任意物件。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." msgstr "複製不允許用於自訂邏輯，這與 C++ 中的複製建構函式不同。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " "implementing the `Clone` trait." msgstr "克隆是較廣泛的作業，而且只要實作 `Clone` 特徵，即允許用於自訂行為。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." msgstr "複製不適用於實作 `Drop` 特徵的型別。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "In the above example, try the following:" msgstr "在上述範例中，請嘗試下列操作：" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " "is not a `Copy` type." msgstr "" "將 `String` 欄位新增至 `struct Point`。由於 `String` 不屬於 `Copy` 型別，因此" "不會編譯。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " "`println!` for `p1`." msgstr "" "從 `derive` 屬性中移除 `Copy`。編譯器錯誤現在位於 `p1` 的 `println!` 中。" #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." msgstr "示範如果改為克隆 `p1`，就能正常運作。" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "The `Drop` Trait" msgstr "`Drop` 特徵" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." "html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" "如果值實作了 [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html)，即" "可在超出範圍時指定要執行哪個程式碼：" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" msgstr "\"Dropping {}\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"a\"" msgstr "\"a\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"b\"" msgstr "\"b\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"c\"" msgstr "\"c\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"d\"" msgstr "\"d\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Exiting block B\"" msgstr "\"Exiting block B\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Exiting block A\"" msgstr "\"Exiting block A\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Exiting main\"" msgstr "\"Exiting main\"" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`." msgstr "請注意，`std::mem::drop` 和 `std::ops::Drop::drop` 不同。" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope." msgstr "值超出範圍時，系統會自動捨棄。" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::" "drop` implementation will be called." msgstr "" "捨棄值時，如果值實作的是 `std::ops::Drop`，系統會呼叫值的 `Drop::drop` 實作。" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`." msgstr "如此一來，無論值是否實作 `Drop`，系統都會一併捨棄值的所有欄位。" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The " "significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its " "scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop " "values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope." msgstr "" "`std::mem::drop` 只是一個可接受任何值的空白函式。此函式之所以重要，是能夠取得" "值的擁有權，因此在其範圍結束時會遭到捨棄。這有利於在值超出範圍之前，明確捨棄" "這些值。" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, " "closing files, etc." msgstr "" "如果物件會對 `drop` 執行某些工作 (例如釋放鎖、關閉檔案等)，這就相當實用。" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" msgstr "為什麼 `Drop::drop` 不使用 `self`？" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " "block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" "簡答：如果這樣的話，系統會在 區塊結尾呼叫 `std::mem::drop`，進而觸發另一個對 " "`Drop::drop` 的呼叫並造成堆疊 溢位！" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." msgstr "請嘗試將 `drop(a)` 替換為 `a.drop()`。" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "" "In this example, we will implement a complex data type that owns all of its " "data. We will use the \"builder pattern\" to support building a new value " "piece-by-piece, using convenience functions." msgstr "" "在本範例中，我們將實作一個包含自身所有資料的複雜資料型別。透過「建構工具模" "式」，我們會以便利函式逐段建構新值。" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "Fill in the missing pieces." msgstr "請填補缺漏的片段。" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// A representation of a software package.\n" msgstr "/// A representation of a software package.\n" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "" "/// Return a representation of this package as a dependency, for use in\n" " /// building other packages.\n" msgstr "" "/// Return a representation of this package as a dependency, for use in\n" " /// building other packages.\n" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"1\"" msgstr "\"1\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "" "/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n" msgstr "" "/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"2\"" msgstr "\"2\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Set the package version.\n" msgstr "/// Set the package version.\n" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Set the package authors.\n" msgstr "/// Set the package authors.\n" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"3\"" msgstr "\"3\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Add an additional dependency.\n" msgstr "/// Add an additional dependency.\n" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"4\"" msgstr "\"4\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n" msgstr "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"5\"" msgstr "\"5\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"base64\"" msgstr "\"base64\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"0.13\"" msgstr "\"0.13\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"base64: {base64:?}\"" msgstr "\"base64: {base64:?}\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"log\"" msgstr "\"log\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"0.4\"" msgstr "\"0.4\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"log: {log:?}\"" msgstr "\"log: {log:?}\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"serde\"" msgstr "\"serde\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"djmitche\"" msgstr "\"djmitche\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"4.0\"" msgstr "\"4.0\"" #: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"serde: {serde:?}\"" msgstr "\"serde: {serde:?}\"" #: src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"0.1\"" msgstr "\"0.1\"" #: src/smart-pointers.md msgid "[Box" msgstr "[Box" #: src/smart-pointers.md msgid "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/smart-pointers.md msgid "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/smart-pointers.md msgid "[Trait Objects](./smart-pointers/trait-objects.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[特徵物件](./smart-pointers/trait-objects.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/smart-pointers.md msgid "[Exercise: Binary Tree](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：二元樹](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/smart-pointers.md src/error-handling.md msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 55 分鐘" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " "pointer to data on the heap:" msgstr "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) 是具有所有權的指" "向堆積上的資料的指標：" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"five: {}\"" msgstr "\"five: {}\"" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " "methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." msgstr "" "`Box` 會實作 `Deref`。也就是說，您可以[直接在 `Box` 上透過 " "`T` 呼叫方法](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-" "deref-coercion)。" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" msgstr "遞迴資料型別或含有動態大小的資料型別必須使用 `Box`：" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "/// A non-empty list: first element and the rest of the list.\n" msgstr "/// A non-empty list: first element and the rest of the list.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "/// An empty list.\n" msgstr "/// An empty list.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"{list:?}\"" msgstr "\"{list:?}\"" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "list : : :\n" ": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" "+----+ :\n" ": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // " "| // | :\n" ": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" "+----+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" " 堆疊 堆積\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" ": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " "not null." msgstr "" "`Box` 就像是 C++ 中的 `std::unique_ptr`，兩者的差別在於 `Box` 不會是空值。" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" msgstr "在以下情況下，您可以使用 `Box`：" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " "compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "編譯時遇到不知道大小為何的型別，但 Rust 編譯器需要知道確切大小。" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " "amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " "so only the pointer is moved." msgstr "" "想要轉移大量資料的所有權。為避免在堆疊上複製大量資料，請改將資料儲存在 `Box` " "的堆積上，這樣系統就只會移動指標。" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " "`List`, the compiler would not be able to compute a fixed size for the " "struct in memory (the `List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" "如果這裡未使用 `Box`，且我們要將 `List` 直接嵌入 `List`，編譯器就不會計算出固" "定的結構體記憶體大小，結構體看起來會像是無限大。" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " "just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." msgstr "" "`Box` 大小與一般指標相同，並且只會指向堆積中的下一個 `List` 元素，因此可以解" "決這個問題。" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. We get " "the message \"recursive without indirection\", because for data recursion, " "we have to use indirection, a `Box` or reference of some kind, instead of " "storing the value directly." msgstr "" "將 `Box` 從 List 定義中移除後，畫面上會顯示編譯器錯誤。如果您看到「Recursive " "with indirection」錯誤訊息，建議您使用 Box 或其他種類的參考，而不是直接儲存" "值。" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "Niche Optimization" msgstr "區位最佳化" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " "allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" msgstr "" "`Box` 不能空白，因此指標會一律有效，而且不會是 `null`。這樣一來，編譯器可以將" "記憶體配置最佳化：" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": list : : :\n" ": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" ": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | // | :\n" ": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" " 堆疊 堆積\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" ": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" "counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " "from multiple places:" msgstr "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) 是參考計數的共用指" "標。如要在多個位置參考相同的資料，可以使用這個指標：" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "\"a: {a}\"" msgstr "\"a: {a}\"" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "\"b: {b}\"" msgstr "\"b: {b}\"" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " "context." msgstr "" "如果您處於多執行緒的環境，請參閱 [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) " "和 [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html)。" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" "您可以將共用指標「降級」為 [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct." "Weak.html) 指標，以便建立之後會捨棄的循環。" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " "are references." msgstr "`Rc` 的計數可確保只要有參考，內含的值就會保持有效。" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "Rust 中的 `Rc` 就像 C++ 中的 `std::shared_ptr` 一樣。" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " "increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " "be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" "`Rc::clone` 的成本很低：這個做法會建立指向相同配置的指標，並增加參考計數，而" "不會產生深克隆，尋找程式碼效能問題時通常可以忽略。" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " "and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" "`make_mut` 實際上會在必要時克隆內部值 (「clone-on-write」)，並回傳可變動的參" "考。" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "使用 `Rc::strong_count` 可查看參考計數。" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " "cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" "`Rc::downgrade` 提供的「弱參考計數」物件，建立之後會適當捨棄的循環 (可能會搭" "配 `RefCell`)。" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " "collection:" msgstr "特徵物件可接受不同型別的值，舉例來說，在集合中會是這樣：" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Miau!\"" msgstr "" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" msgstr "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" msgstr "以下是配置 `pets` 後的記憶體配置：" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": \"pets: Vec\" : : \"data: Cat\" +----+----+----" "+----+ :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +-------+-------+ | F | i | d | " "o | :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--. : | lives | 9 | +----+----+----" "+----+ :\n" ": | len | 2 | : | : +-------+-------+ " "^ :\n" ": | capacity | 2 | : | : ^ " "| :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : | : | " "'-------. :\n" ": : | : | data:" "\"Dog\"| :\n" ": : | : | +-------+--|-------" "+ :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' | : +---|-+-----+ | name | o, 4, 4 " "| :\n" " `--+-->| o o | o o-|----->| age | 5 " "| :\n" " : +-|---+-|---+ +-------+----------" "+ :\n" " : | " "| :\n" " `- - -| - - |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" " | |\n" " | | " "\"Program text\"\n" " .- - -| - - |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" " : | | " "vtable :\n" " : | | +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : | `----->| \"::" "talk\" | :\n" " : | +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : | " "vtable :\n" " : | +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : '----------->| \"::" "talk\" | :\n" " : +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : :\n" " '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" " 堆疊 堆積\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": pets : : +----+----+----+----" "+ :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ .->| F | i | d | o " "| :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | | +----+----+----+----" "+ :\n" ": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ " "`---------. :\n" ": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | data " "| :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | | +-------+--|-------" "+ :\n" ": : : | | | '-->| name | o, 4, 4 " "| :\n" ": : : | | | | age | 5 " "| :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | +-------+----------" "+ :\n" " : | | " "| :\n" " : | | | " "vtable :\n" " : | | | +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : | | '---->| \"::talk\" " "| :\n" " : | | +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : | " "| :\n" " : | | " "data :\n" " : | | +-------+-------" "+ :\n" " : | '-->| lives | 9 " "| :\n" " : | +-------+-------" "+ :\n" " : " "| :\n" " : | " "vtable :\n" " : | +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : '---->| \"::talk\" " "| :\n" " : +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : :\n" " '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "```" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " "impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" "如果型別會實作特定特徵，大小可能會不同。因此在上例中就不可能出現 `Vec` " "這類項目。" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " "implements `Pet`." msgstr "可透過 `dyn Pet` 這個方法向編譯器告知實作 `Pet` 的動態大小型別。" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " "the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" msgstr "" "在本例中，`pets` 和向量資料分別在堆疊和堆積上分配。這兩個向量元素都是「虛指" "標」：" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " "the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) for the `Pet` " "implementation of that particular object." msgstr "" "在本例中，`pets` 會保留指向物件的「虛指標」__，而物件會實作 `Pet`。虛指標包含" "兩個元件，指向實際物件的指標，以及指向該特定物件中 `Pet` 實作項目的虛擬方法表" "格。" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " "has a `lives` field." msgstr "" "名為 Fido 的 `Dog` 資料是 `name` 和 `age` 欄位。`Cat` 則有 `lives` 欄位。" #: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" msgstr "比較上述範例的輸出內容：" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "" "A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two " "children (left and right). We will create a tree where each node stores a " "value. For a given node N, all nodes in a N's left subtree contain smaller " "values, and all nodes in N's right subtree will contain larger values." msgstr "" "二元樹是一種樹狀資料結構，其中每個節點都有左右兩個子節點。我們會建立每個節點" "都儲存一個值的樹狀結構。以指定節點 N 來說，N 左側子樹狀結構中的所有節點都包含" "較小的值，而 N 右側子樹狀結構中的所有節點都含有較大的值。" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "Implement the following types, so that the given tests pass." msgstr "請實作以下型別，讓指定的測試通過。" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "" "Extra Credit: implement an iterator over a binary tree that returns the " "values in order." msgstr "加分題：在二元數上實作疊代器，依序傳回值。" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "/// A node in the binary tree.\n" msgstr "/// A node in the binary tree.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "/// A possibly-empty subtree.\n" msgstr "/// A possibly-empty subtree.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "" "/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n" "///\n" "/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n" msgstr "" "/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n" "///\n" "/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has`.\n" msgstr "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has`.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "// not a unique item\n" msgstr "// not a unique item\n" #: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"bar\"" msgstr "\"bar\"" #: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md msgid "[Borrowing](./borrowing.md) (50 minutes)" msgstr "[借用](./borrowing.md) (50 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md msgid "" "[Slices and Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" msgstr "[切片和生命週期](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 小時 10 分鐘)" #: src/borrowing.md msgid "[Borrowing a Value](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[如何借用值](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/borrowing.md msgid "[Borrow Checking](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[借用檢查](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/borrowing.md msgid "[Interior Mutability](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[內部可變動性](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/borrowing.md msgid "[Exercise: Health Statistics](./borrowing/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：健康統計資料](./borrowing/exercise.md) (20 分鐘)" #: src/borrowing/shared.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, " "you can let a function _borrow_ the value:" msgstr "您可以不必在呼叫函式時轉移所有權，而是讓函式「借用」值：" #: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." msgstr "`add` 函式會「借用」兩個點，並傳回新的點。" #: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." msgstr "呼叫端會保留輸入內容的所有權。" #: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "" "This slide is a review of the material on references from day 1, expanding " "slightly to include function arguments and return values." msgstr "" "這張投影片會複習第 1 天講解過的參照，並略微延伸討論何謂函式引數和回傳值。" #: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "Notes on stack returns:" msgstr "有關堆疊回傳的注意事項：" #: src/borrowing/shared.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " "eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " "and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) " "or look at the assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the " "\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " "the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" "示範因為編譯器可刪除複製操作，所以 `add` 回傳的成本較低。變更上述程式碼來顯示" "堆疊位址，並在 [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) 上執行。在「DEBUG」" "最佳化等級中，位址應變更，但在變更為「RELEASE」設定時，位址應維持不變：" #: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." msgstr "Rust 編譯器可以執行回傳值最佳化 (RVO)。" #: src/borrowing/shared.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " "constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " "RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " "copy." msgstr "" "在 C++ 中，複製省略必須定義在語言規格內，因為建構函式可能有連帶效果。在 Rust " "中，這完全不是問題。如未發生 RVO，Rust 一律會執行簡單有效的 `memcpy` 複製作" "業。" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. " "For a given value, at any time:" msgstr "Rust 會限制借用值的方式：" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md #, fuzzy msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_" msgstr "隨時擁有一或多個 `&T` 值，「或是」" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md #, fuzzy msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value." msgstr "只擁有一個 `&mut T` 值。" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "Note that the requirement is that conflicting references not _exist_ at the " "same point. It does not matter where the reference is dereferenced." msgstr "" "請注意，這裡的規定是同一點上不得「存在」衝突的參照，在何處解除參照並不重要。" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " "`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." msgstr "" "上述程式碼不會編譯，因為系統會同時透過 `c` 和 `b`，以可變動項和不可變動項的格" "式借用 `a`。" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " "to make the code compile." msgstr "請將 `b` 的 `println!` 陳述式移到導入 `c` 的範圍前，即可編譯程式碼。" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " "the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " "checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." msgstr "" "經過該變更後，編譯器會發現系統使用 `b` 的時間，只會在新可變動項透過 `c` 借用 " "`a` 之前。這是借用檢查器中的功能，稱為「非詞彙生命週期」(non-lexical " "lifetimes)。" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "The exclusive reference constraint is quite strong. Rust uses it to ensure " "that data races do not occur. Rust also _relies_ on this constraint to " "optimize code. For example, a value behind a shared reference can be safely " "cached in a register for the lifetime of that reference." msgstr "" "專屬參照的約束力很強。Rust 會利用這類參照，確保資料競爭的情形不會發生；此外，" "也會「透過」這項約束，將程式碼最佳化。舉例來說，共用參照背後的值可以在該參照" "的生命週期內，安全地快取到暫存器中。" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "The borrow checker is designed to accommodate many common patterns, such as " "taking exclusive references to different fields in a struct at the same " "time. But, there are some situations where it doesn't quite \"get it\" and " "this often results in \"fighting with the borrow checker.\"" msgstr "" "借用檢查器在設計上考量了許多常見模式，例如同時對結構體中的不同欄位進行專屬參" "照。但檢查器也可能無法完全「理解」某些的情況，這通常會導致「與借用檢查器衝" "突」。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "In some situations, it's necessary to modify data behind a shared (read-" "only) reference. For example, a shared data structure might have an internal " "cache, and wish to update that cache from read-only methods." msgstr "" "在某些情況下，您必須修改共用 (唯讀) 參照背後的資料：比方說，共用的資料結構可" "能含有內部快取，並想透過唯讀方法更新該快取。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "The \"interior mutability\" pattern allows exclusive (mutable) access behind " "a shared reference. The standard library provides several ways to do this, " "all while still ensuring safety, typically by performing a runtime check." msgstr "" "「內部可變動性」模式可以在共用參照背後提供專屬 (可變動的) 存取權。標準程式庫" "支援以多種方式執行此操作，同時仍可確保安全，做法通常是執行執行階段檢查。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md #, fuzzy msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "`RefCell`" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" msgstr "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" msgstr "\"graph sum: {}\"" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "`Cell`" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "`Cell` wraps a value and allows getting or setting the value, even with a " "shared reference to the `Cell`. However, it does not allow any references to " "the value. Since there are no references, borrowing rules cannot be broken." msgstr "" "`Cell` 會納入值，並允許取得或設定該值，即使具有對 `Cell` 的共用參照也一樣。但" "是，它不允許對該值進行任何參照。由於沒有參照，因此借用規則不得違反。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "The main thing to take away from this slide is that Rust provides _safe_ " "ways to modify data behind a shared reference. There are a variety of ways " "to ensure that safety, and `RefCell` and `Cell` are two of them." msgstr "" "這張投影片的重點是 Rust 提供「安全的」方法，可讓您修改共用參照背後的資料。要" "確保安全性有許多方式，而 `RefCell` 和 `Cell` 是其中兩種方法。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "`RefCell` enforces Rust's usual borrowing rules (either multiple shared " "references or a single exclusive reference) with a runtime check. In this " "case, all borrows are very short and never overlap, so the checks always " "succeed." msgstr "" "`RefCell` 會透過執行階段檢查，強制使用 Rust 的一般借用規則 (多個共用參照或單" "一專屬參照)。在本例中，所有借用都非常短暫且永遠不會重疊，因此檢查一律會成功。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "`Rc` only allows shared (read-only) access to its contents, since its " "purpose is to allow (and count) many references. But we want to modify the " "value, so we need interior mutability." msgstr "" "`Rc` 只允許對自身內容的共用 (唯讀) 存取行為，因為允許 (並計算) 多個參照才是它" "的用途。但是，由於我們要修改這個值，因此內部可變動性不可或缺。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "`Cell` is a simpler means to ensure safety: it has a `set` method that takes " "`&self`. This needs no runtime check, but requires moving values, which can " "have its own cost." msgstr "" "如要確保安全，`Cell` 是較簡單的做法，因為其中的 `set` 方法可接受 `&self`。這" "無需動用執行階段檢查，但需要移動值，因此可能有其相應成本。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." "children`." msgstr "" "示範可以將 `root` 新增至 `subtree.children` (請勿嘗試輸出！) 來建立參照迴圈。" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " "`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " "the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " "borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." msgstr "" "如要演示執行階段發生的恐慌情形，請新增 `fn inc(&mut self)`，這可讓 `self." "value` 遞增，並在其子項呼叫相同的方法。在有參照迴圈的情況下，這會引發恐慌，其" "中的 `thread 'main' 會因 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'` 而恐慌。" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" "You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " "you need to keep track of users' health statistics." msgstr "您正在實作健康監控系統，因此須追蹤使用者的健康統計資料。" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "You'll start with a stubbed function in an `impl` block as well as a `User` " "struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out method on the " "`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" "您將從 `impl` 區塊中的部分虛設函式，以及 `User` 結構體定義著手，目標是在 " "`impl` 區塊中定義的 `User` `struct` 上導入虛設常式方法。" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "method:" msgstr "請將以下程式碼複製到 ，並填入缺少的方法：" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" "\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the " "doctor\"" msgstr "" "\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the " "doctor\"" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md src/borrowing/solution.md #: src/android/build-rules/library.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"Bob\"" msgstr "\"Bob\"" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md src/borrowing/solution.md msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" msgstr "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md msgid "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[切片: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md msgid "[String References](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[字串參照](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md msgid "" "[Lifetime Annotations](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) (10 " "minutes)" msgstr "" "[生命週期註解](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md msgid "" "[Lifetime Elision](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[生命週期省略](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md msgid "" "[Struct Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[結構體生命週期](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Protobuf Parsing](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：Protobuf 剖析](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 1 小時 10 分鐘" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "Slices" msgstr "切片" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" msgstr "切片能讓您查看更大的集合：" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." msgstr "切片會從切片型別借用資料。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" msgstr "問題：如果在輸出 `s` 前修改 `a[3]`，會有什麼影響？" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "" "We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " "indexes in brackets." msgstr "我們會建立一個切片，方法是先借用 `a`，然後在括號中指定起始和結束索引。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "" "If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " "starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " "identical." msgstr "" "如果切片從索引 0 開始，Rust 的範圍語法可允許我們捨棄起始索引，也就是說，" "`&a[0..a.len()]` 和 `&a[..a.len()]` 意思相同。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "" "The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " "identical." msgstr "" "同理，最後一個索引也是如此，因此 `&a[2..a.len()]` 和 `&a[2..]` 意思相同。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "" "To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." msgstr "因此，為了輕鬆建立完整陣列的切片，我們可以使用 `&a[..]`。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md msgid "" "`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " "(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " "computation on slices of different sizes." msgstr "" "`s` 是對 `i32`s 切片的參照。請注意，`s` (`&[i32]`) 的型別不再提及陣列長度，這" "有利於我們對不同大小的切片執行運算。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " "'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." msgstr "" "切片一律會從其他物件借用。在本例中，`a` 必須持續「運作」(在範圍內)，時間至少" "要和切片一樣長。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " "the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " "this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " "safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " "`println`, when the slice is no longer used." msgstr "" "有關修改 `a[3]` 的問題可能引發有趣的討論，但正解是，基於記憶體安全因素，您無" "法在執行作業的這個時間點，透過 `a` 修改 `a[3]`，但可以放心從 `a` 和 `s` 讀取" "資料。此項目會在您建立切片前運作，並在 `println` 之後，也就是切片不再使用時再" "次運作。更多細節會在借用檢查器的章節說明。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "" "We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like " "`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)." msgstr "" "我們現在可以瞭解 Rust 中有兩種字串型別，`&str` 幾近於 `&[char]`，但其資料是以" "可變長度編碼 (UTF-8) 儲存。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" msgstr "\"s1: {s1}\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "\"Hello \"" msgstr "\"Hello \"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" msgstr "\"s3: {s3}\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "Rust terminology:" msgstr "以 Rust 術語來說會是這樣：" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." msgstr "`&str` 是對字串切片的不可變參照。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." msgstr "`String` 是可變動的字串緩衝區。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " "encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " "(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." msgstr "" "`&str` 可引進字串切片，這是對 UTF-8 編碼字串的不可變參照；該編碼字串儲存在記" "憶體區塊中，字串常值 (`”Hello”`) 則儲存在程式的二進位檔中。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "" "Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " "`Vec`, it is owned." msgstr "" "Rust 的 `String` 型別是位元組向量的包裝函式。就像使用 `Vec` 一樣，該型別有" "專屬的擁有者。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " "literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " "can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." msgstr "" "就像使用其他許多型別一樣，`String::from()` 會透過字串常值建立字串；`String::" "new()` 則建立新的空白字串，您可以使用 `push()` 和 `push_str()` 方法將字串資料" "加到該字串。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " "dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." msgstr "" "如要從動態值產生自有字串，使用 `format!()` 巨集是便捷的方法。該巨集接受與 " "`println!()` 相同的格式規格。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md msgid "" "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " "selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " "boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over " "characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." msgstr "" "您可以透過 `&str` 和可選的範圍選項，從 `String` 借用 `&str` 切片。如果所選位" "元組範圍未與字元邊界對齊，運算式會發生恐慌。比起嘗試設定正確的字元邊界，建議" "優先使用會對字元進行疊代的 `chars` 疊代器。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " "one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " "equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " "UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." msgstr "" "C++ 程式設計師請注意：您可以將 `&str` 想成 C++ 的 `const char*`，但這個 " "`&str` 將一律指向記憶體中的有效字串。Rust 的 `String` 大致等同於 C++ 的 " "`std::string`，主要差別是前者只能包含 UTF-8 編碼的位元組，且絕不會進行小字串" "最佳化。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md #, fuzzy msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" msgstr "位元組字串可讓您直接建立 `&[u8]` 值：" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "A reference has a _lifetime_, which must not \"outlive\" the value it refers " "to. This is verified by the borrow checker." msgstr "參照的「生命週期」不得「超過」其所參照的值。此由借用檢查器負責驗證。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes " "can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with " "`'` and `'a` is a typical default name. Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed " "`Point` which is valid for at least the lifetime `a`\"." msgstr "" "按照我們目前所見，生命週期可以隱晦表示。不過，`&'a Point`、`&'document str` " "也可以明確表示生命週期。生命週期的開頭為 `'`，一般預設名稱為 `'a``。請將 " "`&'a Point` 讀做「至少對生命週期 `a` 有效的借用 `Point`」。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " "yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is " "ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution." msgstr "生命週期註解會建立限制；編譯器會驗證是否有有效的解決方案。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and " "returning values from functions." msgstr "在考慮與函式間傳遞值時，生命週期會變得比較複雜。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" msgstr "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" msgstr "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "In this example, the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for `p3`. " "Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume that " "`p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, Rust " "requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and return " "values." msgstr "" "在本例中，編譯器無法堆論出 `p3` 到底有多長的生命週期。查看函式主體內部後顯" "示，編譯器只有把握假設 `p3` 的生命週期是 `p1` 和 `p2` 中的較短那個。但就像型" "別一樣，Rust 規定要對函式引數和回傳值的生命週期加上明確註解。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:" msgstr "請將 `'a` 妥善新增至 `left_most`：" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives " "for at least `'a`." msgstr "" "這表示，「假設 p1 和 p2 都比 `'a` 長」，回傳值的生命週期至少會為 `'a`。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide." msgstr "一般情況下可以省略生命週期，詳情請見下一張投影片。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" msgstr "函式呼叫中的生命週期" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " "but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " "rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html). This is not " "inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand." msgstr "" "請務必完整指定函式引數和回傳值的生命週期，不過在大部分情況下，Rust 允許使用 " "[一些簡單規則](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html) 省略" "這些生命週期。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one." msgstr "凡是沒有生命週期註解的引數都會獲得一個註解。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated " "return values." msgstr "如果只有一個引數生命週期，則會提供給所有未加註的回傳值。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, " "that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values." msgstr "" "如果有多個引數生命週期，但第一個是要給 `self`，這個生命週期會提供給所有未加註" "的回傳值。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided." msgstr "您可看到本例中隨意省略了 `cab_distance`。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple " "references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation." msgstr "`nearest` 函式提供另一個函式範例，其引數具有多個需要明確註解的參照。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:" msgstr "請試著調整簽章，「謊報」傳回的生命週期：" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for " "validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers " "(unsafe), and this is a common source of errors with unsafe Rust." msgstr "" "由於這不會執行編譯，表示編譯器已檢查註解是否有效。請注意，原始指標 (不安全) " "的情況並非如此，這是不安全 Rust 的常見錯誤來源。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "Students may ask when to use lifetimes. Rust borrows _always_ have " "lifetimes. Most of the time, elision and type inference mean these don't " "need to be written out. In more complicated cases, lifetime annotations can " "help resolve ambiguity. Often, especially when prototyping, it's easier to " "just work with owned data by cloning values where necessary." msgstr "" "學生可能會詢問何時該使用生命週期。Rust 的借用「一律」具有生命週期。在大多數情" "況下，如果採取省略和型別推論的方式，表示您不必編寫這些內容。但在較複雜的情況" "下，生命週期註解可以協助解決模稜兩可的情況。一般而言，只要在有必要時複製值，" "即可輕鬆處理所擁有的資料，特別是在原型設計階段更是如此。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" msgstr "資料結構中的生命週期" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "如果資料型別會儲存借用的資料，則必須使用生命週期註解：" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" msgstr "\"Bye {text}!\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" msgstr "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "// erase(text);\n" msgstr "// erase(text);\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" msgstr "\"{fox:?}\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" msgstr "\"{dog:?}\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " "underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " "`Highlight` that uses that data." msgstr "" "在上述範例中，`Highlight` 的註解會強制執行以下規定：若是包含在內的 `&str` 的" "基礎資料，留存時間應至少和使用該資料的所有 `Highlight` 例項一樣長。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " "the borrow checker throws an error." msgstr "" "如果在 `fox` (或 `dog`) 的生命週期結束前消耗 `text`，借用檢查器會擲回錯誤。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " "can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " "somewhat harder to use." msgstr "" "含有借用資料的型別會強制要求使用者保留原始資料。這在建立輕量檢視畫面可能很實" "用，但通常也會增加使用難度。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." msgstr "請盡可能讓資料結構直接擁有資料。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " "annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " "relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " "of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." msgstr "" "某些內含多個參照的結構體可擁有多個生命週期註解。如果除了結構體的生命週期之" "外，還需要描述參照之間的生命週期關係，就可能有必要擁有多個生命週期註解。那些" "是相當進階的用途。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]" "(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's " "simpler than it seems! This illustrates a common parsing pattern, passing " "slices of data. The underlying data itself is never copied." msgstr "" "在本練習中，您將建構 [protobuf 二進位編碼](https://protobuf.dev/programming-" "guides/encoding/)的剖析器。請放心，這比看起來容易！這個練習也會舉例說明常見的" "剖析模式，也就是傳遞資料切片。基礎資料本身一律不會複製。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, " "indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` " "file. In this exercise, we'll encode that information into `match` " "statements in functions that get called for each field." msgstr "" "如要完整剖析 protobuf 訊息，您必須瞭解欄位型別，這會依欄位編號建立索引，通常" "位於 `proto` 檔案內。在本練習中，我們會在針對各欄位呼叫的函式中，將該資訊編碼" "為 `match` 陳述式。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "We'll use the following proto:" msgstr "我們將使用以下 proto：" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each " "is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field " "number (e.g., `2` for the `id` field of a `Person` message) and a wire type " "defining how the payload should be determined from the byte stream." msgstr "" "proto 訊息會編碼為一系列的欄位，一個接著一個。每個欄位都以後方加上值的「標" "記」形式實作。此標記含有欄位編號 (例如 `Person` 訊息的 `id` 欄位編號是 `2`) " "以及有線型別，後者負責定義應如何從位元組資料流中決定酬載。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding " "called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given " "code also defines callbacks to handle `Person` and `PhoneNumber` fields, and " "to parse a message into a series of calls to those callbacks." msgstr "" "整數 (包含標記) 會以稱為 VARINT 的可變長度編碼表示。好消息是，以下程式碼已為" "您定義 `parse_varint`。該程式碼也定義了回呼，藉此處理 `Person` 和 " "`PhoneNumber` 欄位，並將訊息剖析為對這些回呼的一系列呼叫。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function and the " "`ProtoMessage` trait for `Person` and `PhoneNumber`." msgstr "" "您剩下的就只是為 `Person` 和 `PhoneNumber` 實作 `parse_field` 函式和 " "`ProtoMessage` 特徵即可。" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid varint\"" msgstr "\"Invalid varint\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid wire-type\"" msgstr "\"Invalid wire-type\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" msgstr "\"Unexpected EOF\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid length\"" msgstr "\"Invalid length\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" msgstr "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" msgstr "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" msgstr "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" msgstr "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" " /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " "a\n" " /// VARINT followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n" msgstr "" "//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" " /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " "a\n" " /// VARINT followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n" " /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" msgstr "" "/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n" " /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" msgstr "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" msgstr "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" msgstr "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" msgstr "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" msgstr "" "/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" " // a u64 and return it.\n" msgstr "" "// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" " // a u64 and return it.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" msgstr "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" msgstr "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" msgstr "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as " "necessary.\"" msgstr "" "\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as " "necessary.\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\"" msgstr "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\"" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field " "in\n" "/// the message.\n" "///\n" "/// The entire input is consumed.\n" msgstr "" "/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field " "in\n" "/// the message.\n" "///\n" "/// The entire input is consumed.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber.\n" msgstr "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" msgstr "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// skip everything else\n" msgstr "// skip everything else\n" #: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md msgid "b\"hello\"" msgstr "b\"hello\"" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Welcome to Day 4" msgstr "歡迎參加第 4 天課程" #: src/welcome-day-4.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we will cover topics relating to building large-scale software in Rust:" msgstr "今天我們會探討一些有關 Rust 的進階主題：" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Iterators: a deep dive on the `Iterator` trait." msgstr "疊代器：深入探討 `Iterator` 特徵。" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Modules and visibility." msgstr "模組和可見性。" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Testing." msgstr "測試。" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." msgstr "錯誤處理：恐慌、`Result`，以及 try 運算子 `?`。" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "" "Unsafe Rust: the escape hatch when you can't express yourself in safe Rust." msgstr "不安全的 Rust：不能寫出安全的 Rust 時的應急方法。" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[歡迎](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "[Iterators](./iterators.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[疊代器](./iterators.md) (45 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "[Modules](./modules.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "[模組](./modules.md) (40 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "[Testing](./testing.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "[測試](./testing.md) (45 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 40 " "minutes" msgstr "加上 10 分鐘的休息時間，這個課程大約需要 2 小時 40 分鐘" #: src/iterators.md msgid "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[疊代器](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/iterators.md msgid "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/iterators.md msgid "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/iterators.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：疊代器方法鏈結](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "" "The [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " "trait supports iterating over values in a collection. It requires a `next` " "method and provides lots of methods. Many standard library types implement " "`Iterator`, and you can implement it yourself, too:" msgstr "" "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) 特徵可讓" "您對集合中的值進行疊代作業。這需要用到 `next` 方法，且會提供大量方法。許多標" "準程式庫型別都能實作 `Iterator`，而您也可以自行實作：" #: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" msgstr "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" #: src/iterators/iterator.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " "operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " "the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " "functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " "implementations." msgstr "" "`Iterator` 特徵會對集合實作許多常見的函式程式操作，例如 `map`、`filter`、 " "`reduce` 等等。您可以藉由此特徵找出所有相關的說明文件。在 Rust 中，這些 函式" "會產生程式碼，且應與對應的命令式實作項目一樣有效率。" #: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "" "`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " "collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " "and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " "vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." msgstr "" "`IntoIterator` 是迫使 for 迴圈運作的特徵。此特徵由集合型別(例如 `Vec`) " "和相關參照 (`&Vec` 與 `&[T]`) 實作而成。此外，範圍也會實作這項特徵。 這就" "說明了您為何可以透過 `for i in some_vec { .. }` 對向量進行疊代，即使沒有 " "`some_vec.next()` 也無妨。" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " "iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) defines how to create an iterator for a type. " "It is used automatically by the `for` loop." msgstr "" "`Iterator` 特徵會告訴您如何在建立疊代器後進行「疊代」。相關特徵 " "`IntoIterator` 則會說明如何建立疊代器：" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" msgstr "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of " "`IntoIterator` must declare two types:" msgstr "這裡的語法表示每個 `IntoIterator` 的實作都必須宣告兩種型別：" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md #, fuzzy msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`," msgstr "`Item`：進行疊代的型別，例如 `i8`。" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." msgstr "`IntoIter`：`into_iter` 方法傳回的 `Iterator` 型別。" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " "`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" msgstr "" "請注意，`IntoIter` 和 `Item` 已建立連結：疊代器必須具有相同的 `Item` 型別，表" "示會傳回 `Option`。" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "The example iterates over all combinations of x and y coordinates." msgstr "此範例會對 x 和 y 座標的所有組合進行疊代。" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "Try iterating over the grid twice in `main`. Why does this fail? Note that " "`IntoIterator::into_iter` takes ownership of `self`." msgstr "" "請嘗試在 `main` 中對格線疊代兩次。想想為什麼這樣會失敗？請注意，" "`IntoIterator::into_iter` 會取得 `self` 的擁有權。" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "Fix this issue by implementing `IntoIterator` for `&Grid` and storing a " "reference to the `Grid` in `GridIter`." msgstr "" "如要修正此問題，請針對 `&Grid` 實作 `IntoIterator`，並將 `Grid` 的參照儲存在 " "`GridIter` 中。" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "The same problem can occur for standard library types: `for e in " "some_vector` will take ownership of `some_vector` and iterate over owned " "elements from that vector. Use `for e in &some_vector` instead, to iterate " "over references to elements of `some_vector`." msgstr "" "標準程式庫型別可能會發生同樣的問題，也就是 `for e in some_vector` 會取得 " "`some_vector` 的擁有權，並對該向量內擁有的元素進行疊代。因此，請改用 `for e " "in &some_vector` 疊代處理對 `some_vector` 元素的參照。" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "FromIterator" msgstr "FromIterator" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " "lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." msgstr "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " "可讓您透過 [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator." "html) 建構集合。" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" msgstr "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md #, fuzzy msgid "`Iterator` implements" msgstr "`Iterator`" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:" msgstr "您可以透過兩種方式為這個方法指定 `B`：" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "With the \"turbofish\": `some_iterator.collect::()`, as " "shown. The `_` shorthand used here lets Rust infer the type of the `Vec` " "elements." msgstr "" "依指示使用「turbofish」：`some_iterator.collect::()`。在這裡" "使用 `_` 簡寫，可讓 Rust 推論 `Vec` 元素的型別。" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "With type inference: `let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`. " "Rewrite the example to use this form." msgstr "" "使用型別推論：`let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`。請重新編" "寫這個例子，採用這個形式。" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. " "There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things " "like convert an `Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" "您也可以利用部分實作項目完成某些酷炫操作，例如將 `Iterator>` 轉換成 `Result, E>`。" #: src/iterators/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods " "in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " "trait to implement a complex calculation." msgstr "" "您可以自行在型別上實作 [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." "Iterator.html) 特徵：" #: src/iterators/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the following code to and make the tests " "pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the " "return value." msgstr "" "將下列程式碼複製到 ，然後設法通過測試。請盡量避" "免為中繼結果分配 `Vec`：" #: src/iterators/exercise.md src/iterators/solution.md msgid "" "/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by " "`offset`,\n" "/// wrapping around from the end of `values` to the beginning.\n" "///\n" "/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" msgstr "" "/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by " "`offset`,\n" "/// wrapping around from the end of `values` to the beginning.\n" "///\n" "/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" #: src/modules.md msgid "[Modules](./modules/modules.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[模組](./modules/modules.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/modules.md msgid "[Filesystem Hierarchy](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[檔案系統階層](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/modules.md msgid "[Visibility](./modules/visibility.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[可見性](./modules/visibility.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/modules.md msgid "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[use、super、self](./modules/paths.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/modules.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library](./modules/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：GUI 程式庫的模組](./modules/exercise.md) (15 分鐘)" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "我們已介紹 `impl` 區塊如何讓我們將函式的命名空間建立為型別。" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" msgstr "同樣地，`mod` 可讓我們建立型別和函式的命名空間：" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "\"In the foo module\"" msgstr "\"In the foo module\"" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "\"In the bar module\"" msgstr "\"In the bar module\"" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "" "Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " "describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." msgstr "" "套件會提供功能，並收錄 `Cargo.toml` 檔案，用於說明如何建構含有超過 1 個 " "Crate 的組合。" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "" "Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " "a library crate compiles to a library." msgstr "" "Crate 是模組的樹狀結構，其中二進位檔 Crate 會建立執行檔，而程式庫 Crate 則會" "編譯至程式庫。" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "模組不僅會定義組織、範圍，同時也是本節重點。" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" msgstr "如果您省略模組內容，系統會指示 Rust 在其他檔案中尋找該內容：" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." "rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" "vegetables.rs`." msgstr "" "這會讓 Rust 知道 `garden` 模組內容是在 `src/garden.rs` 中找到的。同樣地，" "`garden::vegetables` 模組可在 `src/garden/vegetables.rs` 中找到。" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "The `crate` root is in:" msgstr "`crate` 根層級位於：" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (適用於程式庫 Crate)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" msgstr "`src/main.rs` (適用於二進位檔 Crate)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " "comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " "module." msgstr "" "您也可以使用 \"inner doc comments\" 記錄檔案中定義的模組。這些會記錄包含它們" "的項目，在本例中就是模組。" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " "germination\n" "//! implementation.\n" msgstr "" "//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " "germination\n" "//! implementation.\n" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n" msgstr "// Re-export types from this module.\n" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" msgstr "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" msgstr "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " "`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." msgstr "" "在 Rust 2018 之前，模組需位於 `module/mod.rs` 而非 `module.rs` 中，這仍然是 " "2018 後續版本的可行替代方案。" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." "rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." msgstr "" "導入 `filename.rs` 做為 `filename/mod.rs` 的替代方案，主要是因為許多名為 " "`mod.rs` 的檔案在 IDE 中很難區分。" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" msgstr "更深層的巢狀結構可以使用資料夾，即使主要模組為檔案也一樣：" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " "directive:" msgstr "Rust 尋找模組的位置可透過編譯器指令變更：" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "\"some/path.rs\"" msgstr "\"some/path.rs\"" #: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " "in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." msgstr "" "舉例來說，如果您想將模組的測試放在名為 `some_module_test.rs` 的檔案中 (類似 " "Go 中的慣例)，這就會很實用。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" msgstr "我們可將模組視為隱私邊界：" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." msgstr "模組項目預設為不公開 (會隱藏實作詳細資料)。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." msgstr "父項和同層項目一律會顯示。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " "the descendants of `foo`." msgstr "換句話說，如果項目顯示在 `foo` 模組中，則會出現在 `foo` 的所有子系中。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::private\"" msgstr "\"outer::private\"" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::public\"" msgstr "\"outer::public\"" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::inner::private\"" msgstr "\"outer::inner::private\"" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::inner::public\"" msgstr "\"outer::inner::public\"" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." msgstr "使用 `pub` 關鍵字將模組設為公開。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " "of public visibility." msgstr "此外，您也可以使用進階的 `pub(...)` 指定碼來限制公開的瀏覽權限範圍。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." msgstr "" "請參閱 [Rust 參考資料](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." msgstr "設定 `pub(crate)` 瀏覽權限是一種常見模式。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." msgstr "您也可以授予特定路徑的瀏覽權限，但這較不常見。" #: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " "its descendants)." msgstr "無論如何，都請務必將瀏覽權限授予祖系模組 (及其所有子系)。" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "use, super, self" msgstr "use、super、self" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " "will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" "模組可以使用 `use` 將其他模組的符號帶進範圍內。您通常會在每個模組的頂端看到類" "似下方的內容：" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "Paths" msgstr "路徑" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" msgstr "路徑的解析方式包括：" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "As a relative path:" msgstr "做為相對路徑：" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," msgstr "`foo` 或 `self::foo` 是指目前模組中的 `foo`。" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." msgstr "`super::foo` 是指父項模組中的 `foo`。" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "As an absolute path:" msgstr "做為絕對路徑：" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," msgstr "`crate::foo` 是指目前 Crate 根目錄中的 `foo`。" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." msgstr "`bar::foo` 是指 `bar` Crate 中的 `foo`。" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "It is common to \"re-export\" symbols at a shorter path. For example, the " "top-level `lib.rs` in a crate might have" msgstr "" "常見的方式是在較短的路徑上「重新導出」符號。舉例來說，Crate 中的頂層 `lib." "rs` 可能有" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a " "convenient, short path." msgstr "透過便捷的短路徑，向其他 Crate 提供 `DiskStorage` 和`NetworkStorage`。" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "For the most part, only items that appear in a module need to be `use`'d. " "However, a trait must be in scope to call any methods on that trait, even if " "a type implementing that trait is already in scope. For example, to use the " "`read_to_string` method on a type implementing the `Read` trait, you need to " "`use std::io::Read`." msgstr "" "在大部分情況下，只有顯示在模組中的項目需要 `use`。但是，如要呼叫特徵的任何方" "法，該特徵必須處於範圍之內，即使實作該特徵的型別已在範圍內也一樣。舉例來說，" "如要在實作 `Read` 特徵的型別上使用 `read_to_string` 方法，您需要 `use std::" "io::Read`。" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "The `use` statement can have a wildcard: `use std::io::*`. This is " "discouraged because it is not clear which items are imported, and those " "might change over time." msgstr "" "`use` 陳述式可能包含萬用字元，例如 `use std::io::*`。不過，這不是建議的做法，" "因為我們無法確定匯入了哪些項目，而且這些項目可能隨著時間改變。" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise, you will reorganize a small GUI Library implementation. " "This library defines a `Widget` trait and a few implementations of that " "trait, as well as a `main` function." msgstr "" "在本練習中，您將重新編排小型的 GUI 程式庫實作項目。