msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2023-09-19\n" "PO-Revision-Date: \n" "Last-Translator: \n" "Language-Team: \n" "Language: de\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" #: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "Willkommen bei Comprehensive Rust 🦀" #: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course.md:1 msgid "Running the Course" msgstr "Ablauf des Kurses" #: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 msgid "Course Structure" msgstr "Kursstruktur" #: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" msgstr "Tastaturkürzel" #: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1 msgid "Translations" msgstr "Übersetzungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:9 src/cargo.md:1 msgid "Using Cargo" msgstr "Cargo verwenden" #: src/SUMMARY.md:10 msgid "Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "Rust Ökosystem" #: src/SUMMARY.md:11 msgid "Code Samples" msgstr "Codebeispiele" #: src/SUMMARY.md:12 msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "Cargo lokal ausführen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:15 msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Tag 1: Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/SUMMARY.md:192 #: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/SUMMARY.md:268 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Willkommen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "Was ist Rust?" #: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 msgid "Hello World!" msgstr "Hallo Welt!" #: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 msgid "Small Example" msgstr "Ein kleines Beispiel" #: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1 msgid "Why Rust?" msgstr "Warum Rust?" #: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" msgstr "Kompilierzeitgarantien" #: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 msgid "Runtime Guarantees" msgstr "Laufzeitgarantien" #: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1 msgid "Modern Features" msgstr "Moderne Merkmale" #: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1 msgid "Basic Syntax" msgstr "Grundlegende Syntax" #: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 msgid "Scalar Types" msgstr "Skalare Typen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 msgid "Compound Types" msgstr "Verbundtypen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 msgid "References" msgstr "Referenzen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 msgid "Dangling References" msgstr "Hängende Referenzen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 msgid "Slices" msgstr "Anteilstypen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:33 msgid "String vs str" msgstr "String vs. str" #: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 msgid "Functions" msgstr "Funktionen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1 msgid "Rustdoc" msgstr "Rustdoc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 #: src/methods.md:1 msgid "Methods" msgstr "Methoden" #: src/SUMMARY.md:37 msgid "Overloading" msgstr "Überladen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/SUMMARY.md:125 #: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/SUMMARY.md:232 #: src/SUMMARY.md:260 src/SUMMARY.md:282 src/SUMMARY.md:303 #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Übungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 msgid "Implicit Conversions" msgstr "Implizite Konvertierungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:40 msgid "Arrays and for Loops" msgstr "Arrays und for-Schleifen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:42 msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" msgstr "Tag 1: Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/control-flow.md:1 msgid "Control Flow" msgstr "Kontrollfluss" #: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 msgid "Blocks" msgstr "Blöcke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:46 msgid "if expressions" msgstr "if-Ausdrücke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:47 msgid "for expressions" msgstr "for-Ausdrücke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:48 msgid "while expressions" msgstr "while-Ausdrücke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:49 msgid "break & continue" msgstr "break & continue" #: src/SUMMARY.md:50 msgid "loop expressions" msgstr "loop-Ausdrücke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 msgid "Variables" msgstr "Variablen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 msgid "Type Inference" msgstr "Typinferenz" #: src/SUMMARY.md:54 msgid "static & const" msgstr "static & const" #: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" msgstr "Gültigkeitsbereiche und Verschattungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/enums.md:1 msgid "Enums" msgstr "Aufzählungstypen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 msgid "Variant Payloads" msgstr "Varianteninhalte" #: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/sizes.md:1 msgid "Enum Sizes" msgstr "Größen von Aufzählungstypen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/control-flow/novel.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Novel Control Flow" msgstr "Kontrollfluss" #: src/SUMMARY.md:61 msgid "if let expressions" msgstr "if let-Ausdrücke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:62 msgid "while let expressions" msgstr "while let-Ausdrücke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:63 msgid "match expressions" msgstr "match-Ausdrücke" #: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/pattern-matching.md:1 msgid "Pattern Matching" msgstr "Musterabgleich" #: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Enums" msgstr "Aufzählungstypen destrukturieren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Structs" msgstr "Strukturen destrukturieren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Arrays" msgstr "Arrays destrukturieren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 msgid "Match Guards" msgstr "Abgleichsbedingungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "Luhn-Algorithmus" #: src/SUMMARY.