這個程式庫定義了 `Widget` " "特徵、該特徵的幾個實作項目，以及 `main` 函式。" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own " "module, so each widget type should get its own module." msgstr "" "通常，每種型別 (或一組密切相關的型別) 會放入各自的模組中，因此每個小工具型別" "應該都有自己的模組。" #: src/modules/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "Cargo Setup" msgstr "設定" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "The Rust playground only supports one file, so you will need to make a Cargo " "project on your local filesystem:" msgstr "" "Rust Playground 僅支援一個檔案，因此您需要在本機檔案系統中建立 Cargo 專案：" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "Edit the resulting `src/main.rs` to add `mod` statements, and add additional " "files in the `src` directory." msgstr "" "請編輯產生的 `src/main.rs`，新增 `mod` 陳述式並在 `src` 目錄中新增其他檔案。" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Source" msgstr "來源" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Here's the single-module implementation of the GUI library:" msgstr "以下是 GUI 程式庫的單一模組實作項目：" #: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" msgstr "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" #: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" msgstr "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" #: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" msgstr "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" #: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "\"{buffer}\"" msgstr "\"{buffer}\"" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n" msgstr "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "// TODO: Change draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use " "the\n" " // ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" msgstr "" "// TODO: Change draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use " "the\n" " // ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" #: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "\"+-{:-. Then use\n" " // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" msgstr "" "// TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" " // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" " // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" #: src/modules/solution.md msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" msgstr "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" #: src/testing.md msgid "[Test Modules](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[測試模組](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/testing.md msgid "[Other Types of Tests](./testing/other.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[其他測試類型](./testing/other.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/testing.md msgid "[Compiler Lints and Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[編譯器 Lint 和 Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/testing.md msgid "[Exercise: Luhn Algorithm](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：盧恩 (Luhn) 演算法](./testing/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Unit Tests" msgstr "單元測試" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "Rust 和 Cargo 提供了一個簡單的單元測試 (unit test) 框架：" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "在你的程式碼的任何地方都可添加單元測試。" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "整合測試 (integration test) 則可放置在 `tests/` 資料夾下。" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "" "Tests are marked with `#[test]`. Unit tests are often put in a nested " "`tests` module, using `#[cfg(test)]` to conditionally compile them only when " "building tests." msgstr "" "測試會以 `#[test]` 標示。單元測試通常會位於巢狀的 `tests` 模組中，使用 " "`#[cfg(test)]` 可有條件地編譯測試 (僅限在建構測試時)。" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md #, fuzzy msgid "\"Hello World\"" msgstr "Hello World!" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "這有助於您對私人輔助程式進行單元測試。" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "只有在執行 `cargo test` 時，`#[cfg(test)]` 屬性才會生效。" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Run the tests in the playground in order to show their results." msgstr "請在 Playground 中執行測試以顯示結果。" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "Integration Tests" msgstr "整合測試" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." msgstr "如果您要以用戶端身分測試程式庫，請採用整合測試。" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" msgstr "在 `tests/` 之下建立一個 `.rs` 檔案：" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "// tests/my_library.rs\n" msgstr "// tests/my_library.rs\n" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." msgstr "這些測試只能存取 crate 的公用 API。" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "Documentation Tests" msgstr "說明文件測試" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "Rust 內建說明文件測試相關支援：" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" "/// # use playground::shorten_string;\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" msgstr "" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" "/// # use playground::shorten_string;\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "系統會自動將 `///` 註解中的程式碼區塊視為 Rust 程式碼。" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "系統會編譯程式碼，執行 `cargo test` 時會一併執行這些程式碼。" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "" "Adding `#` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/" "run it." msgstr "程式碼中新增 `#` 後，即可從文件中隱藏，但仍會編譯/執行。" #: src/testing/other.md msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." msgstr "" "請在 [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0) " "上測試上述程式碼。" #: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful " "built-in lints. [Clippy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/) provides even " "more lints, organized into groups that can be enabled per-project." msgstr "" "Rust 編譯器會產生高品質的錯誤訊息，以及實用的內建 Lint。[Clippy](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/clippy/) 則提供更多 Lint，且會整理成可供每個專案啟用的群組。" #: src/testing/lints.md msgid "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\"" msgstr "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\"" #: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "Run the code sample and examine the error message. There are also lints " "visible here, but those will not be shown once the code compiles. Switch to " "the Playground site to show those lints." msgstr "" "請執行程式碼範例並查看錯誤訊息。雖然這裡也能看到 Lint，但程式碼開始編譯後，" "Lint 就不會再顯示。因此若要查看這些 Lint，請改用 Playground 網站。" #: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "After resolving the lints, run `clippy` on the playground site to show " "clippy warnings. Clippy has extensive documentation of its lints, and adds " "new lints (including default-deny lints) all the time." msgstr "" "解析 Lint 後，請在 Playground 網站上執行 `clippy`，顯示 clippy 警告。Clippy " "提供大量 Lint 說明文件，且會一直添加新的 Lint (包括預設拒絕的 Lint)。" #: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "Note that errors or warnings with `help: ...` can be fixed with `cargo fix` " "or via your editor." msgstr "" "請注意，您可以使用 `cargo fix` 或編輯器，修正含有 `help: ...` 的錯誤或警告。" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "盧恩演算法" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " "to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " "does the following to validate the credit card number:" msgstr "" "[盧恩演算法](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm)可用於驗證信用卡號" "碼。這個演算法會將字串做為輸入內容，並執行下列操作來驗證信用卡號碼：" #: src/testing/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with fewer than two digits." msgstr "忽略所有空格。拒絕少於兩位數的號碼。" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " "`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." msgstr "" "從**右到左**，將偶數位的數字乘二。以數字 `1234` 為例，請將 `3` 和 `1` 乘二；" "若為數字 `98765`，請將 `6` 和 `8` 乘二。" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " "doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." msgstr "" "將數字乘二後，如果結果大於 9，請將每位數字相加。所以，`7` 乘二等於 `14`，那麼" "也就是 `1 + 4 = 5`。" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." msgstr "將所有數字 (無論是否已乘二) 相加。" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." msgstr "如果加總所得數字的末位是 `0`，代表信用卡卡號有效。" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, " "along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most the algorithm is " "implemented correctly." msgstr "" "這裡提供的程式碼是盧恩演算法的錯誤實作示例，另外還有兩個基本單元測試，用於確" "認大部分演算法已正確實作。" #: src/testing/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and write additional " "tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you " "find." msgstr "" "請將以下程式碼複製到 ，並填入缺少的函式和方法：" #: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" msgstr "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" #: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" #: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"7992 7398 713\"" msgstr "\"7992 7398 713\"" #: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" msgstr "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" #: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" #: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" msgstr "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n" msgstr "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n" msgstr "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" msgstr "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" msgstr "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"yes\"" msgstr "\"yes\"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"no\"" msgstr "\"no\"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"foo 0 0\"" msgstr "\"foo 0 0\"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" \"" msgstr "\" \"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" \"" msgstr "\" \"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" \"" msgstr "\" \"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"0\"" msgstr "\"0\"" #: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" 0 0 \"" msgstr "\" 0 0 \"" #: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md msgid "[Error Handling](./error-handling.md) (55 minutes)" msgstr "[錯誤處理](./error-handling.md) (55 分鐘)" #: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md msgid "[Unsafe Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" msgstr "[不安全的 Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 小時 5 分鐘)" #: src/error-handling.md msgid "[Panics](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "[恐慌](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 分鐘)" #: src/error-handling.md msgid "[Try Operator](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[嘗試運算子](./error-handling/try.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/error-handling.md msgid "[Try Conversions](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[嘗試轉換](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/error-handling.md msgid "[Error Trait](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[錯誤特徵](./error-handling/error.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/error-handling.md msgid "" "[thiserror and anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" "[thiserror 和 anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/error-handling.md msgid "" "[Exercise: Rewriting with Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：根據結果重新編寫](./error-handling/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"." msgstr "Rust 會透過「恐慌」來處理嚴重錯誤。" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" msgstr "如果執行階段發生重大錯誤，Rust 就會觸發恐慌：" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"v[100]: {}\"" msgstr "\"v[100]: {}\"" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." msgstr "恐慌代表發生無法復原的非預期錯誤。" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." msgstr "恐慌可以反映程式中的錯誤。" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic" msgstr "執行階段失敗 (例如失敗的邊界檢查) 可能會觸發恐慌" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure" msgstr "斷言 (例如 `assert!`) 會在失敗時發生恐慌" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro." msgstr "針對特定用途的恐慌可以使用 `panic!` 巨集。" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "A panic will \"unwind\" the stack, dropping values just as if the functions " "had returned." msgstr "恐慌會「解開」堆疊，此行為捨棄值的方式就像函式已傳回一樣。" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." msgstr "如果無法接受程式崩潰，請使用不會觸發恐慌的 API，例如 `Vec::get`。" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " "caught:" msgstr "根據預設，恐慌會造成解開堆疊。您可以擷取這類動作：" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"No problem here!\"" msgstr "\"No problem here!\"" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"{result:?}\"" msgstr "\"{result:?}\"" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"oh no!\"" msgstr "\"oh no!\"" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "Catching is unusual; do not attempt to implement exceptions with " "`catch_unwind`!" msgstr "捕獲是異常行為；請勿嘗試以 `catch_unwind` 實作例外狀況！" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " "request crashes." msgstr "" "如果伺服器需要持續運作 (即使有單一要求崩潰也不例外)，這種做法就能派上用場。" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "如果您在 `Cargo.toml` 中設定 `panic = 'abort'`，就無法採取此做法。" #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "" "Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with " "the `Result` type, but matching this type on every call can be cumbersome. " "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " "turn the common" msgstr "" "連線遭拒或找不到檔案等執行階段錯誤，都是透過 `Result` 型別來處理，但每次呼叫" "時都比對此類型可能相當麻煩。try 運算子 `?` 的用途是將錯誤傳回呼叫端，可讓您將" "下列常見的程式碼" #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "into the much simpler" msgstr "轉換成以下較簡潔的程式碼：" #: src/error-handling/try.md #, fuzzy msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" msgstr "我們可以使用這個運算子，簡化錯誤處理程式碼：" #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" #: src/error-handling/try.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"config.dat\"" msgstr "\"config.dat\"" #: src/error-handling/try.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" msgstr "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "Simplify the `read_username` function to use `?`." msgstr "請簡化 `read_username` 函式，以便使用 `?`。" #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." msgstr "`username` 變數可以是 `Ok(string)` 或 `Err(error)`。" #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "" "Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " "file, file with username." msgstr "" "請使用 `fs::write` 呼叫來測試以下不同情況：沒有檔案、空白檔案、含使用者名稱的" "檔案。" #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "" "Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::" "process::Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " "The executable will print the `Err` variant and return a nonzero exit status " "on error." msgstr "" "請注意，只要 `main` 實作 `std::process:Termination`，便可傳回 `Result<(), " "E>`。實務上，這表示 `E` 會實作 `Debug`。執行檔將顯示 `Err` 變體，並在發生錯誤" "時傳回非零的結束狀態。" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " "indicated:" msgstr "比起先前提到的下列程式碼，`?` 的有效擴展稍微更複雜一點：" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "works the same as" msgstr "運作方式與以下程式碼相同：" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " "type returned by the function. This makes it easy to encapsulate errors into " "higher-level errors." msgstr "" "這裡的 `From::from` 呼叫意味著，我們嘗試將錯誤型別轉換成函式回傳的型別：" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "\"IO error: {e}\"" msgstr "\"IO error: {e}\"" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\"" msgstr "\"Found no username in {path}\"" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "The `?` operator must return a value compatible with the return type of the " "function. For `Result`, it means that the error types have to be compatible. " "A function that returns `Result` can only use `?` on a value " "of type `Result` if `ErrorOuter` and `ErrorInner` are the " "same type or if `ErrorOuter` implements `From`." msgstr "" "`?` 運算子必須傳回與函式傳回類型相容的值。如果是 `Result`，表示錯誤類型必須相" "容。如果是傳回 `Result` 的函式，當 `ErrorOuter` 和 " "`ErrorInner` 的型別相同、或者 `ErrorOuter` 實作 `From` 時，就只能" "在 `Result` 型別的值上使用 `?`。" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "A common alternative to a `From` implementation is `Result::map_err`, " "especially when the conversion only happens in one place." msgstr "" "`From` 實作的常見的替代方案是 `Result::map_err`，特別是當轉換只在單一位置發生" "時更是如此。" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "There is no compatibility requirement for `Option`. A function returning " "`Option` can use the `?` operator on `Option` for arbitrary `T` and " "`U` types." msgstr "" "`Option` 並沒有相容性規定。如果函式會傳回 `Option`，可以在 `Option` 上" "將 `?` 運算子用於任意的 `T` 和 `U` 型別。" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "A function that returns `Result` cannot use `?` on `Option` and vice versa. " "However, `Option::ok_or` converts `Option` to `Result` whereas `Result::ok` " "turns `Result` into `Option`." msgstr "" "傳回 `Result` 的函式無法在 `Option` 上使用 `?`，反之亦然。不過，`Option::" "ok_or` 會將 `Option` 轉換為 `Result`，而 `Result::ok` 則將 `Result` 轉換為 " "`Option`。" #: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "Dynamic Error Types" msgstr "動態錯誤型別" #: src/error-handling/error.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " "our own enum covering all the different possibilities. The `std::error::" "Error` trait makes it easy to create a trait object that can contain any " "error." msgstr "" "我們有時會想允許傳回任何型別的錯誤，而不是自行編寫涵蓋所有不同可能性的列舉。" "`std::error::Error` 可讓這項工作更輕鬆。" #: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"count.dat\"" msgstr "\"count.dat\"" #: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"1i3\"" msgstr "\"1i3\"" #: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"Count: {count}\"" msgstr "\"Count: {count}\"" #: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"Error: {err}\"" msgstr "\"Error: {err}\"" #: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "" "The `read_count` function can return `std::io::Error` (from file operations) " "or `std::num::ParseIntError` (from `String::parse`)." msgstr "" "`read_count` 函式可以傳回 `std::io::Error` (透過檔案作業) 或 `std::num::" "ParseIntError` (透過 `String::parse`)。" #: src/error-handling/error.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Boxing errors saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle " "different error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not " "a good idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it " "can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error " "message somewhere." msgstr "" "這可少用一些程式碼，但犧牲掉的是無法在程式中以不同方式乾淨地處理各種錯誤情" "況。因此，在程式庫的公用 API 中使用 `Box`，通常不是一個理想方式，" "但如果您只想在程式中的某處顯示錯誤訊息，它可能是不錯的選擇。" #: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "" "Make sure to implement the `std::error::Error` trait when defining a custom " "error type so it can be boxed. But if you need to support the `no_std` " "attribute, keep in mind that the `std::error::Error` trait is currently " "compatible with `no_std` in [nightly](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/" "issues/103765) only." msgstr "" "定義自訂錯誤型別時，請務必實作 `std::error::Error` 特徵，這樣才能裝箱。不過，" "如果您需要支援 `no_std` 屬性，請留意 `std::error::Error` 特徵目前僅與[每夜版]" "(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765)中的 `no_std` 相容。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and [`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/" "anyhow/) crates are widely used to simplify error handling." msgstr "" "[thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate 很常用來建立錯誤列舉，我們在上" "一頁就曾這麼做：" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`thiserror` is often used in libraries to create custom error types that " "implement `From`." msgstr "" "`thiserror` 經常在程式庫中使用，目的是建立可實作 `From` 的自訂錯誤型別。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`anyhow` is often used by applications to help with error handling in " "functions, including adding contextual information to your errors." msgstr "" "`anyhow` 經常由應用程式使用，目的是協助函式中的錯誤處理機制，包括為錯誤加上背" "景資訊。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\"" msgstr "\"Found no username in {0}\"" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\"" msgstr "\"Failed to open {path}\"" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Failed to read\"" msgstr "\"Failed to read\"" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" msgstr "\"Username: {username}\"" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\"" msgstr "\"Error: {err:?}\"" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "`thiserror`" msgstr "`thiserror`" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful " "attributes to help define error types in a compact way." msgstr "" "`Error` 衍生巨集是由 `thiserror` 提供，附有許多實用的屬性，有助於以精簡方式定" "義錯誤型別。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "The `std::error::Error` trait is derived automatically." msgstr "`std::error::Error` 特徵會自動衍生。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait." msgstr "`#[error]` 的訊息則用於衍生 `Display` 特徵。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "`anyhow`" msgstr "`anyhow`" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " "it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " "is widely used in applications." msgstr "" "`anyhow::Error` 基本上是 `Box` 周遭的包裝函式。因此，通常也是不建" "議程式庫的公用 API 使用，但可在應用程式中廣泛使用。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." msgstr "`anyhow::Result` 是 `Result` 的型別別名。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." msgstr "必要時，可以擷取其中的實際錯誤類型進行檢查。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " "developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " "error)` from Go." msgstr "" "Go 開發人員可能會覺得 `anyhow::Result` 提供的功能似曾相識，因為該功能提供" "了與 Go 中的 `(T, error)` 類似的使用模式和人體工學。" #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`anyhow::Context` is a trait implemented for the standard `Result` and " "`Option` types. `use anyhow::Context` is necessary to enable `.context()` " "and `.with_context()` on those types." msgstr "" "`anyhow::Context` 是針對標準 `Result` 和 `Option` 型別實作的特徵。如要啟用這" "些型別的 `.context()` 和 `.with_context()`，就必須使用 anyhow::Context。" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" msgstr "練習：根據結果重新編寫" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "" "The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. " "However, it handles errors by panicking. Rewrite it to instead use idiomatic " "error handling and propagate errors to a return from `main`. Feel free to " "use `thiserror` and `anyhow`." msgstr "" "以下程式碼實作一個非常簡單的運算式語言剖析器，但會藉由恐慌來處理錯誤。請重新" "編寫，改用慣用的錯誤處理機制，並將錯誤傳播至 `main` 的回傳陳述式。您可以自由" "使用 `thiserror` 和 `anyhow`。" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "" "HINT: start by fixing error handling in the `parse` function. Once that is " "working correctly, update `Tokenizer` to implement " "`Iterator>` and handle that in the parser." msgstr "" "提示：首先請修正 `parse` 函式中的錯誤處理機制。確認一切正常運作後，更新 " "`Tokenizer` 即可實作 `Iterator>`，並在剖析" "器中處理。" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// An arithmetic operator.\n" msgstr "/// An arithmetic operator.\n" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A token in the expression language.\n" msgstr "/// A token in the expression language.\n" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// An expression in the expression language.\n" msgstr "/// An expression in the expression language.\n" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A reference to a variable.\n" msgstr "/// A reference to a variable.\n" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A literal number.\n" msgstr "/// A literal number.\n" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A binary operation.\n" msgstr "/// A binary operation.\n" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'z'" msgstr "'z'" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'_'" msgstr "'_'" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'+'" msgstr "'+'" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'-'" msgstr "'-'" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "\"Unexpected character {c}\"" msgstr "\"Unexpected character {c}\"" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected end of input\"" msgstr "\"Unexpected end of input\"" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\"" msgstr "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\"" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\"" msgstr "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\"" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n" msgstr "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"10+foo+20-30\"" msgstr "\"10+foo+20-30\"" #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"{expr:?}\"" msgstr "\"{expr:?}\"" #: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\"" msgstr "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\"" #: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\"" msgstr "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\"" #: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\"" msgstr "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\"" #: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid number\"" msgstr "\"Invalid number\"" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "[Unsafe](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[不安全](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "" "[Dereferencing Raw Pointers](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "[將原始指標解除參照](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 分鐘)" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "[Mutable Static Variables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[可變動的靜態變數](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "[Unions](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[聯集](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "[Unsafe Functions](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[不安全的函式](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "[Unsafe Traits](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "[不安全的特徵](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 分鐘)" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "[Exercise: FFI Wrapper](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "[練習：FFI 包裝函式](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 分鐘)" #: src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes" msgstr "講解這個主題大約需要 1 小時 5 分鐘" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "Rust 語言包含兩個部分：" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "\\*\\*安全的 Rust：\\*\\*可確保記憶體安全，無法觸發未定義的行為。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " "violated." msgstr "\\*\\*不安全的 Rust：\\*\\*如果違反先決條件，便可能觸發未定義的行為。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "We saw mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know what " "Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "雖然本課程中出現的大多都是安全的 Rust，但瞭解不安全的 Rust 也很重要。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " "carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." msgstr "" "不安全的程式碼通常都很簡短、受到隔離，而且封裝在安全的抽象層中。您應該仔細記" "錄這類程式碼的正確性。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "透過不安全的 Rust，可以使用五項新功能：" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "對裸指標解參考。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "存取或修改可變的靜態變數。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "存取 `union` 欄位。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "呼叫 `unsafe` 函式 (包括 `extern` 函式)。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "實作 `unsafe` 特徵。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " "[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" "unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." msgstr "" "接下來將簡單介紹不安全的功能。如需瞭解詳情，請參閱 [Rust Book 的第 19.1 章]" "(https://rust-lang.tw/book-tw/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html)，以及 [Rustonomicon]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " "have turned off some compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." msgstr "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " "have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "建立指標相當安全，不過對指標解參考就需要使用 `unsafe`：" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"careful!\"" msgstr "\"careful!\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"r1 is: {}\"" msgstr "\"r1 is: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"uhoh\"" msgstr "\"uhoh\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"r2 is: {}\"" msgstr "\"r2 is: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS.\n" " /*\n" " let r3: &String = unsafe { &*r1 };\n" " drop(s);\n" " println!(\"r3 is: {}\", *r3);\n" " */" msgstr "" "// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS.\n" " /*\n" " let r3: &String = unsafe { &*r1 };\n" " drop(s);\n" " println!(\"r3 is: {}\", *r3);\n" " */" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " "a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " "satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." msgstr "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " "a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " "satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" msgstr "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "The pointer must be non-null." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " "allocated object)." msgstr "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " "allocated object)." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "The object must not have been deallocated." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " "must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." msgstr "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " "must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "The \"NOT SAFE\" section gives an example of a common kind of UB bug: `*r1` " "has the `'static` lifetime, so `r3` has type `&'static String`, and thus " "outlives `s`. Creating a reference from a pointer requires _great care_." msgstr "" "「NOT SAFE」部分提供了常見的 UB 錯誤示例：`*r1` 具有 `'static` 生命週期，因" "此 `r3` 具有 `&'static String` 這個型別，從而會超過 `s`。從指標建立參照需要" "「格外謹慎」__。" #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "您可以放心讀取不可變的靜態變數：" #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md #, fuzzy msgid "\"Hello, world!\"" msgstr "Hello World!" #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" msgstr "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " "static variables:" msgstr "不過，讀取並寫入可變的靜態變數並不安全，因為可能發生資料競爭：" #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" msgstr "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "" "The program here is safe because it is single-threaded. However, the Rust " "compiler is conservative and will assume the worst. Try removing the " "`unsafe` and see how the compiler explains that it is undefined behavior to " "mutate a static from multiple threads." msgstr "" "這裡的程式採用單一執行緒，因此安全無虞。不過，Rust 編譯器較為保守，會設想最糟" "的情況。請嘗試移除 `unsafe`，看看編譯器如何解釋為什麼從多個執行緒變更 " "static，屬於未定義的行為。" #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " "where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " "heap allocator or working with some C APIs." msgstr "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " "where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " "heap allocator or working with some C APIs." #: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "聯合體和列舉很像，但您需要自行追蹤可用欄位：" #: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "\"int: {}\"" msgstr "\"int: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "\"bool: {}\"" msgstr "\"bool: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md #, fuzzy msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n" msgstr "在執行階段不會產生未定義的行為，好處如下：" #: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " "are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." msgstr "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " "are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." #: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " "[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." "transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" "crates/zerocopy) crate." msgstr "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " "[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." "transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" "crates/zerocopy) crate." #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" msgstr "呼叫不安全的函式" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " "you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" msgstr "" "如果函式或方法具有額外先決條件，而您必須遵循這些條件才能避免未定義的行為，那" "麼就可以將該函式或方法標示為 `unsafe`：" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md src/android/interoperability/with-c.md #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"C\"" msgstr "\"C\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" msgstr "\"🗻∈🌏\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" " // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" " // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"emoji: {}\"" msgstr "\"emoji: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"char count: {}\"" msgstr "\"char count: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" msgstr "在執行階段不會產生未定義的行為，好處如下：" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" msgstr "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" " // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" " // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe {\n" " // emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" msgstr "" "// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" " // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" " // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe {\n" " // emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" msgstr "編寫不安全的函式" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " "conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" "如果您的函式必須滿足特定條件才能避免未定義的行為，您可以將其標示為 `unsafe`。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" msgstr "" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "// Safe because ...\n" msgstr "// Safe because ...\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" msgstr "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`get_unchecked`, like most `_unchecked` functions, is unsafe, because it can " "create UB if the range is incorrect. `abs` is incorrect for a different " "reason: it is an external function (FFI). Calling external functions is " "usually only a problem when those functions do things with pointers which " "might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have " "undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" "This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " "pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " "function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" "此例中的 `\"C\"` 為 ABI；[您也可以使用其他 ABI](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/items/external-blocks.html)。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "We wouldn't actually use pointers for a `swap` function - it can be done " "safely with references." msgstr "" "We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " "with references." #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " "`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " "Try adding it and see what happens. This will likely change in a future Rust " "edition." msgstr "" "Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " "`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " "Try adding it and see what happens." #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" msgstr "實作不安全的特徵" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " "must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" "與函式類似，如果實作程序必須保證符合特定條件才能避免未定義的行為，您可以將特" "徵標示為 `unsafe`。" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " "like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" msgstr "" "舉例來說，`zerocopy` crate 就具有不安全的特徵，如[這個頁面](https://docs.rs/" "zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html)所示：" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" msgstr "" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" msgstr "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " "the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." msgstr "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " "the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " "complicated." msgstr "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " "complicated." #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" msgstr "安全的 FFI 包裝函式" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " "interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " "functions you would use from C to read the names of files in a directory." msgstr "" "Rust 對透過「外部函式介面」__(FFI) 呼叫函式的做法提供強大支援。我們會利用這點" "來為 `libc` 函式建立安全的包裝函式，這是您在 C 語言中用來讀取目錄檔案名稱的函" "式。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "建議您參閱以下手冊頁面：" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " "exercise:" msgstr "" "建議您一併瀏覽 [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/) 模組。其中會" "有練習需用到的幾個字串型別：" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Encoding" msgstr "編碼" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Use" msgstr "使用" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" msgstr "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) 和 [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "UTF-8" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "在 Rust 中處理文字" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" msgstr "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) 和 [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "空字串結尾" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "與 C 函式通訊" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" msgstr "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) 和 " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "特定 OS" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "與 OS 通訊" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "您將在以下所有型別之間轉換：" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "`&str` 到 `CString`：您需要為結尾的 `\\0` 字元分配空間。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "`CString` 到 `*const i8`：您需要指標才能呼叫 C 函式。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "`*const i8` 到 `&CStr`：您需要一些可以找到結尾 `\\0` 字元的內容。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " "unknown data\"," msgstr "`&CStr` 到 `&[u8]`：位元組切片是「某些未知資料」的通用介面。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" "`&[u8]` 到 `&OsStr`：`&OsStr` 是通往 `OsString` 的一步，請以 [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) 建立。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " "return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" "`&OsStr` 到 `OsString`：您需複製 `&OsStr` 中的資料，才能傳回資料並再次呼叫 " "`readdir`。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " "useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" "[Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) 也有關於 FFI 的實用章節" "可供參閱。" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "functions and methods:" msgstr "" "請將以下程式碼複製到 ，並填入缺少的函式和方法：" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"macos\"" msgstr "\"macos\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" msgstr "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" msgstr "" "// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" msgstr "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"x86_64\"" msgstr "\"x86_64\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" msgstr "" "// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\"" msgstr "\"readdir$INODE64\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" msgstr "" "// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" msgstr "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n" msgstr "// Call closedir as needed.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\".\"" msgstr "\".\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"files: {:#?}\"" msgstr "\"files: {:#?}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\"" msgstr "\"Invalid path: {err}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" msgstr "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\"" msgstr "\"Could not open {:?}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" msgstr "" "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n" msgstr "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" " // terminated.\n" msgstr "" "// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" " // terminated.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" msgstr "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\"" msgstr "\"Could not close {:?}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"no-such-directory\"" msgstr "\"no-such-directory\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\"" msgstr "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"..\"" msgstr "\"..\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"foo.txt\"" msgstr "\"foo.txt\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\"" msgstr "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"bar.png\"" msgstr "\"bar.png\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"\\n\"" msgstr "\"\\n\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"crab.rs\"" msgstr "\"crab.rs\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\"" msgstr "\"//! Crab\\n\"" #: src/android.md msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" msgstr "歡迎在 Android 中使用 Rust" #: src/android.md msgid "" "Rust is supported for system software on Android. This means that you can " "write new services, libraries, drivers or even firmware in Rust (or improve " "existing code as needed)." msgstr "" "Android 的系統軟體支援 Rust。也就是說，您可以在 Rust 中編寫新的服務、程式庫、" "驅動程式，甚至是韌體，也可以視需要強化現有程式碼。" #: src/android.md msgid "" "We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to " "find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code " "to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something " "that parses some raw bytes would be ideal." msgstr "" "今天我們會嘗試在您擁有的其中一項專案中呼叫 Rust。因此，請盡量在程式碼集中找出" "一小段來改寫成 Rust。請注意，依附元件和「獨特」型別越少越好。理想情況是確保程" "式碼能剖析部分原始位元組。" #: src/android.md msgid "" "The speaker may mention any of the following given the increased use of Rust " "in Android:" msgstr "由於 Rust 在 Android 中越來越廣為使用，講者可能可以提到以下議題：" #: src/android.md msgid "" "Service example: [DNS over HTTP](https://security.googleblog.com/2022/07/dns-" "over-http3-in-android.html)" msgstr "" "服務範例：[DNS_over_HTTP](https://security.googleblog.com/2022/07/dns-over-" "http3-in-android.html)" #: src/android.md msgid "" "Libraries: [Rutabaga Virtual Graphics Interface](https://crosvm.dev/book/" "appendix/rutabaga_gfx.html)" msgstr "" "程式庫：[Rutabaga 虛擬繪圖介面](https://crosvm.dev/book/appendix/" "rutabaga_gfx.html)" #: src/android.md msgid "" "Kernel Drivers: [Binder](https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-" "rust-binder-v1-0-08ba9197f637@google.com/)" msgstr "" "核心驅動程式：[Binder](https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-rust-" "binder-v1-0-08ba9197f637@google.com/)" #: src/android.md msgid "" "Firmware: [pKVM firmware](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-" "rust-in-android.html)" msgstr "" "韌體：[pKVM 韌體](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-rust-in-" "android.html)" #: src/android/setup.md msgid "" "We will be using a Cuttlefish Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make " "sure you have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" "我們會使用 Cuttlefish Android 虛擬裝置來測試程式碼。請確認您可以存取這項裝" "置，或是使用下方程式碼建立新裝置：" #: src/android/setup.md msgid "" "Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/" "setup/start) for details." msgstr "" "詳情請參閱 [Android 開發人員程式碼研究室](https://source.android.com/docs/" "setup/start)。" #: src/android/setup.md msgid "" "Cuttlefish is a reference Android device designed to work on generic Linux " "desktops. MacOS support is also planned." msgstr "" "Cuttlefish 是參考用的 Android 裝置，可在一般 Linux 電腦上運作。日後也計劃支" "援 MacOS。" #: src/android/setup.md msgid "" "The Cuttlefish system image maintains high fidelity to real devices, and is " "the ideal emulator to run many Rust use cases." msgstr "" "Cuttlefish 系統映像檔能維持媲美實體裝置的高保真度，是可用於許多 Rust 用途的理" "想模擬器。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" msgstr "Android 的建構系統 (Soong) 透過以下模組支援 Rust：" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Module Type" msgstr "模組型態" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Description" msgstr "敘述" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_binary`" msgstr "`rust_binary`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Produces a Rust binary." msgstr "生成一個 Rust 執行檔。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_library`" msgstr "`rust_library`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants." msgstr "生成一個 Rust 函式庫，及其對應的 `rlib` 和 `dylib` 變體。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_ffi`" msgstr "`rust_ffi`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static " "and shared variants." msgstr "生成一個可被 `cc` 模組使用的 Rust C 函式庫，及其對應的靜態和共享變體。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_proc_macro`" msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler " "plugins." msgstr "生成一個 `proc-macro` Rust 函式庫，類似於編譯器 擴充。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_test`" msgstr "`rust_test`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness." msgstr "使用Rust自動化測試框架，生成一個 Rust 測試檔。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_fuzz`" msgstr "`rust_fuzz`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`." msgstr "生成一個使用 `libfuzzer` 的 Rust 模糊測試執行檔。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_protobuf`" msgstr "`rust_protobuf`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for " "a particular protobuf." msgstr "生成對應 protobuf 介面的 Rust 原始碼及函式庫。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "`rust_bindgen`" msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C " "libraries." msgstr "生成用於連接 C 函式庫的 Rust 原始碼及函式庫。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." msgstr "接下來我們會探討 `rust_binary` 及 `rust_library`。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Additional items speaker may mention:" msgstr "講者可以提及以下其他事項：" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "Cargo is not optimized for multi-language repos, and also downloads packages " "from the internet." msgstr "" "Cargo 未針對使用多種程式語言的倉儲進行最佳化調整，並且會從網際網路下載套件。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "For compliance and performance, Android must have crates in-tree. It must " "also interop with C/C++/Java code. Soong fills that gap." msgstr "" "為了遵循常規並確保效能，Android 必須在自身專案內提供 Crate。此外，也必須保有" "與 C/C++/Java 程式碼的互通性。Soong 可以彌補這中間的落差。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "Soong has many similarities to Bazel, which is the open-source variant of " "Blaze (used in google3)." msgstr "" "Soong 與 Bazel 有許多相似之處，後者是 Blaze 的開放原始碼變化版本 (用於 " "google3)。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "" "There is a plan to transition [Android](https://source.android.com/docs/" "setup/build/bazel/introduction), [ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource." "com/chromiumos/bazel/), and [Fuchsia](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "build/bazel/introduction) to Bazel." msgstr "" "Google 有將 [Android](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/bazel/" "introduction)、[ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/" "bazel/) 和 [Fuchsia](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/bazel/" "introduction) 轉移到 Bazel 的規畫。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Learning Bazel-like build rules is useful for all Rust OS developers." msgstr "對所有 Rust OS 開發人員來說，學習類似 Bazel 的建構規則都能派上用場。" #: src/android/build-rules.md msgid "Fun fact: Data from Star Trek is a Soong-type Android." msgstr "" "趣味小知識：《星艦迷航記》中的「百科 (Data)」是 Soong 型的仿生機器人 " "(android)。" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "Rust Binaries" msgstr "Rust 二進位檔" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "" "Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " "create the following files:" msgstr "" "我們從一個簡單的應用程式開始著手。請在 Android 開放原始碼計畫程式庫的根層級，" "建立下列檔案：" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_：" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "\"hello_rust\"" msgstr "\"hello_rust\"" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"src/main.rs\"" msgstr "\"src/main.rs\"" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_：" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "//! Rust demo.\n" msgstr "//! Rust demo.\n" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" msgstr "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\"" msgstr "\"Hello from Rust!\"" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" msgstr "您現在可以建構、推送及執行二進位檔：" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust\" /data/local/tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust\" /data/local/tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "```" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "Rust Libraries" msgstr "Rust 程式庫" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." msgstr "您可以使用 `rust_library` 為 Android 建立一個新的 Rust 程式庫。" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" msgstr "這裡，我們會宣告兩個需要依附的程式庫：" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below," msgstr "`libgreeting` (定義如下)" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "" "`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]" "(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" "crates/)." msgstr "" "`libtextwrap` (隨附於 [`external/rust/crates/`](https://cs.android.com/" "android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/crates/) 的 Crate 中)" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" msgstr "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"libgreetings\"" msgstr "\"libgreetings\"" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"libtextwrap\"" msgstr "\"libtextwrap\"" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "// Need this to avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "// Need this to avoid dynamic link error.\n" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"greetings\"" msgstr "\"greetings\"" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md src/android/testing.md #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\"" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_：" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "//! Greeting library.\n" msgstr "//! Greeting library.\n" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n" msgstr "/// Greet `name`.\n" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" msgstr "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" msgstr "請按照之前的方式，建構、推送及執行二進位檔：" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" #: src/android/aidl.md msgid "" "The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." "com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:" msgstr "" "Rust 支援 [Android 介面定義語言 (AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/" "components/aidl)：" #: src/android/aidl.md msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," msgstr "Rust 程式碼可以呼叫現有的 AIDL 服務。" #: src/android/aidl.md msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "您可以在 Rust 中建立新的 AIDL 服務。" #: src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md msgid "" "To illustrate how to use Rust with Binder, we're going to walk through the " "process of creating a Binder interface. We're then going to both implement " "the described service and write client code that talks to that service." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "AIDL Interfaces" msgstr "AIDL 介面" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" msgstr "您可以使用 AIDL 介面宣告服務的 API：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" msgstr "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" msgstr "/** Birthday service interface. */" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" msgstr "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" msgstr "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" msgstr "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "" "Note that the directory structure under the `aidl/` directory needs to match " "the package name used in the AIDL file, i.e. the package is `com.example." "birthdayservice` and the file is at `aidl/com/example/IBirthdayService.aidl`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "Generated Service API" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "Binder generates a trait corresponding to the interface definition. trait to " "talk to the service." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md #, fuzzy msgid "_Generated trait_:" msgstr "生成的特徵：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "Your service will need to implement this trait, and your client will use " "this trait to talk to the service." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "The generated bindings can be found at `out/soong/.intermediates//`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "Point out how the generated function signature, specifically the argument " "and return types, correspond the interface definition." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "`String` for an argument results in a different Rust type than `String` as a " "return type." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "Service Implementation" msgstr "服務實作" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" msgstr "我們現在可以實作 AIDL 服務了：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" msgstr "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" msgstr "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" msgstr "\"libbirthdayservice\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" msgstr "\"birthdayservice\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" msgstr "\"libbinder_rs\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "" "Point out the path to the generated `IBirthdayService` trait, and explain " "why each of the segments is necessary." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "" "TODO: What does the `binder::Interface` trait do? Are there methods to " "override? Where source?" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "AIDL Server" msgstr "AIDL 伺服器" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" msgstr "最後，我們可以建立伺服器來公開服務：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" msgstr "//! Birthday service.\n" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" msgstr "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" msgstr "\"Failed to register service\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"birthday_server\"" msgstr "\"birthday_server\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" msgstr "\"src/server.rs\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "The process for taking a user-defined service implementation (in this case " "the `BirthdayService` type, which implements the `IBirthdayService`) and " "starting it as a Binder service has multiple steps, and may appear more " "complicated than students are used to if they've used Binder from C++ or " "another language. Explain to students why each step is necessary." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "Create an instance of your service type (`BirthdayService`)." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "Wrap the service object in corresponding `Bn*` type (`BnBirthdayService` in " "this case). This type is generated by Binder and provides the common Binder " "functionality that would be provided by the `BnBinder` base class in C++. We " "don't have inheritance in Rust, so instead we use composition, putting our " "`BirthdayService` within the generated `BnBinderService`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "Call `add_service`, giving it a service identifier and your service object " "(the `BnBirthdayService` object in the example)." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "Call `join_thread_pool` to add the current thread to Binder's thread pool " "and start listening for connections." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" msgstr "現在我們可以建構、推送及啟動服務：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb root\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb root\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "在另一個終端機中，檢查服務是否能執行：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "藉由 `service call` 呼叫，您也可以呼叫服務：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "AIDL Client" msgstr "AIDL 用戶端" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." msgstr "最後，我們可以為新服務建立 Rust 用戶端。" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" msgstr "/// Call the birthday service.\n" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md #: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" msgstr "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md #, fuzzy msgid "// Call the service.\n" msgstr "/// Call the birthday service.\n" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"{msg}\"" msgstr "\"{msg}\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"birthday_client\"" msgstr "\"birthday_client\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" msgstr "\"src/client.rs\"" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "請注意，用戶端並不依賴 `libbirthdayservice`。" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "建構、推送及在裝置裡執行用戶端程式：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "`Strong` is the trait object representing the service " "that the client has connected to." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "`Strong` is a custom smart pointer type for Binder. It handles both an in-" "process ref count for the service trait object, and the global Binder ref " "count that tracks how many processes have a reference to the object." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "Note that the trait object that the client uses to talk to the service uses " "the exact same trait that the server implements. For a given Binder " "interface, there is a single Rust trait generated that both client and " "server use." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "Use the same service identifier used when registering the service. This " "should ideally be defined in a common crate that both the client and server " "can depend on." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "" "Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " "specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" msgstr "讓我們為這個 API 擴充更多功能：我們想要讓用戶能在生日卡上指定幾行字：" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "This results in an updated trait definition for `IBirthdayService`:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "" "Note how the `String[]` in the AIDL definition is translated as a " "`&[String]` in Rust, i.e. that idiomatic Rust types are used in the " "generated bindings wherever possible:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "`in` array arguments are translated to slices." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "`out` and `inout` args are translated to `&mut Vec`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "Return values are translated to returning a `Vec`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "Updating Client and Service" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "Update the client and server code to account for the new API." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "'\\n'" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "\"Habby birfday to yuuuuu\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "\"And also: many more\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "" "TODO: Move code snippets into project files where they'll actually be built?" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "Working With AIDL Types" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "AIDL types translate into the appropriate idiomatic Rust type:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) to idiomatic Rust types." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "Collection types like slices, `Vec`s and string types are supported." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "" "References to AIDL objects and file handles can be sent between clients and " "services." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "File handles and parcelables are fully supported." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) idiomatically:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "AIDL Type" msgstr "AIDL 型別" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "Rust Type" msgstr "Rust 型別" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Note" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`boolean`" msgstr "`boolean`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`byte`" msgstr "`byte`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`i8`" msgstr "`i8`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Note that bytes are signed." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`u16`" msgstr "`u16`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Note the usage of `u16`, NOT `u32`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`int`" msgstr "`int`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`i32`" msgstr "`i32`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`long`" msgstr "`long`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`i64`" msgstr "`i64`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`float`" msgstr "`float`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`f32`" msgstr "`f32`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`double`" msgstr "`double`" #: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`f64`" msgstr "`f64`" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "" "The array types (`T[]`, `byte[]`, and `List`) get translated to the " "appropriate Rust array type depending on how they are used in the function " "signature:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md #, fuzzy msgid "Position" msgstr "敘述" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`in` argument" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`&[T]`" msgstr "`&[T]`" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`out`/`inout` argument" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`&mut Vec`" msgstr "`&mut Vec`" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "Return" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`Vec`" msgstr "`Vec`" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "" "In Android 13 or higher, fixed-size arrays are supported, i.e. `T[N]` " "becomes `[T; N]`. Fixed-size arrays can have multiple dimensions (e.g. " "int\\[3\\]\\[4\\]). In the Java backend, fixed-size arrays are represented " "as array types." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "Arrays in parcelable fields always get translated to `Vec`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "AIDL objects can be sent either as a concrete AIDL type or as the type-" "erased `IBinder` interface:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayInfoProvider." "aidl**:" msgstr "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayInfoProvider." "aidl**:" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl**:" msgstr "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl**:" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "/** The same thing, but using a binder object. */" msgstr "/** The same thing, but using a binder object. */" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "/** The same thing, but using `IBinder`. */" msgstr "/** The same thing, but using `IBinder`. */" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "**birthday_service/src/client.rs**:" msgstr "**birthday_service/src/client.rs**:" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "/// Rust struct implementing the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" msgstr "/// Rust struct implementing the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "// Create a binder object for the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" msgstr "// Create a binder object for the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "// Send the binder object to the service.\n" msgstr "// Send the binder object to the service.\n" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "// Perform the same operation but passing the provider as an `SpIBinder`.\n" msgstr "" "// Perform the same operation but passing the provider as an `SpIBinder`.\n" #: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "Note the usage of `BnBirthdayInfoProvider`. This serves the same purpose as " "`BnBirthdayService` that we saw previously." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md msgid "Binder for Rust supports sending parcelables directly:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md msgid "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/BirthdayInfo.aidl**:" msgstr "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/BirthdayInfo.aidl**:" #: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md msgid "/** The same thing, but with a parcelable. */" msgstr "/** The same thing, but with a parcelable. */" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "Files can be sent between Binder clients/servers using the " "`ParcelFileDescriptor` type:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "/** The same thing, but loads info from a file. */" msgstr "/** The same thing, but loads info from a file. */" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "// Open a file and put the birthday info in it.\n" msgstr "// Open a file and put the birthday info in it.\n" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"/data/local/tmp/birthday.info\"" msgstr "\"/data/local/tmp/birthday.info\"" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"{name}\"" msgstr "\"{name}\"" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"{years}\"" msgstr "\"{years}\"" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "// Create a `ParcelFileDescriptor` from the file and send it.\n" msgstr "// Create a `ParcelFileDescriptor` from the file and send it.\n" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "**birthday_service/src/lib.rs**:" msgstr "**birthday_service/src/lib.rs**:" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "// Convert the file descriptor to a `File`. `ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps\n" " // an `OwnedFd`, which can be cloned and then used to create a " "`File`\n" " // object.\n" msgstr "" "// Convert the file descriptor to a `File`. `ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps\n" " // an `OwnedFd`, which can be cloned and then used to create a " "`File`\n" " // object.\n" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Invalid file handle\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "`ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps an `OwnedFd`, and so can be created from a " "`File` (or any other type that wraps an `OwnedFd`), and can be used to " "create a new `File` handle on the other side." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "Other types of file descriptors can be wrapped and sent, e.g. TCP, UDP, and " "UNIX sockets." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing.md #, fuzzy msgid "Testing in Android" msgstr "在 Android 中的測試" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "" "Building on [Testing](../testing.md), we will now look at how unit tests " "work in AOSP. Use the `rust_test` module for your unit tests:" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "_testing/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_testing/Android.bp_:" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "\"libleftpad\"" msgstr "\"libleftpad\"" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "\"leftpad\"" msgstr "\"leftpad\"" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "\"libleftpad_test\"" msgstr "\"libleftpad_test\"" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "\"leftpad_test\"" msgstr "\"leftpad_test\"" #: src/android/testing.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"general-tests\"" msgstr "\"general-tests\"" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "_testing/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_testing/src/lib.rs_:" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "//! Left-padding library.\n" msgstr "//! Left-padding library.\n" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "/// Left-pad `s` to `width`.\n" msgstr "/// Left-pad `s` to `width`.\n" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "\"{s:>width$}\"" msgstr "\"{s:>width$}\"" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "\" foo\"" msgstr "\" foo\"" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "\"foobar\"" msgstr "\"foobar\"" #: src/android/testing.md #, fuzzy msgid "You can now run the test with" msgstr "您現在可以執行測試：" #: src/android/testing.md #, fuzzy msgid "The output looks like this:" msgstr "整體方法大致如下：" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "" "```text\n" "INFO: Elapsed time: 2.666s, Critical Path: 2.40s\n" "INFO: 3 processes: 2 internal, 1 linux-sandbox.\n" "INFO: Build completed successfully, 3 total actions\n" "//comprehensive-rust-android/testing:libleftpad_test_host PASSED " "in 2.3s\n" " PASSED libleftpad_test.tests::long_string (0.0s)\n" " PASSED libleftpad_test.tests::short_string (0.0s)\n" "Test cases: finished with 2 passing and 0 failing out of 2 test cases\n" "```" msgstr "" "```text\n" "INFO: Elapsed time: 2.666s, Critical Path: 2.40s\n" "INFO: 3 processes: 2 internal, 1 linux-sandbox.\n" "INFO: Build completed successfully, 3 total actions\n" "//comprehensive-rust-android/testing:libleftpad_test_host PASSED " "in 2.3s\n" " PASSED libleftpad_test.tests::long_string (0.0s)\n" " PASSED libleftpad_test.tests::short_string (0.0s)\n" "Test cases: finished with 2 passing and 0 failing out of 2 test cases\n" "```" #: src/android/testing.md msgid "" "Notice how you only mention the root of the library crate. Tests are found " "recursively in nested modules." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " "assertions using _matchers_:" msgstr "" "[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest)：這是全面性的測試斷言程式庫，沿用了 " "GoogleTest (適用於 C++) 的傳統運作方式。" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"baz\"" msgstr "\"baz\"" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"xyz\"" msgstr "\"xyz\"" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " "error message pin-pointing the error:" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " "example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " "to an existing Cargo project." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " "macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." "html)." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings are " "shown as a diff:" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" " Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" " Secure code you'll write.\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" " Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" " Secure code you'll write.\"" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" "googletest/)." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " "You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " "mock:" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Mockall is the recommended mocking library in Android (AOSP). There are " "other [mocking libraries available on crates.io](https://crates.io/keywords/" "mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP services. The other mocking " "libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, meaning that they make it " "easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " "isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " "more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured " "wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " "an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " "means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast " "and will automatically clean up after themselves." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " "binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " "the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " "in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " "existing Cargo project." msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " "expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " "a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" msgstr "" #: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " "called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " "isn't satisfied." msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "" "You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " "or `stdout` (on-host):" msgstr "" "您應使用 `log` Crate，自動將記錄印出到 `logcat` (裝置端) 或 `stdout` (主機" "端)：" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_：" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" msgstr "\"hello_rust_logs\"" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" msgstr "\"liblog_rust\"" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"liblogger\"" msgstr "\"liblogger\"" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_：" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" msgstr "//! Rust logging demo.\n" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" msgstr "/// Logs a greeting.\n" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"rust\"" msgstr "\"rust\"" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"Starting program.\"" msgstr "\"Starting program.\"" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" msgstr "\"Things are going fine.\"" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" msgstr "\"Something went wrong!\"" #: src/android/logging.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "建構、推送及在裝置上執行二進位檔：" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_logs\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_logs\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" #: src/android/logging.md msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" msgstr "記錄會顯示在 `adb logcat` 中：" #: src/android/interoperability.md msgid "" "Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " "means that you can:" msgstr "Rust 能充分支援與其他程式語言互通。也就是說，您可以：" #: src/android/interoperability.md msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." msgstr "透過其他語言呼叫 Rust 函式。" #: src/android/interoperability.md msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." msgstr "透過 Rust 呼叫以其他語言編寫的函式。" #: src/android/interoperability.md msgid "" "When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " "_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." msgstr "" "當您以其他語言呼叫函式時，我們稱之為使用「_外部函式介面_」，亦稱 FFI " "(Foreign Function Interface)。" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "Interoperability with C" msgstr "與 C 的互通性" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" "Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " "Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." msgstr "" "Rust 能完整支援以 C 語言的呼叫慣例來連結物件檔案。同樣地，您可以匯出 Rust 函" "式，然後透過 C 語言呼叫這些函式。" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "您可以視需要手動完成操作：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" msgstr "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" "We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" "safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." msgstr "" "我們已在[「安全的 FFI 包裝函式」練習](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper." "md)中看過此例。" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" "This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " "production." msgstr "執行這項操作的前提是要充分瞭解目標平台。此法不建議用於正式環境。" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "We will look at better options next." msgstr "我們接下來會討論更好的選項。" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Using Bindgen" msgstr "使用 Bindgen" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" "The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " "tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." msgstr "" "[bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) 工具可" "從 C 標頭檔案自動產生繫結。" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "First create a small C library:" msgstr "首先，請建立小型 C 程式庫：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgstr "__interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "__interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" msgstr "\"libbirthday.h\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" msgstr "\"+--------------\\n\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" msgstr "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" msgstr "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" msgstr "請將以下內容加入 `Android.bp` 檔案：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "__interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday\"" msgstr "\"libbirthday\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" msgstr "\"libbirthday.c\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" "Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " "example):" msgstr "為程式庫建立包裝函式標頭檔案 (在此範例中不一定需要)：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "__interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "您現在可以自動產生繫結：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md #, fuzzy msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" msgstr "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"bindings\"" msgstr "\"bindings\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "最後，我們可以在 Rust 程式中使用繫結：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" msgstr "\"print_birthday_card\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"main.rs\"" msgstr "\"main.rs\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "__interoperability/bindgen/main.rs：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" msgstr "//! Bindgen demo.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n" msgstr "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "最後，我們可以執行自動產生的測試，確保繫結正常運作：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" msgstr "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"none\"" msgstr "\"none\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" msgstr "// Generated file, skip linting\n" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "Calling Rust" msgstr "呼叫 Rust" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" msgstr "您可以輕鬆將 Rust 函式和型別匯出至 C：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "__interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" msgstr "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" msgstr "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" msgstr "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" msgstr "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "__interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "__interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" msgstr "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" msgstr "\"analyze_ffi\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" msgstr "\"analyze.rs\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" msgstr "我們現在可以從 C 二進位檔呼叫此介面：" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "__interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze.h\"" msgstr "\"analyze.h\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "__interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" msgstr "\"analyze_numbers\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"main.c\"" msgstr "\"main.c\"" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" "tmp\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "" "`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " "will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " "\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." msgstr "" "`#[no_mangle]` 會停用 Rust 的一般名稱改編功能，因此匯出的符號將只是函式名稱。" "您也可以使用 `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` 指定任何名稱。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md msgid "" "The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " "interoperability between Rust and C++." msgstr "" "透過 [CXX Crate](https://cxx.rs/)，您可以在 Rust 和 C++ 之間實現安全的互通" "性。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "整體方法大致如下：" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" "CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " "from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " "blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." msgstr "" "CXX 的運作需要依照函式的型別敘述。這些敘述定義了從一種語言公開至另一種語言的" "介面。您會在具有 `#[cxx::bridge]` 屬性巨集註解的 Rust 模組中，使用外部區塊提" "供這項說明。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" msgstr "\"org::blobstore\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" msgstr "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" msgstr "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "\"Rust\"" msgstr "\"Rust\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" msgstr "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "\"C++\"" msgstr "\"C++\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" msgstr "\"include/blobstore.h\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." msgstr "橋接器通常是在 Crate 中的 `ffi` 模組中宣告。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" "From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " "Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " "both languages." msgstr "" "透過在橋接模組中建立宣告，CXX 會產生相符的 Rust 和 C++ 型別/函式定義，以便向" "這兩種語言公開這些項目。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" "To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" "dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " "examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module " "(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." msgstr "" "如要查看產生的 Rust 程式碼，請使用 [cargo-expand](https://github.com/dtolnay/" "cargo-expand) 檢視已展開的程序巨集。在大多數範例中，您都會使用 `cargo " "expand ::ffi`，這樣就能只展開 `ffi` 模組 (但這不適用於 Android 專案)。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." msgstr "如要檢視產生的 C++ 程式碼，請查看 `target/cxxbridge`。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" msgstr "Rust 橋接器宣告" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "// Opaque type\n" msgstr "// Opaque type\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" msgstr "// Method on `MyType`\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "// Free function\n" msgstr "// Free function\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "" "Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " "the parent module." msgstr "在 `extern \"Rust\"` 參照項目中宣告的項目皆位於上層模組的範圍。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "" "The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" "+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " "header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, " "except with a .rs.h file extension." msgstr "" "CXX 程式碼產生器會使用您的 `extern \"Rust\"` 區段，產生含有相對應 C++ 宣告的 " "C++ 標頭檔案。產生的標頭與包含橋接器的 Rust 來源檔案具有相同路徑，但副檔名" "為 .rs.h。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" msgstr "(大致) 產生下列 C++：" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" msgstr "C++ 橋接器宣告" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" msgstr "(大致) 產生下列 Rust：" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" msgstr "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" msgstr "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "" "The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " "in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " "correspond with what is declared in C++." msgstr "" "程式設計師不需要保證已輸入的簽章正確無誤。CXX 會執行靜態斷言，保證簽章與 C++ " "中宣告的內容完全相符。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "" "`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " "call from Rust." msgstr "`unsafe extern` 區塊可用來宣告能從 Rust 安全呼叫的 C++ 函式。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" msgstr "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." msgstr "只支援與 C 類似的 (單元) 列舉。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "" "A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " "Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " "derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the " "corresponding C++ type." msgstr "" "共用型別上的 `#[derive()]` 只支援部分特徵。系統也會為 C++ 程式碼產生相對應的" "功能。舉例來說，如果衍生出 `Hash`，也會為相應的 C++ 型別產生 `std::hash` 的實" "作項目。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "Generated Rust:" msgstr "產生的 Rust：" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "Generated C++:" msgstr "產生的 C++：" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "" "On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " "wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " "class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our " "Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." msgstr "" "在 Rust 端，為共用列舉產生的程式碼其實是包裝數值的結構體。這是因為在 C++ 中，" "列舉類別保留與所有所列變數不同的值並不屬於 UB，而 Rust 表示法需具有相同行為。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" msgstr "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "\"Success!\"" msgstr "\"Success!\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" "Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " "side." msgstr "傳回 `Result` 的 Rust 函式會轉譯為 C++ 端的例外狀況。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" "The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " "exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " "from the error type's `Display` impl." msgstr "" "擲回的例外狀況一律屬於 `rust::Error` 類型，這主要用來公開取得錯誤訊息字串的方" "法。錯誤訊息會來自錯誤類型的 `Display` 實作項目。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" "A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " "immediately terminate." msgstr "從 Rust 恐慌解開至 C++ 一律會導致程序立即終止。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" msgstr "\"example/include/example.h\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "\"Error: {}\"" msgstr "\"Error: {}\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "" "C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " "on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." msgstr "" "所宣告用來傳回 `Result` 的 C++ 函式會擷取 C++ 端的任何擲回例外狀況，並將其當" "做 `Err` 值傳回至發出呼叫的 Rust 函式。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "" "If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " "declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" "terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown " "through a `noexcept` C++ function." msgstr "" "假使例外狀況是從 CXX 橋接器未宣告的外部「C++」函式擲回，藉此傳回 `Result`，則" "程式會呼叫 C++ 的 `std::terminate`。此行為等同於透過 `noexcept` C++ 函式擲回" "的相同例外狀況。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md #, fuzzy msgid "C++ Type" msgstr "C++ 範例" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::String`" msgstr "`rust::String`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`&str`" msgstr "`&str`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Str`" msgstr "`rust::Str`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`CxxString`" msgstr "`CxxString`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`std::string`" msgstr "`std::string`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" msgstr "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Slice`" msgstr "`rust::Slice`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Box`" msgstr "`rust::Box`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`UniquePtr`" msgstr "`UniquePtr`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" msgstr "`std::unique_ptr`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Vec`" msgstr "`rust::Vec`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`CxxVector`" msgstr "`CxxVector`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`std::vector`" msgstr "`std::vector`" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " "and returns of extern functions." msgstr "這些型別可用於共用結構體的欄位，以及外部函式的引數和回傳內容。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " "a few reasons for this:" msgstr "" "請注意，Rust 的 `String` 不會直接對應至 `std::string`。以下列舉幾個原因：" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." msgstr "`std::string` 不會維護 `String` 所需的 UTF-8 不變體。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " "directly between languages." msgstr "這兩種型別的內部記憶體結構不同，因此無法在語言之間直接傳遞。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " "semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." msgstr "" "`std::string` 需要的移動建構函式與 Rust 的移動語意不相符，因此 `std::string` " "無法透過值傳遞至 Rust。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "Building in Android" msgstr "在 Android 中建構" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " "generated header and source file." msgstr "" "建立 `cc_library_static` 來建構 C++ 程式庫，包括 CXX 產生的標頭檔案和來源檔" "案。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" msgstr "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" msgstr "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" msgstr "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" msgstr "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" msgstr "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " "the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " "are setup on the next slide." msgstr "" "指出 `libcxx_test_bridge_header 和 `libcxx_test_bridge_code` 是 CXX 產生的 C+" "+ 繫結依附元件。下一張投影片將說明相關設定方法。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " "order to pull in common CXX definitions." msgstr "" "請注意，您也需要依賴 `cxx-bridge-header` 程式庫，才能提取常見的 CXX 定義。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" "(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" "android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share " "that link with the class so that students know where they can find these " "instructions again in the future." msgstr "" "如需介紹如何在 Android 中使用 CXX 的完整文件，請參閱 [Android 說明文件]" "(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" "android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx)。您可以與全班分享該連結，這" "樣學生就知道以後能在哪裡找到這些說明。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " "CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." msgstr "" "建立兩項 genrule，分別用來產生 CXX 標頭和 CXX 來源檔案。這些項目之後會用做 " "`cc_library_static` 的輸入內容。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" "// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" msgstr "" "// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" "// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" msgstr "\"cxxbridge\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" msgstr "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"lib.rs\"" msgstr "\"lib.rs\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" msgstr "\"lib.rs.h\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" msgstr "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" msgstr "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" msgstr "\"lib.rs.cc\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " "bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." msgstr "" "`cxxbridge` 是用來產生 C++ 端橋接模組的獨立工具，屬於 Android 的一部分，並以 " "Soong 工具的形式提供。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " "named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " "convention isn't enforced, though." msgstr "" "按照慣例，如果 Rust 來源檔案是 `lib.rs`，標頭檔案會命名為 `lib.rs.h`，來源檔" "案的名稱則是 `lib.rs.cc`。不過，系統不會強制執行這項命名慣例。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "" "Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." msgstr "建立依附於 `libcxx` 和 `cc_library_static` 的 rust_binary`。" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"cxx_test\"" msgstr "\"cxx_test\"" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"libcxx\"" msgstr "\"libcxx\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "Interoperability with Java" msgstr "與 Java 的互通性" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "" "Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" "jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." msgstr "" "Java 可透過 [Java 原生介面 (JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Java_Native_Interface) 載入共用物件。[`jni` Crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) 可用" "來建立相容的程式庫。" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" msgstr "首先，要建立用來匯出至 Java 的 Rust 函式：" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "__interoperability/java/src/lib.rs：" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" msgstr "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" msgstr "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"system\"" msgstr "\"system\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" msgstr "\"Hello, {input}!\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "__interoperability/java/Android.bp：" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" msgstr "\"libhello_jni\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"hello_jni\"" msgstr "\"hello_jni\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"libjni\"" msgstr "\"libjni\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "We then call this function from Java:" msgstr "接著，我們會從 Java 呼叫這個函式：" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "__interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java：" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" msgstr "\"helloworld_jni\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" msgstr "\"HelloWorld.java\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" msgstr "\"HelloWorld\"" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "最後，您可以建構、同步處理及執行二進位檔：" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md msgid "" "This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " "and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" msgstr "" "這是小組練習：我們會查看您的其中一項專案，嘗試將一些 Rust 整合至該專案。建議" "事項：" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." msgstr "使用以 Rust 編寫的用戶端呼叫 AIDL 服務。" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." msgstr "將函式從專案移至 Rust，並呼叫該函式。" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md msgid "" "No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " "in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." msgstr "" "這裡未提供解決方案，因為這是開放式練習：您需要使用班上同學的程式碼當場轉換為 " "Rust。" #: src/chromium.md msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium" msgstr "歡迎瞭解 Chromium 中的 Rust" #: src/chromium.md msgid "" "Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party " "glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code." msgstr "" "Chromium 中的第三方程式庫支援 Rust，且有第一方黏合程式碼可連結 Rust 和現有的 " "Chromium C++ 程式碼。" #: src/chromium.md msgid "" "Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've " "got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, " "feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the " "exact part we talk about." msgstr "" "今天我們會在 Rust 中用字串做些小事。如果您有一小部份的程式碼要向使用者顯示 " "UTF8 字串，您可以在自己的程式碼集內採用這個方案，不必採用我們所介紹的該部分程" "式碼集。" #: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" "Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build " "flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position " "1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):" msgstr "" "請確認您可以建構並執行 Chromium。任何平台和建構標記組合都可以，只要程式碼相對" "較新即可 (提交位置在 1223636 之後，日期對應到 2023 年 11 月)：" #: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" "(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This " "is the default!)" msgstr "(如要達到最快的疊代速度，建議使用元件式及偵錯版本。這是預設情形！)" #: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" "See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-" "the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to " "build Chromium takes time." msgstr "" "如果尚未這麼做，請查看[建構 Chromium 的方法](https://www.chromium.org/" "developers/how-tos/get-the-code/)。提醒您，設定 Chromium 建構作業需要一段時" "間。" #: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed." msgstr "此外，也建議您安裝 Visual Studio Code。" #: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "About the exercises" msgstr "關於練習" #: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" "This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. " "We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. " "If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can " "catch up in the next slot." msgstr "" "這部分的課程包含一系列連貫的練習。我們會在課程中穿插練習，而不是放到最後。如" "果沒時間完成某個部分也不必擔心，下次補上即可。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "The Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io]" "(https://crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated " "set of dependencies." msgstr "" "Rust 社群一般使用 `cargo` 和 [crates.io](https://crates.io/) 的程式庫。" "Chromium 是以 `gn` 和 `ninja` 技術和一組精選的依附元件建構而成。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:" msgstr "在 Rust 中編寫程式碼時，您有以下選擇：" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*." "gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses " "Chromium's audited toolchain and crates." msgstr "" "藉助 `//build/rust/*.gni` 中的範本 (例如 `rust_static_library`，稍後會介紹)，" "使用 `gn` 和 `ninja`。這麼做會使用 Chromium 經稽核的工具鏈和 Crate。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and " "crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/" "docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)" msgstr "" "使用 `cargo`，但[限制自己使用 Chromium 經稽核的工具鏈和 Crate](https://" "chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust.md#Using-" "cargo)" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates " "downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)" msgstr "" "使用 `cargo`，信任[工具鏈](https://rustup.rs/)和/或[從網際網路下載的 Crate]" "(https://crates.io/)" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust " "code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an " "important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox." msgstr "" "接下來的重點將放在 `gn` 和 `ninja`，因為這就是將 Rust 程式碼建構至 Chromium " "瀏覽器中的方式。同時，Cargo 是 Rust 生態系統中重要的一環，因此您應該學會使用" "這項工具。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md #, fuzzy msgid "Mini exercise" msgstr "練習" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "Split into small groups and:" msgstr "請分成小組，按照下列指示開始練習：" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the " "risk profile of these scenarios." msgstr "發想各種 `cargo` 可帶來優勢的情境，然後評估這些情境的風險狀況。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when " "using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc." msgstr "" "討論使用 `gn` 和 `ninja`、離線 `cargo` 等技術時，需要信任哪些工具、程式庫和人" "員。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the " "exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask them " "to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people." msgstr "" "請要求學生不要在完成練習前偷看演講者備忘稿。如果學生在彼此身邊，請要求他們分" "為 3 到 4 人一組一起討論。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where " "Cargo may offer an advantage\"):" msgstr "與第一部分練習 (「Cargo 可帶來優勢的情境」) 相關的附註/提示：" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, " "one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a " "crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. " "(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/" "from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)." msgstr "" "很棒的是，在編寫工具或設計 Chromium 中某部分的原型時，開發人員可以存取 " "crates.io 程式庫豐富的生態系統。幾乎所有東西都有 Crate，而且使用方法通常很簡" "便 (用於指令列剖析的 `clap`、用於將各種格式序列化/反序列化的 `serde`，以及與" "疊代器搭配使用的 `itertools` 等)。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo." "toml` and start writing code)" msgstr "" "您可以透過 `cargo` 輕鬆試用程式庫 (在 `Cargo.toml` 中新增一行程式碼，然後開始" "編寫程式碼即可)" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or " "comparing with `python` + `pip`." msgstr "" "可考慮比較 CPAN 如何讓 `perl` 成為熱門選擇，或是與 `python` + `pip` 比較。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. " "using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate " "that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by " "an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for " "streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a " "streamlined way to run benchmarks)." msgstr "" "之所以能實現優異的開發體驗，一來是因為有核心 Rust 工具，例如想測試的 Crate 需" "在每夜版、目前穩定版和較舊穩定版執行時，可使用 `rustup` 切換至其他 `rustc` 版" "本。二來是因為有第三方工具的生態系統，例如 Mozilla 提供的 `cargo vet` 可簡化" "及分享安全性稽核作業，`criterion` Crate 則能簡化執行基準測試的方式。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`." msgstr "" "有了 `cargo`，您可以輕鬆透過 `cargo install --locked cargo-vet` 新增工具。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions." msgstr "可考慮與 Chrome 擴充功能或 VScode 擴充功能比較。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:" msgstr "以下列出廣泛通用的專案範例，皆可能適合使用 `cargo`：" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry " "for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is " "comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich " "typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted " "language)." msgstr "" "或許令人意外的是，業界越來越廣泛使用 Rust 編寫指令列工具。Rust 程式庫在廣度和" "人因工程學方面與 Python 不相上下，又因為豐富的型別系統而更強健，就以編譯語言 " "(而非解譯語言) 來說，執行速度也更快。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like " "Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be " "used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) " "should probably use Cargo." msgstr "" "如要參與 Rust 生態系統，必須使用 Cargo 等標準 Rust 工具。如果程式庫要取得外部" "貢獻，並用於 Chromium 以外的地方 (例如 Bazel 或 Android/Soong 建構環境)，則大" "概應使用 Cargo。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:" msgstr "`cargo`\\ 式的 Chromium 相關專案範例：" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which " "resulted in PRs with performance improvements)" msgstr "" "`serde_json_lenient` (在 Google 的其他部分中經過實驗，產生了一些可提升效能的 " "PR (Pull Request))" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`" msgstr "`font-types` 等字型程式庫" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` " "for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files." msgstr "" "`gnrt` 工具 (課程稍後會介紹)，這個工具需使用 `clap` 執行指令列剖析，並需使用 " "`toml` 處理設定檔。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` " "when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust " "toolchain." msgstr "" "免責事項：使用 `cargo` 的特別理由之一，是因為建構 Rust 工具鏈時，系統無法在建" "構和啟動 Rust 標準程式庫期間使用 `gn`。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on " "third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, but `run_gnrt.py` asks " "`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)" msgstr "" "`run_gnrt.py` 使用 Chromium 的 `cargo` 和 `rustc` 副本。`gnrt` 依附於從網際網" "路下載的第三方程式庫，但 `run_gnrt.py` 透過 `Cargo.lock` 要求 `cargo` 只允許 " "`--locked` 內容。" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly " "trusted:" msgstr "學生可能會認為下列項目隱含或明確受信任：" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the " "Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust " "compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping" msgstr "" "`rustc` (Rust 編譯器) 依序依附於 LLVM 程式庫、Clang 編譯器、`rustc` 原始碼 " "(從 GitHub 擷取，由 Rust 編譯器團隊審查)、為自舉而下載的二進位檔 Rust 編譯器" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the " "umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)" msgstr "" "`rustup` (可考慮告知學生 `rustup` 是 https://github.com/rust-lang/ 組織所開發" "的一系列項目之一，與 `rustc` 相同)" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." msgstr "`cargo`、`rustfmt` 等" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for " "distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)" msgstr "" "各種內部基礎架構 (建構 `rustc` 的機器人、將預建工具鏈發布給 Chromium 工程師的" "系統等)" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." msgstr "Cargo 工具，例如 `cargo audit`、`cargo vet` 等" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" "Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by " "security@chromium.org)" msgstr "" "供應至 `//third_party/rust` 的 Rust 程式庫 (由 security@chromium.org 稽核)" #: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)" msgstr "其他 Rust 程式庫 (有些很小眾，有些相當受歡迎也常用)" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "Chromium Rust policy" msgstr "Chromium Rust 政策" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" "Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as " "approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/" "chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." msgstr "" "Chromium 目前不支援第一方 Rust，除非是 Chromium [領域技術主管](https://" "source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)核准的少數情況。" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" "Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://" "chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party." "md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various " "circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for " "security." msgstr "" "Chromium 的第三方程式庫政策列載於[這個頁面](https://chromium.googlesource." "com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#rust) - 第三方程式庫可" "在各種情況下使用 Rust，包括這些程式庫是效能或安全方面的最佳選擇時。" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" "Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that " "nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue " "code." msgstr "" "只有極少數的 Rust 程式庫會直接公開 C/C++ API，這表示幾乎所有這類程式庫都需要" "少量的第一方黏合程式碼。" #: src/chromium/policy.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" "\"C++\" Rust\n" ".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-.\n" ": : : :\n" ": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " "Rust :\n" ": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " "crate :\n" ": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" "+ :\n" ": | | : : | | | " "| :\n" ": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " "| :\n" ": | | : Language : | | Crate | " "| :\n" ": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" "+ :\n" ": : : :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" " 堆疊 堆積\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" ": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" "First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should " "normally be kept in `third_party/rust///wrapper`." msgstr "" "特定第三方 Crate 的第一方 Rust 黏合程式碼通常應儲存在 `third_party/rust/" "//wrapper`。" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:" msgstr "因此，今天的課程會著重在以下層面：" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")" msgstr "導入第三方 Rust 程式庫 (「Crates」)" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++." msgstr "編寫黏合程式碼，以使用 Chromium C++ 中的 Crate。" #: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up." msgstr "如果本政策有所異動，課程內容也會隨之更新。" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md #, fuzzy msgid "Build rules" msgstr "建構規則" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and " "`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust " "is no exception." msgstr "" "Rust 程式碼通常是以 `cargo` 建構。為提升建構效率，Chromium 會使用 `gn` 和 " "`ninja`，因為 Chromium 的靜態規則允許最大程度的平行處理。Rust 也不例外。" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium" msgstr "將 Rust 程式碼新增至 Chromium" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:" msgstr "在某個現有的 Chromium `BUILD.gn` 檔案中，宣告 `rust_static_library`：" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" "\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" "\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to " "depend upon third party code." msgstr "" "您也可以在其他 Rust 目標中新增 `deps`。稍後我們會使用此程式碼，依附於第三方程" "式碼。" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The " "`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root " "file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete " "list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when " "rebuilds are necessary." msgstr "" "您必須「同時」指定 Crate 根層級「以及」完整的來源清單。`crate_root` 是提供給 " "Rust 編譯器的檔案，代表編譯單元的根檔案 (通常是 `lib.rs`)。`sources` 是列出所" "有來源檔案的完整清單，`ninja` 判斷何時必須重建時，就需要使用此清單。" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire " "crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)" msgstr "" "(並不存在 Rust 的 `source_set` 這種東西，因為在 Rust 中，整個 Crate 就是編譯" "單元。`static_library` 是最小單元。)" #: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using " "[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource." "com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that " "this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit " "tests, some of which we'll use later." msgstr "" "學生可能會想知道為何需要 gn 範本，而不是使用 [gn 內建的 Rust 靜態程式庫支援功" "能](https://gn.googlesource.com/gn/+/main/docs/reference." "md#func_static_library)。答案是這個範本可支援 CXX 互通性、Rust 功能和單元測" "試，其中一些項目稍後會用到。" #: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" msgstr "包含 `unsafe` Rust 程式碼" #: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "" "Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " "won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " "the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is " "necessary.)" msgstr "" "根據預設，`rust_static_library` 中禁止使用不安全的 Rust 程式碼，系統也不會編" "譯這類程式碼。如果需要不安全的 Rust 程式碼，請在 gn 目標中加入 `allow_unsafe " "= true` (本課程稍後會說明必須這麼做的情況)。" #: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" "\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [\n" " \"lib.rs\",\n" " \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" " ]\n" " allow_unsafe = true\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" "\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [\n" " \"lib.rs\",\n" " \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" " ]\n" " allow_unsafe = true\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." msgstr "將上述目標新增至某個 Chromium C++ 目標的 `deps` 即可。" #: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" "\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" "}\n" "\n" "# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" "component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" " deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" "\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" "}\n" "\n" "# 或 source_set， static_library 等等。\n" "component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" " deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " "for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," msgstr "" "Rust 程式碼中省略了型別，因此相較於 C++ 而言，使用優質的 IDE 會更加有效。" "Visual Studio Code 很適合 Chromium 中的 Rust。使用方法：" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " "Rust support" msgstr "確認 VSCode 具有 `rust-analyzer` 擴充功能，而非舊版 Rust 支援功能" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " "directory)" msgstr "`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (或換成您的輸出目錄)" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" msgstr "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" "analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." msgstr "" "如果大家對 IDE 自然產生懷疑，示範 rust-analyzer 的一些程式碼註解和探索功能或" "許會有幫助。" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " "piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" msgstr "" "下列步驟或許有助於示範 (不過您可以改用自己最熟悉的 Chromium 相關 Rust 程式" "碼)：" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" msgstr "開啟 `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " "\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" msgstr "" "將游標移到 \\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs 中的 `QrCode::new` 呼叫 (約在第 " "26 行)。" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " "K)." msgstr "示範「顯示說明文件」(一般繫結：vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = K)。" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " "(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" msgstr "" "示範「前往定義」(一般繫結：vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d)。(您將前往 `//" "third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`)。" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " "164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " "bindings = space o)" msgstr "" "示範「大綱」，並前往 `QrCode::with_bits` 方法 (約在 164 行；大綱位於 vscode " "的檔案總管窗格；一般 vim/CoC 繫結 = 空格 o)" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **type annotations** (there are quote a few nice examples in the " "`QrCode::with_bits` method)" msgstr "示範「型別註解」(`QrCode::with_bits` 方法中引用了幾個不錯的範例)" #: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " "need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " "times throughout the exercises in this session)." msgstr "" "可考慮指出在編輯 `BUILD.gn` 檔案之後，需要重新執行 `gn gen ... --export-rust-" "project` (我們會在本課程的練習中多次執行此操作)。" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md #, fuzzy msgid "Build rules exercise" msgstr "建構規則練習" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " "containing:" msgstr "" "在您的 Chromium 版本中，將新的 Rust 目標加至 `//ui/base/BUILD.gn`，其中包含以" "下內容：" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " "by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " "target." msgstr "" "**重要事項**：請注意，Rust 編譯器會將此處的 `no_mangle` 視為不安全型別，因此" "您需要在 `gn` 目標中允許不安全的程式碼。" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " "function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " "see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" msgstr "" "將這個新的 Rust 目標新增為 `//ui/base:base` 的依附元件。在 `ui/base/resource/" "resource_bundle.cc` 頂端宣告此函式 (稍後會說明如何使用繫結產生工具自動執行此" "操作)：" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " "we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " "and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of " "times." msgstr "" "從 `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` 的某處呼叫此函式，建議位置是 " "`ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` 的頂端。建構及執行 Chromium，確" "認系統多次顯示「Hello from Rust!」。" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " "in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" "click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." msgstr "" "如果使用 VSCode，現在請設定 Rust，讓 Rust 在 VSCode 中順利運作。這在後續練習" "中會很實用。如果您成功完成，就能在 `println!` 中以滑鼠右鍵按一下「Go to " "definition」。" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Where to find help" msgstr "如何找到說明" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" "source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" "rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" msgstr "" "[`rust_static_library` gn 範本](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" "chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)提供的選項" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" "abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" msgstr "" "[`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/abi.html#the-" "no_mangle-attribute) 相關資訊" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." "extern.html)" msgstr "" "[`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.extern.html) 相關資訊" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" "gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" msgstr "" "gn 的 [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/gn/+/main/docs/" "reference.md#compilation-database) switch 相關資訊" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" "languages/rust)" msgstr "" "[如何在 VSCode 中安裝 rust-analyzer](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" "languages/rust)" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" "denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " "call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to " "Rust." msgstr "" "此範例會探究做為最小公因數的互通語言 C，因此很特別。C++ 和 Rust 都能以原生方" "式宣告及呼叫 C ABI 函式。本課程稍後會將 C++ 直接連結至 Rust。" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " "Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " "guarantee that the right one is called." msgstr "" "這裡需要 `allow_unsafe = true`，因為 `#[no_mangle]` 可能會允許 Rust 產生兩個" "名稱相同的函式，Rust 就不再能保證系統會呼叫正確的函式。" #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " "`rust_executable` gn template." msgstr "" "如果需要純 Rust 執行檔，也可以使用 `rust_executable` gn 範本執行這項操作。" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same " "source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing." "md) in the course and looks like this:" msgstr "" "Rust 社群撰寫單元測試的模組，通常會位在與所測試程式碼相同的來源檔案中。這種做" "法已在[先前課程](../testing.md)中介紹，如下所示：" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to " "follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable " "and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` " "configuration)." msgstr "" "在 Chromium 中，我們將單元測試放在獨立的來源檔案中，而對 Rust 也繼續採取這項" "做法，這樣不僅能較一致地找到測試，也有助於避免在 `test` 設定中再次重新建構 `." "rs` 檔案。" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:" msgstr "因此 Chromium 中有以下 Rust 程式碼測試選項：" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/" "rust`." msgstr "" "原生 Rust 測試 (即 `#[test]`)。不建議在 `//third_party/rust` 之外使用。" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient " "when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide " "sufficient coverage for the feature." msgstr "" "在 C++ 中編寫的 `gtest` 測試，並透過 FFI 呼叫並執行 Rust。如果 Rust 程式碼只" "是精簡的 FFI 層，這麼做就夠充分，而現有的單元測試可為這項功能提供足夠的涵蓋" "率。" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its " "public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the " "subject of the next few slides." msgstr "" "在 Rust 中編寫的 `gtest` 測試，並透過公用 API 使用受測試的 Crate (視需要使用 " "`pub mod for_testing { ... }`)。這是接下來幾張投影片的主題。" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be " "exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after " "adding or updating third-party crates.)" msgstr "" "請提及第三方 Crate 的原生 Rust 測試最終應由 Chromium 機器人執行 (這類測試極少" "需要執行，只有在新增或更新第三方 Crate 後才需要)。" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be " "used:" msgstr "以下範例或許有助說明 C++ `gtest` 和 Rust `gtest` 各自的使用時機：" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a " "thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing " "both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parameterizing the tests so they " "enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)." msgstr "" "QR 在第一方 Rust 層中的功用很少 (只是精簡的 FFI 黏合工具)，因此會使用現有的 " "C++ 單元測試，測試 C++ 和 Rust 的實作項目 (將測試參數化，方便以 " "`ScopedFeatureList` 啟用或停用 Rust)。" #: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe " "implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but " "missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such " "functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." msgstr "" "假設性/WIP PNG 整合可能需實作記憶體安全地像素轉換，這類像素轉換是由 `libpng` " "提供，但 `png` Crate 中缺少 (例如 RGBA => BGRA 或伽馬校正)。這類功能可能受益" "於在 Rust 中編寫的獨立測試。" #: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" "The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" "main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" msgstr "" "[`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/" "testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) 程式庫提供以下功能：" #: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" "Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " "attribute)" msgstr "使用 Rust 函式做為 `gtest` 測試案例 (使用 `#[gtest(...)]` 屬性)" #: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" "Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " "panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." msgstr "" "使用 `expect_eq!` 和類似的巨集 (類似於 `assert_eq!`，但不會導致恐慌，斷言失敗" "時也不會終止測試)。" #: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md #, fuzzy msgid "Example:" msgstr "範例" #: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " "test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" msgstr "" "如要建構 Rust `gtest` 測試，最簡單的方法就是將這些測試新增至已包含 C++ 測試的" "現有測試二進位檔，例如：" #: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" " ...\n" " sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" " deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" "test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" " ...\n" " sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" " deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " "manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" msgstr "" "也可以在單獨的 `static_library` 中編寫 Rust 測試，但必須手動宣告支援程式庫的" "依附元件：" #: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" " testonly = true\n" " is_gtest_unittests = true\n" " crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" " deps = [\n" " \":my_rust_lib\",\n" " \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" " ]\n" "}\n" "\n" "test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" " ...\n" " deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" " testonly = true\n" " is_gtest_unittests = true\n" " crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" " deps = [\n" " \":my_rust_lib\",\n" " \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" " ]\n" "}\n" "\n" "test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" " ...\n" " deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" "After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to " "import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't " "provided an explicit `crate_name` for `my_rust_lib` so its crate name is " "computed based on the full target path and name. Fortunately we can avoid " "working with such an unwieldy name by using the `chromium::import!` macro " "from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:" msgstr "" "將 `:my_rust_lib` 新增至 GN `deps` 之後，我們仍需瞭解如何從 " "`my_rust_lib_unittest.rs` 匯入及使用 `my_rust_lib`。我們尚未為 `my_rust_lib` " "提供明確的 `crate_name`，因此系統會依據完整目標路徑和名稱來運算出 Crate 名" "稱。幸好，我們可從自動匯入的 `chromium` Crate 中使用 `chromium::import!` 巨" "集，避免採用這類不方便的名稱：" #: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" msgstr "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" #: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:" msgstr "在掩蓋之下，巨集會展開為類似如下的內容：" #: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" "More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium." "org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" "chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" "third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro." msgstr "" "詳情請參閱 `chromium::import` 巨集的[文件註解](https://source.chromium.org/" "chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/chromium_prelude.rs?" "q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" "third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc)。" #: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" "`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` " "property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the " "crate name has to be globally unique. crates.io guarantees uniqueness of its " "crate names so `cargo_crate` GN targets (generated by the `gnrt` tool " "covered in a later section) use short crate names." msgstr "" "`rust_static_library` 支援透過 `crate_name` 屬性指定明確名稱，但不建議這麼" "做。不建議的原因是 Crate 名稱在全域範圍內不得重複。crates.io 可保證其 Crate " "名稱不重複，因此 `cargo_crate` GN 目標會使用簡短的 Crate 名稱。此目標是由後續" "章節介紹的 `gnrt` 工具所產生。" #: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Testing exercise" msgstr "測試練習" #: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Time for another exercise!" msgstr "又到了練習時間！" #: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "In your Chromium build:" msgstr "在您的 Chromium 版本中：" #: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " "two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " "summing integers in a slice, etc." msgstr "" "在 `hello_from_rust` 旁邊新增可測試的函式。建議措施：新增兩個以引數形式接收的" "整數、計算第 n 個費波那契數、加總切片中的整數等。" #: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." msgstr "新增獨立的 `..._unittest.rs` 檔案，內含新函式的測試。" #: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." msgstr "將新測試新增至 `BUILD.gn`。" #: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." msgstr "建構並執行測試，確認新測試能正常運作。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new " "tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool " "called CXX." msgstr "" "Rust 社群提供多個 C++/Rust 互通性選項，並且會持續開發新工具。目前 Chromium 使" "用的工具稱為 CXX。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition " "language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate " "declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++." msgstr "" "您可以透過介面定義語言 (很類似 Rust) 描述整個語言邊界，然後 CXX 工具會為 " "Rust 和 C++ 中的函式和型別產生宣告。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of " "using this." msgstr "" "如需完整的使用範例，請參閱 [CXX 教學課程](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html)。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just " "the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has " "the following benefits:" msgstr "" "請完整講解圖表，說明背後的原理和先前的操作相同。請指出將程序自動化有以下優" "點：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile " "errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust " "definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined " "Behavior)" msgstr "" "這項工具會保證 C++ 和 Rust 端相符。舉例來說，當 `#[cxx::bridge]` 與實際的 C+" "+ 或 Rust 定義不相符，就會發生「編譯錯誤」，但如有未同步的手動繫結，則會發生" "「未定義的行為」" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free " "functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ " "methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free " "functions manually)" msgstr "" "這項工具會自動為非 C 功能產生 FFI 替換程式 (與 C-ABI 相容的小型、可自由使用的" "函式)，例如讓 FFI 呼叫 Rust 或 C++ 方法；手動繫結會需要手動編寫這類頂層的、可" "自由使用的函式" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:" msgstr "這項工具和程式庫可處理一組核心型別，例如：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't " "guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::" "span` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a " "pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents " "empty slices slightly differently)" msgstr "" "`&[T]` 傳遞時可以跨越 FFI 邊界，但無法保證任何特定 ABI 或記憶體布局。使用手動" "繫結時，`std::span`/`&[T]` 必須從一個指標和長度去手動解構並重新建構。這麼" "做很容易出錯，因為每種語言各以略微不同的方式表示空切片" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, and/or `Box` " "are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-" "compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety " "risks." msgstr "" "`std::unique_ptr`、`std::shared_ptr` 和/或 `Box` 等智慧指標均可原生支" "援。使用手動繫結時，必須傳遞與 C-ABI 相容的原始指標，這可能會增加生命週期和記" "憶體安全風險。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in " "string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can " "build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-" "terminate a string)." msgstr "" "`rust::String` 和 `CxxString` 型別可理解並維持各語言字串表示法的差異，例如 " "`rust::String::lossy` 可透過非 UTF8 輸入內容建構 Rust 字串，而 `rust::" "String::c_str` 可以空終止字串。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" "CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " "modules inside `.rs` source code." msgstr "CXX 要求在 `.rs` 原始碼的 `cxx::bridge` 模組中宣告整個 C++/Rust 邊界。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" msgstr "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" msgstr "// 這裡放 Rust 型別和函式的定義\n" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Point out:" msgstr "請說明以下事項：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" "Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " "procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " "bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called " "`ffi` in your code." msgstr "" "雖然這看起來像一般的 Rust `mod`，但 `#[cxx::bridge]` 程序巨集會對其執行複雜作" "業。產生的程式碼較為複雜，但仍會導致程式碼中出現名為 `ffi` 的 `mod`。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" msgstr "Rust 中對 C++ `std::unique_ptr` 的原生支援" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" msgstr "C++ 中對 Rust 切片的原生支援" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" msgstr "從 C++ 到 Rust 的呼叫，以及 Rust 型別 (頂部)" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" msgstr "從 Rust 到 C++ 的呼叫，以及 C++ 型別 (底部)" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" "**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " "Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " "simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ " "compilers." msgstr "" "**常見誤解**：它「看似」是由 Rust 剖析的 C++ 標頭，但這會造成誤導。這種標頭一" "律不會由 Rust 解譯，只是為了 C++ 編譯器的好處，而在產生的 C++ 程式碼中設為 " "`#include`。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" "cxx.rs/bindings.html)." msgstr "使用 CXX 時，最實用的頁面是[型別參照](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" msgstr "CXX 基本上適用下列情況：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " "it." msgstr "您的 Rust-C++ 介面非常簡單，您可以宣告其中所有項目。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " "`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." msgstr "" "您只使用 CXX 已原生支援的型別，例如 `std::unique_ptr`、`std::string`、" "`&[u8]` 等。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " "type." msgstr "它有許多限制，例如不支援 Rust 的 `Option` 型別。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " "isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " "considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to " "draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple " "enough." msgstr "" "這些限制會導致我們只能在 Chromium 中將 Rust 用於妥善隔離的「葉節點」，而非用" "於任意 Rust-C++ 互通情形。考慮 Chromium 中 Rust 的用途時，建議先草擬語言邊界" "的 CXX 繫結，瞭解是否足夠簡單。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " "example:" msgstr "您也應討論一些 CXX 的其他棘手問題，例如：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" msgstr "其錯誤處理方式是以 C++ 例外狀況為根據 (請見下一張投影片)" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." msgstr "函式指標不容易使用。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " "on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" msgstr "" "CXX 的 [`Result` 支援](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html)功能依賴 C++ " "例外狀況，因此無法用於 Chromium。替代方案：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" msgstr "`Result` 的 `T` 部分可以是以下情形之一：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " "be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" msgstr "" "可透過傳出參數傳回，例如透過 `&mut T`。也就是說，`T` 必須能跨越 FFI 界線傳" "遞，例如 `T` 必須符合下列條件：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" msgstr "是基本型別 (例如 `u32` 或 `usize`)" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " "default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." msgstr "" "是 `cxx` 原生支援的型別 (就像 `UniquePtr`)，具有可在失敗情況下使用的適當預" "設值 (「不像」`Box`)。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " "when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " "cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." msgstr "" "在 Rust 端保留，並透過參照公開。當 `T` 是 Rust 型別，無法跨越 FFI 邊界傳遞，" "且無法儲存在 `UniquePtr` 時，這就可能有必要。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" msgstr "`Result` 的 `E` 部分可以是以下情形之一：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " "representing failure)" msgstr "傳回為布林值 (例如 `true` 代表成功，`false` 代表失敗)" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " "needed in practice." msgstr "理論上可保留錯誤詳細資料，但目前在實際情況中並不需要。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" msgstr "CXX 錯誤處理：QR Code 範例" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" "chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." "rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is " "used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can " "be passed across the FFI boundary:" msgstr "" "在 QR code 產生器這個[範例](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/" "src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs;" "l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca)中，布林值是用來表示成功" "與失敗，且成功結果可跨越 FFI 邊界傳遞：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" msgstr "\"qr_code_generator\"" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " "This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " "admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of " "the vector)." msgstr "" "學生可能會想瞭解 `out_qr_size` 輸出內容的語意。這不是向量大小，而是 QR code " "的大小 (誠然有點多餘，因為這是向量大小的平方根)。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " "before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " "points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, " "when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." msgstr "" "可考慮說明先初始化 `out_qr_size` 再呼叫 Rust 函式的重要性。建立指向未初始化記" "憶體的 Rust 參照時，會導致「未定義的行為」(不同的是，在 C++ 中只有解除參照這" "類記憶體時才會導致「未定義的行為」)。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " "references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " "like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." msgstr "" "如有學生詢問 `Pin`，請說明為何 CXX 需要這個項目來處理 C++ 資料的可變動參照：" "答案是因為 C++ 資料可能包含自我參照指標，無法像 Rust 資料一樣移動。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" msgstr "CXX 錯誤處理：PNG 範例" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " "successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" msgstr "" "PNG 解碼器的原型可說明當成功的結果無法跨越 FFI 邊界時，可以執行哪些操作：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" msgstr "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result,\n" " /// ()>`.\n" msgstr "/// 這回傳一個 FFI 友好的型別，等同於 `Result, ()>`.\n" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" msgstr "/// `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` 型別的 C++ 繫結：\n" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" msgstr "/// `crate::png::PngReader` 型別的 C++ 繫結：\n" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " "types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " "can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ " "to store Rust objects by value." msgstr "" "`PngReader` 和 `ResultOfPngReader` 是 Rust 型別，這些型別的物件必須採用 " "`Box` 的間接機制，才能跨越 FFI 邊界。我們無法使用 `out_parameter: &mut " "PngReader`，因為 CXX 不允許 C++ 依據值儲存 Rust 物件。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " "generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " "manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the " "example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into " "appropriate methods of `Result` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or " "`as_mut`)." msgstr "" "本範例說明即使 CXX 不支援任意泛型和範本，我們還是可以手動將這些範本特化/單型" "化為非泛型型別，傳遞到 FFI 邊界。在範例中，`ResultOfPngReader` 屬於非泛型型" "別，會轉送至適當的 `Result` 方法，例如 `is_err`、`unwrap` 和/或 " "`as_mut`。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" msgstr "在 Chromium 中使用 CXX" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" "node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " "`rust_static_library`. Just add" msgstr "" "在 Chromium 中，我們會為每個要使用 Rust 的葉節點定義獨立的 `#[cxx::bridge] " "mod`。每個 `rust_static_library` 通常都需要一個值。只要將下列項目" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" " # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" "allow_unsafe = true\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" "cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" " # 含有 #[cxx::bridge] 的檔案列表，而非所有原始碼檔案\n" "allow_unsafe = true\n" "```" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " "`sources`." msgstr "" "新增至現有的 `rust_static_library` 目標，並搭配 `crate_root` 和 `sources`。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" msgstr "C++ 標頭會在合理位置產生，因此您只需採用下列程式碼：" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" msgstr "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " "C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" "source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;" "l=21)." msgstr "" "您會在 `//base` 中發現一些公用函式，可將 Chromium C++ 型別轉換成 CXX Rust 型" "別，逆向轉換也可以，例如 [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://source.chromium.org/" "chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;l=21)。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" msgstr "學生可能會問：為何仍需要 `allow_unsafe = true`？" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " "standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " "to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of " "_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise " "ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/" "writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust " "binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." msgstr "" "籠統的答案是根據一般 Rust 標準，任何 C/C++ 程式碼都不「安全」。從 Rust 來回呼" "叫 C/C++ 可能會對記憶體執行任何作業，進而破壞 Rust 本身資料布局的安全性。在 " "C/C++ 互通性中如果出現「過多」`unsafe` 關鍵字，可能會傷害這類關鍵字的訊噪比，" "且[具有爭議性](https://steveklabnik.com/writing/the-cxx-debate)，但嚴格來說，" "在 Rust 二進位檔中導入任何外來程式碼，都可能對 Rust 造成非預期行為。" #: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" "interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " "`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the " "previous section." msgstr "" "詳細答案位於[這個頁面](../interoperability-with-cpp.md)頂端的圖表中：CXX 會在" "幕後產生 Rust `unsafe` 和 `extern \"C\"` 函式，如同前一節中的手動操作。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" msgstr "練習：與 C++ 的互通性" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Part one" msgstr "第一部分" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " "specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " "`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." msgstr "" "在您先前建立的 Rust 檔案中新增 `#[cxx::bridge]`，指定要從 C++ 呼叫的單一函式 " "(名為 `hello_from_rust`)，但不採用任何參數，也不會傳回值。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " "`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." msgstr "" "修改先前的 `hello_from_rust` 函式，移除 `extern \"C\"` 和 `#[no_mangle]`。現" "在這樣就只是標準的 Rust 函式。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." msgstr "修改 `gn` 目標，建構這些繫結。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " "Instead, include the generated header file." msgstr "" "在 C++ 程式碼中，移除 `hello_from_rust` 的前向宣告，改為納入產生的標頭檔案。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Build and run!" msgstr "建構並執行！" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Part two" msgstr "第二部分" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " "flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." msgstr "您可以試著玩玩 CXX，這有助於瞭解 Chromium 中的 Rust 有多靈活。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Some things to try:" msgstr "可嘗試的事項：" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" msgstr "從 Rust 呼叫 C++。您會需要以下項目：" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " "You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." msgstr "" "額外的標頭檔案，可從 `cxx::bridge` 中 `include!`。您會需要在新標頭檔案中宣告 " "C++ 函式。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " "`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" "extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." msgstr "" "用於呼叫這類函式的 `unsafe` 區塊，或者可在 `#[cxx::bridge]` 中指定 `unsafe` " "關鍵字，[如這個頁面所述](https://cxx.rs/extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-" "functions)。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." "h\"`" msgstr "" "您可能也需要 `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx.h\"`" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." msgstr "將 C++ 字串從 C++ 傳遞至 Rust。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." msgstr "將 C++ 物件的參照傳遞至 Rust。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" "bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." msgstr "" "刻意從 `#[cxx::bridge]` 中，取得不相符的 Rust 函式簽章，並熟悉看到的錯誤。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" "bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." msgstr "" "刻意從 `#[cxx::bridge]` 中取得不相符的 C++ 函式簽章，並熟悉看到的錯誤。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " "own some C++ object." msgstr "" "將某些型別的 `std::unique_ptr` 從 C++ 傳遞至 Rust，這樣 Rust 就能擁有某些 C+" "+ 物件。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " "need a `Box`)." msgstr "" "建立 Rust 物件並傳遞至 C++ 中，讓 C++ 擁有該物件 (提示：您需要 `Box`)。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." msgstr "在 C++ 型別上宣告一些方法，然後從 Rust 呼叫。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." msgstr "在 Rust 型別上宣告一些方法，然後從 C++ 呼叫。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Part three" msgstr "第三部分" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " "couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " "sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." msgstr "" "現在您已瞭解 CXX 互通性的優勢和限制，不妨思考一些 Chromium 中介面相當簡單的 " "Rust 用途。草擬定義該介面的方式。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" msgstr "[`cxx` 繫結參照](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" "chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" msgstr "" "[`rust_static_library` gn 範本](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" "chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" msgstr "您可能會遇到以下問題：" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " "and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " "quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." msgstr "" "當 X 和 Y 都是函式型別，初始化型別 X 的變數和型別 Y 時會發生問題。這是因為 C+" "+ 函式與 `cxx::bridge` 中的宣告不太相符。" #: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " "Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" "sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although " "CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example." msgstr "" "我似乎可將 C++ 參照任意轉換為 Rust 參照。這樣不就可能造成 UB 嗎？若是 CXX 的" "「opaque」型別就不會，因為這種型別的大小為零。CXX 中的 trivial 型別則「有可" "能」造成 UB，雖然 CXX 的設計讓撰寫這類範例相當困難。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "" "Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://" "crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So " "they do!" msgstr "" "Rust 程式庫稱為「Crate」，位於 [crates.io](https://crates.io)。Rust Crate「非" "常容易」互相依附，所以它們也確實常常這麼做！" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "C++ library" msgstr "C++ 函式庫" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Rust crate" msgstr "Rust crate" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Build system" msgstr "建構系統" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Lots" msgstr "非常多" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`" msgstr "一致：`Cargo.toml`" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Typical library size" msgstr "一般程式庫大小" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Large-ish" msgstr "偏大" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Small" msgstr "小" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Transitive dependencies" msgstr "遞移依附元件" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Few" msgstr "很少" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:" msgstr "對 Chromium 工程師來說，這有以下優缺點：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "" "All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into " "Chromium..." msgstr "所有 Crate 都使用通用的建構系統，因此我們可以自動將其納入 Chromium..." #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "" "... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely " "have to bring in multiple libraries." msgstr "...但 Crate 通常具有遞移依附元件，因此可能需要導入多個程式庫。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "We'll discuss:" msgstr "我們將探討以下內容：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree" msgstr "如何在 Chromium 原始碼樹中加入 Crate" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it" msgstr "如何為其建立 `gn` 建構規則" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." msgstr "如何稽核原始碼，確保足夠安全" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" msgstr "設定 `Cargo.toml` 檔案以新增 Crate" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " "These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." "org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo." "toml):" msgstr "" "Chromium 有一組集中管理的直接 Crate 依附元件。這些元件可透過單一 [`Cargo." "toml`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/" "rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo.toml) 管理：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[dependencies]\n" "bitflags = \"1\"\n" "cfg-if = \"1\"\n" "cxx = \"1\"\n" "# lots more...\n" "```" msgstr "" "```toml\n" "[dependencies]\n" "bitflags = \"1\"\n" "cfg-if = \"1\"\n" "cxx = \"1\"\n" "# 還有更多...\n" "```" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " "dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" "dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` " "that you wish to enable in the crate." msgstr "" "與任何其他 `Cargo.toml` 一樣，您可以指定[依附元件的更多詳細資料](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-dependencies.html)。以最常見的情況來" "說，您會想在 Crate 中指定要啟用的 `features`。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " "information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." msgstr "" "將 Crate 新增至 Chromium 時，您通常需要在 `gnrt_config.toml` 這個額外檔案中提" "供額外資訊，這接下來會介紹。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" "chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." "toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." msgstr "" "除了 `Cargo.toml`，還有 [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" "chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." "toml)。這包含用來處理 Crate 的 Chromium 專屬擴充功能。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " "of:" msgstr "新增 Crate 時，應至少指定 `group`，可以是以下其中一個：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "For instance," msgstr "舉例來說：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " "file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." msgstr "" "視 Crate 原始碼布局而定，您可能也需要使用這個檔案指定其 `LICENSE 檔案的位置。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " "to resolve problems." msgstr "稍後我們會看到一些其他您需在這個檔案中設定的項目，才能解決問題。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." "gn` rules." msgstr "`gnrt` 這項工具瞭解如何下載 Crate，以及如何產生 `BUILD.gn` 規則。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" msgstr "首先，請按照以下方式下載任何你想要的 Crate：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " "this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " "`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security " "decision." msgstr "" "雖然 `gnrt` 工具屬於 Chromium 原始碼的一部分，但透過執行這項指令，您可以從 " "`crates.io` 下載並執行其依附元件。請參閱[前面的章節](../cargo.md)中有關這項安" "全性決策的討論。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" msgstr "這項 `vendor` 指令可能會下載以下項目：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "Your crate" msgstr "您的 Crate" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" msgstr "直接依附元件和遞移依附元件" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " "set of crates required by Chromium." msgstr "" "其他 Crate 的新版本。這是 `cargo` 的要求，以便解析 Chromium 所需的完整 Crate " "組合。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" "chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " "patching fails you may need to take manual action." msgstr "" "Chromium 會維護部分 Crate 的修補程式，保留在 `//third_party/rust/" "chromium_crates_io/patches` 中。系統會自動重新套用這些設定，但如果修補失敗，" "就可能需要手動操作。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" msgstr "下載 Crate 後，請如下產生 `BUILD.gn` 檔案：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" msgstr "現在請執行 `git status`，您應會看到以下情形：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" "vendor`" msgstr "" "在 `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/vendor` 中，至少有一個新的 Crate 原始" "碼" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" msgstr "" "在 `third_party/rust//v` 中，至少有一個新" "的 `BUILD.gn`" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" msgstr "適當的 `README.chromium`" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." msgstr "" "「major semver version」是 [Rust「Semver」版本號碼](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." msgstr "請仔細查看，尤其是 `third_party/rust` 中產生的內容。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " "it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " "discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." msgstr "" "請稍微介紹一下 Semver，並具體說明在 Chromium 中，Semver 可允許多種不相容的 " "Crate 版本。這不是建議做法，但在 Cargo 生態系統中有時是必要的。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "" "If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " "arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " "design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules " "to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." msgstr "" "如果建構失敗，可能是因為 `build.rs`，這類程式會在建構期間執行任意操作。根本而" "言，這不符合 `gn` 和 `ninja` 的設計，後者的目標是達成靜態的確定性建構規則，盡" "可能提高建構作業的平行處理程度和重複性。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "" "Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" msgstr "有些 `build.rs` 動作可自動支援，有些則需要進一步操作：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "build script effect" msgstr "建構指令碼效果" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Supported by our gn templates" msgstr "gn 範本是否支援" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Work required by you" msgstr "您需要做的" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" msgstr "檢查 rustc 版本，將功能設為開啟/關閉" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "None" msgstr "無" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" msgstr "檢查平台或 CPU，將功能設為開啟/關閉" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Generating code" msgstr "產生程式碼" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" msgstr "是 - 在 `gnrt_config.toml` 中指定" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Building C/C++" msgstr "建構 C/C++" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Patch around it" msgstr "撰寫修補程式" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Arbitrary other actions" msgstr "任意其他動作" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "" "Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " "build scripts only do the top two actions." msgstr "" "幸運的是，大部分 Crate 均不包含建構指令碼，而大部分建構指令碼只會執行前兩項動" "作。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " "writes source code files." msgstr "如果 `ninja` 抱怨缺少檔案，請查看 `build.rs`，確認是否寫入原始碼檔案。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " "add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " "that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add " "`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that " "file:" msgstr "" "如果是，請修改 [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md)，將 " "`build-script-outputs` 新增至 Crate。若是遞移依附元件，也就是 Chromium 程式" "碼 不應直接依附的依附元件，請一併加上 `allow-first-party-usage=false`。該檔案" "中已有幾個範例：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" "allow-first-party-usage = false\n" "build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" "```" msgstr "" "```toml\n" "[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" "allow-first-party-usage = false\n" "build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" "```" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " "`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " "to subsequent build steps." msgstr "" "現在請重新執行 [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md)，重新產生 " "`BUILD.gn` 檔案以通知 ninja 這個輸出檔案會輸入至後續建構步驟。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "" "Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " "link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" "crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be " "supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is " "very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." msgstr "" "部分 Crate 使用 [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) Crate 建構和連結 C/C++ 程" "式庫。其他 Crate 在建構指令碼中使用 [`bindgen`](https://crates.io/crates/" "bindgen) 剖析 C/C++。Chromium 環境無法支援這些動作，因為我們的 gn、ninja 和 " "LLVM 建構系統特別要求明確表達建構動作之間的關係。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "So, your options are:" msgstr "因此，您有以下選擇：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "Avoid these crates" msgstr "避開這類 Crate" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." msgstr "將修補程式套用至 Crate。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "" "Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" "` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" "source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" "chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by " "`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." msgstr "" "修補程式應保留在 `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/` 中，範" "例請見 [`cxx` Crate 的修補程式](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" "chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx。此外，在" "每次升級 Crate 時，修補補程式會由 `gnrt` 自動套用。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" "Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " "on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " "`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." msgstr "" "新增第三方 Crate 並產生建構規則後，依附 Crate 就很簡單。請找出 " "`rust_static_library` 目標，然後在 Crate 的 `:lib` 目標中新增 `dep`。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md #, fuzzy msgid "Specifically," msgstr "特定 OS" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" "```bob\n" " +------------+ +----------------------+\n" "\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" "lib\"\n" " +------------+ +----------------------+\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" " +------------+ +----------------------+\n" "\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" "lib\"\n" " +------------+ +----------------------+\n" "```" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" " deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" " crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" " sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" " deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" msgstr "稽核第三方 Crate" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" "chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." "md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As " "you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive " "dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe " "Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" msgstr "" "新增程式庫時必須遵守 Chromium 的標準[政策](https://chromium.googlesource.com/" "chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust.md#Third_party-review)，不過當然也須" "接受安全性審查。您可能不只引入一個 Crate，還會傳入遞移依附元件，因此可能有許" "多程式碼需要審查。另一方面，安全的 Rust 程式碼不會產生多少負面副作用。應如何" "審查呢？" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" "(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." msgstr "" "隨著時間推移，Chromium 的目標是移至以 [cargo vet](https://mozilla.github.io/" "cargo-vet/) 為基礎的程序。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" msgstr "同時，我們會針對每個新增的 Crate 檢查以下項目：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " "If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " "macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium " "is normally built?" msgstr "" "瞭解使用各個 Crate 的原因。Crate 之間的關係為何？如果每個 Crate 的建構系統都" "包含 `build.rs` 或程序巨集，請思考 Crate 的用途。這些 Crate 是否與 Chromium " "平常的建構方式相容？" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" msgstr "檢查每個 Crate 的維護情況是否合理良好" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " "vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " "ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../" "cargo.md))" msgstr "" "使用 `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` 檢查是否有已知的安" "全漏洞 (您首先需要執行 `cargo install cargo-audit`，諷刺的是，這麼做需要從網" "際網路下載大量依附元件[2](../cargo.md))" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" "chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." "md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" msgstr "" "確保所有 `unsafe` 程式碼都妥善符合[兩個項目的規則](https://chromium." "googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2.md#unsafe-code-" "in-safe-languages)" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" msgstr "檢查是否使用 `fs` 或 `net` API" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " "that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " "100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" msgstr "" "請在足夠的層級閱讀所有程式碼，檢查是否出現任何可能是惡意插入的錯誤內容 (實務" "上很難達到 100% 完美的成果，畢竟通常會有太多程式碼。)" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." "org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." msgstr "" "上述內容只是指南，請與 `security@chromium.org` 的審查人員合作，瞭解如何正確地" "確保 Crate 是可信的。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" msgstr "將 Crate 登錄為 Chromium 原始碼" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "`git status` should reveal:" msgstr "`git status` 應會顯示以下內容：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" msgstr "`//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io` 中的 Crate 程式碼" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" "`" msgstr "" "`//third_party/rust//` 中的中繼資料 (`BUILD.gn` 和 `README." "chromium`)" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." msgstr "請一併在後者的位置中新增 `OWNERS` 檔案。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." "toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." msgstr "" "請務必在 Chromium 存放區中放入所有這些項目，以及 `Cargo.toml` 和 " "`gnrt_config.toml` 變更內容。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " "files may result in some files being skipped." msgstr "" "**重要事項**：請務必使用 `git add -f`，否則 `.gitignore` 檔案可能會導致某些檔" "案遭到略過。" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " "language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " "branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So " "you may need to run:" msgstr "" "這時，預先提交的檢查作業可能會因使用非包容性的語言而失敗。這是因為 Rust " "Crate 資料通常會包含 Git 分支版本的名稱，而許多專案仍使用非包容性的術語。因" "此，您可能需要執行以下項目：" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md msgid "" "As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " "keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." "com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is " "hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's " "still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." msgstr "" "身為第三方 Chromium 依附元件的擁有者，您應[確保該元件已採用任何最新的安全性修" "正項目](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/" "adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners)。我們希望很快就能針對 Rust Crate 將這項" "作業自動化，但您目前仍須負責處理此事，如同使用其他第三方依附元件時一樣。" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " "crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" "features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in " "shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." msgstr "" "在 Chromium 中新增 [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify)，關閉 Crate 的" "[預設功能](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html#the-" "default-feature)。假設提交 Chromium 時會使用這個 Crate，但不會用於處理不可靠" "的輸入資料。" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " "ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " "[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/" "+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." msgstr "" "(在下一項練習中，我們將使用 Chromium 的 uwuify，但您現在就可以跳過這部分，直" "接開始練習。或者，您可以建立使用 `uwuify` 的新 [`rust_executable` 目標]" "(https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" "rust_executable.gni)。)" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies." msgstr "學生需下載許多遞移依附元件。" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "The total crates needed are:" msgstr "以下為所有需要的 Crate：" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`instant`," msgstr "`instant`，" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`lock_api`," msgstr "`lock_api`，" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`parking_lot`," msgstr "`parking_lot`，" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`parking_lot_core`," msgstr "`parking_lot_core`，" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`redox_syscall`," msgstr "`redox_syscall`，" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`scopeguard`," msgstr "`scopeguard`，" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`smallvec`, and" msgstr "`smallvec`，以及" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`uwuify`." msgstr "`uwuify`。" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to " "turn off the default features." msgstr "如果學生下載的項目不只這些，可能是因為忘了關閉預設功能。" #: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!" msgstr "" "感謝 [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) 提供這個 Crate！" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise" msgstr "融會貫通 - 練習" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing " "together everything you already learned." msgstr "在本練習中，您會加入全新的 Chromium 功能，一併應用目前學到的所有內容。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "The Brief from Product Management" msgstr "產品管理提要" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. " "It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as " "possible." msgstr "" "我們在偏遠的雨林中發現一群精靈，務必盡快將精靈專用 Chromium 提供給他們。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie " "language." msgstr "目前要求是將所有 Chromium 的 UI 字串翻譯成精靈語。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie " "language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate " "which does the translation." msgstr "" "現在沒時間取得適當的翻譯，但幸好精靈語非常接近英文，也找到能負責翻譯的 Rust " "Crate。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://" "crates.io/crates/uwuify)." msgstr "" "其實，您已經[在先前的練習中匯入這個 Crate](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify)。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and " "diligence. Don't ship this!)" msgstr "(想當然耳，實際翻譯 Chrome 時必須非常審慎認真。千萬別發布這些內容！)" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "Steps" msgstr "步驟" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all " "strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always " "do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`." msgstr "" "修改 `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`，讓所有字串在顯示前 uwu " "化。在這個特殊版本的 Chromium 中，無論 `mangle_localized_strings_` 的設定為" "何，一律應執行這項轉換。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, " "you should have created Chrome for pixies!" msgstr "如果您順利完成所有練習，那麼恭喜您成功為精靈打造了 Chrome！" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, " "and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ " "side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again." msgstr "" "UTF16 與 UTF8：學生應瞭解 Rust 字串一律為 UTF8，且可能判斷出較適合在 C++ 端使" "用 `base::UTF16ToUTF8` 完成轉換再返回。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to " "consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." "String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which " "[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/" "slice.html)." msgstr "" "如果學生決定在 Rust 端完成轉換，就需考慮 [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html#method.from_utf16)、錯誤處理方" "式，以及哪些 [CXX 支援的型別可傳輸大量 u16](https://cxx.rs/binding/slice." "html)。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. " "taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a " "string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student " "that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may " "need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for " "mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved " "around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." msgstr "" "學生可透過多種不同的方式設計 C++/Rust 界線，例如依值擷取及傳回字串，或是對字" "串採用可變動參照。如果使用可變動參照，CXX 可能會告知學生需使用 [`Pin`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/)。您可能需要說明 `Pin` 的功用，並解釋為" "何 CXX 需要它來處理 C++ 資料的可變動參照：答案是 C++ 資料無法像 Rust 資料一樣" "移動，因為該資料可能包含自我參照指標。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will " "need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably " "already did this." msgstr "" "包含 `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` 的 C++ 目標需依附於 " "`rust_static_library` 目標。學生可能已經這麼做。" #: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" "The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/" "uwuify/v0_2:lib`." msgstr "" "`rust_static_library` 目標需依附於 `//third_party/rust/uwuify/v0_2:lib`。" #: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md msgid "" "Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]" "(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)." msgstr "" "如需 Chromium 練習的解決方案，請參閱[這個 CL 系列](https://chromium-review." "googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)。" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" msgstr "歡迎瞭解 Rust 裸機開發" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" "This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " "who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " "Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" "metal programming in some other language such as C." msgstr "" "這個為期一天的獨立課程會介紹 Rust 裸機開發，適合熟悉 Rust 基本概念的開發人員 " "(或許是完成 Comprehensive Rust 課程的學生)，且最好具備一些 C 等其他語言的裸機" "程式設計經驗。" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" "Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " "underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" msgstr "" "今天我們要介紹 Rust「裸機開發」：在執行 Rust 程式碼時不使用作業系統。這會分為" "以下幾個部分：" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" msgstr "什麼是 `no_std` Rust？" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." msgstr "編寫微控制器的韌體。" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." msgstr "編寫應用程式處理器的系統啟動載入程式/核心程式碼。" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." msgstr "一些適用於 Rust 裸機開發的實用 Crate。" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" "For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" "tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " "with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " "an on-board SWD debugger." msgstr "" "在本課程的微控制器部分，我們將使用 [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) 第 " "2 版當做範例。這是以 Nordic nRF51822 微控制器為基礎的[開發板](https://tech." "microbit.org/hardware/)，具備一些 LED 和按鈕、連接 I2C 的加速計和羅盤，以及內" "建的 SWD 偵錯工具。" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "如要開始使用，請先安裝稍後需使用的工具。使用 gLinux 或 Debian：" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "為 `plugdev` 群組中的使用者授予 micro:bit 程式工具的存取權：" #: src/bare-metal.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "使用 MacOS：" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`core`" msgstr "`core`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`std`" msgstr "`std`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" msgstr "切片、`&str`、`CStr`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." msgstr "`NonZeroU8`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Option`, `Result`" msgstr "`Option`、`Result`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." msgstr "`Display`、`Debug`、`write!`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." msgstr "`panic!`、`assert_eq!`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" msgstr "`NonNull` 和所有一般指標相關函式" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" msgstr "`Future` 和 `async`/`await`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." msgstr "`fence`、`AtomicBool`、`AtomicPtr`、`AtomicU32`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Duration`" msgstr "`Duration`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" msgstr "`Box`、`Cow`、`Arc`、`Rc`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" msgstr "`Vec`、`BinaryHeap`、`BtreeMap`、`LinkedList`、`VecDeque`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" msgstr "`String`、`CString`、`format!`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Error`" msgstr "`Error`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" msgstr "`Mutex`、`Condvar`、`Barrier`、`Once`、`RwLock`、`mpsc`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" msgstr "`File` 和 `fs` 其餘部分" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" msgstr "`println!`、`Read`、`Write`、`Stdin`、`Stdout` 和 `io` 其餘部分" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" msgstr "`Path`、`OsString`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`net`" msgstr "`net`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" msgstr "`Command`、`Child`、`ExitCode`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" msgstr "`spawn`、`sleep` 和 `thread` 其餘部分" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" msgstr "`SystemTime`、`Instant`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." msgstr "`HashMap` 依附於 RNG。" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." msgstr "`std` 會重新匯出 `core` 和 `alloc` 的內容。" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "最簡單的 `no_std` 程式" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "這會編譯為空白的二進位檔。" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." msgstr "`std` 提供恐慌處理常式。如果沒有，我們就須自行提供。" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." msgstr "也可以由其他 Crate 提供，例如 `panic-halt`。" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "" "Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " "avoid an error about `eh_personality`." msgstr "" "視目標而定，編譯時可能需要使用 `panic = \"abort\"`，以免發生 " "`eh_personality` 相關錯誤。" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "" "Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " "define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " "some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." msgstr "" "請注意，並沒有 `main` 或任何其他進入點。您可以自行定義進入點。這通常涉及連結" "器指令碼和一些組語程式碼，以便準備好執行 Rust 程式碼。" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." msgstr "" "如要使用 `alloc`，您必須實作[全域 (堆積) 分配器](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)。" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" msgstr "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" msgstr "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md #, fuzzy msgid "\"A string\"" msgstr "String" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " "hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" "`buddy_system_allocator` 是實作基本夥伴系統分配器的第三方 Crate。也可以使用其" "他 Crate，或是自行撰寫或連結至現有分配器。" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" "`LockedHeap` 的 const 參數是分配器最高的階，意即在本例中，它最多可分配 " "2\\*\\*32 個位元組的區域。" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " "the top-level binary crate." msgstr "" "如果依附元件樹狀結構中有任何 Crate 依附於 `alloc`，您就必須在二進位檔中只定義" "一個全域分配器。通常是在頂層二進位檔 Crate 中定義。" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " "crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." msgstr "" "務必使用 `extern crate panic_halt as _`，確保 `panic_halt` Crate 已連結，讓我" "們能取得其恐慌處理常式。" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." msgstr "這個範例將建構但不執行，因為沒有進入點。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " "Cortex M microcontrollers." msgstr "" "`cortex_m_rt` Crate 提供 Cortex M 微控制器的重設處理常式 (和其他項目)。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "" "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " "abstraction." msgstr "接下來，我們要探討如何存取周邊裝置，會有愈來愈多層的抽象化。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" "> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." msgstr "" "`cortex_m_rt::entry` 巨集規定函式必須具有 `fn() -> !` 型別，因為返回重設處理" "常式並不合理。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" msgstr "使用 `cargo embed --bin minimal` 執行範例" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" "Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " "turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" msgstr "" "大多數微控制器會透過記憶體對映 IO 存取周邊裝置。請嘗試在 micro:bit 上開啟 " "LED：" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" msgstr "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" msgstr "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" msgstr "// PIN_CNF fields\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" msgstr "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" "// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" msgstr "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" "GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " "to the first row." msgstr "GPIO 0 接腳 21 連接至 LED 矩陣的第一欄，接腳 28 則連接至第一列。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "使用下列指令執行範例：" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" msgstr "周邊裝置存取 Crate" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " "wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" "pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." msgstr "" "[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) 會針對 [CMSIS-SVD](https://" "www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) 檔案中記憶體對映周邊裝置，產" "生大多是安全的 Rust 包裝函式。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " "silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." msgstr "" "SVD (系統視圖說明) 檔案通常是晶片供應商提供的 XML 檔案，描述裝置的記憶體對" "映。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " "descriptions, addresses and so on." msgstr "" "這種檔案的分類依據為周邊裝置、暫存器、欄位和值，具有名稱、說明、位址等資訊。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " "which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " "crates." msgstr "" "SVD 檔案通常有很多錯誤且不完整，因此會使用各種專案修補錯誤、新增缺少的詳細資" "料，以及發布產生的 Crate。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." msgstr "`cortex-m-rt` 提供向量表等內容。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " "pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." msgstr "" "如果使用 `cargo install cargo-binutils`，則可以執行 `cargo objdump --bin pac " "-- -d --no-show-raw-insn`，查看產生的二進位檔。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "HAL crates" msgstr "HAL Crate" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" "[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" "implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " "various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." msgstr "" "許多微控制器的 [HAL Crate](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-" "rust#hal-implementation-crates) 能為各種周邊裝置提供包裝函式。這些項目通常會" "實作 [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) 的特徵。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" msgstr "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" "`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "`set_low` 和 `set_high` 是 `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` 特徵上的方法。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" "HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " "STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." msgstr "" "許多 Cortex-M 和 RISC-V 裝置都有 HAL Crate，包括各種 STM32、GD32、nRF、NXP、" "MSP430、AVR 和 PIC 微控制器。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "Board support crates" msgstr "開發板支援 Crate" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" "Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " "board for convenience." msgstr "為方便起見，開發板支援 Crate 可針對特定開發板提供進一步包裝。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" "In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " "and a bit of initialisation." msgstr "在本例中，開發板支援 Crate 只會提供更多實用名稱，以及一些初始化作業。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" "The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " "microcontroller itself." msgstr "除了微控制器本身，Crate 或許也包含部分內建裝置的驅動程式。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "`microbit-v2` 包含 LED 矩陣的簡易驅動程式。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "型別狀態模式" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" msgstr "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" msgstr "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " "exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." msgstr "" "接腳不會實作 `Copy` 或 `Clone`，因此每個項目只能有一個實例。一旦接腳從連接埠" "結構中移出，就無法再供使用。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " "can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." msgstr "變更接腳設定時會耗用舊的接腳例項，因此之後無法繼續使用舊的例項。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " "the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " "the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " "way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " "caught at compile time." msgstr "" "值的型別會指出其所處狀態，例如本例中 GPIO 接腳的設定狀態。這可將狀態機器編碼" "至型別系統，確保您不會在未事先適當設定時嘗試使用接腳。在編譯期間，系統會偵測" "非法的狀態轉換作業。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " "not vice-versa." msgstr "" "您可以對輸入接腳呼叫 `is_high`、對輸出接腳呼叫`set_high`，但不得反過來呼叫。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "許多 HAL Crate 都遵循這個模式。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " "number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals." msgstr "" "[`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) Crate 提供多個特徵，" "涵蓋常見的微控制器周邊裝置。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "GPIO" msgstr "GPIO" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "ADC" msgstr "ADC" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" msgstr "I2C、SPI、UART、CAN" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "RNG" msgstr "RNG" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "Timers" msgstr "計時器" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "Watchdogs" msgstr "看門狗計時器" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" "awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " "accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation." msgstr "" "其他 Crate 隨後會根據這些特徵實作[驅動程式](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" "awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates)，例如加速計驅動程式可能需要實作 I2C 或 " "SPI 匯流排。