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" msgstr "Musterabgleich" #: src/SUMMARY.md:75 msgid "Day 2: Morning" msgstr "Tag 2: Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/memory-management.md:1 msgid "Memory Management" msgstr "Speicherverwaltung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:82 msgid "Stack vs Heap" msgstr "Stapelspeicher vs. Haldenspeicher" #: src/SUMMARY.md:83 msgid "Stack Memory" msgstr "Stapelspeicher" #: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 msgid "Manual Memory Management" msgstr "Manuelle Speicherverwaltung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" msgstr "Gültigkeitsbereichbasierte Speicherverwaltung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:86 msgid "Garbage Collection" msgstr "Automatische Speicherbereinigung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:87 msgid "Rust Memory Management" msgstr "Rust Speicherverwaltung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/ownership.md:1 msgid "Ownership" msgstr "Eigentümerschaft" #: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 msgid "Move Semantics" msgstr "Semantik des Verschiebens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" msgstr "Verschieben von String in Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md:91 msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" msgstr "Doppel-Freigabe-Fehler in modernem C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md:92 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Moves in Function Calls" msgstr "Verschieben in Funktionsaufrufen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 msgid "Copying and Cloning" msgstr "Kopieren und Klonen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 msgid "Borrowing" msgstr "Ausleihen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" msgstr "Geteiltes und einmaliges Ausleihen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes" msgstr "Lebensdauern" #: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" msgstr "Lebensdauern in Funktionsaufrufen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" msgstr "Lebensdauern in Datenstrukturen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/structs.md:1 msgid "Structs" msgstr "Strukturen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 msgid "Tuple Structs" msgstr "Tupelstrukturen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" msgstr "Feld Abkürzungs Syntax" #: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/methods/receiver.md:1 msgid "Method Receiver" msgstr "Methodenempfänger" #: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/SUMMARY.md:281 #: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 msgid "Example" msgstr "Beispiel" #: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Storing Books" msgstr "`&str`" #: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 msgid "Health Statistics" msgstr "Gesundheitsstatistiken" #: src/SUMMARY.md:109 msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" msgstr "Tag 2: Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std.md:1 msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "Standardbibliothek" #: src/SUMMARY.md:112 msgid "Option and Result" msgstr "Option und Result" #: src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/std/string.md:1 msgid "String" msgstr "String" #: src/SUMMARY.md:114 msgid "Vec" msgstr "Vec" #: src/SUMMARY.md:115 msgid "HashMap" msgstr "HashMap" #: src/SUMMARY.md:116 msgid "Box" msgstr "Box" #: src/SUMMARY.md:117 msgid "Recursive Data Types" msgstr "Rekursive Datentypen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/std/box-niche.md:1 msgid "Niche Optimization" msgstr "Nischenoptimierung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:119 msgid "Rc" msgstr "Rc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:120 msgid "Cell/RefCell" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/modules.md:1 msgid "Modules" msgstr "Module" #: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/modules/visibility.md:1 msgid "Visibility" msgstr "Sichtbarkeit" #: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/modules/paths.md:1 msgid "Paths" msgstr "Pfade" #: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" msgstr "Dateisystemhierarchie" #: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 msgid "Iterators and Ownership" msgstr "Iteratoren und Eigentümerschaft" #: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Strings and Iterators" msgstr "Strings und Iteratoren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:130 msgid "Day 3: Morning" msgstr "Tag 3: Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/generics.md:1 msgid "Generics" msgstr "Generische Datentypen und Methoden" #: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/generics/data-types.md:1 msgid "Generic Data Types" msgstr "Generische Datentypen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/generics/methods.md:1 msgid "Generic Methods" msgstr "Generische Methoden" #: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 msgid "Monomorphization" msgstr "Monomorphisierung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/traits.md:1 msgid "Traits" msgstr "Merkmale" #: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 msgid "Trait Objects" msgstr "Merkmalsobjekte" #: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 msgid "Deriving Traits" msgstr "Ableitung von Merkmalen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 msgid "Default Methods" msgstr "Standardmethoden" #: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 msgid "Trait Bounds" msgstr "Merkmalsgrenzen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:144 msgid "impl Trait" msgstr "impl Merkmal" #: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 msgid "Important Traits" msgstr "Wichtige Merkmale" #: src/SUMMARY.md:146 msgid "Iterator" msgstr "Iterator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 msgid "FromIterator" msgstr "FromIterator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:148 msgid "From and Into" msgstr "From und Into" #: src/SUMMARY.md:149 msgid "Read and Write" msgstr "Read und Write" #: src/SUMMARY.md:150 msgid "Drop" msgstr "Drop" #: src/SUMMARY.md:151 msgid "Default" msgstr "Default Merkmal" #: src/SUMMARY.md:152 msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." msgstr "Operatoren: Add, Mul, ..." #: src/SUMMARY.md:153 msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "A Simple GUI Library" msgstr "Eine einfache GUI-Bibliothek" #: src/SUMMARY.md:156 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:145 msgid "Points and Polygons" msgstr "Punkte und Polygone" #: src/SUMMARY.md:158 msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" msgstr "Tag 3: Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling.md:1 msgid "Error Handling" msgstr "Fehlerbehandlung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 msgid "Panics" msgstr "Laufzeitabbrüche" #: src/SUMMARY.md:162 msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" msgstr "Abfangen der Auflösung des Stapelspeichers" #: src/SUMMARY.md:163 msgid "Structured Error Handling" msgstr "Strukturierte Fehlerbehandlung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:164 msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" msgstr "Weitergabe von Fehlern mit ?" #: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 msgid "Converting Error Types" msgstr "Fehlertypen konvertieren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 msgid "Deriving Error Enums" msgstr "Ableiten von Fehleraufzählungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 msgid "Dynamic Error Types" msgstr "Dynamische Fehlertypen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 msgid "Adding Context to Errors" msgstr "Kontext zu Fehlern hinzufügen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/testing.md:1 msgid "Testing" msgstr "Testen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 msgid "Unit Tests" msgstr "Unit-Tests" #: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "Testmodule" #: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 msgid "Documentation Tests" msgstr "Dokumentationstests" #: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 msgid "Integration Tests" msgstr "Integrationstests" #: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 msgid "Useful crates" msgstr "Nützliche Kisten (Crates)" #: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe.md:1 msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "Unsicheres Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "Roh-zeiger dereferenzieren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "Veränderbare statische Variablen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 msgid "Unions" msgstr "Vereinigungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Unsichere Funktionen aufrufen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Unsichere Funktionen schreiben" #: src/SUMMARY.md:182 msgid "Extern Functions" msgstr "Externe Funktionen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" msgstr "Unsichere Merkmale implementieren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" msgstr "Sicherer FFI-Wrapper" #: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 msgid "Android" msgstr "Android" #: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/android/setup.md:1 msgid "Setup" msgstr "Einrichtung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:194 src/android/build-rules.md:1 msgid "Build Rules" msgstr "Regeln beim Bauen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:195 msgid "Binary" msgstr "Binärdatei" #: src/SUMMARY.md:196 msgid "Library" msgstr "Bibliothek" #: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/aidl.md:1 msgid "AIDL" msgstr "AIDL" #: src/SUMMARY.md:198 msgid "Interface" msgstr "Schnittstelle" #: src/SUMMARY.md:199 msgid "Implementation" msgstr "Implementierung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:200 msgid "Server" msgstr "Server" #: src/SUMMARY.md:201 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 msgid "Deploy" msgstr "Einsetzen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:202 msgid "Client" msgstr "Klient" #: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 msgid "Changing API" msgstr "API verändern" #: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/logging.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 msgid "Logging" msgstr "Protokollierung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:205 src/android/interoperability.md:1 msgid "Interoperability" msgstr "Interoperabilität" #: src/SUMMARY.md:206 msgid "With C" msgstr "Mit C" #: src/SUMMARY.md:207 msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" msgstr "Aufruf von C-Funktionen mit Bindgen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:208 msgid "Calling Rust from C" msgstr "Aufruf von Rust aus C" #: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 msgid "With C++" msgstr "Mit C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md:210 msgid "With Java" msgstr "Mit Java" #: src/SUMMARY.md:214 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "Hardwarenahes Rust: Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:219 msgid "no_std" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:220 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "Kleines Beispiel" #: src/SUMMARY.md:221 msgid "alloc" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:222 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "Mikrokontroller" #: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "MMIO" #: src/SUMMARY.md:224 msgid "PACs" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:225 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "HAL Kisten" #: src/SUMMARY.md:226 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "Helfer Kisten" #: src/SUMMARY.md:227 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "Das Typzustandsmuster" #: src/SUMMARY.md:228 msgid "embedded-hal" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:229 msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "Debugging" #: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/SUMMARY.md:251 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "Andere Ressourcen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "Kompass" #: src/SUMMARY.md:235 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "Bare-Metal: Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:237 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "Applikationsprozessoren" #: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:239 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:240 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:241 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "Schreiben eines UART Treibers" #: src/SUMMARY.md:242 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "Noch mehr Merkmale" #: src/SUMMARY.md:243 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "Ein besserer UART Treiber" #: src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:245 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "Mehrere Register" #: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "Treiber" #: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/SUMMARY.md:249 msgid "Using It" msgstr "Benutzung" #: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "Funktionen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:252 msgid "Useful Crates" msgstr "Nützliche Kisten" #: src/SUMMARY.md:253 msgid "zerocopy" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:254 msgid "aarch64-paging" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:255 msgid "buddy_system_allocator" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:256 msgid "tinyvec" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:257 msgid "spin" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:259 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 msgid "vmbase" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:261 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "RTC Treiber" #: src/SUMMARY.md:264 msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "Nebenläufigkeit: Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:269 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 msgid "Threads" msgstr "Ausführungsstrang" #: src/SUMMARY.md:270 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "Ausführungsstrang mit Sichtbarkeitsbereich" #: src/SUMMARY.md:271 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 msgid "Channels" msgstr "Kanäle" #: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Unbegrenzte Kanäle" #: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Unbeschränkte Kanäle" #: src/SUMMARY.md:274 msgid "Send and Sync" msgstr "Send und Sync" #: src/SUMMARY.md:274 msgid "Send" msgstr "Send" #: src/SUMMARY.md:274 msgid "Sync" msgstr "Sync" #: src/SUMMARY.md:277 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 msgid "Examples" msgstr "Beispiele" #: src/SUMMARY.md:278 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 msgid "Shared State" msgstr "Geteilter Zustand" #: src/SUMMARY.md:279 msgid "Arc" msgstr "Arc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:280 msgid "Mutex" msgstr "Mutex" #: src/SUMMARY.md:283 src/SUMMARY.md:304 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "Philosophenproblem" #: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "Link Überprüfung mit mehreren Ausführungssträngen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:286 msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "Nebenläufigkeit: Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:288 msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "Async Grundlagen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:289 msgid "async/await" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/async/futures.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Futures" msgstr "Schließungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/async/runtimes.md:1 msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Laufzeiten" #: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 msgid "Tokio" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 #: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 msgid "Tasks" msgstr "Aufgaben" #: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/channels.md:1 msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Async Kanäle" #: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 msgid "Join" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Select" msgstr "Aufstellen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:298 msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "Tücken" #: src/SUMMARY.md:299 msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "Blockieren des Ausführers" #: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 msgid "Pin" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Async