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " "platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." msgstr "" "許多微控制器和其他平台 (例如 Raspberry Pi 上的 Linux) 都有相應的實作項目。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " "isn't stable yet." msgstr "`embedded-hal` 的 `async` 版本已在開發中，但尚未推出穩定版。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " "like OpenOCD but better integrated." msgstr "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) 是適用於嵌入式偵錯的實用工具組，就像 OpenOCD，" "但整合效果更好。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" msgstr "透過 CMSIS-DAP、ST-Link 和 J-Link 探測器執行 SWD (序列線偵錯) 和 JTAG" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server" msgstr "GDB 虛設常式和 Microsoft DAP (偵錯轉接程式通訊協定) 伺服器" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "Cargo integration" msgstr "Cargo 整合" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT " "(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed." "toml` file in your project directory." msgstr "" "`cargo-embed` 是 Cargo 子指令，用於建構和刷新二進位檔、記錄 RTT (即時傳輸)輸" "出內容，以及連結 GDB。這個指令是由專案目錄中的 `Embed.toml` 檔案來設定。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " "an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " "CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " "on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." msgstr "" "[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) 是針" "對 USB 的 Arm 標準通訊協定，供電路內偵錯工具存取各種 Arm Cortex 處理器的 " "CoreSight 偵錯存取埠。這就是 BBC micro:bit 內建偵錯工具所使用的通訊協定。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " "is a range from SEGGER." msgstr "" "ST-Link 是 ST Microelectronics 推出的一系列電路內偵錯工具，J-Link 系列則來自 " "SEGGER。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " "Serial Wire Debug." msgstr "偵錯存取埠通常是 5 接腳的 JTAG 介面或 2 接腳的序列線偵錯介面。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " "want to." msgstr "您可以視需要將 probe-rs 程式庫整合至自己的工具。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" "adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " "supported microcontroller." msgstr "" "[Microsoft 偵錯轉接程式通訊協定](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-" "protocol/)允許在任何支援的微控制器上執行 VSCode 及其他 IDE 偵錯程式碼。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." msgstr "cargo-embed 是使用 probe-rs 程式庫建構的二進位檔。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " "host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." msgstr "" "RTT (即時傳輸) 這種機制是透過多個環形緩衝區，在偵錯主機和目標之間傳輸資料。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "_Embed.toml_:" msgstr "Embed.toml：" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "在 `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/` 底下的一個終端機中：" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "在相同目錄的另一個終端機中：" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "使用 gLinux 或 Debian：" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "在 GDB 中，嘗試執行下列指令：" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Other projects" msgstr "其他專案" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" msgstr "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" msgstr "「即時中斷驅動並行」" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" msgstr "共用資源管理、訊息傳遞、工作排程、計時器佇列" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" msgstr "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" msgstr "具有優先順序、計時器、網路、USB 功能的 `async` 執行器" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" msgstr "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " "support" msgstr "注重安全性的 RTOS，提供先占式排程功能，並支援記憶體保護單元" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " "unprivileged drivers, IPC" msgstr "" "Oxide Computer Company 的微核心 RTOS，提供記憶體防護、未具有特權的驅動程式、" "IPC" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" msgstr "[FreeRTOS 繫結](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." "github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." msgstr "" "部分平台提供 `std` 實作項目，例如 [esp-idf](https://esp-rs.github.io/book/" "overview/using-the-standard-library.html)。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." msgstr "RTIC 可視為 RTOS 或並行架構。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." msgstr "其中不包含任何 HAL。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " "scheduling rather than a proper kernel." msgstr "" "排程時會使用 Cortex-M NVIC (巢狀虛擬中斷控制器)，而不是使用適當的核心。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "Cortex-M only." msgstr "僅限 Cortex-M。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." msgstr "Google 會針對 Titan 安全金鑰，在 Haven 微控制器上使用 TockOS。" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " "applications." msgstr "FreeRTOS 大部分以 C 語言編寫，但也有適合編寫應用程式的 Rust 繫結。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port." msgstr "我們將讀取 I2C 羅盤中的方向，並將讀數記錄到序列埠。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md msgid "" "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" "morning.md) provided." msgstr "完成練習後，您可以看看我們提供的[解決方案](solutions-morning.md)。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " "use the buttons somehow." msgstr "" "我們將讀取 I2C 羅盤上的方向，並將讀數記錄到序列埠。如有時間，可以試著顯示在 " "LED 上，或以某種方法使用按鈕。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "Hints:" msgstr "提示：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" "latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" "microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." "org/hardware/)." msgstr "" "參閱 [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) 和 " "[`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) Crate 的說明文" "件，並瞭解 [micro:bit 硬體](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/)。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "LSM303AGR 慣性測量單元已連接至內部 I2C 匯流排。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "TWI 是 I2C 的別名，所以 I2C 主周邊裝置的名稱是 TWIM。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" "blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" "microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." msgstr "" "LSM303AGR 驅動程式需要某個實作 `embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::WriteRead` 特徵" "的項目。[`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "hal/struct.Twim.html) 結構體實作此特徵。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." msgstr "" "您有 [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/struct." "Board.html) 結構體，其中包含各種接腳和周邊裝置的欄位。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." "com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " "this exercise." msgstr "" "您也可以視需要查看 [nRF52833 規格書](https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/" "nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf)，但在這項練習中並非必要。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `compass` directory for the following files." msgstr "" "請下載[練習範本](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip)，並在 `compass` 目錄" "中查看下列檔案。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_src/main.rs_:" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "Cargo.toml (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "Embed.toml (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr ".cargo/config.toml (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "使用下列指令在 Linux 查看序列輸出內容：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "或在 macOS 上使用類似如下的指令 (裝置名稱可能略有不同)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "按下 Ctrl + A、Ctrl + Q 鍵即可退出 picocom。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" msgstr "Rust 裸機開發：上午練習" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" msgstr "([返回練習](compass.md))" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" msgstr "// Configure serial port.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n" msgstr "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" msgstr "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" msgstr "\"Setting up IMU...\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" msgstr "// Set up display and timer.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"Ready.\"" msgstr "\"Ready.\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" msgstr "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" msgstr "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "" "// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " "LEDs\n" " // on.\n" msgstr "" "// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " "LEDs\n" " // on.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md msgid "Application processors" msgstr "應用程式處理器" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md msgid "" "So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " "Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " "with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" "virt.html) board." msgstr "" "目前我們已介紹過微控制器，例如 Arm Cortex-M 系列產品，現在來試著為 Cortex-A " "撰寫一些內容。為求簡單，我們會使用 QEMU 的 aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-" "project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html) 開發板。" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md msgid "" "Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " "privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " "processors do." msgstr "" "普遍來說，微控制器並沒有 MMU 或多個權限層級 (Arm CPU 上的例外狀況層級、x86 上" "的環)，但應用程式處理器有。" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md msgid "" "QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " "architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " "hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." msgstr "" "QEMU 可針對每個架構模擬不同的機器或開發板模型。'virt' 開發板並無對應至任何特" "定的真實硬體，而是專為虛擬機器設計。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." msgstr "我們需要先完成一些初始化作業，才能開始執行 Rust 程式碼。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "```armasm\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" " /*\n" " * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " "MMU and\n" " * caches.\n" " */\n" " adrp x30, idmap\n" " msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" " msr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" " /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" " mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" " bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" " msr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " "any\n" " * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" " */\n" " isb\n" " tlbi vmalle1\n" " ic iallu\n" " dsb nsh\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this\n" " * has completed.\n" " */\n" " msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" " mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" " orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" " msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" " adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" " adr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0: cmp x29, x30\n" " b.hs 1f\n" " stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" " b 0b\n" "\n" "1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" " adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" " mov sp, x30\n" "\n" " /* Set up exception vector. */\n" " adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" " msr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" " /* Call into Rust code. */\n" " bl main\n" "\n" " /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2: wfi\n" " b 2b\n" "```" msgstr "" "```armasm\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" " /*\n" " * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " "MMU and\n" " * caches.\n" " */\n" " adrp x30, idmap\n" " msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" " msr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" " /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" " mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" " bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" " msr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " "any\n" " * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" " */\n" " isb\n" " tlbi vmalle1\n" " ic iallu\n" " dsb nsh\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this\n" " * has completed.\n" " */\n" " msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" " mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" " orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" " msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" " adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" " adr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0: cmp x29, x30\n" " b.hs 1f\n" " stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" " b 0b\n" "\n" "1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" " adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" " mov sp, x30\n" "\n" " /* Set up exception vector. */\n" " adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" " msr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" " /* Call into Rust code. */\n" " bl main\n" "\n" " /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2: wfi\n" " b 2b\n" "```" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " "zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." msgstr "" "這與使用 C 時相同：將處理器狀態初始化、將 BSS 設為零，以及設定堆疊指標。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " "object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " "initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " "on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " "them." msgstr "" "BSS (區塊起始符號，因歷史因素而存在) 是物件檔案的一部分，含有初始化為零的靜態" "分配變數。映像檔會省略這些變數，以免浪費空間儲存零。編譯器會假設由載入器負責" "將變數初始化為零。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " "the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." msgstr "" "視記憶體初始化及映像檔載入方式而定，BSS 可能已為零，但為了確定，我們會將它設" "為零。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " "we don't:" msgstr "我們需要啟用 MMU 和快取，才能讀取或寫入任何記憶體。如果不這樣做：" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" "unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " "is not necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" "未對齊的存取會發生錯誤。我們是為 `aarch64-unknown-none` 目標建構 Rust 程式" "碼，這會設定 `+strict-align`，防止編譯器產生未對齊的存取，因此在本例中應該不" "會出錯，但這不一定是一般情況。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " "is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " "not VA or IPA.)" msgstr "" "如果是在 VM 中執行，可能會導致快取一致性問題。問題在於 VM 會在快取已停用時直" "接存取記憶體，而主機具有相同記憶體的可快取別名。即使主機未明確存取記憶體，推" "測存取行為仍可能導致快取填補，而當快取遭到清理或 VM 啟用快取時，存取之間的變" "更就會遺失 (快取是以實體位址做為索引鍵，並非使用 VA 或 IPA)。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " "identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " "for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " "memory layout that QEMU uses." msgstr "" "為求簡單，我們只使用寫死的分頁表 (見 `idmap.S`)，其中前 1 GiB 的位址空間是對" "應至裝置、接下來 1 GiB 是對應至 DRAM，另外 1 GiB 以上則適用更多裝置。這符合 " "QEMU 使用的記憶體布局。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " "later." msgstr "我們也會設定例外狀況向量 (`vbar_el1`)，稍後將進一步說明。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " "(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " "modify `entry.S` accordingly." msgstr "" "今天下午的所有例子都假設我們會在例外狀況層級 1 (EL1) 執行。如要在不同的例外狀" "況層級執行，就需據以修改 `entry.S`。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "Inline assembly" msgstr "行內組語" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " "Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the " "firmware to power off the system:" msgstr "" "有時候，我們需要使用組語，才能執行 Rust 程式碼無法執行的作業。舉例來說，如要" "發出 HVC (管理程序呼叫) 指示韌體關閉系統：" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"hvc #0\"" msgstr "\"hvc #0\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w0\"" msgstr "\"w0\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w1\"" msgstr "\"w1\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w2\"" msgstr "\"w2\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w3\"" msgstr "\"w3\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w4\"" msgstr "\"w4\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w5\"" msgstr "\"w5\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w6\"" msgstr "\"w6\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w7\"" msgstr "\"w7\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" msgstr "" "(如果您確實想執行這項操作，請使用 [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/smccc) " "Crate，其中包含所有這些函式的包裝函式。)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " "functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " "implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." msgstr "" "PSCI 是 Arm 電源狀態協調介面，這組標準函式可管理系統和 CPU 電源狀態及其他項" "目，是由 EL3 韌體和管理程序在許多系統上實作。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " "inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " "`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " "contents of the registers." msgstr "" "`0 => _` 語法是指在行內組語程式碼執行之前，將暫存器初始化為 0，之後就忽略其內" "容。我們需要使用 `inout` (而非 `in`)，因為呼叫可能會破壞暫存器的內容。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " "it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." msgstr "" "這個 `main` 函式需為 `#[no_mangle]` 和 `extern \"C\"`，因為此函式是從 `entry." "S` 的進入點呼叫。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " "used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " "According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " "\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " "arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " "special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." msgstr "" "`_x0` 到 `_x3` 是暫存器 `x0` 到 `x3` 的值。按照慣例，系統啟動載入程式會使用這" "些值，將指標等項目傳遞給裝置樹狀結構。根據標準的 aarch64 呼叫慣例 (即 " "`extern \"C\"` 指定使用的項目)，前 8 個傳遞至函式的引數會使用暫存器 `x0` 到 " "`x7`，因此 `entry.S` 不需執行任何特殊操作，只要確保不會變更這些暫存器。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" "使用 `src/bare-metal/aps/examples` 下的 `make qemu_psci`，在 QEMU 中執行範" "例。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" msgstr "MMIO 揮發性記憶體存取" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." msgstr "使用 `pointer::read_volatile` 和 `pointer::write_volatile`。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "Never hold a reference." msgstr "請勿保留參照。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " "reference." msgstr "`addr_of!` 可用來取得結構體的欄位，而不必建立中繼參照。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " "the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." msgstr "" "揮發性存取：讀取或寫入作業可能會有副作用，因此請避免編譯器或硬體遭到重新排" "序、複製或省略。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " "compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " "written, and not bother actually reading memory." msgstr "" "通常，如果您在寫入後讀取 (例如透過可變動參照)，編譯器可能會假設讀取的值與剛寫" "入的值相同，而不實際讀取記憶體。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " "this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " "dereference it." msgstr "" "有些用於硬體揮發性存取的現有 Crate 確實會保留參照，但這樣不安全。每當有參照存" "在時，編譯器可能會選擇解除參照。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " "struct." msgstr "使用 `addr_of!` 巨集，從結構體的指標取得結構體欄位指標。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "Let's write a UART driver" msgstr "編寫 UART 驅動程式" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." msgstr "" "QEMU 'virt' 機器搭載 [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0183/" "g) UART，所以我們要為此編寫驅動程式。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" msgstr "" "/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" msgstr "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" msgstr "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" msgstr "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" msgstr "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " "because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " "requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " "driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " "it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " "necessary preconditions." msgstr "" "請注意，`Uart::new` 並不安全，其他方法則是安全的。這是因為只要 `Uart::new` 的" "呼叫端保證能滿足安全規定，也就是特定 UART 只有一個驅動程式例項，沒有其他項目" "定義其位址空間的別名，那麼稍後呼叫 `write_byte` 一律是安全的，因為我們可以假" "設必要的先決條件。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " "`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " "place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" msgstr "" "我們可以反過來操作，也就是讓 `new` 安全，而 `write_byte` 不安全，但這樣的使用" "便利度低許多，因為每個呼叫 `write_byte` 的位置都需要分析安全性" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " "the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " "number of places." msgstr "" "這是為不安全程式碼撰寫安全包裝函式的常見模式：將證明安全性的負擔從大量位置移" "到少量位置。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "More traits" msgstr "其他特徵" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" "We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " "traits too." msgstr "我們衍生了 `Debug` 特徵。實作多一點特徵也會有幫助。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" "Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " "`Uart` type." msgstr "實作 `Write` 即可搭配 `Uart` 型別使用 `write!` 和 `writeln!` 巨集。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" "使用 `src/bare-metal/aps/examples` 下的 `make qemu_minimal`，在 QEMU 中執行範" "例。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "A better UART driver" msgstr "經改良的 UART 驅動程式" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "" "The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " "offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " "read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " "structured way." msgstr "" "PL011 實際上還有[許多暫存器](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0183/" "g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers)，若為了存取這些暫存器而將偏移值新增" "至建構指標，不僅容易發生錯誤，還難以讀取。此外，部分暫存器是位元欄位，適合以" "結構化方式存取。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "Offset" msgstr "偏移" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "Register name" msgstr "暫存器名稱" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "Width" msgstr "寬度" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x00" msgstr "0x00" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "DR" msgstr "DR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "12" msgstr "12" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x04" msgstr "0x04" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "RSR" msgstr "RSR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x18" msgstr "0x18" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "FR" msgstr "FR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "9" msgstr "9" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x20" msgstr "0x20" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "ILPR" msgstr "ILPR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x24" msgstr "0x24" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "IBRD" msgstr "IBRD" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "16" msgstr "16" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x28" msgstr "0x28" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "FBRD" msgstr "FBRD" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x2c" msgstr "0x2c" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "LCR_H" msgstr "LCR_H" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x30" msgstr "0x30" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "CR" msgstr "CR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x34" msgstr "0x34" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "IFLS" msgstr "IFLS" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x38" msgstr "0x38" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "IMSC" msgstr "IMSC" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "11" msgstr "11" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x3c" msgstr "0x3c" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "RIS" msgstr "RIS" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x40" msgstr "0x40" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "MIS" msgstr "MIS" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x44" msgstr "0x44" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "ICR" msgstr "ICR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x48" msgstr "0x48" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "DMACR" msgstr "DMACR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." msgstr "為求簡潔，還省略了一些 ID 暫存器。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "" "The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " "working with bitflags." msgstr "" "[`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) Crate 適合用於 Bitflags。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" msgstr "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" msgstr "/// Clear to send.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" msgstr "/// Data set ready.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" msgstr "/// Data carrier detect.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" msgstr "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" msgstr "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" msgstr "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" msgstr "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" msgstr "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" msgstr "/// Ring indicator.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "" "The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " "with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." msgstr "" "`bitflags!` 巨集會建立一個新型別 (例如 `Flags(u16)`)，以及一系列取得及設定標" "記的方法實作項目。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md msgid "Multiple registers" msgstr "多個暫存器" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md msgid "" "We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." msgstr "我們可以使用結構體來表示 UART 暫存器的記憶體布局。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md msgid "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " "following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " "predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " "(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." msgstr "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) 會指示編譯器依序排列結構體欄位，遵循與 C 相同的規則。以確保結" "構體具有可預測的布局，因為預設的 Rust 表示法允許編譯器依自身判斷重新排序欄位 " "(和執行其他操作)。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." msgstr "現在讓我們在驅動程式中使用新的 `Registers` 結構體。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" " /// received.\n" msgstr "" "/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" " /// received.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" msgstr "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " "fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." msgstr "" "請注意，如果使用 `addr_of!`/`addr_of_mut!` 取得個別欄位的指標，而不建立中繼參" "照，這種做法並不安全。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "Using it" msgstr "開始使用" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" "Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " "and echo incoming bytes." msgstr "讓我們編寫一個小程式，使用驅動程式寫入序列控制台，並回應傳入的位元組。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" msgstr "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "b'\\r'" msgstr "b'\\r'" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "b'\\n'" msgstr "b'\\n'" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "b'q'" msgstr "b'q'" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "\"Bye!\"" msgstr "\"Bye!\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" "As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " "function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " "notes there for details." msgstr "" "就像在[行內組語](../inline-assembly.md)範例中，系統會從 `entry.S` 的進入點程" "式碼呼叫這個 `main` 函式。詳情請參閱演講者備忘稿。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" "使用 `src/bare-metal/aps/examples` 下的 `make qemu`，在 QEMU 中執行範例。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "" "It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " "`Log` trait." msgstr "" "建議使用 [`log`](https://crates.io/crates/log) Crate 中的記錄巨集。實作 " "`Log` 特徵即可使用該項目。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" msgstr "\"[{}] {}\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" msgstr "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "" "The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " "`set_logger`." msgstr "" "在 `log` 中取消包裝很安全，因為在呼叫 `set_logger` 之前，我們會將 `LOGGER` 初" "始化。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "我們需要先初始化 Logger，才能使用 Logger。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"{info}\"" msgstr "\"{info}\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." msgstr "請注意，恐慌處理常式現在可以記錄恐慌的詳細資料。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" "使用 `src/bare-metal/aps/examples` 下的 `make qemu_logger`。在 QEMU 中執行範" "例。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " "exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " "SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " "We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " "calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" "AArch64 定義了包含 16 個項目的例外狀況向量表，適用於 4 種狀態的 4 種例外狀" "況，即同步、IRQ、FIQ、SError。4 種狀態則分別為目前 EL 搭配 SP0、目前 EL 搭配 " "SPx、較低 EL 使用 AArch64 和較低 EL 使用 AArch32。這是在組語中實作，以便在呼" "叫 Rust 程式碼之前，將揮發性暫存器儲存至堆疊：" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "EL 是指例外狀況層級，今天下午的所有範例都是在 EL1 執行。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " "EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." msgstr "" "為求簡單，我們不會針對目前 EL 例外狀況區分 SP0 和 SPx，也不會針對較低 EL 例外" "狀況區分 AArch32 和 AArch64。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " "expect any of them to actually happen." msgstr "" "在此範例中，我們只需記錄例外狀況並關機，因為我們並不預期會實際發生任何例外狀" "況。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " "less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." "md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " "example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " "rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " "it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." msgstr "" "例外狀況處理常式和主執行環境，其實可以約略視為不同執行緒。[`Send` 和 `Sync`]" "(../../concurrency/send-sync.md) 會控管可在它們之間分享的內容，就像執行緒一" "樣。舉例來說，如要在例外狀況處理常式與程式其餘部分之間分享某個值，而且是 " "`Send` (而非 `Sync`)，我們就需要將該值包裝在 `Mutex` 等項目中並放入靜態項目。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" msgstr "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" msgstr "「沒有 C 的 coreboot」" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." msgstr "支援 x86、aarch64 和 RISC-V。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." msgstr "依賴 LinuxBoot，而非自身採用多個驅動程式。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" "raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" msgstr "" "[Rust RaspberryPi OS 教學課程](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" "raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " "exception handling, page tables" msgstr "" "初始化、UART 驅動程式、簡易系統啟動載入程式、JTAG、例外狀況層級、例外狀況處" "理、分頁表" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " "necessarily a good example to copy for production code." msgstr "" "Rust 中的快取維護和初始化存在疑慮，就正式版程式碼而言，不一定是值得複製的好範" "例。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" msgstr "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." msgstr "靜態分析，用來判斷最大堆疊用量。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " "enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" msgstr "" "RaspberryPi OS 教學課程會在啟用 MMU 和快取之前，執行 Rust 程式碼。這會讀取及" "寫入記憶體，例如堆疊。不過，請注意以下幾點：" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " "`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " "necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" "如果沒有 MMU 和快取，未對齊的存取會發生錯誤。建構時使用的是 `aarch64-unknown-" "none`，這會設定 `+strict-align`，防止編譯器產生未對齊的存取，因此應該不會出" "錯，但這不一定是一般情況。" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " "alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " "hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." msgstr "" "如果是在 VM 中執行，可能會導致快取一致性問題。問題在於 VM 會在快取已停用時直" "接存取記憶體，而主機具有相同記憶體的可快取別名。即使主機未明確存取記憶體，推" "測存取行為仍可能導致快取填補，而存取之間的變更就會遺失。同樣地，這在本例中不" "成問題 (直接在硬體上執行，沒有管理程序)，但一般不建議採用這種模式。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md msgid "Useful crates" msgstr "實用的 Crate" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md msgid "" "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " "programming." msgstr "以下將介紹幾個 Crate，可用來解決一些裸機程式設計的常見問題。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " "traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " "types." msgstr "" "[`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) Crate (來自 Fuchsia) 提供特徵和巨集，" "可在位元組序列和其他型別之間安全地轉換。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " "but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " "DMA, or sent over some external interface." msgstr "" "這不適合 MMIO (因為並非採用揮發性讀取和寫入方法)，但很適合搭配使用與硬體共用" "的結構 (例如藉由 DMA)，或透過外部介面傳送的結構。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " "valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." msgstr "" "`FromBytes` 可針對任何位元組模式有效的型別實作，因此可從不受信任的位元組序列" "安全地完成轉換。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " "`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " "all byte patterns are valid." msgstr "" "嘗試衍生這些型別的 `FromBytes` 會失敗，因為 `RequestType` 不會使用所有可能的 " "u32 值做為判別值，所以並非所有位元組模式都有效。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "`zerocopy::byteorder` 的型別適用於瞭解位元組順序的數值基元。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" "使用 `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-example/` 下的 `cargo run` 執行範" "例 (在 Playground 中，範例會因為 Crate 依附元件而無法執行)。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " "you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " "Architecture." msgstr "" "[`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) Crate 可用來根據 " "AArch64 虛擬記憶體系統架構，建立分頁表。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" msgstr "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" msgstr "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" msgstr "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " "be straightforward to add." msgstr "目前僅支援 EL1，但應該很容易新增其他例外狀況層級的支援功能。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." "com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" "pvmfw/)." msgstr "" "這是用於 Android 中的[受保護 VM 韌體](https://cs.android.com/android/" "platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/pvmfw/)。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " "or under QEMU." msgstr "執行這個範例並不容易，因為需要在實際硬體上執行，或是使用 QEMU。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " "is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " "be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" "buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " "the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " "allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " "space for PCI BARs:" msgstr "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " "是實作基本夥伴系統分配器的第三方 Crate。這可供 [`LockedHeap`](https://docs." "rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap." "html) 實作 [`GlobalAlloc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait." "GlobalAlloc.html)，以便使用標準 `alloc` Crate，如[先前](../alloc.md)所見，或" "用來分配其他位址空間。例如，我們可能會想針對 PCI BAR 分配 MMIO 空間：" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "PCI BAR 的對齊情形一律會等於其大小。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" "使用 `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/allocator-example/` 下的 `cargo run` 執行" "範例 (在 Playground 中，範例會因為 Crate 依附元件而無法執行)。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" "Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " "heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " "this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " "allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " "and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." msgstr "" "有時候，您會希望有項目可以像 `Vec` 一樣調整大小，但沒有堆積分配量。" "[`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) 提供這項機制：這個向量由陣列或" "切片支援，能以靜態方式分配或置於堆疊，進而追蹤元素用量，以及因您嘗試使用的量" "超出分配量所導致的恐慌。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" "`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " "initialisation." msgstr "為初始化，`tinyvec` 規定元素型別須實作 `Default`。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "Rust Playground 包含 `tinyvec`，因此這個範例可在行內執行。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " "are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " "interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" msgstr "" "`std::sync::Mutex` 和其他來自 `std::sync` 的同步基元，都無法用於 `core` 或 " "`alloc`。我們能如何管理同步處理作業或內部可變動性 (例如為了在不同 CPU 之間共" "用狀態) 呢？" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " "equivalents of many of these primitives." msgstr "" "[`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) Crate 針對許多這類基元，提供以自旋鎖" "為基礎的同等項目。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "如果在中斷處理常式使用了鎖，請務必小心避免死結。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " "`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." msgstr "" "`spin` 也具備排號自旋鎖互斥實作項目；`std::sync` 中 `RwLock`、`Barrier` 和 " "`Once` 的同等項目；以及用於延遲初始化的 `Lazy`。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " "useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " "`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" "[`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) Crate 也具備一些實用型別，" "適合用於晚期初始化，與 `spin::once::Once` 的做法略有不同。" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "Rust Playground 包含 `spin`，因此這個範例可在行內執行。" #: src/bare-metal/android.md msgid "" "To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " "`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " "with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " "to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." msgstr "" "如要在 Android 開放原始碼計畫中建構 Rust 裸機開發二進位檔，您需要使用 " "`rust_ffi_static` Soong 規則建構 Rust 程式碼，接著使用具有連接器指令碼的 " "`cc_binary` 產生二進位檔，並以 `raw_binary` 將 ELF 轉換為準備好執行的原始二進" "位檔。" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "vmbase" msgstr "vmbase" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" "For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." "googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" "master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " "build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." msgstr "" "針對在 aarch64 的 crosvm 下運作的 VM，[vmbase](https://android.googlesource." "com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/master/vmbase/) 程" "式庫提供連接器指令碼和實用的建構規則預設值，以及進入點、UART 控制台記錄等。" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" "The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " "entry point." msgstr "`main!` 巨集會標記主函式，方便從 `vmbase` 進入點呼叫。" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" "The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " "PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." msgstr "" "`vmbase` 進入點會處理控制台初始化作業，並在主函式傳回時發出 PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF " "來關閉 VM。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." msgstr "我們將為 PL031 即時時鐘裝置編寫驅動程式。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md msgid "" "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" "afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "完成練習後，您可以看看我們提供的[解決方案](solutions-afternoon.md)。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "RTC driver" msgstr "RTC 驅動程式" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " "you should write a driver for it." msgstr "" "QEMU aarch64 虛擬機器的 [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/" "ddi0224/c) 即時時鐘位於 0x9010000。在這個練習中，您應為該時鐘編寫驅動程式。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " "[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." msgstr "" "使用該時鐘將目前時間顯示至序列控制台。您可以使用 [`chrono`](https://crates." "io/crates/chrono) Crate 設定日期/時間格式。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " "time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" msgstr "" "使用比對暫存器和原始中斷狀態，忙碌等待至指定時間，例如未來 3 秒 (呼叫迴圈中" "的 [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn." "spin_loop.html))。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " "the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" "docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." msgstr "" "擴充功能 (如有時間)：啟用並處理因 RTC 比對而產生的中斷情形。您可以使用 [`arm-" "gic`](https://docs.rs/arm-gic/) Crate 中提供的驅動程式，設定 Arm 泛型中斷控制" "器。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "使用做為 `IntId::spi(2)` 有線連結至 GIC 的 RTC 中斷。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" "wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." msgstr "" "啟用中斷功能後，您可以透過 `arm_gic::wfi()` 將核心設為休眠，這樣核心就會進入" "休眠狀態，直到遭中斷為止。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." msgstr "" "請下載[練習範本](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip)，並在 `rtc` 目錄中查" "看下列檔案。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " "the exercise):" msgstr "src/exceptions.rs (您應該只需為練習的第 3 部分變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "src/logger.rs (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "src/pl011.rs (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "build.rs (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "entry.S (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "exceptions.S (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "idmap.S (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "image.ld (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "Makefile (您應該不需要變更此項目)：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "使用 `make qemu`，在 QEMU 中執行程式碼。" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" msgstr "Rust 裸機開發：下午" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" msgstr "([返回練習](rtc.md))" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "_main.rs_:" msgstr "_main.rs_:" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" msgstr "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" msgstr "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" msgstr "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" msgstr "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" msgstr "\"RTC: {time}\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" msgstr "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" msgstr "\"Waiting for {}\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" msgstr "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" msgstr "\"Finished waiting\"" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" msgstr "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md #, fuzzy msgid "_pl031.rs_:" msgstr "_pl031.rs_：" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Data register\n" msgstr "/// Data register\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Match register\n" msgstr "/// Match register\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Load register\n" msgstr "/// Load register\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Control register\n" msgstr "/// Control register\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" msgstr "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" msgstr "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" msgstr "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" msgstr "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" msgstr "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" msgstr "" "/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" msgstr "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" "// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" " /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" msgstr "" "/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" " /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " "not\n" " /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" msgstr "" "/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " "not\n" " /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" " ///\n" " /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" " /// interrupt is masked.\n" msgstr "" "/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" " ///\n" " /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" " /// interrupt is masked.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" " ///\n" " /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " "the\n" " /// interrupt is disabled.\n" msgstr "" "/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" " ///\n" " /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " "the\n" " /// interrupt is disabled.\n" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" msgstr "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" #: src/concurrency.md msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "歡迎使用 Rust 的並行程式設計" #: src/concurrency.md msgid "" "Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " "channels." msgstr "Rust 使用 OS 執行緒搭配著互斥鎖和通道來完整支援並行處理。" #: src/concurrency.md msgid "" "The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " "compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " "you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." msgstr "" "在將許多執行期並行錯誤轉換為編譯期錯誤的過程中，Rust 型別系統扮演了 重要角" "色。這通常稱為「無懼並行」，因為你可以依賴編譯器， 確保執行期能夠正確運作。" #: src/concurrency.md msgid "" "Rust lets us access OS concurrency toolkit: threads, sync. primitives, etc." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency.md msgid "" "The type system gives us safety for concurrency without any special features." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency.md msgid "" "The same tools that help with \"concurrent\" access in a single thread (e." "g., a called function that might mutate an argument or save references to it " "to read later) save us from multi-threading issues." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgstr "Rust 執行緒的運作方式與其他語言類似：" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" msgstr "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" msgstr "\"Main thread: {i}\"" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." msgstr "執行緒都是 daemon 執行緒，主執行緒不會等待這類執行緒完成運作。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." msgstr "執行緒恐慌均為各自獨立，並非彼此相關。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." msgstr "如果恐慌附帶酬載，可使用 `downcast_ref` 解除封裝。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Rust thread APIs look not too different from e.g. C++ ones." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Run the example." msgstr "執行範例。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "" "5ms timing is loose enough that main and spawned threads stay mostly in " "lockstep." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Notice that the program ends before the spawned thread reaches 10!" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "" "This is because main ends the program and spawned threads do not make it " "persist." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Compare to pthreads/C++ std::thread/boost::thread if desired." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "How do we wait around for the spawned thread to complete?" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`thread::spawn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.spawn.html) " "returns a `JoinHandle`. Look at the docs." msgstr "" "[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) 用於定義解構函" "式。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "" "`JoinHandle` has a [`.join()`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/struct." "JoinHandle.html#method.join) method that blocks." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " "the thread to finish and have the program count all the way to 10." msgstr "" "請依序使用 `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` 和 `handle.join()`，等待 執行緒" "完成運作。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Now what if we want to return a value?" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Look at docs again:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`thread::spawn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.spawn.html)'s " "closure returns `T`" msgstr "" "但是，你可以使用[限定範圍執行緒](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn." "scope.html)執行這項功能：" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "" "`JoinHandle` [`.join()`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/struct." "JoinHandle.html#method.join) returns `thread::Result`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " "returned value." msgstr "" "使用 `handle.join()` 的 `Result` 傳回值，取得恐慌酬載的 存取權。這個階段是提" "起 [`Any`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html) 的好時機。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Ok, what about the other case?" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md #, fuzzy msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread. Note that this doesn't panic `main`." msgstr "在執行緒中觸發恐慌，請注意，這不會影響 `main`。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "Access the panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)." msgstr "" "使用 `handle.join()` 的 `Result` 傳回值，取得恐慌酬載的 存取權。這個階段是提" "起 [`Any`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html) 的好時機。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Now we can return values from threads! What about taking inputs?" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Capture something by reference in the thread closure." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "An error message indicates we must move it." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Move it in, see we can compute and then return a derived value." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "If we want to borrow?" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "" "Main kills child threads when it returns, but another function would just " "return and leave them running." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "That would be stack use-after-return, which violates memory safety!" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "How do we avoid this? see next slide." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "一般執行緒無法借用環境的資源：" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md msgid "" "However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" "fn.scope.html) for this:" msgstr "" "但是，你可以使用[限定範圍執行緒](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn." "scope.html)執行這項功能：" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md msgid "" "The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " "the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." msgstr "" "原因在於 `thread::scope` 函式完成時，能保證所有執行緒都已加入，因此能夠傳回借" "用的資料。" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md msgid "" "Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " "thread, or immutably by any number of threads." msgstr "" "適用 Rust 一般借用規則：可以由一個執行緒以可變方式借用，或者由任意數量的執行" "緒以不可變方式借用。" #: src/concurrency/channels.md msgid "" "Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " "parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." msgstr "" "Rust 通道分為兩個部分：`Sender` 和 `Receiver`。這兩個部分 透過通道相" "連，但你只能看到端點。" #: src/concurrency/channels.md msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"Received: {:?}\"" #: src/concurrency/channels.md msgid "" "`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " "implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " "not." msgstr "" "`mpsc` 代表多重生產者、唯一消費者。`Sender` 和 `SyncSender` 會實作 `Clone` " "(用於製作多重生產者)，但 `Receiver` 不會。" #: src/concurrency/channels.md msgid "" "`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " "counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." msgstr "" "`send()` 和 `recv()` 會傳回 `Result`。如果傳回的是 `Err`，表示對應的 " "`Sender` 或 `Receiver` 已釋放，且通道已關閉。" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "你可以使用 `mpsc::channel()` 取得無界限的非同步通道：" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"Message {i}\"" msgstr "\"Message {i}\"" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" msgstr "\"Main: got {msg}\"" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" msgstr "有界限的同步通道可讓 `send` 阻擋現行執行緒：" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " "channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " "is nobody who reads from the channel." msgstr "" "呼叫 `send` 會阻塞目前執行緒，直到管道有空間接收新訊息為止。如果沒有東西讀取" "管道內容，執行緒可能會無限期遭到阻塞。" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " "if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." msgstr "" "如果管道已關閉，對 `send` 的呼叫就會取消，並顯示錯誤 (所以會傳回 `Result`)。" "接收器遭捨棄時，管道就會關閉。" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." msgstr "" "大小為零的受限管道稱為「會合管道」。每項傳送作業都會阻塞目前執行緒，直到其他" "執行緒呼叫 `read` 為止。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md msgid "" "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in " "two traits:" msgstr "Rust 如何得知要禁止在執行緒間共享存取權？答案就在以下兩個特徵中：" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md msgid "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " "is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html)：如果可以將 " "`T` 在執行緒界線間安全轉移，型別 `T` 就會是 `Send`。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md msgid "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " "is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html)：如果可以將 " "`&T` 在執行緒界線間安全轉移，型別 `T` 就會是 `Sync`。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md msgid "" "`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " "compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " "contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " "you know it is valid." msgstr "" "`Send` 和 `Sync` 是 [不安全的特徵](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md)。如果你的型別" "只包含其他有 `Send` 和 `Sync` 的型別， 編譯器就會自動根據型別為你產生 `Send` " "和 `Sync`。或許如果你知道你的型別是適用的， 也可以手動實作。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md msgid "" "One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" "safety properties." msgstr "這些特徵可視為標記，表示該型別含有特定執行緒安全屬性。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." msgstr "這些特徵就像一般特徵，可用於泛型條件約束。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " "if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." msgstr "" "如果可以將 `T` 值安全轉移至其他執行緒，型別 `T` 就會是 [`Send`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html)。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" "The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " "run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " "thread and deallocate it in another." msgstr "" "將所有權轉移到其他執行緒的結果，就是「destructors」會在該執行緒中 執行。因此" "問題是，何時能在一個執行緒中配置一個值， 並在另一個執行緒中釋放這個值的記憶" "體。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" "As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " "a single thread." msgstr "舉例來說，與 SQLite 資料庫的連線必須只能透過單一執行緒 存取。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " "if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." msgstr "" "如果可以同時從多個執行緒存取 `T` 值， 型別 `T` 就會是 [`Sync`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html)。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" msgstr "更精確的定義如下：" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" msgstr "`&T` 必須為 `Send`，`T` 才會是 `Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "" "This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " "thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " "across threads." msgstr "" "這定義簡單的表示，若一個型別可以在確保執行緒安全的情況下被共用，這型別的參考" "值也可以安全的被傳遞於其他的執行緒。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "" "This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " "multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " "issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " "is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " "be accessed from any thread safely." msgstr "" "原因在於如果型別為 Sync，表示能在多個執行緒之間共用，沒有資料競爭或其他同步問" "題的風險，因此可以安全轉移到其他執行緒。此外，由於可以從任何執行緒安全存取型" "別參考的資料，型別參考也能安全地轉移到其他執行緒。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Send + Sync`" msgstr "`Send + Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" msgstr "你遇到的多數型別會是 `Send + Sync`：" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." msgstr "`i8`、`f32`、`bool`、`char`、`&str`、..." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." msgstr "`(T1, T2)`、`[T; N]`、`&[T]`、`struct { x: T }`、..." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." msgstr "`String`、`Option`、`Vec`、`Box`、..." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." msgstr "`Arc`：透過原子參考計數明確防護執行緒安全。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." msgstr "`Mutex`：透過內部鎖定系統明確防護執行緒安全。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." msgstr "`AtomicBool`、`AtomicU8`、...：使用特殊原子性指示。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " "`Send + Sync`." msgstr "如果型別參數是 `Send + Sync`， 一般型別通常就會是 `Send + Sync`。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Send + !Sync`" msgstr "`Send + !Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " "Typically because of interior mutability:" msgstr "" "以下型別可以轉移到其他執行緒，但不會防護執行緒安全。 原因通常在於內部可變性：" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" msgstr "`mpsc::Sender`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "`Cell`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "`RefCell`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`!Send + Sync`" msgstr "`!Send + Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" msgstr "以下型別會防護執行緒安全，但無法轉移至其他執行緒：" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " "the thread which created them." msgstr "" "`MutexGuard`：使用 OS 層級的原始元件，這類元件必須在建立該元件的 執行緒上" "釋放記憶體。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" msgstr "`!Send + !Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgstr "以下型別不會防護執行緒安全，也無法轉移至其他執行緒：" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" "atomic reference count." msgstr "" "`Rc`：每個 `Rc` 都有一個 `RcBox` 參考，其中包含一個 非原子參考計數。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " "considerations." msgstr "`*const T`、`*mut T`：Rust 會假定原始指標可能有特殊的 並行考量。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md msgid "" "Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " "primarily done via two types:" msgstr "Rust 會使用型別系統強制同步共享的資料，主要透過兩種型別 執行：" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " "reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " "deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html)，原子參考計數" "為 `T`：處理執行緒間的共享狀態， 並且在最後參考被丟棄時負責釋放 `T` 的記憶" "體。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " "mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html)：確保能提" "供 `T` 值的可變專屬存取權。