Merkmale" #: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "Installation" #: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:95 msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:308 msgid "Final Words" msgstr "Letzte Worte" #: src/SUMMARY.md:312 src/thanks.md:1 msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "Danke!" #: src/SUMMARY.md:313 msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "Andere Ressourcen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:314 src/credits.md:1 msgid "Credits" msgstr "Würdigungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 msgid "Solutions" msgstr "Lösungen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:322 msgid "Day 1 Morning" msgstr "Tag 1 Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:323 msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" msgstr "Tag 1 Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:324 msgid "Day 2 Morning" msgstr "Tag 2 Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:325 msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" msgstr "Tag 2 Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:326 msgid "Day 3 Morning" msgstr "Tag 3 Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:327 msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" msgstr "Tag 3 Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:328 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" msgstr "Hardwarenahes Rust: Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" msgstr "Hadwarenahes Rust: Nachmittags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:330 msgid "Concurrency Morning" msgstr "Nebenläufigkeit Morgens" #: src/SUMMARY.md:331 msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" msgstr "Nebenläufigkeit Nachmittags" #: src/index.md:3 msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" "[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields." "io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" msgstr "" #: src/index.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The " "course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced " "topics like generics and error handling." msgstr "" "Dies ist ein dreitägiger Rust-Kurs, der vom Android-Team entwickelt wurde. " "Der Kurs umfasst das gesamte Spektrum von Rust, von grundlegender Syntax bis " "hin zu fortgeschrittenen Themen wie generischen Methoden und Datentypen " "sowie Fehlerbehandlung. Am letzten Tag werden auch Android-spezifische " "Inhalte behandelt." #: src/index.md:11 msgid "" "The latest version of the course can be found at . If you are reading somewhere else, please check there " "for updates." msgstr "" #: src/index.md:15 msgid "" "The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " "anything about Rust and hope to:" msgstr "" "Das Ziel des Kurses ist es, Dir Rust beizubringen. Wie setzen keine " "Vorkenntnisse über Rust voraus, und hoffen das Folgende zu erreichen:" #: src/index.md:18 msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language." msgstr "" "Dir ein umfassendes Verständnis der Rust-Syntax und -Sprache zu vermitteln." #: src/index.md:19 msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust." msgstr "" "Es dir ermöglichen, bestehende Programme zu modifizieren und neue Programme " "in Rust zu schreiben." #: src/index.md:20 msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "Dir gängige Rust-Idiome zu zeigen." #: src/index.md:22 msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "" #: src/index.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:" msgstr "" "In den ersten drei Tagen zeigen wir die Grundlagen von Rust. Danach, laden " "wir dich ein sich mit einem oder mehreren Spezialthemen zu befassen:" #: src/index.md:26 msgid "" "[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform " "development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "[Android](android.md): ein halbtägiger Kurs zur Verwendung von Rust für die " "Android-Plattform Entwicklung (AOSP). Dazu gehört die Interoperabilität mit " "C, C++ und Java." #: src/index.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " "covered." msgstr "" "[Bare-Metal](bare-metal.md): ein ganztägiger Kurs über die Verwendung von " "Rust für Bare-Metal (eingebettete) Entwicklung. Sowohl Mikrocontroller als " "auch Anwendungsprozessoren bedeckt." #: src/index.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " "mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using " "futures)." msgstr "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): ein ganztägiger Kurs zum Thema Parallelität " "in Rust. Wir decken sowohl die klassische Parallelität ab (präventive " "Planung mithilfe von Threads als auch Mutexe) und Async/Await-Parallelität " "(kooperatives Multitasking mit Futures)." #: src/index.md:37 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "Nicht-Ziele" #: src/index.md:39 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" msgstr "" "Rust ist eine große Sprache und wir werden sie in ein paar Tagen nicht " "vollständig abdecken können. Einige Nicht-Ziele dieses Kurses sind:" #: src/index.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead." msgstr "" "Um zu erfahren, wie Du Makros entwickelst, siehe [Kapitel 19.5 im Rust Buch]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) und [Rust im Beispiel]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html)." #: src/index.md:46 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "Annahmen" #: src/index.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " "C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach." msgstr "" "Der Kurs setzt voraus, dass du bereits Programmierkenntnisse besitzt. Rust " "ist eine statisch typisierte Sprache und wir werden manchmal Vergleiche mit " "C und C++ machen, um besser den Rust-Ansatz zu erklären oder " "gegenüberzustellen." #: src/index.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." msgstr "" "Aber auch wenn du Vorwissen in einer dynamisch typisierten Sprache wie " "Python oder JavaScript hast, wirst du problemlos folgen können." #: src/index.md:57 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " "should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class." msgstr "" "Dies ist ein Beispiel für eine _Sprechernotiz_, welche wir verwenden, um " "weitere Informationen zu den Folien hinzuzufügen. Sprechernotizen können " "wichtige Punkte beinhalten, die vom Kursleiter erwähnt werden sollten, oder " "auch Antworten auf Fragen, die typischerweise im Kurs vorkommen." #: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3 msgid "This page is for the course instructor." msgstr "Diese Seite ist für den Kursleiter." #: src/running-the-course.md:5 msgid "" "Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the " "course internally at Google." msgstr "" "Hier ein paar Hintergrundinformationen darüber, wie wir den Kurs intern bei " "Google durchführen." #: src/running-the-course.md:8 msgid "" "We typically run classes from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " "in the middle. This leaves 2.5 hours for the morning class and 2.5 hours for " "the afternoon class. Note that this is just a recommendation: you can also " "spend 3 hour on the morning session to give people more time for exercises. " "The downside of longer session is that people can become very tired after 6 " "full hours of class in the afternoon." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course.md:16 msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "Bevor du den Kurs vorstellst solltest du:" #: src/running-the-course.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " "speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker " "notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker " "Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class." msgstr "" "Setze dich mit dem Kursmaterial auseinander. Wir haben Sprechernotizen " "hinzugefügt, um Schlüsselpunkte hervorzuheben (gerne kannst du uns helfen " "weitere Sprechernotizen hinzuzufügen!). Beim Vorstellen kannst du die " "Sprechernotizen in einem Seitenfenster öffnen (klick dazu auf den kleinen " "Pfeil neben \"Speaker Notes\"). Dadurch hast du eine übersichtliche " "Oberfläche wenn du den Kurs vorstellst." #: src/running-the-course.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " "recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " "have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " "helps them process all the information we give them." msgstr "" "Am Nachmittag des vierten Tages kannst du ein Thema frei wählen. Du kannst " "entweder ein Thema nach Schwierigkeitsgrad wählen, oder aber ein Thema was " "zu deiner Zuhörerschaft passt." #: src/running-the-course.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " "asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have " "time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself " "and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your " "laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an " "instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you." msgstr "" "Lege im Vorhinein die Kurszeiten fest. Der Kurs ist umfangreich, daher " "empfehlen wir vier Tage in einem Zeitraum von zwei Wochen. Kursteilnehmer " "meinten, dass Pausen zwischen den Tagen sinnvoll seien um die Menge an " "Informationen zu verarbeiten." #: src/running-the-course.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " "laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag " "as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as " "you or the course participants spot them." msgstr "" "Finde einen Raum der groß genug für alle anwesenden Teilnehmer ist. Wir " "empfehlen eine Teilnehmeranzahl von 15 bis 20 Leuten. Das schafft ein gutes " "Klima, um Fragen zu stellen, und es ist möglich alle Fragen zeitnah zu " "beantworten. Stelle auch sicher, dass der Raum _Tische_ mit Stühlen für die " "Teilnehmer und dich hat. Ihr werdet nämlich eure Laptops benötigen. Um genau " "zu sein wirst du viel vorprogrammieren." #: src/running-the-course.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " "afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people " "if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see " "that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and " "offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant " "information in the standard library." msgstr "" "Sei schon etwas vor dem ersten Termin da, um alles vorzubereiten. Wir " "schlagen vor, dass du `mdbook serve` direkt präsentierst (siehe " "[Installationsanleitung](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust#building)). Somit entstehen keine Störungen oder Unklarheiten bei dem " "Wechseln von Seiten und falls du oder die Teilnehmer Rechtschreibfehler " "finden können diese sofort behoben werden.\n" "\n" "Gib den Kursteilnehmern Zeit die Aufgaben selbst oder in kleinen Gruppen zu " "lösen. Vergiss nicht ab und an zu fragen ob jemand Hilfe benötigt. Wenn " "mehrere Teilnehmer das gleiche Problem haben, spreche es vor allen " "Teilnehmern an und zeige einen möglichen Lösungsweg auf. Z. B. könntest du " "zeigen wo man die relevante Information in der Standardbibliothek findet.