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " "read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) 可透過 `Arc::" "clone` 取得共享唯讀存取權：" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" msgstr "\"v: {v:?}\"" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md msgid "" "`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " "that uses atomic operations." msgstr "" "`Arc` 代表「原子參考計數」，這個 `Rc` 的執行緒安全版本會採用原子性 運算。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " "and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." msgstr "" "`Arc` 會實作 `Clone`，與 `T` 無關。如果 `T` 同時實作 `Send` 和 `Sync`， " "`Arc` 也會實作這兩者。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md msgid "" "`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " "after that the use of the `T` is free." msgstr "" "`Arc::clone()` 會導致執行原子性運算的費用，但之後使用得到的 `T` 不需任何費" "用。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md msgid "" "Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " "them." msgstr "留意參考循環，`Arc` 並不使用垃圾收集器進行偵測。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` 可協助執行這項功能。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " "mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " "interface (another form of [interior mutability](../../borrowing/interior-" "mutability)):" msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) 可確保執行" "互斥功能，「並」在唯讀介面背後授予 `T` 的可變存取權：" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"v: {:?}\"" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md msgid "" "Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " "implementation." msgstr "" "請留意我們如何進行 [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) 的概括性 實作。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " "protected data." msgstr "Rust 中的 `Mutex` 就像是只有一個元素的集合，也就是受保護的資料。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md msgid "" "It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " "protected data." msgstr "必須先取得互斥鎖，才能存取受保護的資料。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md msgid "" "You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " "`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." msgstr "" "只要使用這個鎖，就能從 `&Mutex` 取得 `&mut T`。`MutexGuard` 可確保 `&mut " "T` 的壽命不會超過所持有的鎖。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " "implements `Send`." msgstr "如果 `T` 實作 `Send`，`Mutex` 才會實作 `Send` 和 `Sync`。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md #, fuzzy msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." msgstr "可讀寫的對應鎖 - `RwLock`。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md #, fuzzy msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?" msgstr "為何 `lock()` 會傳回 `Result`？" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md msgid "" "If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " "\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " "inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " "[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " "You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." msgstr "" "如果持有 `Mutex` 的執行緒發生恐慌，`Mutex` 就會「中毒」，指出 其保護的資料可" "能處於不一致的狀態。如果對已中毒的互斥鎖呼叫 `lock()`， 會發生 " "[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html) " "錯誤。無論如何，你都可以對錯誤呼叫 `into_inner()` 來復原 資料。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "我們來看看 `Arc` 和 `Mutex` 的實際應用情形：" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" msgstr "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "可能的解決方案：" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "Notable parts:" msgstr "重要部分：" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "" "`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " "orthogonal." msgstr "`v` 已同時納入 `Arc` 和 `Mutex`，因為兩者的考量互不相關。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "" "Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " "between threads." msgstr "將 `Mutex` 納入 `Arc`，是在執行緒間共享可變狀態的常見模式。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "" "`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " "thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." msgstr "" "`v: Arc<_>` 需要複製成 `v2`，才能轉移到其他執行緒。請注意，`move` 已新增至 " "lambda 簽章。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md msgid "" "Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " "possible." msgstr "采用區塊，盡量縮小 `LockGuard` 的範圍。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" msgstr "歡迎使用以下項目，練習新的並行技能：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." msgstr "哲學家就餐問題：經典的並行練習題。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md msgid "" "Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " "download dependencies and then check links in parallel." msgstr "" "多執行緒連結檢查工具：您可以在這項大型專案中使用 Cargo 下載依附元件，然後同時" "檢查連結。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" msgstr "哲學家就餐問題是經典的並行練習題：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " "their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " "served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " "philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " "only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " "forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " "not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " "down both forks." msgstr "" "五位哲學家要在同一張餐桌上一起用餐，他們各有自己的座位。每兩個餐盤之間有一支" "叉子。餐盤裡裝著某種義大利麵，必須使用兩支叉子才能享用。哲學家無法同時思考和" "進食，而且必須左右手都拿著叉子，才能吃到義大利麵。因此，只有身旁的兩位哲學家" "在思考 (而非進食) 時，才能取得兩支叉子。某個哲學家吃完後，會同時放下兩支叉" "子。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " "out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" "這項練習需要在本機[安裝 Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md)。請將以下程式" "碼複製到名為 `src/main.rs` 的檔案、填寫空白處，然後測試 `cargo run` 不會發生" "死結：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "" "// left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" msgstr "" "// left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" msgstr "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" msgstr "// Pick up forks...\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" msgstr "\"{} is eating...\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Socrates\"" msgstr "\"Socrates\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Hypatia\"" msgstr "\"Hypatia\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Plato\"" msgstr "\"Plato\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Aristotle\"" msgstr "\"Aristotle\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" msgstr "\"Pythagoras\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Create forks\n" msgstr "// Create forks\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Create philosophers\n" msgstr "// Create philosophers\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" msgstr "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" msgstr "// Output their thoughts\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "您可以使用下列 `Cargo.toml`：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "```" msgstr "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "```" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " "should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " "should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " "until all pages have been validated." msgstr "" "讓我們運用所學的新知識，建立多執行緒連結檢查工具。該工具應從網頁開始，檢查頁" "面上的連結是否有效，並應以遞迴方式檢查相同網域中的其他頁面，直到驗證完所有頁" "面為止。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" "reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" msgstr "" "為此，您需要使用 HTTP 用戶端，例如 [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/reqwest/)。請" "建立新的 Cargo 專案，並使用以下指令，將 `reqwest` 設為依附元件：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " "`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." msgstr "" "如果 `cargo add` 失敗並顯示 `error: no such subcommand`，請手動編輯 `Cargo." "toml` 檔案。請新增下列依附元件。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." "rs/scraper/) for that:" msgstr "" "您也需要設法找出連結。為此，我們可以使用 [`scraper`](https://docs.rs/" "scraper/)：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" "(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" msgstr "" "最後，我們需要處理錯誤的方法。為此，我們會使用 [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/" "thiserror/)：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" msgstr "`cargo add` 呼叫會更新 `Cargo.toml` 檔案，如下所示：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"link-checker\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" "tls\"] }\n" "scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" "thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" "```" msgstr "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"link-checker\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" "tls\"] }\n" "scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" "thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" "```" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" "www.google.org/`." msgstr "" "您現在可以下載起始網頁。請以小型網站嘗試這項操作，例如 `https://www.google." "org/`。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "`src/main.rs` 檔案應如下所示：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" msgstr "\"request error: {0}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" msgstr "\"bad http response: {0}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" msgstr "\"Checking {:#}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"href\"" msgstr "\"href\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" msgstr "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" msgstr "\"https://www.google.org\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" msgstr "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" msgstr "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "使用以下指令，在 `src/main.rs` 中執行程式碼：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " "channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." msgstr "" "使用執行緒同時檢查連結：將要檢查的網址傳送到管道，讓幾個執行緒同時檢查網址。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md msgid "" "Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." "org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " "being blocked by the site." msgstr "" "拓展這項功能，以遞迴方式擷取 `www.google.org` 網域中所有頁面上的連結。將頁面" "上限設為 100 個左右，以免遭到網站封鎖。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" msgstr "並行：上午練習" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" msgstr "([返回練習](dining-philosophers.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" msgstr "\"{} is trying to eat\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "" "// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" msgstr "" "// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"{thought}\"" msgstr "\"{thought}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "Link Checker" msgstr "連結檢查器" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" msgstr "([返回練習](link-checker.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "" "/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" msgstr "" "/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "" "/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" " /// been visited.\n" msgstr "" "/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" " /// been visited.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" msgstr "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" msgstr "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" msgstr "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" #: src/async.md msgid "Async Rust" msgstr "非同步的 Rust" #: src/async.md msgid "" "\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " "concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " "another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " "larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " "per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " "primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." msgstr "" "「非同步（async）」是一種將多個任務併行執行的模式。在這樣的模式中，當其中一個" "任務進入阻塞狀態時，系統會去執行至另一個可執行的任務。這種模式允許在執行緒數" "量有限的環境下執行大量的任務，這是因為每個任務所造成的開銷通常都很低，而且作" "業系統提供的基本功能能夠有效地辨識可處理的 I/O。" #: src/async.md msgid "" "Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " "that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " "signal that they are complete." msgstr "" "Rust 的非同步操作是透過「future」來處理，代表可能在未來完成的工作。Future 會" "處在被「輪詢（poll）」的狀態，直到它送出信號來表示工作已經處理完成。" #: src/async.md msgid "" "Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " "available." msgstr "Future 會被非同步的執行環境（runtime）輪詢，而執行環境有許多種可選擇。" #: src/async.md msgid "" "Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " "callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " "similar to a runtime in Rust." msgstr "" "Python 有一個類似的模型 `asyncio`。不過 `asyncio` 的 `Future` 類型是根據回呼" "函數（callback）而非輪詢。非同步的 Python 程式需要「迴圈（loop）」來處理，類" "似於 Rust 的執行環境。" #: src/async.md msgid "" "JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " "runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " "resolution are hidden." msgstr "" "JavaScript 的 `Promise` 也是類似的概念，但仍是基於回呼函數。JavaScript 的語言" "執行環境實作了事件迴圈（event loop），所以隱藏了很多關於 Promise 的處理細節。" #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "" "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " "code:" msgstr "" "從高層次的角度來看，非同步的 Rust 程式碼看起來很像「一般的」同步程式碼：" #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" msgstr "\"Count is: {i}!\"" #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "" "Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " "running operation or any real concurrency in it!" msgstr "" "注意這只是一個簡化過的程式碼，目的是要示範程式語法。這份範例程式碼當中並沒有" "需要長時間運行的操作，也沒有真正的併行處理！" #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" msgstr "如何得知非同步函數的回傳型別？" #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." msgstr "在 `main` 函數中使用 `let feature: () = async_main(10);` 以查看型態。" #: src/async/async-await.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " "type with a future." msgstr "" "「async」這個關鍵字只是個程式碼語法糖。編譯器會將函數回傳型態以 future 取代。" #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "" "You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " "compiler on how to use the returned future." msgstr "" "你不能把 `main` 函數標示成非同步函數，除非你對編譯器額外設定了如何處理回傳的 " "future 的方式。" #: src/async/async-await.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " "until the provided future has run to completion." msgstr "" "你需要處理器去執行非同步的程式碼。`block_on` 會阻塞當前的執行緒，直到 future " "已執行完畢。" #: src/async/async-await.md msgid "" "`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " "Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." msgstr "" "`.await` 會非同步地等待其他操作執行完畢。別於 `block_on`，`.await` 不會阻塞當" "前的執行緒。" #: src/async/async-await.md #, fuzzy msgid "" "`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " "introduced later)." msgstr "`.await` 只能用在 `async` 函數（或程式碼區塊，之後會介紹）中。" #: src/async/futures.md msgid "" "[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " "trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " "complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" "[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) 是一種特" "徵，物件實作這種特徵時，代表作業或許尚未完成。Future 可供輪詢，而 `poll` 會傳" "回 [`Poll`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)。" #: src/async/futures.md msgid "" "An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " "uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " "`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " "joining to it." msgstr "" "非同步函式會傳回 `impl Future`。您也可以為自己的型別實作 `Future`，但不常見。" "舉例來說，從 `tokio::spawn` 傳回的 `JoinHandle` 會實作 `Future`，以便允許會" "合。" #: src/async/futures.md msgid "" "The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " "to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." msgstr "" "套用至 Future 的 `.await` 關鍵字會暫停目前的非同步函式，直到 Future 準備就" "緒，接著則會計算其輸出內容。" #: src/async/futures.md msgid "" "The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " "links to show the implementations in the docs." msgstr "" "`Future` 和 `Poll` 型別的實作方式完全相同。點選連結即可在文件中查看實作方式。" #: src/async/futures.md msgid "" "We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " "code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" msgstr "" "我們不會探討 `Pin` 和 `Context`，因為我們會專注於編寫非同步程式碼，而非建立新" "的非同步基元。簡單來說：" #: src/async/futures.md msgid "" "`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " "event occurs." msgstr "`Context` 允許 Future 在事件發生時安排自身再次接受輪詢。" #: src/async/futures.md msgid "" "`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " "that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " "valid after an `.await`." msgstr "" "`Pin` 可確保 Future 在記憶體中不被移動，這樣該 Future 的指標仍維持有效。如要" "允許參照在 `.await` 後持續有效，這麼做就有必要。" #: src/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " "_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " "does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" msgstr "" "「執行環境」支援以非同步方式執行作業 (「反應器」)，並負責執行 Future (「執行" "器」)。Rust 沒有「內建」執行階段，但提供多種選項：" #: src/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " "functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" "github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." msgstr "" "[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/)：效能良好，具有完善的功能生態系統，例如適用於 " "HTTP 的 [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/)，或適用於 gRPC 的 [Tonic](https://github." "com/hyperium/tonic)。" #: src/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " "a basic runtime in `async::task`." msgstr "" "[async-std](https://async.rs/)：目標是成為「async 的 std」，並在 `async::" "task` 中含有基本執行環境。" #: src/async/runtimes.md msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" msgstr "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/)：簡單輕量" #: src/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" "(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" "async/src/lib.rs) already has one." msgstr "" "許多大型應用程式都有專屬的執行環境。例如，[Fuchsia](https://fuchsia." "googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib.rs) " "已有一個執行環境。" #: src/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " "playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " "async things can't run in the playground." msgstr "" "請注意，在列出的執行環境中，Rust Playground 只支援 Tokio。Playground 也不允許" "任何 I/O，因此大部分有趣的非同步作業皆無法在 Playground 中執行。" #: src/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " "operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " "Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " "used." msgstr "" "除非接受執行器輪詢，否則 Future 不會執行任何作業 (甚至不會啟動 I/O 作業)，因" "此 Future 是「惰性」的。這一點與 JS Promise 不同。舉例來說，後者即使從未使用" "過，仍會執行至完成為止。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Tokio provides:" msgstr "Tokio 提供以下項目：" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "執行非同步程式碼的多執行緒執行階段。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "標準程式庫的非同步版本。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "龐大的程式庫生態系統。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" msgstr "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" msgstr "\"Main task: {i}\"" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "透過 `tokio::main` 巨集，我們現在可以使 `main` 非同步。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "`spawn` 函式會建立新的並行「工作」。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "注意：`spawn` 會採用 `Future`，您不會在 `count_to` 上呼叫 `.await`。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "**進一步探究：**" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "" "Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " "cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " "until it finishes." msgstr "" "為什麼 `count_to` (通常) 不會達到 10？這是非同步取消的例子。直到 `tokio::" "spawn` 完成前，所傳回的控制代碼可以接受等待。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "嘗試使用 `count_to(10).await`，而非採用產生狀態。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "嘗試等待從 `tokio::spawn` 傳回的工作。" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." msgstr "Rust 的工作系統是採用輕量執行緒的形式。" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "" "A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " "progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " "method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " "task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " "and an I/O operation." msgstr "" "一項工作具有一個頂層 Future，執行器會輪詢該 Future 來推動進度。該 Future 可能" "有一或多個巢狀 Future，供其 `poll` 方法輪詢，可約略對應至呼叫堆疊。藉由輪詢多" "個子項 Future (例如競爭的計時器和 I/O 作業)，即可在工作內實現並行機制。" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "\"listening on port {}\"" msgstr "\"listening on port {}\"" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" msgstr "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" msgstr "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "\"socket error\"" msgstr "\"socket error\"" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" msgstr "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" #: src/async/tasks.md src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "" "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "將這個範例複製到準備好的 `src/main.rs`，然後從中執行。" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "" "Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." "com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" "telnet/)." msgstr "" "請嘗試利用 TCP 連線工具來連線，例如 [nc](https://www.unix.com/man-page/" "linux/1/nc/) 或 [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/telnet/)。" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " "a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" "請學生以圖像呈現範例伺服器具有幾個已連線用戶端時的狀態。會有哪些工作？Future " "為何？" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " "similar to an `async fn`." msgstr "" "這是我們第一次看到 `async` 區塊，與閉包類似，但不接受任何引數。其回傳值為 " "Future，類似於 `async fn`。" #: src/async/tasks.md msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " "using `?`." msgstr "將非同步區塊重構為函式，並使用 `?` 改善錯誤處理機制。" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "" "Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" msgstr "有些 Crate 支援非同步管道。例如 `tokio`：" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" msgstr "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" msgstr "\"ping_handler complete\"" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" msgstr "\"Failed to send ping.\"" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" msgstr "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" msgstr "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." msgstr "將管道大小變更為 `3`，瞭解這對執行作業的影響。" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "" "Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " "[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" "整體而言，這個介面類似於[早上課程](concurrency/channels.md)中看到的 `sync` 管" "道。" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" msgstr "請嘗試移除 `std::mem::drop` 呼叫。會發生什麼情況？為什麼？" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "" "The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " "implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " "for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." msgstr "" "[Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) Crate 具有同時實作 `sync` 和 " "`async` 的 `send` 和 `recv` 的管道。對於有 IO 和大量 CPU 處理工作的複雜應用程" "式，這相當便利。" #: src/async/channels.md msgid "" "What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " "combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " "flow." msgstr "" "之所以較適合使用 `async` 管道，是因為這類管道能與其他 `future` 管道結合，進而" "建立複雜的控制流程。" #: src/async/control-flow.md msgid "Futures Control Flow" msgstr "Future 控制流程" #: src/async/control-flow.md msgid "" "Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " "We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " "execution." msgstr "" "Future 可以合併，產生並行運算流程圖。我們已介紹過工作，工作的功能類似於獨立的" "執行作業執行緒。" #: src/async/control-flow.md msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" msgstr "[會合](control-flow/join.md)" #: src/async/control-flow.md msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" msgstr "[選取](control-flow/select.md)" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "" "A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " "a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " "JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" "會合作業會等待整個 Future 集合準備就緒，然後蒐集多個結果一次回傳。這類似於 " "JavaScript 中的 `Promise.all` 或 Python 中的 `asyncio.gather`。" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "\"https://google.com\"" msgstr "\"https://google.com\"" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" msgstr "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" msgstr "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" msgstr "\"BAD_URL\"" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "" "For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " "you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " "currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." msgstr "" "若是多個不同型別的 Future，您可以使用 `std::future::join!`，但必須知道編譯時" "會有多少 Future。這目前位於 `futures` Crate 中，不久後就會在 `std::future` 中" "推出穩定版。" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "" "The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " "cause your program to stall." msgstr "`join` 的風險是某個 Future 可能無法解決，導致程式停滯。" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md msgid "" "You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " "requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " "`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " "timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " "demonstrates `join!`." msgstr "" "舉例來說，您也可以併用 `join_all` 和 `join!`，讓所有要求會合至 HTTP 服務和資" "料庫查詢。請嘗試使用 `futures::join!`，將 `tokio::time::sleep` 新增至 " "Future。這並非逾時 (逾時需要 `select!`，下一章會說明)，而是示範 `join!`。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "" "A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " "responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." "race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." "FIRST_COMPLETED)`." msgstr "" "選取作業會等到任何一組 Future 準備就緒，再針對該 Future 的結果提供回應。這類" "似於 JavaScript 中的 `Promise.race`。在 Python 中，則可與 `asyncio." "wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)` 比較。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "" "Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " "each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When a `future` is ready, " "its return value is destructured by the `pattern`. The `statement` is then " "run with the resulting variables. The `statement` result becomes the result " "of the `select!` macro." msgstr "" "類似於比對陳述式，`select!` 的主體有多個分支，格式皆為 `pattern = future => " "statement`。當 `future` 準備就緒時，回傳值會由 `pattern` 解構。接著，" "`statement` 執行時會利用產生的變數。`statement` 結果會成為 `select!` 巨集的結" "果。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Felix\"" msgstr "\"Felix\"" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" msgstr "\"Failed to send cat.\"" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Rex\"" msgstr "\"Rex\"" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" msgstr "\"Failed to send dog.\"" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" msgstr "\"Failed to receive winner\"" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" msgstr "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " "`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " "whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " "that take 500ms." msgstr "" "這個範例是貓狗賽跑。`first_animal_to_finish_race` 會監聽兩個管道，並挑選先抵" "達者。狗花了 50 毫秒，因此贏過花費 500 毫秒的貓。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "" "You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " "to receive only one `send`." msgstr "在這個範例中，您可以使用 `oneshot` 管道，因為管道只應接收一個 `send`。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "" "Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " "of futures." msgstr "嘗試為賽跑加上期限，示範選擇各種 Future 的情形。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "" "Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " "It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." msgstr "" "請注意，`select!` 會捨棄不相符的分支版本，這會取消 Future。若每次執行 " "`select!` 時都會建立新的 Future，就最容易使用這種做法。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md msgid "" "An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " "this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." msgstr "" "替代方法是傳遞 `&mut future`，而非傳遞 Future 本身，但這可能導致多項問題，詳" "細討論請見 pinning 投影片。" #: src/async/pitfalls.md msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" msgstr "async/await 的問題" #: src/async/pitfalls.md msgid "" "Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " "asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " "with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " "chapter:" msgstr "" "async/await 為並行非同步程式設計提供了便利有效率的抽象機制。不過，Rust 中的 " "async/await 模型也會造成問題和犯錯的機會。本章會說明其中幾種情形：" #: src/async/pitfalls.md msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" msgstr "[阻塞執行器](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" #: src/async/pitfalls.md msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" msgstr "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" #: src/async/pitfalls.md msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" msgstr "[非同步特徵](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" #: src/async/pitfalls.md msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" msgstr "[取消](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "Blocking the executor" msgstr "阻塞執行器" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " "CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " "being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " "possible." msgstr "" "大多數非同步執行環境只允許並行執行 IO 工作。這表示阻塞 CPU 的工作會阻塞執行" "器，不讓其他工作執行。一個簡單的解決方法，就是盡可能使用與非同步機制同等的方" "法。" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" msgstr "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "\"current_thread\"" msgstr "\"current_thread\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " "concurrently." msgstr "執行程式碼，然後您會發現休眠狀態是連續發生，而非並行發生。" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " "makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" "threaded flavor." msgstr "" "`\"current_thread\"` 變種版本會將所有工作放在單一執行緒。這樣的效果更加明顯，" "但多執行緒變種版本仍存在該錯誤。" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." msgstr "將 `std::thread::sleep` 改為 `tokio::time::sleep`，並等待結果。" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " "thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." msgstr "" "另一個修正方式為 `tokio::task::spawn_blocking`，這可產生實際執行緒，並將控制" "代碼轉換為 Future，而不會阻塞執行器。" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " "executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " "particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " "where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " "OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " "situations." msgstr "" "請勿將工作視為 OS 執行緒。工作不會 1 對 1 對應，且大部分執行器會允許在單一 " "OS 執行緒中執行多項工作。在透過 FFI 與其他程式庫互動時，這尤其會造成問題，因" "為程式庫可能會依附執行緒本機儲存空間，或對應至特定 OS 執行緒 (例如 CUDA)。在" "這種情況下，請優先使用 `tokio::task::spawn_blocking`。" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " "another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." msgstr "" "請謹慎使用同步互斥鎖。將互斥鎖保留在 `.await` 上，可能會導致其他工作造成阻" "塞，且該工作可能在同一執行緒上執行。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Async blocks and functions return types implementing the `Future` trait. The " "type returned is the result of a compiler transformation which turns local " "variables into data stored inside the future." msgstr "" "非同步區塊和函式會傳回實作 `Future` 特徵的型別。傳回的型別是編譯器轉換的結" "果，會將本機變數轉換成在 Future 中儲存的資料。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Some of those variables can hold pointers to other local variables. Because " "of that, the future should never be moved to a different memory location, as " "it would invalidate those pointers." msgstr "" "其中一些變數可保留指向其他本機變數的指標。因此，Future 不應移至其他記憶體位" "置，以免這些指標失效。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "To prevent moving the future type in memory, it can only be polled through a " "pinned pointer. `Pin` is a wrapper around a reference that disallows all " "operations that would move the instance it points to into a different memory " "location." msgstr "" "為避免在記憶體中移動 Future 型別，此型別只能透過固定指標輪詢。`Pin` 是參照的" "包裝函式，會禁止所有將所指向例項移至不同記憶體位置的作業。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" msgstr "" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" msgstr "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" msgstr "// Pretend to work.\n" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"failed to send response\"" msgstr "\"failed to send response\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" msgstr "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" msgstr "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" msgstr "\"failed to send on work queue\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" msgstr "\"failed waiting for response\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" msgstr "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " "call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "您可以將此視為演員模型的例子。演員通常會在迴圈中呼叫 `select!`。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " "time with it." msgstr "這彙整了先前幾堂課的內容，您可以放鬆慢慢做。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " "the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" "直接的將 `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` 新增至 " "`select!`。這永遠不會執行。為什麼？" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "請改為在 `loop` 之外新增含有該 Future 的 `timeout_fut`：" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " "`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" "pin`:" msgstr "" "這樣還是無法運作。請根據編譯器錯誤，將 `&mut` 新增至 `select!` 中的 " "`timeout_fut` 來處理移動作業，然後使用 `Box::pin`：" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " "iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " "`timeout_fut` every time it expires." msgstr "" "這樣可以編譯，但逾時到期後，每次疊代都會是 `Poll::Ready` (熔斷型 Future 有助" "解決這個問題)。更新即可在每次到期時重設 `timeout_fut`。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " "stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " "but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" "Box 會在堆積上分配。在某些情況下，也可以採用 `std::pin::pin!` (最近才推出穩定" "版，舊版程式碼通常使用 `tokio::pin!`)，但這不容易用於已重新指派的 Future。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " "will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" "另一個替代方案是完全不使用 `pin`，改為產生另一項工作，該工作每 100 毫秒就會傳" "送至 `oneshot` 管道。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Data that contains pointers to itself is called self-referential. Normally, " "the Rust borrow checker would prevent self-referential data from being " "moved, as the references cannot outlive the data they point to. However, the " "code transformation for async blocks and functions is not verified by the " "borrow checker." msgstr "" "包含指向自己的指標的資料稱為自我參照。一般而言，Rust 借用檢查器會禁止移動自我" "參照資料，因為參照的留存時間不會超過其指向的資料。不過，非同步區塊和函式的程" "式碼轉換不會由借用檢查器驗證。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "`Pin` is a wrapper around a reference. An object cannot be moved from its " "place using a pinned pointer. However, it can still be moved through an " "unpinned pointer." msgstr "" "`Pin` 是參照的包裝函式。如要從現有位置移動物件，使用固定指標是行不通的。但若" "使用未固定的指標，則仍可以移動物件。" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "The `poll` method of the `Future` trait uses `Pin<&mut Self>` instead of " "`&mut Self` to refer to the instance. That's why it can only be called on a " "pinned pointer." msgstr "" "`Future` 特徵的 `poll` 方法是使用 `Pin<&mut Self>` 參照例項，而非使用 `&mut " "Self`。因此，您只能在固定指標上呼叫這個方法。" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Async methods in traits are were stabilized only recently, in the 1.75 " "release. This required support for using return-position `impl Trait` (RPIT) " "in traits, as the desugaring for `async fn` includes `-> impl Future`." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "However, even with the native support today there are some pitfalls around " "`async fn` and RPIT in traits:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Return-position impl Trait captures all in-scope lifetimes (so some patterns " "of borrowing cannot be expressed)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Traits whose methods use return-position `impl trait` or `async` are not " "`dyn` compatible." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "If we do need `dyn` support, the crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-" "trait/latest/async_trait/) provides a workaround through a macro, with some " "caveats:" msgstr "" "如果需要 `dyn` 支援，Crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/" "async_trait/) 提供採用巨集的解決方法（但有些要注意的地方）：" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" msgstr "\"running all sleepers..\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" msgstr "\"slept for {}ms\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " "achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." msgstr "" "`async_trait` 相當容易使用，但請注意，它是運用堆積分配來達成此效果。這種堆積" "分配會造成效能負擔。" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " "probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " "explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" "blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " "digging deeper." msgstr "" "有關 `async trait` 語言支援的困難處涉及艱深的 Rust，可能不適合深入介紹。如有" "興趣深入探究，可以參閱 Niko Matsakis 的[這篇文章](https://smallcultfollowing." "com/babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/)，說明得相當清楚。" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " "time and adding it to the Vec." msgstr "" "嘗試建立新的休眠程式結構體，讓該結構體隨機決定休眠時間長度，然後將其新增至 " "Vec。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " "_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " "ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " "example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" "捨棄 Future 表示 Future 無法再供輪詢。這稱為「取消」，可能發生在任何 `await` " "時間點。即使 Future 遭到取消，也需審慎確保系統正常運作，例如不應出現死結或遺" "失資料。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" msgstr "\"非 UTF-8\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" msgstr "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"tick!\"" msgstr "\"tick!\"" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " "documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." msgstr "" "編譯器無法確保安全的取消作業。您需要閱讀 API 說明文件，並考量 `async fn` 保留" "的狀態。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " "error-handling)." msgstr "與 `panic` 和 `?` 不同，取消是正常控制流程的一部分 (相較於錯誤處理)。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "The example loses parts of the string." msgstr "此範例失去字串的某些部分。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " "dropped." msgstr "每當 `tick()` 分支版本先完成時，`next()` 和其 `buf` 都會遭到捨棄。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " "struct:" msgstr "`LinesReader` 可讓 `buf` 成為結構體的一部分，確保安全的取消作業：" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" msgstr "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " "tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) 會追蹤滴答是否「已送達」，因此可確保安全的取消作業。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " "returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read)od.read) 只會傳回資料或不讀取資料，因此可確保安" "全的取消作業。" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " "cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." msgstr "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) 與本範例相似，「無法」確保安全的取消作" "業。如要瞭解詳情和替代方案，請參閱說明文件。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md msgid "" "To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" msgstr "為幫助您練習非同步 Rust 技巧，我們再次提供了兩項練習：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md msgid "" "Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " "you are going to implement it with Async Rust." msgstr "" "哲學家就餐問題：我們早上已看過這個練習題，這次要使用非同步 Rust 來實作。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md msgid "" "A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " "experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." msgstr "" "廣播即時通訊應用程式：利用這項大型專案，您可以嘗試使用更進階的非同步 Rust 功" "能。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" msgstr "哲學家就餐問題 --- 非同步" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "" "See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " "problem." msgstr "請參閱[哲學家就餐問題](dining-philosophers.md)，查看題目說明。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "" "As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" "locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" "main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" "和之前一樣，這項練習需要在本機[安裝 Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md)。" "請將以下程式碼複製到名為 `src/main.rs` 的檔案、填寫空白處，然後測試 `cargo " "run` 不會發生死結：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Keep trying until we have both forks\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" msgstr "// Make them think and eat\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "" "Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" "這次是使用非同步 Rust，因此會需要 `tokio` 依附元件。您可以使用下列 `Cargo." "toml`：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " "\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " "\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" "```" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "" "Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " "from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "另請注意，這次必須使用 `tokio` Crate 中的 `Mutex` 和 `mpsc` 模組。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?" msgstr "您的實作項目能否採用單一執行緒？" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " "chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " "publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " "input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " "that it receives to all the clients." msgstr "" "在本練習中，我們要運用所學的新知識，實作廣播即時通訊應用程式。我們有一個即時" "通訊伺服器，供用戶端連線和發布訊息。用戶端會從標準輸入內容讀取使用者訊息，然" "後將訊息傳送至伺服器。即時通訊伺服器會將收到的每則訊息播送至所有用戶端。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" "(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) for the communication between the client " "and the server." msgstr "" "為此，我們會使用伺服器上的[廣播通道](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/" "broadcast/fn.channel.html) 和 [`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-" "websockets/)，在用戶端和伺服器之間通訊。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "請建立新的 Cargo 專案，並新增下列依附元件：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" msgstr "Cargo.toml：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"chat-async\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" "http = \"1.0.0\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.36.0\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" "tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.7.0\", features = [\"client\", " "\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"chat-async\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" "http = \"1.0.0\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.36.0\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" "tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.7.0\", features = [\"client\", " "\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" "```" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "所需 API" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " "[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes " "to familiarize yourself with the API." msgstr "" "您會需要 `tokio` 和 [`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) " "中的以下函式。請花幾分鐘熟悉此 API。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" "trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" "由 `WebSocketStream` 實作的 [StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-" "util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/trait.StreamExt.html#method.next)：用於非同步" "讀取 WebSocket 串流中的訊息。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" "trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" "由 `WebSocketStream` 實作的 [SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-" "util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/trait.SinkExt.html#method.send)：用於在 " "WebSocket 串流中非同步傳送訊息。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." "html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " "standard input." msgstr "" "[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." "html#method.next_line)：用於非同步讀取標準輸入內容中的使用者訊息。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" "[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe)：用於訂閱廣播管道。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "Two binaries" msgstr "兩個二進位檔" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." "rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " "for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " "but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " "For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " "(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" "targets.html#binaries))." msgstr "" "在 Cargo 專案中，通常只能有一個二進位檔，以及一個 `src/main.rs` 檔案。這項專" "案需要兩個二進位檔，一個用於用戶端，另一個用於伺服器。您可以設為兩個不同的 " "Cargo 專案，但我們會放入包含兩個二進位檔的單一 Cargo 專案。為順利運作，用戶端" "和伺服器程式碼應位於 `src/bin` 下方 (請參閱[說明文件](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#binaries))。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" "bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " "described below." msgstr "" "請將以下伺服器和用戶端程式碼分別複製到 `src/bin/server.rs` 和 `src/bin/" "client.rs` 中。請按照下方說明完成這些檔案。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" msgstr "src/bin/server.rs：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" msgstr "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" msgstr "\"listening on port 2000\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" msgstr "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" msgstr "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" msgstr "src/bin/client.rs：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "Running the binaries" msgstr "執行二進位檔" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "使用以下指令執行伺服器：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "並使用以下指令執行用戶端：" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "在 `src/bin/server.rs` 中實作 `handle_connection` 函式。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " "continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " "them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." msgstr "" "提示：使用 `tokio::select!` 即可在連續迴圈中並行執行兩項工作。一項工作會收到" "來自用戶端的訊息，然後播送訊息。另一項工作則是將伺服器收到的訊息傳送至用戶" "端。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." msgstr "完成 `src/bin/client.rs` 中的主函式。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " "performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " "sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " "displaying them for the user." msgstr "" "提示：和先前一樣，在連續迴圈中使用 `tokio::select!` 並行執行兩項工作：(1) 從" "標準輸入內容讀取使用者訊息，然後將訊息傳送至伺服器；(2) 接收來自伺服器的訊" "息，並向使用者顯示訊息。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md msgid "" "Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " "clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" "選用步驟：完成後，將程式碼變更為播送訊息給所有用戶端，但不包括訊息發送端。" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" msgstr "並行：下午練習" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" msgstr "([返回練習](dining-philosophers-async.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// If we didn't get the left fork, drop the right fork if we\n" " // have it and let other tasks make progress.\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// If we didn't get the right fork, drop the left fork and let\n" " // other tasks make progress.\n" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" msgstr "// The locks are dropped here\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" msgstr "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" msgstr "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" msgstr "([返回練習](chat-app.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" msgstr "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" " // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" " // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" msgstr "" "// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" " // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" " // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" msgstr "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" msgstr "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"From server: {}\"" msgstr "\"From server: {}\"" #: src/thanks.md msgid "" "_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " "that it was useful." msgstr "" "感謝您參加 Comprehensive Rust 🦀 課程！__希望您喜歡這門課，並能學以致用。" #: src/thanks.md msgid "" "We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " "perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " "please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." msgstr "" "我們在整合課程時獲得許多樂趣。但這門課並非完美無缺，因此您若發現任何錯誤，或" "有改善的想法，歡迎[透過 GitHub 與我們聯絡](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions)。我們很樂於傾聽您的意見！" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "The following is a glossary which aims to give a short definition of many " "Rust terms. For translations, this also serves to connect the term back to " "the English original." msgstr "" "以下詞彙解釋的目標是提供許多 Rust 詞彙的簡短定義。對翻譯而言，也可以補充說明" "詞彙的英文原意。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "allocate: \n" "Dynamic memory allocation on [the heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)." msgstr "" "分配：\n" "[堆積](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)上的動態記憶體配置。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "argument: \n" "Information that is passed into a function or method." msgstr "" "引數：\n" "傳遞至函式或方法的資訊。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "Bare-metal Rust: \n" "Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating " "system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" "Rust 裸機開發：\n" "低階 Rust 開發作業，通常是部署至沒有作業系統的系統。請參閱 [Rust 裸機開發]" "(bare-metal.md)相關課程。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "block: \n" "See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_." msgstr "" "區塊：\n" "請參閱[區塊](control-flow/blocks.md)和「範圍」相關課程。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "borrow: \n" "See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)." msgstr "" "借用：\n" "請參閱[借用](ownership/borrowing.md)相關課程。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "borrow checker: \n" "The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid." msgstr "" "借用檢查器：\n" "Rust 編譯器的一部分，可檢查所有借用是否都有效。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "brace: \n" "`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_." msgstr "" "大括號：\n" "`{` and `}`，用於分隔「區塊」。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "build: \n" "The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable " "program." msgstr "" "建構：\n" "將原始碼轉換為可執行的程式碼或可使用的程式的程序。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "call: \n" "To invoke or execute a function or method." msgstr "" "呼叫：\n" "叫用/執行函式或方法。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "channel: \n" "Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" "管道：\n" "用於在[執行緒之間](concurrency/channels.md)安全地傳遞訊息。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" "The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀." msgstr "" "Comprehensive Rust 🦀：\n" " 此處的課程合稱為 Comprehensive Rust 🦀。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "concurrency: \n" "The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time." msgstr "" "並行：\n" "同時執行多項工作或程序。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "Concurrency in Rust: \n" "See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)." msgstr "" "Rust 中的並行：\n" "請參閱 [Rust 中的並行](concurrency.md)相關課程。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "constant: \n" "A value that does not change during the execution of a program." msgstr "" "常數：\n" "在程式執行期間不會變更的值。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "control flow: \n" "The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in " "a program." msgstr "" "控制流程：\n" "個別陳述式或指示在程式中執行的順序。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "crash: \n" "An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program." msgstr "" "崩潰：\n" "程式發生非預期且未處理的失敗或終止情形。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "enumeration: \n" "A data type that holds one of several named constants, possibly with an " "associated tuple or struct." msgstr "" "列舉：\n" "儲存多個具名常數之一的資料型別，可能具有相關聯的元組或結構體。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "error: \n" "An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior." msgstr "" "錯誤：\n" "偏離預期行為的意外狀況或結果。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "error handling: \n" "The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program " "execution." msgstr "" "錯誤處理：\n" "管理和回應程式執行錯誤的程序。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "exercise: \n" "A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills." msgstr "" "練習：\n" "專為磨練及測試程式設計技能而設計的工作或問題。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "function: \n" "A reusable block of code that performs a specific task." msgstr "" "函式：\n" "執行特定工作的程式碼區塊，可重複使用。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "garbage collector: \n" "A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are " "no longer in use." msgstr "" "垃圾收集器：\n" "此機制會自動釋出不再使用的物件所占用的記憶體。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "generics: \n" "A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling " "code reuse with different data types." msgstr "" "泛型：\n" "這項功能允許為型別使用預留位置編寫程式碼，方便搭配不同資料型別重複使用程式" "碼。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "immutable: \n" "Unable to be changed after creation." msgstr "" "不可變動：\n" "建立後即無法變更。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "integration test: \n" "A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or " "components of a system." msgstr "" "整合測試：\n" "這種測試可驗證系統中不同部分或元件之間的互動。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "keyword: \n" "A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and " "cannot be used as an identifier." msgstr "" "關鍵字：\n" "程式設計語言中具有特定意義的保留字，無法用於命名。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "library: \n" "A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs." msgstr "" "程式庫：\n" "一系列預先編譯的常式或程式碼，可供程式使用。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "macro: \n" "Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when " "normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes " "a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions." msgstr "" "巨集：\n" "名稱中有 `!`，即為 Rust 巨集。當一般函式不夠用時，就會使用巨集。常見例子為 " "`format!`，可採用不固定數量的引數，但 Rust 函式不支援這項功能。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "`main` function: \n" "Rust programs start executing with the `main` function." msgstr "" "`main` 函式：\n" "Rust 程式開始執行時會使用 `main` 函式。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "match: \n" "A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the " "value of an expression." msgstr "" "配對：\n" "Rust 中的控制流程結構，允許對運算式的值執行模式配對作業。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "memory leak: \n" "A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer " "needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage." msgstr "" "記憶體流失：\n" "程式無法釋放不再需要的記憶體，導致記憶體用量逐步增加。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "method: \n" "A function associated with an object or a type in Rust." msgstr "" "方法：\n" "Rust 中與物件或型別相關聯的函式。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "module: \n" "A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, " "to organize code in Rust." msgstr "" "模組：\n" "包含函式、型別或特徵等定義的命名空間，用於整理 Rust 中的程式碼。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "move: \n" "The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust." msgstr "" "移動：\n" "在 Rust 中將值的擁有權從某個變數轉移至另一個變數。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "mutable: \n" "A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been " "declared." msgstr "" "可變動：\n" "Rust 中的屬性，允許在宣告變數後修改變數。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "ownership: \n" "The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for " "managing the memory associated with a value." msgstr "" "擁有權：\n" "Rust 中的概念，可定義由哪部分的程式碼負責管理與值相關聯的記憶體。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "panic: \n" "An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of " "the program." msgstr "" "恐慌：\n" "Rust 中無法復原的錯誤狀況，導致程式終止。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "parameter: \n" "A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called." msgstr "" "參數：\n" "在呼叫函式或方法時，傳遞至函式或方法的值。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "pattern: \n" "A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against " "an expression in Rust." msgstr "" "模式：\n" "值、常值或結構體的組合，可以與 Rust 中的運算式配對。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "payload: \n" "The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure." msgstr "" "酬載：\n" "訊息、事件或資料結構體攜帶的資料或資訊。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "program: \n" "A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task " "or solve a particular problem." msgstr "" "程式：\n" "可供電腦執行的一組指示，用來執行特定工作或解決特定問題。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "programming language: \n" "A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust." msgstr "" "程式設計語言：\n" "用來向電腦傳達指示的正式系統，例如 Rust。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "receiver: \n" "The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which " "the method is called." msgstr "" "接收器：\n" "Rust 方法中的第一個參數，代表呼叫該方法的例項。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "reference counting: \n" "A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object " "is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero." msgstr "" "參照計數：\n" "這種記憶體管理技術會追蹤物件的參照數量，並在計數達到零時取消分配物件。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "return: \n" "A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function." msgstr "" "return：\n" "Rust 中的關鍵字，用來指出要從函式傳回的值。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "Rust: \n" "A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and " "concurrency." msgstr "" "Rust：\n" "著重安全性、效能和並行的系統程式設計語言。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "Rust Fundamentals: \n" "Days 1 to 4 of this course." msgstr "" "Rust 基礎知識：\n" "本課程第 1 到 4 天的內容。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "Rust in Android: \n" "See [Rust in Android](android.md)." msgstr "" "Android 中的 Rust：\n" "請參閱 [Android 中的 Rust](android.md) 相關課程。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "Rust in Chromium: \n" "See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)." msgstr "" "Chromium 中的 Rust：\n" "請參閱 [Chromium 中的 Rust](chromium.md) 相關課程。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "safe: \n" "Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, " "preventing memory-related errors." msgstr "" "安全：\n" "指符合 Rust 擁有權和借用規則的程式碼，可避免記憶體相關錯誤。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "scope: \n" "The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used." msgstr "" "範圍：\n" "程式的區域，位於其中的變數皆有效且可供使用。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "standard library: \n" "A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust." msgstr "" "標準程式庫：\n" "提供 Rust 必要功能的一系列模組。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "static: \n" "A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` " "lifetime." msgstr "" "static：\n" "Rust 中的關鍵字，可定義靜態變數或具有 'static` 生命週期的項目。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "string: \n" "A data type storing textual data. See [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/" "string-slices.html) for more." msgstr "" "字串：\n" "儲存文本資料的資料型別。詳情請參閱[比較 `String` 與 `str`](basic-syntax/" "string-slices.html) 的相關課程。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "struct: \n" "A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different " "types under a single name." msgstr "" "結構體：\n" "Rust 中的複合資料型別，能以一個名稱將不同型別的變數歸入同一組。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "test: \n" "A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other " "functions." msgstr "" "測試：\n" "Rust 模組，其中的函式可測試其他函式的正確性。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "thread: \n" "A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution." msgstr "" "執行緒：\n" "程式中獨立的執行作業序列，可允許並行執行作業。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "thread safety: \n" "The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded " "environment." msgstr "" "執行緒安全：\n" "程式的屬性，可在多執行緒環境中確保正確的行為。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "trait: \n" "A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to " "achieve polymorphism in Rust." msgstr "" "特徵：\n" "為不明型別定義的一系列方法，可在 Rust 中實現多型。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "trait bound: \n" "An abstraction where you can require types to implement some traits of your " "interest." msgstr "" "特徵繫結：\n" "這種抽象機制可用來要求型別實作一些您感興趣的特徵。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "tuple: \n" "A composite data type that contains variables of different types. Tuple " "fields have no names, and are accessed by their ordinal numbers." msgstr "" "元組：\n" "包含各種變數的複合資料型別。元組欄位沒有名稱，可透過序數存取。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "type: \n" "A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values " "of a particular kind in Rust." msgstr "" "型別：\n" "一種分類機制，能指定在 Rust 特定種類的值中可執行哪些作業。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "type inference: \n" "The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or " "expression." msgstr "" "型別推斷：\n" "Rust 編譯器功能，可推斷變數或運算式的型別。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "undefined behavior: \n" "Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading " "to unpredictable program behavior." msgstr "" "未定義的行為：\n" "Rust 中未定義結果的動作或條件，經常導致無法預測的程式行為。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "union: \n" "A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time." msgstr "" "聯集：\n" "這種資料型別可保留不同型別的值，但一次只能保留一個值。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "unit test: \n" "Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger " "integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)." msgstr "" "單元測試：\n" "Rust 內建支援功能，可執行小型單元測試和規模較大的整合測試。請參閱「[單元測試]" "(testing/unit-tests.html)」。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "unit type: \n" "Type that holds no data, written as a tuple with no members." msgstr "" "單值型別：\n" "不保留資料的型別，寫為元組的形式，但不含成員。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "unsafe: \n" "The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See " "[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)." msgstr "" "不安全：\n" "這個 Rust 子集可觸發「未定義的行為」。請參閱「[不安全的 Rust](unsafe." "html)」。" #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "variable: \n" "A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_." msgstr "" "變數：\n" "儲存資料的記憶體位置。變數在「範圍」內有效。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "Other Rust Resources" msgstr "其他 Rust 資源" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " "online." msgstr "Rust 社群在線上提供了大量優質的免費資源。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "Official Documentation" msgstr "官方說明文件" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" msgstr "Rust 專案中有許多資源。您可以透過這些資源瞭解 Rust 的一般概念：" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " "canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " "few projects for people to build." msgstr "" "[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/)：Rust 的免費" "標準用書，詳細介紹這個語言的種種知識，也收錄了一些可供使用者建構的專案。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " "Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " "Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " "in the examples." msgstr "" "[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/)：透過一系列範例" "示範不同結構，進而介紹 Rust 語法。偶爾也會提供牛刀小試的練習，請您擴寫範例的" "程式碼。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " "of the standard library for Rust." msgstr "" "[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/)：Rust 標準程式庫的完" "整說明文件。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " "book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." msgstr "" "[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/)：本書並不完整，但" "會說明 Rust 文法和記憶體模型。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" msgstr "在 Rust 官方網站上還有更多專業指南：" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " "including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " "(FFI)." msgstr "" "[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)：說明不安全的 Rust，包" "括如何使用原始指標並與其他語言 (FFI) 互動。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " "covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " "Rust Book was written." msgstr "" "[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/)：" "主要探討在 Rust 標準用書出版後問世的全新非同步程式設計模型。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " "an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " "system." msgstr "" "[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/)：說" "明如何在沒有作業系統的內嵌裝置上使用 Rust。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" msgstr "非官方學習教材" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" msgstr "以下精選一些 Rust 的其他指南和教學課程：" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " "from the perspective of low-level C programmers." msgstr "" "[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/)：以低階 C 程" "式設計師的角度介紹 Rust。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" "rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " "firmware in C." msgstr "" "[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" "rust_for_c/)：從以 C 語言編寫韌體的開發人員角度介紹 Rust。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " "covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " "languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." msgstr "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/)：利用" "與其他語言 (例如 C、C++、Java、JavaScript 和 Python) 並列比較的方式介紹 Rust " "語法。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " "you learn Rust." msgstr "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust)：提供超過 100 項練習幫助" "您學習 Rust。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" "material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " "and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " "and async/await are also covered." msgstr "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" "material/index.html)：一系列精簡簡報，涵蓋 Rust 語言的基礎和進階部分，並說明 " "WebAssembly 和 async/await 等其他主題。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" "series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." "microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " "new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " "11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." msgstr "" "「[Rust 初學者系列](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-TW/shows/beginners-series-" "to-rust/)」和「[使用 Rust 邁出您的第一步](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-TW/" "learn/paths/rust-first-steps/)」：專為新手開發人員編寫的兩份 Rust 指南。前者" "包含一套 35 部的影片，後者則是一套 11 個模組的課程，探討 Rust 語法和基本結" "構。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " "rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." msgstr "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/)：透過實作幾種不同型別的清單結構，深入探討 Rust 的" "記憶體管理規則。" #: src/other-resources.md msgid "" "Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " "for even more Rust books." msgstr "" "如需更多 Rust 相關書籍，請參閱 [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb." "github.io/book/)。" #: src/credits.md msgid "" "The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " "documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " "full list of useful resources." msgstr "" "這份教材是以許多優質的 Rust 說明文件來源為基礎。請參閱 [其他資源](other-" "resources.md) 頁面，查看完整的實用資源清單。" #: src/credits.md msgid "" "The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " "2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details." msgstr "" "Comprehensive Rust 的教材是根據 Apache 授權條款第 2.0 版取得授權，詳情請參閱 " "[`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/LICENSE) " "頁面。" #: src/credits.md msgid "Rust by Example" msgstr "Rust by Example" #: src/credits.md msgid "" "Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " "Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " "`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " "terms." msgstr "" "部分範例和習題是複製自 [Rust by Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-" "example/)，並經過調整。詳情請參閱 `third_party/rust-by-example/` 目錄，包括授" "權條款。" #: src/credits.md msgid "Rust on Exercism" msgstr "Exercism 上的 Rust" #: src/credits.md msgid "" "Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" "exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" "部分習題是複製自 [Exercism 上的 Rust](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust) 相關" "內容，並經過調整。詳情請參閱 `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` 目錄，包括授權條" "款。" #: src/credits.md msgid "CXX" msgstr "CXX" #: src/credits.md msgid "" "The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " "uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" "在「互通性」該節的「[與 C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md)」部分中，所使用" "的圖片是出自 [CXX](https://cxx.rs/)。詳情請參閱 `third_party/cxx/` 目錄，包括" "授權條款。" #~ msgid "Small Example" #~ msgstr "簡短範例" #~ msgid "Why Rust?" #~ msgstr "為什麼要使用 Rust？" #~ msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" #~ msgstr "編譯時期保證" #~ msgid "Runtime Guarantees" #~ msgstr "執行時期保證" #~ msgid "Modern Features" #~ msgstr "新潮的功能" #~ msgid "Basic Syntax" #~ msgstr "基本語法" #~ msgid "String vs str" #~ msgstr "String 和 str" #~ msgid "Overloading" #~ msgstr "超載" #~ msgid "Arrays and for Loops" #~ msgstr "陣列和 for 迴圈" #~ msgid "Stack vs Heap" #~ msgstr "堆疊和堆積" #~ msgid "Stack Memory" #~ msgstr "堆疊記憶體" #~ msgid "Manual Memory Management" #~ msgstr "手動記憶體管理" #~ msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" #~ msgstr "作用域式記憶體管理" #~ msgid "Garbage Collection" #~ msgstr "垃圾回收" #~ msgid "Rust Memory Management" #~ msgstr "Rust 記憶體管理" #~ msgid "Comparison" #~ msgstr "比較" #~ msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" #~ msgstr "Rust 中移動的字串" #~ msgid "Moves in Function Calls" #~ msgstr "函式呼叫中的移動" #~ msgid "Copying and Cloning" #~ msgstr "複製和克隆" #~ msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" #~ msgstr "共用借用和專屬借用" #~ msgid "Designing a Library" #~ msgstr "設計程式庫" #~ msgid "Iterators and Ownership" #~ msgstr "疊代器和擁有權" #~ msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" #~ msgstr "欄位簡寫語法" #~ msgid "Variant Payloads" #~ msgstr "變體負載" #~ msgid "Enum Sizes" #~ msgstr "列舉大小" #~ msgid "Method Receiver" #~ msgstr "方法接收器" #~ msgid "Destructuring Structs" #~ msgstr "解構結構體" #~ msgid "Destructuring Arrays" #~ msgstr "解構陣列" #~ msgid "Match Guards" #~ msgstr "配對守衛" #~ msgid "Points and Polygons" #~ msgstr "點和多邊形" #~ msgid "if expressions" #~ msgstr "if 表達式" #~ msgid "if let expressions" #~ msgstr "if let 運算式" #~ msgid "while expressions" #~ msgstr "while 運算式" #~ msgid "for expressions" #~ msgstr "for 運算式" #~ msgid "loop expressions" #~ msgstr "loop 運算式" #~ msgid "match expressions" #~ msgstr "match 運算式" #~ msgid "break & continue" #~ msgstr "break 和 continue" #~ msgid "Option and Result" #~ msgstr "Option 和 Result" #~ msgid "Vec" #~ msgstr "Vec" #~ msgid "HashMap" #~ msgstr "HashMap" #~ msgid "Box" #~ msgstr "Box" #~ msgid "Recursive Data Types" #~ msgstr "遞迴資料型別" #~ msgid "Rc" #~ msgstr "Rc" #~ msgid "Strings and Iterators" #~ msgstr "字串和疊代器" #~ msgid "Generic Methods" #~ msgstr "泛型方法" #~ msgid "Monomorphization" #~ msgstr "單型化" #~ msgid "Default Methods" #~ msgstr "預設方法" #~ msgid "impl Trait" #~ msgstr "impl Trait" #~ msgid "Important Traits" #~ msgstr "重要特徵" #~ msgid "From and Into" #~ msgstr "From 和 Into" #~ msgid "Default" #~ msgstr "Default" #~ msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." #~ msgstr "運算子：Add、Mul、..." #~ msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" #~ msgstr "閉包：Fn、FnMut、FnOnce" #~ msgid "A Simple GUI Library" #~ msgstr "簡易 GUI 程式庫" #~ msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" #~ msgstr "捕獲解開堆疊的動作" #~ msgid "Structured Error Handling" #~ msgstr "結構化錯誤處理" #~ msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" #~ msgstr "使用 ? 傳播錯誤" #~ msgid "Converting Error Types" #~ msgstr "轉換錯誤型別" #~ msgid "Deriving Error Enums" #~ msgstr "推導錯誤列舉" #~ msgid "Adding Context to Errors" #~ msgstr "為錯誤添加背景資訊" #~ msgid "no_std" #~ msgstr "no_std" #~ msgid "alloc" #~ msgstr "alloc" #~ msgid "embedded-hal" #~ msgstr "embedded-hal" #~ msgid "zerocopy" #~ msgstr "zerocopy" #~ msgid "aarch64-paging" #~ msgstr "aarch64-paging" #~ msgid "buddy_system_allocator" #~ msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" #~ msgid "tinyvec" #~ msgstr "tinyvec" #~ msgid "spin" #~ msgstr "旋轉" #~ msgid "Send and Sync" #~ msgstr "Send 和 Sync" #~ msgid "Send" #~ msgstr "Send" #~ msgid "Sync" #~ msgstr "Sync" #~ msgid "Arc" #~ msgstr "Arc" #~ msgid "Mutex" #~ msgstr "Mutex" #~ msgid "async/await" #~ msgstr "async/await" #~ msgid "Pin" #~ msgstr "釘選" #~ msgid "Day 1 Morning" #~ msgstr "第 1 天上午" #~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" #~ msgstr "第 1 天下午" #~ msgid "Day 2 Morning" #~ msgstr "第 2 天上午" #~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" #~ msgstr "第 2 天下午" #~ msgid "Day 3 Morning" #~ msgstr "第 3 天上午" #~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" #~ msgstr "第 3 天下午" #~ msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" #~ msgstr "Rust 裸機開發：上午" #~ msgid "Concurrency Morning" #~ msgstr "並行：上午" #~ msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" #~ msgstr "並行：下午" #~ msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" #~ msgstr "本課程步調快速，涵蓋許多層面：" #~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." #~ msgstr "" #~ "第 1 天：Rust 基礎知識、擁有權 (ownership) 與借用檢查器 (borrow checker)。" #~ msgid "Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library." #~ msgstr "第 2 天：複合資料型別、模式比對 (pattern matching)、標準程式庫。" #~ msgid "Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust." #~ msgstr "" #~ "第 3 天：特徵 (traits) 與泛型 (generics)、錯誤處理、測試、不安全的 Rust。" #~ msgid "Concurrency" #~ msgstr "並行" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "cargo init concurrency\n" #~ "cd concurrency\n" #~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n" #~ "cargo run\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "cargo init concurrency\n" #~ "cd concurrency\n" #~ "cargo add tokio --features full\n" #~ "cargo run\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Rustup (Recommended)" #~ msgstr "Rustup (建議)" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among " #~ "other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer." #~ "github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation." #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可以按照指示安裝 Cargo 和 Rust 編譯器，並運用 Rust Foundation 維護的 " #~ "[rustup](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) 工具安裝其他標準生態系統工具。" #~ msgid "Package Managers" #~ msgstr "套件管理員" #~ msgid "Debian" #~ msgstr "Debian" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "This will allow \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] to jump to the definitions. We " #~ "suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " #~ "(but any LSP compatible editor works)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "這樣一來，\\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] 就能跳至定義。建議您使用 [VS Code]" #~ "(https://code.visualstudio.com/) 編輯程式碼，不過任何與 LSP 相容的編輯器都" #~ "能運作。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" #~ "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " #~ "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://" #~ "www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 " #~ "debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." #~ msgstr "" #~ "有些人也偏好使用 [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/) 系列的 " #~ "IDE，這些工具會自行分析，但也各有缺點。如果您偏好這些工具，可以安裝 [Rust " #~ "外掛程式](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)。請注意，自 2023 年 1 月起，偵" #~ "錯功能僅適用於 JetBrains IDEA 套件的 CLion 版本。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "% rustc --version\n" #~ "rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" #~ "% cargo --version\n" #~ "cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "% rustc --version\n" #~ "rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" #~ "% cargo --version\n" #~ "cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo new exercise\n" #~ " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo new exercise\n" #~ " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cd exercise\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Hello, world!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cd exercise\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Hello, world!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Edit me!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Edit me!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " #~ "memory management, and garbage collection." #~ msgstr "" #~ "記憶體管理：堆疊和堆積、手動管理記憶體、範圍式記憶體管理，以及垃圾收集。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." #~ msgstr "擁有權：轉移語意、複製、借用，以及生命週期。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " #~ "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " #~ "major feature and we should show students this right away." #~ msgstr "" #~ "第一天的規畫是說明 Rust 基礎概念，「只要剛好」能介紹到著名的借用檢查器就行" #~ "了。Rust 處理記憶體的方式是一大特色，我們應該立即向學生展示這一點。" #~ msgid "" #~ "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over " #~ "the schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the " #~ "slides):" #~ msgstr "" #~ "如果您是在教室授課，就很適合參考這裡的時間表。建議您將一天分為兩部分 (根據" #~ "投影片安排)：" #~ msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," #~ msgstr "上午：9 點到 12 點" #~ msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." #~ msgstr "下午：1 點到 4 點" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " #~ "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" #~ msgstr "" #~ "您當然可以視需要調整這個時間表。但請務必要加入休息時段，建議每小時休息一" #~ "次！" #~ msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" #~ msgstr "以下是使用 Rust 語言的簡短範例程式：" #~ msgid "" #~ "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " #~ "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " #~ "different inputs." #~ msgstr "" #~ "這是「考拉茲猜想」的實作程式碼，考拉茲相信迴圈不管怎樣終會結束，但這尚未得" #~ "證。您可以編輯該程式碼，試著輸入不同內容。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " #~ "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime " #~ "integer overflow." #~ msgstr "" #~ "解釋所有變數都是靜態的。試著移除 `i32` 來觸發型別推斷。接著嘗試改用 `i8`，" #~ "並觸發執行階段的整數溢位現象。" #~ msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." #~ msgstr "將 `let mut x` 改為 `let x`，討論編譯器錯誤。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match " #~ "the format string." #~ msgstr "說明如果引數與格式字串不符，`print!` 會如何呈現編譯錯誤。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " #~ "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." #~ msgstr "" #~ "說明要輸出比單一變數更複雜的運算式時，需如何使用 `{}` 做為預留位置。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" #~ "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " #~ "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." #~ msgstr "" #~ "向學生介紹標準程式庫，示範如何搜尋具有格式化迷你語言規則的 `std::fmt`。請" #~ "務必確保學生熟悉如何在標準程式庫中搜尋。" #~ msgid "Compile time memory safety." #~ msgstr "在編譯期間確保記憶體安全性。" #~ msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." #~ msgstr "沒有未定義的執行階段行為。" #~ msgid "Modern language features." #~ msgstr "現代的語言特色。" #~ msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" #~ msgstr "編譯期間的靜態記憶體管理機制好處多多，包括：" #~ msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." #~ msgstr "不會造成記憶體流失 (「一般」來說是這樣，請參閱附註)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "在 (安全的) Rust 範疇內，可能還是有機會造成記憶體流失。以下是一些例子：" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." #~ "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get " #~ "runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables" #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可能會使用 [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." #~ "html#method.leak)，以致洩漏指標。如果您為了取得在執行階段中初始化或設定大" #~ "小的靜態變數，就可能發生這個情況。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." #~ "forget.html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the " #~ "destructor is never run)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可能會透過 [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." #~ "forget.html) 讓編譯器「忘記」某個值 (亦即解構函式永遠不會執行)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-" #~ "lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "您也可能會不小心使用 `Rc` 或 `Arc` 建立[參照循環](https://doc.rust-lang." #~ "org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory " #~ "leak and Rust does not protect from those." #~ msgstr "" #~ "事實上，有些人會認為無限地填充集合是一種記憶體流失，而 Rust 並不能避免這種" #~ "情況。" #~ msgid "" #~ "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood " #~ "as \"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." #~ msgstr "" #~ "因此，以本課程的宗旨來說，「沒有記憶體流失」應理解為「幾乎沒有『意外的』記" #~ "憶體流失」。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not " #~ "be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows " #~ "you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do " #~ "bounds checking." #~ msgstr "" #~ "您無法使用編譯器參數停用邊界檢查，也無法直接透過 `unsafe` 關鍵字停用。不" #~ "過，您可以使用 `unsafe` 呼叫 `slice::get_unchecked` 這類不執行邊界檢查的函" #~ "式。" #~ msgid "Language Features" #~ msgstr "語言特色" #~ msgid "Tooling" #~ msgstr "工具" #~ msgid "" #~ "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to " #~ "'pay' for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For " #~ "example, writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low " #~ "level instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." #~ msgstr "" #~ "與 C++ 類似，零成本抽象化機制是指您不必為使用記憶體或 CPU 的高階程式設計結" #~ "構「付費」。舉例來說，使用 `for` 編寫迴圈時，應產生與使用 `.iter()." #~ "fold()` 結構大致相同的低階指示。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', " #~ "also known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things " #~ "like `Option` and `Result`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "值得一提的是，Rust 列舉屬於「代數資料型別」(也稱為「加總型別」)，可讓型別" #~ "系統表達 `Option` 和 `Result` 等項目。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " #~ "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " #~ "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with " #~ "_actionable_ feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." #~ msgstr "" #~ "提醒使用者詳讀錯誤訊息，許多開發人員已習慣忽略冗長的編譯器輸出結果。Rust " #~ "編譯器的表達能力比其他編譯器高出許多，通常都會提供「實用」的意見回饋，您可" #~ "以直接將其複製貼到程式碼中。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, " #~ "Python, and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider " #~ "standard and essential:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "與 Java、Python 和 Go 等語言相比，Rust 標準程式庫較小。Rust 並不提供某些您" #~ "可能認為是標準和基本項目的內容：" #~ msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." #~ msgstr "隨機號碼產生器，請參閱 [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)。" #~ msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." #~ msgstr "SSL 或 TLS 支援，請參閱 [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)。" #~ msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." #~ msgstr "JSON 支援，請參閱 [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " #~ "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " #~ "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and " #~ "perhaps there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." #~ msgstr "" #~ "未提供此支援的原因是，標準程式庫中的功能無法移除，因此必須相當穩定。對於以" #~ "上範例，Rust 社群仍在努力尋找最佳解決方案，但其中某幾個例子或許並沒有單一" #~ "的「最佳解決方案」。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " #~ "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A " #~ "consequence of this is that the standard library can be smaller." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rust 內建採用 Cargo 形式的套件管理工具，因此可讓您輕鬆下載及編譯第三方 " #~ "Crate。這樣一來，就可以縮小標準程式庫的規模。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates " #~ "to find a good and trusted one." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如何找到理想的第三方 Crate 可能是一大問題。但請放心， 這" #~ "類網站可協助您比較 Crate 的健康指標，找出優質且值得信賴的 Crate。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " #~ "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." #~ msgstr "" #~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) 是廣受支援的 LSP 實作項" #~ "目，適用於主要的 IDE 和文字編輯器。" #~ msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" #~ msgstr "如果您有 C、C++ 或 Java 基礎，會覺得大部分的 Rust 語法都似曾相識：" #~ msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." #~ msgstr "區塊和範圍會以大括號分隔。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/" #~ "* ... */`." #~ msgstr "行註解以 `//` 開頭，區塊註解則以 `/* ... */` 分隔。" #~ msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." #~ msgstr "`if` 和 `while` 等關鍵字的功用相同。" #~ msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." #~ msgstr "變數指派作業透過 `=` 完成，等於運算則透過 `==` 完成。" #~ msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" #~ msgstr "`\"foo\"`、`\"two\\nlines\"`" #~ msgid "`[T; N]`" #~ msgstr "`[T; N]`" #~ msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" #~ msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`、`[0; 3]`" #~ msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." #~ msgstr "`()`、`(T,)`、`(T1, T2)`..." #~ msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." #~ msgstr "`()`、`('x',)`、`('x', 1.2)`..." #~ msgid "Array assignment and access:" #~ msgstr "陣列指派與存取：" #~ msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" #~ msgstr "元組指派與存取：" #~ msgid "Arrays:" #~ msgstr "陣列：" #~ msgid "Tuples:" #~ msgstr "元組：" #~ msgid "" #~ "The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a " #~ "type, and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the " #~ "type and its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for " #~ "example, that a function or expression has no return value, as we'll see " #~ "in a future slide. " #~ msgstr "" #~ "空白元組 `()` 也稱為「單位型別」。它既是型別，也是該型別唯一的有效值，亦即" #~ "該型別及其值都以 `()` 表示。舉例來說，空白元組可用於表示函式或運算式沒有任" #~ "何回傳值，我們會在之後的投影片看到這個例子。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " #~ "programming languages." #~ msgstr "您可以將其視為其他程式設計語言中的 `void`，可能就不會感到陌生。" #~ msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" #~ msgstr "和 C++ 一樣，Rust 具有參照：" #~ msgid "" #~ "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " #~ "pointers." #~ msgstr "指派至 `ref_x` 時，我們必須對其解除參照，這類似於 C 和 C++ 指標。" #~ msgid "" #~ "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values " #~ "over their lifetime." #~ msgstr "宣告為 `mut` 的參照可在其生命週期內綁定至不同的值。" #~ msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." #~ msgstr "所謂參照項目，可說是「借用」其參照的值。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " #~ "enough." #~ msgstr "Rust 會追蹤所有參照項目的生命週期，確保其存留時間夠長。" #~ msgid "`String` vs `str`" #~ msgstr "`String` 和 `str`" #~ msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" #~ msgstr "現在，我們可以瞭解 Rust 中有兩種字串型別：" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " #~ "selection." #~ msgstr "您可以透過 `&str` 和可選的範圍選項，從 `String` 借用 `&str` 切片。" #~ msgid "" #~ "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" #~ "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "這是知名面試問題 [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) 的 " #~ "Rust 版本：" #~ msgid "" #~ "We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward " #~ "declarations nor headers are necessary. " #~ msgstr "我們在 `main` 中參照以下所寫的函式。不需前向宣告，也不需標頭。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " #~ "`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`print_fizzbuzz_to()` 中 `for` 迴圈的範圍運算式含有 `=n`，因此會包含上限" #~ "值。" #~ msgid "" #~ "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." #~ msgstr "Rust 中的所有語言項目都能以特殊的 `///` 語法來描述使用方法。" #~ msgid "" #~ "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but " #~ "in real code they should be present." #~ msgstr "" #~ "本課程未在投影片中加入 rustdoc 只是為了節省空間，但在實際程式碼中不應這麼" #~ "做。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need " #~ "not be addressed here." #~ msgstr "文件內註解會在稍後討論 (在模組相關頁面中)，因此這裡不需提到。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " #~ "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "方法是與型別相關聯的函式。方法的 `self` 引數是與其相關聯的型別執行個體：" #~ msgid "" #~ "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " #~ "class." #~ msgstr "我們將在今天的練習和明天的課程中深入探討更多方法。" #~ msgid "Function Overloading" #~ msgstr "函式超載" #~ msgid "Overloading is not supported:" #~ msgstr "Rust 不支援超載：" #~ msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." #~ msgstr "一律採用固定數量的參數。" #~ msgid "Default values are not supported:" #~ msgstr "不支援預設值：" #~ msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." #~ msgstr "所有呼叫的引數數目都相同。" #~ msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." #~ msgstr "有時系統會改用巨集。" #~ msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" #~ msgstr "不過，函式參數可能為泛型：" #~ msgid "" #~ "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind " #~ "of limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a " #~ "later section." #~ msgstr "" #~ "使用泛型時，標準程式庫的 `Into` 可以為引數型別提供一種受限的多態性。我" #~ "們會在後續章節中進一步說明。" #~ msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 1 天：上午練習" #~ msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" #~ msgstr "在這些練習中，我們將探索 Rust 的兩個部分：" #~ msgid "Implicit conversions between types." #~ msgstr "不同型別間的隱含轉換。" #~ msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." #~ msgstr "陣列和 `for` 迴圈。" #~ msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" #~ msgstr "練習解題時的注意事項：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" #~ "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo." #~ "md) for details on installing Rust." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如果可以，請在本機安裝 Rust。這樣即可在編輯器中使用自動完成功能。如要進一" #~ "步瞭解如何安裝 Rust，請參閱「[使用 Cargo](../../cargo.md)」。" #~ msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." #~ msgstr "或者，您也可以使用 Rust Playground。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets " #~ "lose their state if you navigate away from the page." #~ msgstr "" #~ "系統會特意將程式碼片段設為無法編輯：如果您離開網頁，內嵌程式碼片段的狀態就" #~ "會遺失。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " #~ "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" #~ "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rust 不會自動在型別間套用「隱含轉換」 ([與 C++ 不同](https://en." #~ "cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/implicit_conversion))。您可以在類似下方的" #~ "程式中發現這點：" #~ msgid "" #~ "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-" #~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-" #~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between " #~ "them. The `From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the " #~ "`Into` trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits " #~ "is how a type expresses that it can be converted into another type." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rust 整數型別全都會實作 [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" #~ "trait.From.html) 和 [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" #~ "trait.Into.html) 特徵，方便我們在兩者間轉換。`From` 特徵有單一的 " #~ "`from() 方法；同樣地，`Into` 特徵也有單一的 `into()` 方法。實作這些特" #~ "徵，是型別表示自身可轉換為另一種型別的方式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " #~ "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " #~ "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From " #~ "for i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of " #~ "`Into for i8`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "標準程式庫會內有 `From for i16` 實作項目，這表示我們可以呼叫 `i16::" #~ "from(x)`，將類型 `i8` 的變數 `x` 轉換為 `i16`。或者，更簡單的方法是使用 " #~ "`x.into()`，因為 `From for i16` 實作會自動建立 `Into for i8` 的實" #~ "作。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, " #~ "so it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " #~ "implementation automatically." #~ msgstr "" #~ "這同樣適用於您自身型別專屬的 `From` 實作，因此只要實作 `From`，就能自動取" #~ "得相應的 `Into` 實作。" #~ msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." #~ msgstr "執行上述程式，並查看編譯器錯誤。" #~ msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." #~ msgstr "更新上述程式碼，使用 `into()` 執行轉換。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " #~ "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " #~ "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " #~ "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" #~ "trait.From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you " #~ "check." #~ msgstr "" #~ "將 `x` 和 `y` 的型別變更為其他型別 (例如 `f32`、`bool`、`i128`)，查看這些" #~ "型別可以轉換成其他哪些型別。不妨試著將小型別轉換成大型別，反之亦然。接著參" #~ "閱[標準程式庫說明文件](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." #~ "html)，瞭解系統是否已為您查看的配對實作 `From`。" #~ msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" #~ msgstr "陣列和 `for` 迴圈" #~ msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" #~ msgstr "我們已瞭解陣列的宣告方式可能如下：" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with " #~ "`{:?}`:" #~ msgstr "您可以使用 `{:?}` 偵錯表示法輸出這樣的陣列：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " #~ "keyword:" #~ msgstr "您可在 Rust 中使用 `for` 關鍵字，對陣列和範圍等項目進行疊代作業：" #~ msgid "Bonus Question" #~ msgstr "加分題" #~ msgid "" #~ "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for " #~ "your argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-" #~ "dimensional slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" #~ msgstr "" #~ "您是否能夠使用 `&[i32]` 切片 (而非硬式編碼的 3 × 3 矩陣) 做為引數和傳回型" #~ "別？例如針對二維切片使用 `&[&[i32]]`。原因為何？" #~ msgid "" #~ "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production " #~ "quality implementation." #~ msgstr "" #~ "請參閱 [`ndarray` Crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/)，瞭解如何在確保實際工作" #~ "環境品質的情況下實作。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " #~ "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如需加分題的解決方案和答案，請前往「[解決方案](solutions-morning." #~ "md#arrays-and-for-loops)」一節。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " #~ "types less and less as the course progresses." #~ msgstr "" #~ "由於型別推論的關係，`i32` 為選用項目。隨著課程進行，我們會逐漸減少示範型別" #~ "的比例。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " #~ "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " #~ "using `_` as a placeholder:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "以下程式碼會指示編譯器使用 `_` 做為預留位置，進而複製到特定泛型容器中，而" #~ "無須明確指出包含的型別：" #~ msgid "Static and Constant Variables" #~ msgstr "靜態和常數變數" #~ msgid "" #~ "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse " #~ "memory locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if " #~ "the type does not change." #~ msgstr "" #~ "下列程式碼說明遮蔽範圍中不可變動的變數時，為何編譯器就是無法重複使用記憶體" #~ "位置 (即使型別未變更也一樣)。" #~ msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." #~ msgstr "首先，讓我們回顧記憶體管理的運作方式。" #~ msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" #~ msgstr "堆疊與堆積" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ " s1.push(' ');\n" #~ " s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" #~ " // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" #~ " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " #~ "to\n" #~ " // undefined behavior.\n" #~ " unsafe {\n" #~ " let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" #~ "transmute(s1);\n" #~ " println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = " #~ "{capacity}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ " s1.push(' ');\n" #~ " s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" #~ " // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" #~ " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " #~ "to\n" #~ " // undefined behavior.\n" #~ " unsafe {\n" #~ " let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" #~ "transmute(s1);\n" #~ " println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = " #~ "{capacity}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." #~ msgstr "您可以自行配置及釋放堆積記憶體。" #~ msgid "" #~ "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " #~ "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." #~ msgstr "如果操作時不夠小心，可能會導致當機、錯誤、安全漏洞和記憶體泄漏。" #~ msgid "C Example" #~ msgstr "C 範例" #~ msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" #~ msgstr "使用 `malloc` 配置每個指標時，都必須呼叫 `free`：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```c\n" #~ "void foo(size_t n) {\n" #~ " int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" #~ " //\n" #~ " // ... lots of code\n" #~ " //\n" #~ " free(int_array);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```c\n" #~ "void foo(size_t n) {\n" #~ " int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" #~ " //\n" #~ " // ... lots of code\n" #~ " //\n" #~ " free(int_array);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and " #~ "`free`: the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如果函式在 `malloc` 和 `free` 之間提早傳回記憶體，就會發生記憶體泄漏：指標" #~ "遺失，我們也無法釋放記憶體。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." #~ msgstr "建構函式和解構函式可讓您掌握物件的生命週期。" #~ msgid "" #~ "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object " #~ "is destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an " #~ "exception is raised." #~ msgstr "" #~ "只要在物件中包裝指標，即可在物件刪除時釋放記憶體。即使發生例外狀況，編譯器" #~ "仍會保證執行這項作業。" #~ msgid "" #~ "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " #~ "gives you smart pointers." #~ msgstr "這通常稱為「資源取得即初始化」(RAII)，且會提供智慧指標。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```c++\n" #~ "void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" #~ " std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```c++\n" #~ "void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" #~ " std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to " #~ "memory allocated on the heap." #~ msgstr "`std::unique_ptr` 物件會在堆疊上配置，並指向在堆積上配置的記憶體。" #~ msgid "" #~ "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." #~ msgstr "`say_hello` 結束時，`std::unique_ptr` 解構函式就會執行。" #~ msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." #~ msgstr "解構函式會釋放其指向的 `Person` 物件。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" #~ msgstr "將所有權傳遞至函式時，系統會使用特殊的移動建構函式：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```c++\n" #~ "std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" #~ "say_hello(std::move(person));\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```c++\n" #~ "std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" #~ "say_hello(std::move(person));\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " #~ "memory management:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "除了手動記憶體管理和作用域式記憶體管理之外，自動記憶體管理是另一種做法：" #~ msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." #~ msgstr "程式設計師一律不會明確配置或釋放記憶體。" #~ msgid "" #~ "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " #~ "programmer." #~ msgstr "垃圾收集器會找到未使用的記憶體，並釋放給程式設計師。" #~ msgid "Java Example" #~ msgstr "Java 範例" #~ msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" #~ msgstr "`sayHello` 傳回後，系統不會釋放 `person` 物件：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```java\n" #~ "void sayHello(Person person) {\n" #~ " System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```java\n" #~ "void sayHello(Person person) {\n" #~ " System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Memory Management in Rust" #~ msgstr "Rust 中的記憶體管理" #~ msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" #~ msgstr "Rust 中的記憶體管理融合了以下特色：" #~ msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." #~ msgstr "像 Java 一樣安全又正確，但沒有垃圾回收機制。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you " #~ "choose, can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically " #~ "reference counted." #~ msgstr "" #~ "可以是單一不重複指標、採用參考計數或採用原子參考計數，須視您選擇的抽象方" #~ "法 (或抽象方法組合) 而定。" #~ msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." #~ msgstr "像 C++ 一樣的作用域式管理，但編譯器會強制遵循完整規定。" #~ msgid "" #~ "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " #~ "have no cost at runtime like C." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rust 使用者可選擇適合情境的抽象方法，部分方法甚至像 C 一樣在執行階段無額外" #~ "成本。" #~ msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." #~ msgstr "實現這種記憶體管理的方法是明確建立「所有權」模型。" #~ msgid "" #~ "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " #~ "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" #~ "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." #~ "Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " #~ "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the " #~ "potential errors in C." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如果這時學員詢問相關做法，您可以表示這在 Rust 中通常會以 RAII 包裝函式型別" #~ "處理，例如 [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html)、" #~ "[Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html)、[Rc](https://" #~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) 或 [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang." #~ "org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html)。這些型別會透過多種方法封裝所有權和記憶體配" #~ "置，防止在 C 中可能出現的錯誤。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." #~ "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." #~ msgstr "" #~ "這時學員可能會詢問解構函式，Rust 中的類似項目就是 [Drop](https://doc.rust-" #~ "lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) 特徵。" #~ msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." #~ msgstr "以下概略比較各種記憶體管理技巧。" #~ msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" #~ msgstr "不同記憶體管理技巧的優點" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Manual like C:" #~ msgstr "手動管理，例如 C：" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "No runtime overhead." #~ msgstr "沒有執行階段負擔。" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Automatic like Java:" #~ msgstr "自動管理，例如 Java：" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Fully automatic." #~ msgstr "完全自動化。" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Safe and correct." #~ msgstr "安全又正確。" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Scope-based like C++:" #~ msgstr "作用域式管理，例如 C++：" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Partially automatic." #~ msgstr "部分自動化。 \\*沒有執行階段負擔。" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" #~ msgstr "由編譯器強制執行。" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Enforced by compiler." #~ msgstr "沒有執行階段負擔。" #~ msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" #~ msgstr "不同記憶體管理技巧的缺點" #~ msgid "Use-after-free." #~ msgstr "使用已釋放記憶體。" #~ msgid "Double-frees." #~ msgstr "重複釋放。" #~ msgid "Memory leaks." #~ msgstr "記憶體泄漏。" #~ msgid "Garbage collection pauses." #~ msgstr "垃圾回收機制會暫停。" #~ msgid "Destructor delays." #~ msgstr "解構函式會延遲。" #~ msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer." #~ msgstr "相當複雜，由程式設計師自行選用。" #~ msgid "Potential for use-after-free." #~ msgstr "可能會使用已釋放記憶體。" #~ msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" #~ msgstr "編譯器強制執行的範圍式管理，例如 Rust：" #~ msgid "Some upfront complexity." #~ msgstr "一開始較為複雜。" #~ msgid "Can reject valid programs." #~ msgstr "可能會拒絕有效程式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let p = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let p = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." #~ msgstr "解構函式可在這時執行，用來釋放資源。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" #~ " let s2: String = s1;\n" #~ " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" #~ " // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" #~ " let s2: String = s1;\n" #~ " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" #~ " // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible." #~ msgstr "資料已從 `s1`「移出」，`s1` 無法再供存取。" #~ msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." #~ msgstr "一律「只有」一個變數綁定會擁有值。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" #~ " let s2: String = s1;\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" #~ " let s2: String = s1;\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." #~ msgstr "系統會為 `s2` 重複使用 `s1` 的堆積資料。" #~ msgid "" #~ "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." #~ msgstr "當 `s1` 超出範圍時，系統不會執行任何動作，因為 `s1` 已移出。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```bob\n" #~ " Stack Heap\n" #~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s1 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" #~ ": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ ": :\n" #~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```bob\n" #~ " 堆疊 堆積\n" #~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s1 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" #~ ": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ ": :\n" #~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```c++\n" #~ "std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" #~ "std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```c++\n" #~ "std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" #~ "std::string s2 = s1; // 重複 s1 中的資料。\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```bob\n" #~ " Stack Heap\n" #~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s1 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" #~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```bob\n" #~ " 堆疊 堆積\n" #~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s1 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" #~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```bob\n" #~ " Stack Heap\n" #~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s1 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" #~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s2 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" #~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```bob\n" #~ " 堆疊 堆積\n" #~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s1 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" #~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : : :\n" #~ ": s2 : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" #~ ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" #~ ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" #~ ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" #~ ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" #~ " println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" #~ " say_hello(name);\n" #~ " // say_hello(name);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" #~ " println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" #~ " say_hello(name);\n" #~ " // say_hello(name);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let x = 42;\n" #~ " let y = x;\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let x = 42;\n" #~ " let y = x;\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " let p2 = p1;\n" #~ " println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " let p2 = p1;\n" #~ " println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a " #~ "way to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " #~ "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如有學員問起 `derive`，只需回答這是在 Rust 編譯時間中產生程式碼的方式。在" #~ "這種情形下，系統會產生 `Copy` 和 `Clone` 特徵的預設實作方式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" #~ " Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" #~ " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" #~ " Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" #~ " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" #~ " let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" #~ " println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" #~ " p\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" #~ " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" #~ " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" #~ " let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" #~ " println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" #~ " p\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" #~ " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" #~ " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" #~ " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" #~ " let b: &i32 = &a;\n" #~ "\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" #~ " *c = 20;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" #~ " let b: &i32 = &a;\n" #~ "\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" #~ " *c = 20;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" #~ msgstr "借用的值具有「生命週期」：" #~ msgid "" #~ "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." #~ msgstr "生命週期可以採用隱含方式：`add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`。" #~ msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." #~ msgstr "生命週期也可以採用明確方式：`&'a Point`、`&'document str`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " #~ "lifetime `a`\"." #~ msgstr "請將 `&'a Point` 讀做「至少對生命週期 `a` 有效的借用 `Point`」。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a " #~ "lifetime yourself." #~ msgstr "生命週期一律會由編譯器推論：您無法自行指派生命週期。" #~ msgid "" #~ "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " #~ "value:" #~ msgstr "除了借用引數，函式也可以傳回借用的值：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" #~ " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" #~ " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" #~ " let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" #~ " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" #~ " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" #~ " let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." #~ msgstr "`'a` 是由編譯器推論的泛型參數。" #~ msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." #~ msgstr "生命週期的開頭為 `'`，一般預設名稱為 `'a`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." #~ msgstr "如果參數位於不同的範圍，「至少」一詞就至關重要。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " #~ "resulting in the following code:" #~ msgstr "將 `p2` 和 `p3` 的宣告移至新範圍 (`{ ... }`)，會產生以下程式碼：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" #~ " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" #~ " let p3: &Point;\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" #~ " p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" #~ " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" #~ " let p3: &Point;\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" #~ " p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." #~ msgstr "請注意，這在 `p3` 超越 `p2` 並繼續留存後，就沒有編譯。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn " #~ "left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will " #~ "not compile because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` " #~ "is unclear." #~ msgstr "" #~ "重設工作區，並將函式簽章變更為 `fn left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: " #~ "&'a Point) -> &'b Point`。這不會編譯，因為生命週期 `'a` 和 `'b` 之間的關係" #~ "不明確。" #~ msgid "Another way to explain it:" #~ msgstr "另一種說明方式：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " #~ "returns another reference." #~ msgstr "函式會借用兩個值的兩個參照，而函式會傳回另一個參照。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global " #~ "variable)." #~ msgstr "該參照必須來自這兩種輸入來源的其中之一 (或來自全域變數)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " #~ "returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " #~ "reference came from." #~ msgstr "" #~ "究竟是哪一個來源？編譯器需要知道來源為何，因此在呼叫點上，所傳回參照的使用" #~ "時間不會長於來自參照來源的變數。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn erase(text: String) {\n" #~ " println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." #~ "\");\n" #~ " let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" #~ " let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" #~ " // erase(text);\n" #~ " println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn erase(text: String) {\n" #~ " println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." #~ "\");\n" #~ " let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" #~ " let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" #~ " // erase(text);\n" #~ " println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" #~ " println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 1 天：下午練習" #~ msgid "We will look at two things:" #~ msgstr "我們將著重在以下兩點：" #~ msgid "" #~ "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " #~ "now, you just need to know part of its API:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "明天我們會進一步講解結構體和 `Vec` 型別。現階段，您只需要瞭解相關 API " #~ "的部分內容：" #~ msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" #~ msgstr "[解決方案](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" #~ msgid "" #~ "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " #~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " #~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." #~ "html) traits." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rust 的擁有權模型會影響許多 API。[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" #~ "std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) 和 [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang." #~ "org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) 特徵就是一例。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. " #~ "The `Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get " #~ "`None` back:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "特徵就像介面一樣，可以說明型別的行為 (方法)。`Iterator` 特徵就是指您可以呼" #~ "叫 `next`，直到取回 `None` 為止：" #~ msgid "You use this trait like this:" #~ msgstr "您可以像下方這樣使用這個特徵：" #~ msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" #~ msgstr "如要瞭解疊代器傳回的型別為何，不妨在這裡測試答案：" #~ msgid "Why is this type used?" #~ msgstr "思考一下，為什麼會使用這種型別？" #~ msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" #~ msgstr "和先前一樣，思考疊代器傳回的型別為何。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " #~ "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " #~ "resulting iterator:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "現在我們已瞭解 `Iterator` 和 `IntoIterator`，可以建構 `for` 迴圈了。這會在" #~ "運算式上呼叫 `into_iter()`，並對產生的疊代器進行疊代：" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Structs, enums, methods." #~ msgstr "結構體和方法。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, " #~ "and `continue`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "控制流程結構：`if`、`if let`、`while`、`while let`、`break` 和 " #~ "`continue`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " #~ "`Rc` and `Arc`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "標準程式庫：`String`、`Option` 和 `Result`、`Vec`、`HashMap`、`Rc` 和 " #~ "`Arc`。" #~ msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." #~ msgstr "模組：瀏覽權限、路徑和檔案系統階層。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " #~ "slides." #~ msgstr "方法會在 `impl` 區塊中定義，我們將於接下來的投影片說明這點。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " #~ "interchangeable with the struct type name" #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可以將 `Self` 用做型別來編寫 `new` 函式，因為它可和結構體型別名稱互通。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use " #~ "the default values for the other fields." #~ msgstr "" #~ "實作結構體的 `Default` 特徵。請定義部分欄位，並針對其他欄位使用預設值。" #~ msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." #~ msgstr "方法會在 `impl` 區塊中定義。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note " #~ "that the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." #~ msgstr "" #~ "使用結構體更新語法，利用 `peter` 定義新結構。請注意，`peter` 這個變數之後" #~ "將再也無法存取。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." #~ msgstr "輸出結構體時，請使用 `{:#?}` 提出 `Debug` 表示法要求。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" #~ " // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" #~ " 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "enum CoinFlip {\n" #~ " Heads,\n" #~ " Tails,\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" #~ " let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" #~ " if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" #~ " // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" #~ " 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "enum CoinFlip {\n" #~ " Heads,\n" #~ " Tails,\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" #~ " let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" #~ " if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " #~ "`Tail`. You might note the namespace when using variants." #~ msgstr "" #~ "本頁面提供列舉類別 `CoinFlip`，以及 `Heads` 和 `Tail` 這兩個變體。您可以在" #~ "使用變體時記下命名空間。" #~ msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." #~ msgstr "無論使用何者，相關函式都會在 `impl` 區塊中定義。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then " #~ "use the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可以定義更豐富的列舉，讓列舉的變體攜帶資料。接著，您可以使用 `match` 陳" #~ "述式，從各個變體擷取資料：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "enum WebEvent {\n" #~ " PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" #~ " KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" #~ " Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" #~ "fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" #~ " match event {\n" #~ " WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" #~ " WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" #~ " WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, " #~ "y={y}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" #~ " let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" #~ " let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" #~ "\n" #~ " inspect(load);\n" #~ " inspect(press);\n" #~ " inspect(click);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "enum WebEvent {\n" #~ " PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" #~ " KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" #~ " Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" #~ "fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" #~ " match event {\n" #~ " WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" #~ " WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" #~ " WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, " #~ "y={y}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" #~ " let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" #~ " let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" #~ "\n" #~ " inspect(load);\n" #~ " inspect(press);\n" #~ " inspect(click);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There " #~ "is no fall-through like in C or C++." #~ msgstr "" #~ "系統會從上到下將運算式與模式進行配對。在 Rust 中，不會像在 C 或 C++ 中一樣" #~ "出現貫穿 (fall-through) 情形。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " #~ "match arm which was executed." #~ msgstr "配對運算式具有值。此值是系統執行的配對分支中的最後一個運算式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " #~ "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " #~ msgstr "" #~ "我們會從上方開始尋找符合該值的模式，然後執行箭頭後方的程式碼。一旦發現相符" #~ "項目，就會停止。" #~ msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." #~ msgstr "`match` 會檢查 `enum` 中隱藏的判別值欄位。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" #~ "discriminant()`" #~ msgstr "只要呼叫 `std::mem::discriminant()`，就有可能擷取該判別值。\\`" #~ msgid "" #~ "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs " #~ "where comparing field values doesn't affect equality." #~ msgstr "" #~ "舉例來說，如果在為結構體實作 `PartialEq` 時，比較欄位值不會對相等性造成影" #~ "響，這種做法就很實用。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" #~ "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined " #~ "version cannot implement traits, for example." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` 與具有頂層 `struct Click { ... }` 的 `WebEvent::" #~ "Click(Click)` 並非完全相同。舉例來說，內嵌版本無法實作特徵。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " #~ "account:" #~ msgstr "Rust 列舉會緊密封裝，並考量因對齊而造成的限制：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "macro_rules! dbg_size {\n" #~ " ($t:ty) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" #~ " stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "enum Foo {\n" #~ " A,\n" #~ " B,\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " dbg_size!(Foo);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "macro_rules! dbg_size {\n" #~ " ($t:ty) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" #~ " stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "enum Foo {\n" #~ " A,\n" #~ " B,\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " dbg_size!(Foo);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " #~ "variant." #~ msgstr "在內部，Rust 會使用欄位 (判別值) 追蹤列舉變體。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[repr(u32)]\n" #~ "enum Bar {\n" #~ " A, // 0\n" #~ " B = 10000,\n" #~ " C, // 10001\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" #~ " println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" #~ " println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#[repr(u32)]\n" #~ "enum Bar {\n" #~ " A, // 0\n" #~ " B = 10000,\n" #~ " C, // 10001\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" #~ " println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" #~ " println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Try out other types such as" #~ msgstr "請嘗試其他型別，例如以下項目：" #~ msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," #~ msgstr "`dbg_size!(bool)`：大小為 1 個位元組，對齊：1 個位元組。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche " #~ "optimization, see below)," #~ msgstr "" #~ "`dbg_size!(Option)`：大小為 1 個位元組，對齊：1 個位元組 (區位最佳" #~ "化，請見下文)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," #~ msgstr "" #~ "`dbg_size!(&i32)`：大小為 8 個位元組，對齊：8 個位元組 (在 64 位元機器" #~ "上)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " #~ "optimization, see below)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`：大小為 8 個位元組，對齊：8 個位元組 (空值指標最" #~ "佳化，請見下文)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Niche optimization: Rust will merge use unused bit patterns for the enum " #~ "discriminant." #~ msgstr "區位最佳化：Rust 會為列舉判別值合併未使用的位元模式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::mem::transmute;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" #~ " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " #~ "$bit_type>($e));\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" #~ " // representation of types.\n" #~ " unsafe {\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::mem::transmute;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" #~ " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " #~ "$bit_type>($e));\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" #~ " // representation of types.\n" #~ " unsafe {\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain " #~ "more than 256 `Option`s together." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如果想討論將超過 256 個 `Option` 鏈結在一起的情況，可以使用下列更複雜的範" #~ "例。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" #~ "\n" #~ "use std::mem::transmute;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" #~ " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " #~ "$bit_type>($e));\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " #~ "signs.\n" #~ "// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" #~ "macro_rules! many_options {\n" #~ " ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" #~ " ($value:expr, @) => {\n" #~ " Some(Some($value))\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" #~ " many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" #~ " // representation of types.\n" #~ " unsafe {\n" #~ " assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" #~ " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" #~ " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " #~ "Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's." #~ "\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's." #~ "\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's." #~ "\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" #~ "\n" #~ "use std::mem::transmute;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" #~ " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " #~ "$bit_type>($e));\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "// 在 2^n Some() 中包裝值的巨集，n 為「@」符號的數字。\n" #~ "// 評估此巨集時，必須提高遞迴限制。\n" #~ "macro_rules! many_options {\n" #~ " ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" #~ " ($value:expr, @) => {\n" #~ " Some(Some($value))\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" #~ " many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" #~ " // representation of types.\n" #~ " unsafe {\n" #~ " assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" #~ " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" #~ " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " #~ "Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's." #~ "\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's." #~ "\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's." #~ "\");\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." #~ msgstr "接下來我們將說明方法接收器之間的差異。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " #~ "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker " #~ "rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a " #~ "struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method " #~ "on it." #~ msgstr "" #~ "建議您強調「共用且不可變動」，以及「不重複且可變動」這兩個概念。由於借用檢" #~ "查器規則的關係，這些限制在 Rust 中一律會一起出現，而 `self` 也不例外。您無" #~ "法從多個位置參照結構體，並對其呼叫變異 (`&mut self`) 方法。" #~ msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." #~ msgstr "這裡的四個方法都使用不同的方法接收器。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " #~ "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可以指出這會如何變更函式能對變數值執行的動作，以及可否/如何在 `main` 中" #~ "再次使用該函式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` " #~ "twice." #~ msgstr "您可以演示嘗試呼叫 `finish` 兩次時會出現什麼錯誤。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " #~ "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables " #~ "automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust " #~ "automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches " #~ "the method signature." #~ msgstr "" #~ "請注意，雖然方法接收器不同，但主體中非靜態函式的呼叫方式相同。Rust 會在呼" #~ "叫方法時啟用自動參照和取消參照功能，並自動加入 `&`、`*`、`muts`，讓該物件" #~ "與方法簽章相符。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " #~ "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " #~ msgstr "" #~ "您或許可以指出 `print_laps` 使用了不斷疊代的向量。我們會在下午詳細介紹向" #~ "量。" #~ msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." #~ msgstr "`_` 模式是可與任何值配對的萬用字元模式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " #~ "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "示範綁定的運作方式可能會很有幫助，例如您可以將萬用字元取代為變數，或是移" #~ "除 `q` 前後的引號。" #~ msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." #~ msgstr "您可以在參照項目上示範如何配對。" #~ msgid "" #~ "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable " #~ "patterns, as the term can show up in error messages." #~ msgstr "" #~ "這時候可能很適合提到「不可反駁的模式」這個概念，因為這個詞可能會出現在錯誤" #~ "消息中。" #~ msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" #~ msgstr "您也可以解構 `struct`：" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their " #~ "elements:" #~ msgstr "您可以在陣列、元組和切片的元素上配對，藉此解構陣列、元組和切片：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of " #~ "fixed length." #~ msgstr "您可以解構未知長度的切片，同樣的方法也適用於固定長度的模式。" #~ msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " #~ msgstr "建立使用 `_` 來代表元素的新模式。" #~ msgid "Add more values to the array." #~ msgstr "在陣列中加入更多值。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " #~ "elements." #~ msgstr "向學員指出為了因應不同元素數量的情況，`..` 會如何展開。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" #~ msgstr "向學員說明與模式 (`[.., b]` 和 `[a@..,b]`) 末端的配對情形。" #~ msgid "" #~ "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " #~ "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "配對時，您可以為模式新增「守衛」。這是任意的布林運算式，會在模式配對成功時" #~ "執行：" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." #~ msgstr "您可以在 if 運算式中使用模式內定義的變數。" #~ msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 2 天：上午練習" #~ msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" #~ msgstr "我們會探討如何在以下兩種情況下實作方法：" #~ msgid "Polygon Struct" #~ msgstr "多邊形結構體" #~ msgid "" #~ "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the " #~ "code below to and fill in the missing " #~ "methods to make the tests pass:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "我們會建立一個包含某幾個點的 `Polygon` 結構體。請將下方程式碼複製到 " #~ "，並填入缺少的方法，設法通過測試：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the " #~ "key part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to " #~ "modify the tests." #~ msgstr "" #~ "由於問題陳述式缺少方法簽章，因此練習的關鍵部分就是正確指定這些簽章。您不需" #~ "要修改測試。" #~ msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" #~ msgstr "練習中的其他有趣部分如下：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " #~ "don't borrow their arguments." #~ msgstr "" #~ "針對部分結構體衍生 `Copy` 特徵，因為在測試中，方法有時不會借用其引數。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be " #~ "addable via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." #~ msgstr "" #~ "發現必須實作 `Add` 特徵才能透過「+」新增兩個物件。請注意，我們在第 3 天以" #~ "前不會討論泛型。" #~ msgid "" #~ "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to " #~ "conditionally evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value " #~ "which then becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow " #~ "expressions work similarly in Rust." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如同我們所見，`if` 是 Rust 中的一種表達式。它可以用來根據條件執行兩個區塊" #~ "之中的一個，而區塊的執行結果可以進一步轉變成 `if` 表達式的賦值。其他控制流" #~ "程表達式在 Rust 中也有類似的用法。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let x = {\n" #~ " let y = 10;\n" #~ " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" #~ " let z = {\n" #~ " let w = {\n" #~ " 3 + 4\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" #~ " y * w\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" #~ " z - y\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let x = {\n" #~ " let y = 10;\n" #~ " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" #~ " let z = {\n" #~ " let w = {\n" #~ " 3 + 4\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" #~ " y * w\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" #~ " z - y\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is " #~ "the return value:" #~ msgstr "同樣的規則也適用於函式：函式的數值即為函式本體的回傳值：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" #~ " x + x\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" #~ " x + x\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " #~ "Rust. " #~ msgstr "這張投影片所表達的重點在於 Rust 中的區塊具有一個數值以及一個型別。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x = x / 2;\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x = x / 2;\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x / 2\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " 3 * x + 1\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x / 2\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " 3 * x + 1\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" #~ " if let Some(value) = arg {\n" #~ " println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" #~ " if let Some(value) = arg {\n" #~ " println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "`if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is " #~ "interesting. In contrast, `match` requires all branches to be covered." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`if let` 可以比 `match` 更為精簡，例如只有一個有趣案例時。相對地，`match` " #~ "必須涵蓋所有分支。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-" #~ "example/flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a " #~ "destructuring assignment, or if it fails, have a non-returning block " #~ "branch (panic/return/break/continue):" #~ msgstr "" #~ "自 1.65 版起，類似的 [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" #~ "flow_control/let_else.html) 結構可以解構指派項目，或在失敗時具有不會傳回的" #~ "區塊分支 (panic/return/break/continue)：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" #~ "}\n" #~ " \n" #~ "fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" #~ " let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" #~ " let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" #~ " return None;\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" #~ "}\n" #~ " \n" #~ "fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" #~ " let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" #~ " let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" #~ " return None;\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " while x != 1 {\n" #~ " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x / 2\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " 3 * x + 1\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " while x != 1 {\n" #~ " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x / 2\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " 3 * x + 1\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "`for` loops" #~ msgstr "`for` 迴圈" #~ msgid "" #~ "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is " #~ "closely related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expression.md). It " #~ "will automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate " #~ "over it:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`for` 迴圈](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html)與 [`while " #~ "let` 迴圈](while-let-expression.md)密切相關，會自動在運算式上呼叫 " #~ "`into_iter()`，然後對其進行疊代：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for x in v {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " \n" #~ " for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" #~ " println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for x in v {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " \n" #~ " for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" #~ " println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." #~ msgstr "您可以照常使用 `break` 和 `continue`。" #~ msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." #~ msgstr "在 Rust 中，索引疊代不是只適用於該情況的特殊語法。" #~ msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " #~ msgstr "`(0..10)` 是實作 `Iterator` 特徵的範圍。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every " #~ "other element. " #~ msgstr "`step_by` 這個方法會傳回另一個略過其他所有元素的 `Iterator`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " #~ "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "請修改向量中的元素，並說明編譯器錯誤。將向量 `v` 變更為可變動項，並將 for " #~ "迴圈變更為 `for x in v.iter_mut()`。" #~ msgid "`loop` expressions" #~ msgstr "`loop` 運算式" #~ msgid "" #~ "Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" #~ "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." #~ msgstr "" #~ "最後，有一個 [`loop` 關鍵字](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" #~ "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops)會建立無限迴圈。" #~ msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" #~ msgstr "這時您必須執行 `break` 或 `return` 來停止迴圈：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " loop {\n" #~ " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x / 2\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " 3 * x + 1\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " if x == 1 {\n" #~ " break;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let mut x = 10;\n" #~ " loop {\n" #~ " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" #~ " x / 2\n" #~ " } else {\n" #~ " 3 * x + 1\n" #~ " };\n" #~ " if x == 1 {\n" #~ " break;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." #~ msgstr "請使用 `break 8` 等值中斷 `loop`，然後顯示出來。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" #~ "match-expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. " #~ "In that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`match` 關鍵字](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" #~ "expr.html)是用來將值與一或多個模式進行比對。因此，這個關鍵字的運作方式類似" #~ "於一系列的 `if let` 運算式：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" #~ " Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" #~ " Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" #~ " Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" #~ " Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" #~ " None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" #~ " _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" #~ " Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" #~ " Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" #~ " Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" #~ " Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" #~ " None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" #~ " _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." #~ msgstr "請將比對運算式儲存為變數，然後顯示出來。" #~ msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." #~ msgstr "請移除 `.as_deref()` 並說明錯誤。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot " #~ "match against `String`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`std::env::args().next()` 會傳回 `Option`，但我們無法與`String` 進" #~ "行比對。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our " #~ "case, this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`as_deref()` 會將 `Option` 轉換成 `Option<&T::Target>`。在我們的案例" #~ "中，這會將 `Option` 轉換成`Option<&str>`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside " #~ "`Option`." #~ msgstr "我們現在可以使用模式比對，與 `Option` 內的 `&str` 進行比對。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" #~ " 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " let mut i = 0;\n" #~ " while i < x {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" #~ " i += 1;\n" #~ " if i == 3 {\n" #~ " break 'outer;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" #~ " 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" #~ " let mut i = 0;\n" #~ " while i < x {\n" #~ " println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" #~ " i += 1;\n" #~ " if i == 3 {\n" #~ " break 'outer;\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." #~ msgstr "" #~ "在這個範例中，內層迴圈經過三次迭代後，我們使用 `break` 跳出外層迴圈。" #~ msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" #~ msgstr "常見的詞彙型別包括：" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " #~ "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`Option` 和 `Result`](std/option-result.md) 型別：用於選擇性的值和[錯誤處" #~ "理](error-handling.md)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." #~ msgstr "[`String`](std/string.md)：用於自有資料的預設字串型別。" #~ msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." #~ msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md)：標準的可延伸向量。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " #~ "algorithm." #~ msgstr "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md)：採用可設定雜湊演算法的雜湊映射型別。" #~ msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." #~ msgstr "[`Box`](std/box.md)：堆積配置資料的擁有所有權的指標。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " #~ "data." #~ msgstr "[`Rc`](std/rc.md)：堆積配置資料的共用參考指標。" #~ msgid "`Option` and `Result`" #~ msgstr "`Option` 和 `Result`" #~ msgid "The types represent optional data:" #~ msgstr "這些型別代表選擇性的資料：" #~ msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." #~ msgstr "相較於 `&T`，`Option<&T>` 的空間開銷為零。" #~ msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." #~ msgstr "`binary_search` 會回傳 `Result`。" #~ msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." #~ msgstr "如果找到該元素，`Result::Ok` 會保留該元素所在位置的索引。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should " #~ "be inserted." #~ msgstr "如果沒有找到，`Result::Err` 會包含應插入這類元素的索引。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v " #~ "{ *e += 50; }`" #~ msgstr "示範如何對向量進行疊代並修改值：`for e in &mut v { *e += 50; }`" #~ msgid "" #~ "In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " #~ "statement thanks to `Deref`. " #~ msgstr "上面的範例使用 `Deref`，因此 `println!` 陳述式甚至可以省略 `*`。" #~ msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" #~ msgstr "包含遞迴資料結構的 Box" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "" #~ "If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the " #~ "data in a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`](../concurrency/shared_state/" #~ "arc.md)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如要在 `Rc` 內修改資料，必須將資料加入 [`Cell` 或 `RefCell`](../" #~ "concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) 等型別中。\\* 如果是多執行緒的環境，請參" #~ "閱 [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html)。\\* 您可" #~ "以將共用指標「降級」為 [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct." #~ "Weak.html) 指標，建立之後會捨棄的循環。" #~ msgid "Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`." #~ msgstr "Rust 的 `Rc` 就好比是 C++ 的 `std::shared_ptr`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Compare the different datatypes mentioned. `Box` enables (im)mutable " #~ "borrows that are enforced at compile time. `RefCell` enables (im)mutable " #~ "borrows that are enforced at run time and will panic if it fails at " #~ "runtime." #~ msgstr "" #~ "比較提及的不同資料型別。`Box` 可啟用在編譯時強制執行的可變/不可變借用。" #~ "`RefCell` 可啟用在執行階段強制執行的可變/不可變借用，如果在執行階段失敗，" #~ "將觸發恐慌。" #~ msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 2 天：下午練習" #~ msgid "" #~ "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." #~ msgstr "今天下午的練習著重在字串和疊代器。" #~ msgid "" #~ "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web " #~ "server. The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which " #~ "are matched against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a " #~ "wildcard character which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." #~ msgstr "" #~ "在本次練習中，您將實作網路伺服器的路由元件。伺服器設定了多個與「要求路徑」" #~ "__相符的「路徑前置字元」__。路徑前置字元可包含與完整片段相符的萬用字元。請" #~ "參閱下方的單元測試。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " #~ "traits." #~ msgstr "特徵：衍生特徵、預設方法，以及重要的標準程式庫特徵。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and " #~ "trait objects." #~ msgstr "泛型：泛型資料型別、泛型方法、單型，以及特徵物件。" #~ msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." #~ msgstr "測試：單元測試、說明文件測試，以及整合測試。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " #~ "functions." #~ msgstr "不安全的 Rust：原始指標、靜態變數、不安全的函式，以及 extern 函式。" #~ msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." #~ msgstr "試著宣告一個新的變數 `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." #~ msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." #~ msgstr "修改程式碼，讓 points 能擁有不同型別的元素。" #~ msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" #~ msgstr "你可以將 `impl` 區塊宣告為泛型型別：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rust 在編譯時進行單型化 (Monomorphization)，根據不同呼叫者，將泛型程式碼轉" #~ "換成實際型別的程式碼：" #~ msgid "behaves as if you wrote" #~ msgstr "以上程式碼等同於下方的程式碼" #~ msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:" #~ msgstr "您可以讓編譯器衍生多種特徵：" #~ msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" #~ msgstr "特徵可以依照其他特徵方法來實作行為：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that " #~ "users are required to implement themselves. Methods with default " #~ "implementations can rely on required methods." #~ msgstr "" #~ "特徵可能會指定預先實作的 (預設) 方法，以及使用者必須自行實作的方法。採用預" #~ "設實作項目的方法可以信賴必要方法。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n" #~ "where\n" #~ " T: Clone,\n" #~ "{\n" #~ " (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n" #~ "where\n" #~ " T: Clone,\n" #~ "{\n" #~ " (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." #~ msgstr "`impl Trait` 可讓您使用無法命名的型別。" #~ msgid "" #~ "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " #~ "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " #~ "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " #~ "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work " #~ "for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely " #~ "not what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` " #~ "syntax, we'd need two independent generic parameters." #~ msgstr "" #~ "這個例子非常好，因為 `impl Display` 使用了兩次。這有助於說明此處沒有 任何" #~ "項目會強制使用「相同的」`impl Display` 型別。如果我們使用單一的 `T: " #~ "Display`，則會強制限制「輸入」`T` 和「回傳」`T` 屬於同一型別。 但這並不適" #~ "合這個特定函式，因為我們預期做為「輸入」的型別不一定 會是 `format!` 回傳的" #~ "內容。如要透過 `: Display` 語法執行相同操作，我們會 需要兩個獨立的泛型參" #~ "數。" #~ msgid "" #~ "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " #~ "library:" #~ msgstr "現在來探討 Rust 標準程式庫最常見的幾個特徵：" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " #~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." #~ "html) used in `for` loops," #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) 和 " #~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." #~ "html) 用於 `for` 迴圈。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and " #~ "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to " #~ "convert values," #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) 和 " #~ "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) 用來轉換" #~ "值。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) 和 [`Write`]" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) 用於 IO。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " #~ "overloading, and" #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html)、[`Mul`]" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html) 等用於運算子超載。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " #~ "used to construct a default instance of a type." #~ msgstr "" #~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) 用於" #~ "建構型別的預設執行個體。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " #~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`" #~ msgstr "" #~ "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " #~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`" #~ msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." #~ msgstr "`Add`、`Mul`..." #~ msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 3 天：上午練習" #~ msgid "" #~ "Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits " #~ "and trait objects." #~ msgstr "我們對特徵和特徵物件有了新的瞭解，現在來設計經典的 GUI 程式庫吧！" #~ msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" #~ msgstr "我們的程式庫中會有許多小工具：" #~ msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." #~ msgstr "`Window`：有 `title` 且包含其他小工具。" #~ msgid "" #~ "`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " #~ "button is pressed." #~ msgstr "`Button`：含有 `label` 和回呼函式，按下按鈕就會叫用這個函式。" #~ msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." #~ msgstr "`Label`：含有 `label`。" #~ msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." #~ msgstr "小工具會實作 `Widget` 特徵，請參閱下文。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " #~ "`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "請將以下程式碼複製到 ，並填入缺少的 " #~ "`draw_into` 方法，以便實作 `Widget` 特徵：" #~ msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" #~ msgstr "上方程式的輸出內容可以很簡單，像下面這樣：" #~ msgid "" #~ "If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment]" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting " #~ "operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different " #~ "characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "如要繪製對齊的文字，可以使用 [fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" #~ "std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) 格式化運算子。請特別注意如何使用不同的字" #~ "元 (此處為 `'/'`) 設定邊框間距，以及可以如何控制對齊方式：" #~ msgid "" #~ "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" #~ msgstr "使用這種對齊技巧，您可以產生如下的輸出內容：" #~ msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" #~ msgstr "在 Rust 中，是透過明確的控制流程完成錯誤處理作業：" #~ msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," #~ msgstr "可能含有錯誤的函式會在回傳型別中列出相關資訊。" #~ msgid "There are no exceptions." #~ msgstr "沒有任何例外。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,should_panic\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,should_panic\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" #~ msgstr "擷取解開堆疊的動作" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::panic;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" #~ " println!(\"hello!\");\n" #~ "});\n" #~ "assert!(result.is_ok());\n" #~ "\n" #~ "let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" #~ " panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" #~ "});\n" #~ "assert!(result.is_err());\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::panic;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" #~ " println!(\"hello!\");\n" #~ "});\n" #~ "assert!(result.is_ok());\n" #~ "\n" #~ "let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" #~ " panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" #~ "});\n" #~ "assert!(result.is_err());\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when " #~ "errors are expected as part of normal operation:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "我們先前介紹了 `Result` 列舉。當正常運作過程中預期發生錯誤時，普遍都會使用" #~ "這個列舉：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::fs::File;\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" #~ " match file {\n" #~ " Ok(mut file) => {\n" #~ " let mut contents = String::new();\n" #~ " file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" #~ " println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" #~ " },\n" #~ " Err(err) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::fs::File;\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" #~ " match file {\n" #~ " Ok(mut file) => {\n" #~ " let mut contents = String::new();\n" #~ " file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" #~ " println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" #~ " },\n" #~ " Err(err) => {\n" #~ " println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" #~ msgstr "使用 `?` 傳播錯誤" #~ msgid "" #~ "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " #~ "turn the common" #~ msgstr "try 運算子 `?` 用於將錯誤傳回呼叫端，讓您將下列常見的程式碼：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "match some_expression {\n" #~ " Ok(value) => value,\n" #~ " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "match some_expression {\n" #~ " Ok(value) => value,\n" #~ " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "some_expression?\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "some_expression?\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::fs;\n" #~ "use std::io::{self, Read};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" #~ " let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" #~ " Ok(file) => file,\n" #~ " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "\n" #~ " let mut username = String::new();\n" #~ " match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" #~ " Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" #~ " Err(err) => Err(err),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" #~ " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" #~ " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::fs;\n" #~ "use std::io::{self, Read};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" #~ " let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" #~ " Ok(file) => file,\n" #~ " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" #~ " };\n" #~ "\n" #~ " let mut username = String::new();\n" #~ " match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" #~ " Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" #~ " Err(err) => Err(err),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" #~ " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" #~ " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "expression?\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "expression?\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "match expression {\n" #~ " Ok(value) => value,\n" #~ " Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,ignore\n" #~ "match expression {\n" #~ " Ok(value) => value,\n" #~ " Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::error::Error;\n" #~ "use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" #~ "use std::fs::{self, File};\n" #~ "use std::io::{self, Read};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " IoError(io::Error),\n" #~ " EmptyUsername(String),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" #~ " match self {\n" #~ " Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" #~ " Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no " #~ "username in {filename}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::" #~ "from(path)));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" #~ " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::error::Error;\n" #~ "use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" #~ "use std::fs::{self, File};\n" #~ "use std::io::{self, Read};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n" #~ "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " IoError(io::Error),\n" #~ " EmptyUsername(String),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" #~ " match self {\n" #~ " Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" #~ " Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no " #~ "username in {filename}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::" #~ "from(path)));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" #~ " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::{fs, io};\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "use thiserror::Error;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" #~ "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" #~ " IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" #~ " #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" #~ " EmptyUsername(String),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::" #~ "from(path)));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" #~ " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" #~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::{fs, io};\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "use thiserror::Error;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" #~ "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" #~ " #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" #~ " IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" #~ " #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" #~ " EmptyUsername(String),\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::" #~ "from(path)));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" #~ " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" #~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, " #~ "and optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) " #~ "and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for " #~ "structs." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`thiserror` 的衍生巨集會自動實作 `std::error::Error`，並視情況實作 " #~ "`Display` (如果提供了 `#[error(...)]` 屬性的話) 和 `From` (如果新增了 " #~ "`#[from]` 屬性的話)。上述原則也適用於結構體。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." #~ msgstr "這個不會影響你的公用API，因此這對程式庫很好。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::fs::{self, File};\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "use thiserror::Error;\n" #~ "use std::error::Error;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" #~ "#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" #~ "struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" #~ " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" #~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::fs::{self, File};\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "use thiserror::Error;\n" #~ "use std::error::Error;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" #~ "#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" #~ "struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" #~ " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" #~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " #~ "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " #~ "error types:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "透過廣泛使用的 [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate，您可以為錯誤添加背" #~ "景資訊，並減少自訂錯誤型別的數量：" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::{fs, io};\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " fs::File::open(path)\n" #~ " .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" #~ " .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" #~ " .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" #~ " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" #~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::{fs, io};\n" #~ "use std::io::Read;\n" #~ "use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" #~ " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" #~ " fs::File::open(path)\n" #~ " .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" #~ " .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" #~ " .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" #~ " if username.is_empty() {\n" #~ " bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " Ok(username)\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #~ " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" #~ " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" #~ " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" #~ msgstr "用 `#[test]` 標記單元測試：" #~ msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." #~ msgstr "用 `cargo test` 尋找並執行單元測試。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" #~ "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" #~ msgstr "" #~ "單元測試通常會位於巢狀模組中 (在 [Playground](https://play.rust-lang." #~ "org/) 上執行測試)：" #~ msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" #~ msgstr "有助於編寫測試的 crate" #~ msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." #~ msgstr "Rust 只提供基本的編寫測試支援。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" #~ msgstr "以下列出幾個額外的 crate，建議您在編寫測試時使用：" #~ msgid "" #~ "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." #~ msgstr "" #~ "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest)：讓您對 Rust 執行以屬性為基礎的測試。" #~ msgid "" #~ "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " #~ "tests." #~ msgstr "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest)：支援 Fixture 和參數化測試。" #~ msgid "Calling External Code" #~ msgstr "呼叫外部程式碼" #~ msgid "" #~ "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. " #~ "Calling them is thus unsafe:" #~ msgstr "其他語言的函式可能會違反 Rust 保證，因此呼叫這類函式並不安全：" #~ msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 3 天：下午練習" #~ msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" #~ msgstr "我們來建構用於讀取目錄內容的安全包裝函式吧！" #~ msgid "" #~ "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" #~ "afternoon.md) provided." #~ msgstr "" #~ "完成練習後，您可以看看我們提供的[解決方案](solutions-afternoon.md)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```java\n" #~ "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "/** Birthday service interface. */\n" #~ "interface IBirthdayService {\n" #~ " /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" #~ " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```java\n" #~ "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "/** 生日功能介面 */\n" #~ "interface IBirthdayService {\n" #~ " /** 生成一段生日快樂的祝賀訊息 */\n" #~ " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::time::Duration;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " thread::spawn(|| {\n" #~ " for i in 1..10 {\n" #~ " println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for i in 1..5 {\n" #~ " println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::time::Duration;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " thread::spawn(|| {\n" #~ " for i in 1..10 {\n" #~ " println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for i in 1..5 {\n" #~ " println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread " #~ "is not waiting." #~ msgstr "" #~ "請注意，執行緒會在達到 10 之前停止運作，因為主執行緒不會 等待其完成運作。" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::spawn(|| {\n" #~ " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::spawn(|| {\n" #~ " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::scope(|scope| {\n" #~ " scope.spawn(|| {\n" #~ " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::scope(|scope| {\n" #~ " scope.spawn(|| {\n" #~ " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" #~ " tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" #~ " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" #~ "\n" #~ " let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" #~ " tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" #~ " tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" #~ " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" #~ "\n" #~ " let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" #~ " tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::time::Duration;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" #~ " for i in 1..10 {\n" #~ " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::time::Duration;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" #~ " for i in 1..10 {\n" #~ " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::time::Duration;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" #~ " for i in 1..10 {\n" #~ " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::time::Duration;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" #~ " for i in 1..10 {\n" #~ " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" #~ " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::sync::Arc;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" #~ " let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" #~ " for _ in 1..5 {\n" #~ " let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" #~ " handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" #~ " }));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "use std::sync::Arc;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" #~ " let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" #~ " for _ in 1..5 {\n" #~ " let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" #~ " handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" #~ " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" #~ " }));\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::Mutex;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" #~ "\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" #~ " guard.push(40);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::Mutex;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" #~ "\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" #~ " guard.push(40);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" #~ " v.push(10);\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " v.push(1000);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " handle.join().unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" #~ " let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" #~ " v.push(10);\n" #~ " });\n" #~ " v.push(1000);\n" #~ "\n" #~ " handle.join().unwrap();\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" #~ " let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" #~ " v2.push(10);\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" #~ " v.push(1000);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " handle.join().unwrap();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable\n" #~ "use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" #~ "use std::thread;\n" #~ "\n" #~ "fn main() {\n" #~ " let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" #~ "\n" #~ " let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" #~ " let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" #~ " let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" #~ " v2.push(10);\n" #~ " });\n" #~ "\n" #~ " {\n" #~ " let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" #~ " v.push(1000);\n" #~ " }\n" #~ "\n" #~ " handle.join().unwrap();\n" #~ "\n" #~ " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." #~ msgstr "您可以在以下幾頁查看練習的解決方案。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." #~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " #~ "different or better solution than what is presented here." #~ msgstr "" #~ "歡迎[前往 GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" #~ "discussions)針對解決方案提問。如果您有與本書不同或更好的解決方案，請告訴我" #~ "們。" #~ msgid "" #~ "**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " #~ "comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to " #~ "re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises." #~ msgstr "" #~ "**注意：**請忽略解決方案中的 `// ANCHOR: label` 和 `// ANCHOR_END: label` " #~ "註解。之所以有這些註解，是要方便您重複利用解決方案的某些部分來練習。" #~ msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 1 天：上午練習" #~ msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" #~ msgstr "([返回練習](for-loops.md))" #~ msgid "Bonus question" #~ msgstr "加分題" #~ msgid "" #~ "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a " #~ "slice-of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus " #~ "make our function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks " #~ "down: the return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the " #~ "data you return." #~ msgstr "" #~ "這需要用到更進階的概念。表面上看起來我們可以使用多維度切片 (`&[&[i32]]`) " #~ "做為轉置的輸入型別，進而讓函式處理任何大小的矩陣。但實際上這很快就會失敗，" #~ "也就是說傳回型別不能是 `&[&[i32]]`，因為它需要擁有您傳回的資料。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't " #~ "work out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " #~ "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可以嘗試使用 `Vec>` 這類代碼，但這也不能立即見效，因為從 " #~ "`Vec>` 轉換成 `&[&[i32]]` 並不容易，因此您現在也無法輕易使用 " #~ "`pretty_print`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::" #~ "convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) " #~ "trait to abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." #~ msgstr "" #~ "一旦瞭解特徵和泛型，我們就能使用 [`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-" #~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) 特徵，對任何可當做切片參照的資料進" #~ "行抽象化。" #~ msgid "" #~ "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are " #~ "of the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." #~ msgstr "" #~ "此外，型別本身不會強制規定子項切片的長度必須相同，因此這類變數可能含有無效" #~ "的矩陣。" #~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 1 天：下午練習" #~ msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" #~ msgstr "([返回練習](book-library.md))" #~ msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 2 天：上午練習" #~ msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" #~ msgstr "([返回練習](points-polygons.md))" #~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 2 天：下午練習" #~ msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" #~ msgstr "([返回練習](luhn.md))" #~ msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" #~ msgstr "([返回練習](strings-iterators.md))" #~ msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" #~ msgstr "第 3 天：上午練習" #~ msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" #~ msgstr "([返回練習](simple-gui.md))" #~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" #~ msgstr "第 3 天：下午練習" #~ msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" #~ msgstr "([返回練習](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" #~ msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" #~ msgstr "模式配對 (未定)" #~ msgid "Cell/RefCell" #~ msgstr "Cell/RefCell" #~ msgid "" #~ "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." #~ msgstr "第 1 天：Rust 基本概念、語法、控制流程、建立及取用值。" #~ msgid "" #~ "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They " #~ "will see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with " #~ "something familiar." #~ msgstr "" #~ "我們會藉由這張投影片，試著讓學生熟悉 Rust 程式碼。在接下來的三天裡，他們會" #~ "大量接觸到這些內容，所以我們得從他們熟悉的小地方著手。" #~ msgid "" #~ "In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::" #~ "fmt documentation" #~ msgstr "" #~ "在殼層中，`rustup doc std::fmt` 會開啟本機 std::fmt 說明文件上的瀏覽器。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" #~ "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " #~ "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " #~ "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " #~ "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode " #~ "(`cargo build --release`)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "整數溢位的處理是透過 [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/" #~ "codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) 編譯時間標記定義的。如果啟用的" #~ "話，程式就會恐慌 (程式受控地異常終止)，如未啟用，則會發生語意迴繞現象。根" #~ "據預設，在偵錯模式 (`cargo build`) 中會發生恐慌，在發布模式 (`cargo build " #~ "--release`) 中會發生迴繞。" #~ msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." #~ msgstr "Rust 是根據過去數十年累積的所有經驗打造而成。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " #~ "`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" #~ "testing/doc-tests.html)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rustdoc 註解可包含能使用 `cargo test` 執行及測試的程式碼片段。我們會在" #~ "[「測試」一節](../testing/doc-tests.html)討論這些測試。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" #~ msgstr "新增名為 `Rectangle::new` 的靜態方法，然後從 `main` 呼叫此方法：" #~ msgid "" #~ "While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static " #~ "methods are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The " #~ "actual constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called " #~ "directly. See the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/" #~ "constructors.html)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "雖然「技術上」來說，Rust 沒有自訂的建構函式，但靜態方法經常用來初始化結構" #~ "體 (儘管並非必須)。因此，您可直接呼叫實際的建構函式 `Rectangle { width, " #~ "height }`。詳情請參閱 [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/" #~ "constructors.html)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " #~ "static methods can take arbitrary parameters." #~ msgstr "" #~ "新增 `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` 建構函式，說明這類靜態方法可以採用任" #~ "意參數。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " #~ "preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." #~ msgstr "" #~ "在 `for n in &array` 內使用 `&array` 參照項目是一個巧妙方式，可稍微預示下" #~ "午將談到的擁有權問題。" #~ msgid "Without the `&`..." #~ msgstr "沒有 `&` 的影響..." #~ msgid "" #~ "The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " #~ "[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" #~ "rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "迴圈會是取用陣列的迴圈。這是 [2021 年版導入](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" #~ "edition-guide/rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)的變更。" #~ msgid "" #~ "An implicit array copy would have occurred. Since `i32` is a copy type, " #~ "then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." #~ msgstr "" #~ "會發生隱含陣列複製的情形。由於 `i32` 是複製型別，因此 `[i32; 3]` 也會是複" #~ "製型別。" #~ msgid "The Luhn algorithm," #~ msgstr "盧恩演算法" #~ msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." #~ msgstr "練習模式配對" #~ msgid "" #~ "Copy the code below to and implement the " #~ "function." #~ msgstr "將下方程式碼複製到 ，並實作函式。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " #~ "integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with " #~ "iterators." #~ msgstr "" #~ "使用「for」迴圈和整數，先嘗試以「簡單」的方式解決問題。接著，重新查看解決" #~ "方案，試著使用疊代器實作。" #~ msgid "Stack and Heap Example" #~ msgstr "堆疊和堆積範例" #~ msgid "Storing books and querying the collection" #~ msgstr "儲存書籍並查詢館藏" #~ msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients" #~ msgstr "追蹤病患的健康統計資料" #~ msgid "" #~ "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " #~ " and update the types to make it compile:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "這可用來建立圖書館的館藏模型。請將下列程式碼複製到 ，然後更新型別以利編譯：" #~ msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" #~ msgstr "`Cell` 和 `RefCell`" #~ msgid "" #~ "`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or " #~ "moving values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which " #~ "tracks shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are " #~ "misused." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`Cell` 因為需要複製或移動值，通常用於簡單的型別。較複雜的內部型別通常會使" #~ "用 `RefCell`，可在執行階段和恐慌時追蹤共用和專屬的參照 (如果這些參照遭到濫" #~ "用的話)。" #~ msgid "" #~ "If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would " #~ "have to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it " #~ "back in. This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in " #~ "the cell, but it's not ergonomic." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如果我們在本例中使用 `Cell` 而非 `RefCell`，可能須將 `Node` 移出 `Rc` 才能" #~ "推送子項，然後再將其移回。您可以放心執行這項操作，因為儲存格中始終有一個未" #~ "參照的值，但不符人體工學。" #~ msgid "" #~ "To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " #~ "`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "如要對節點執行任何操作，您必須呼叫 `RefCell` 方法，通常是 `borrow` 或 " #~ "`borrow_mut`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for " #~ "[`impl IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" #~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl " #~ "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." #~ "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." #~ msgstr "" #~ "請用上方的程式碼進行試驗，並參閱 [`impl IntoIterator for &Vec`]" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-" #~ "%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) 和 [`impl IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-" #~ "lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) 的說" #~ "明文件確認答案。" #~ msgid "" #~ "Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements " #~ "the specified traits for a data structure." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Rust 衍生巨集的運作原理是自動產生程式碼，用於實作資料結構的指定特徵。" #~ msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." #~ msgstr "將 `not_equals` 方法移至新特徵 `NotEquals`。" #~ msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." #~ msgstr "將 `Equals` 設為 `NotEquals` 的超特徵。" #~ msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." #~ msgstr "為 `Equals` 提供 `NotEquals` 的大量實作。" #~ msgid "" #~ "With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " #~ "trait for `NotEqual`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "採用大量實作後，您就不再需要使用 `Equals` 做為 `NotEqual` 的超特徵。" #~ msgid "" #~ "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." #~ msgstr "我們將使用特徵和特徵物件設計一個典型的 GUI 程式庫。" #~ msgid "" #~ "We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " #~ "polygons." #~ msgstr "我們也會透過點和多邊形的相關練習，探討列舉分派情形。" #~ msgid "" #~ "The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " #~ "functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " #~ "can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " #~ "`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " #~ "`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " #~ "apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "函式的傳回型別必須與它呼叫的巢狀函式相容。舉例來說，傳回 `Result` " #~ "的函式只能在傳回 `Result` 的函式上套用 `?` 運算子；無法在傳回 " #~ "`Option` 或 `Result` 的函式上套用該運算子，除非 " #~ "`OtherErr` 實作了 `From` 則例外。反之，傳回 `Option` 的函式只能在" #~ "傳回 `Option` 的函式上套用 `?` 運算子。" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " #~ "`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " #~ "`Result::err`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "您可以使用不同的 `Option` 和 `Result` 方法，例如 `Option::ok_or`、" #~ "`Result::ok`、`Result::err` 等，將不相容的型別轉換為其他型別。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " #~ "implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " #~ "`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github." #~ "com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." #~ msgstr "" #~ "對所有不需要是 `no_std` 的錯誤型別來說，實作 `std::error::Error` 是很好的" #~ "做法，`std::error::Error` 會需要 `Debug` 和 `Display`。`core` 的 `Error` " #~ "Crate 僅於 [nightly](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765) 提" #~ "供，因此與 `no_std` 尚未完全相容。" #~ msgid "" #~ "It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " #~ "possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " #~ "this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement " #~ "them." #~ msgstr "" #~ "對這種錯誤型別來說，在可能的情況下實作 `Clone` 和 `Eq` 通常也很有用，不僅" #~ "有利於程式庫的測試，使用者也會更輕鬆。但在本例中，我們無法輕易這麼做，因" #~ "為 `io::Error` 並未實作 `Clone` 和 `Eq`。" #~ msgid "" #~ "For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of " #~ "the Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own " #~ "machine." #~ msgstr "" #~ "在這個練習中，建議您使用本機開發環境，不要用 Playground。這可讓您在自己的" #~ "機器上執行二進位檔。" #~ msgid "" #~ "To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally." #~ "md) instructions." #~ msgstr "" #~ "首先，請按照[在本機執行](../../cargo/running-locally.md)的說明操作。" #~ msgid "Pattern matching" #~ msgstr "模式配對" #~ msgid "TBD." #~ msgstr "未定。"