\n" "\n" "Bereite alles vor was du am Nachmittag des vierten Tages behandeln möchtest." #: src/running-the-course.md:51 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" msgstr "" "Das ist alles, viel Glück bei der Durchführung des Kurses! Wir hoffen, dass " "es dir genauso viel Spaß machen wird wie uns!" #: src/running-the-course.md:54 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " "would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. " "Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!" msgstr "" "Bitte [gib anschließend Rückmeldung](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust/discussions/86), damit wir den Kurs weiter verbessern können. Was uns " "besonders interessieren würde ist was gut funktioniert hat aber auch was wir " "verbessern könnten. Deine Teilnehmer sind natürlich auch herzlich " "eingeladen, [uns Rückmeldung zu geben](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust Fundamentals" msgstr "Rust-Binärdateien" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 msgid "" "The first three days make up [Rust Fundaments](../welcome-day-1.md). The " "days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground:" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10 msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard " "library." msgstr "" "Tag 2: Zusammengesetzte Datentypen, Musterabgleich, die Standardbibliothek." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." msgstr "" "Tag 3: Merkmale und Generika, Fehlerbehandlung, Testen, unsicheres Rust." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14 msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "Vertiefungen" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 msgid "" "In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Zusätzlich zu den Rust-Grundlagen behandeln wir noch einiges mehr " "Spezialthemen nach Tag 3:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust in Android" msgstr "Willkommen zu Tag 1" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " "Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " "C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "Der [Android Deep Dive](../android.md) ist ein halbtägiger Kurs zur " "Verwendung von Rust für Entwicklung der Android-Plattform. Dazu gehört die " "Interoperabilität mit C, C++ und Java." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/" "android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure " "that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." msgstr "" "Du wirst eine lokale Arbeitskopie von [AOSP](https://source.android.com/docs/" "setup/download/downloading) benötigen. Mache eine Arbeitskopie des [Kurses]" "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) auf deinem Laptop und " "verschiebe das Verzeichnis `src/android/` in das Stammverzeichnis Deiner " "AOSP Arbeitskopie. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass das Android-" "Buildsystem die `Android.bp`\\-Dateien in `src/android/` sehen kann." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30 msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " "see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand." msgstr "" "Stelle sicher, dass `adb sync` auf deinem Emulator oder Rechner " "funktioniert. Erstelle bereits vor dem Kurs alle Android-Beispiele mit `src/" "android/build_all.sh`. Schaue auch in das Skript rein und probiere aus, ob " "alle Befehle, die es ausführt auch von Hand ausgeführt funktionieren." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "Bare-Metal" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " "using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " "application processors are covered." msgstr "" "Der [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md): ein ganztägiger Kurs über die " "Verwendung von Rust für Bare-Metal-Entwicklung (eingebettet). Sowohl " "Mikrocontroller als auch Anwendungen Prozessoren sind abgedeckt." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:43 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " "need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../" "bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" "Für den Mikrocontroller-Teil solltest Du das [BBC micro:bit](https://" "microbit.org/) v2-Entwicklungsboard im Voraus kaufen. Alle müssen eine Reihe " "von Paketen installieren, wie auf der [Willkommens Seite](../bare-metal.md) " "beschrieben." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Willkommen bei Comprehensive Rust 🦀" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " "on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." msgstr "" "Der [Nebensläufgkeitsvertiefung](../concurrency.md) ist ein ganztägiger Kurs " "zur klassischen sowie „async“/„await“-Parallelität." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:53 msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " "with them:" msgstr "" "Du solltest eine neue Kiste (crate) einrichten und die Abhängigkeiten " "(dependencies) herunterladen und einsatzbereit machen. Anschließend kannst " "Du die Beispiele kopieren und in `src/main.rs` einfügen, um damit zu " "experimentieren:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:64 msgid "Format" msgstr "Format" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:66 msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" msgstr "" "Der Kurs soll sehr interaktiv ablaufen und wir empfehlen, durch Fragen die " "Erkundung von Rust voranzutreiben!" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3 msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" msgstr "Es gibt mehrere nützliche Tastaturkürzel in mdBook:" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 msgid "Arrow-Left" msgstr "Pfeil-links" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 msgid ": Navigate to the previous page." msgstr ": Zur vorherigen Seite navigieren." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6 msgid "Arrow-Right" msgstr "Pfeil-rechts" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6 msgid ": Navigate to the next page." msgstr ": Zur nächsten Seite navigieren." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid "Ctrl + Enter" msgstr "Strg + Eingabe" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus." msgstr ": Führe das Codebeispiel aus, das aktuell den Fokus hat." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8 msgid "s" msgstr "s" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8 msgid ": Activate the search bar." msgstr ": Suchleiste aktivieren." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3 msgid "" "The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful " "volunteers:" msgstr "Der Kurs wurde auch in andere Sprachen übersetzt:" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." "com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" "[Brasilianisches Portugiesisch](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/" "pt-BR/) von [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) und [@hugojacob]" "(https://github.com/hugojacob)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), and " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." msgstr "" "[Koreanisch](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) von [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) und " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]" "(https://github.com/deavid)." msgstr "" "[Brasilianisches Portugiesisch](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/" "pt-BR/) von [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) und [@hugojacob]" "(https://github.com/hugojacob)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:10 msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "Benutze die Sprachenauswahl oben rechts, um die Sprache zu wechseln." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:12 msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "Angefangene Übersetzungen" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:14 msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" "[Brasilianisches Portugiesisch](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/" "pt-BR/) von [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) und [@hugojacob]" "(https://github.com/hugojacob)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " "by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" "victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), and [@johnathan79717]" "(https://github.com/johnathan79717)." msgstr "" "[Koreanisch](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) von [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) und " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " "by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" "wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/" "kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), and [@superwhd]" "(https://github.com/superwhd)." msgstr "" "[Koreanisch](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) von [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) und " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:20 msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22 msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:24 msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " "get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." msgstr "" "Wenn du uns hierbei unterstützen möchtest, lies dir bitte [unsere " "Anweisungen](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/" "TRANSLATIONS.md) durch. Übersetzungen werden mit dem [Issue-Tracker](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282) koordiniert." #: src/cargo.md:3 msgid "" "When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build " "and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what " "Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this " "training." msgstr "" "Wenn du anfängst über Rust zu lesen, wirst du sehr bald [Cargo](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/), ein Standardwerkzeug, welches im Rust-Ökosystem " "verwendet wird, um Rust-Anwendungen zu erstellen und auszuführen, " "kennenlernen. Hier wollen wir einen kurzen Überblick geben, was Cargo ist " "und wie es in das breitere Ökosystem und in dieses Training passt." #: src/cargo.md:8 msgid "Installation" msgstr "Installation" #: src/cargo.md:10 msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" msgstr "" #: src/cargo.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " "(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " "use to install to different compiler versions." msgstr "" "Neben cargo und rustc installiert sich rustup selbst als " "Befehlszeilenprogramm, mit welchem du Toolchains installieren/wechseln, oder " "cross-Kompilierung einrichten kannst." #: src/cargo.md:14 msgid "" "After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with " "Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-" "analyzer.github.io/), which provides auto-completion and jump-to-definition " "functionality for [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://" "rust-analyzer.github.io/manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-" "analyzer.github.io/manual.html#vimneovim), and many others. There is also a " "different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)." msgstr "" #: src/cargo.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " "formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this " "gets you an outdated rust version and may lead to unexpected behavior. The " "command would be:" msgstr "" "Auf Debian/Ubuntu kannst du Cargo und den Rust Quellcode wie folgt " "installieren" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "Das Rust-Ökosystem" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3 msgid "" "The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:" msgstr "" "Das Rust-Ökosystem besteht aus einer Reihe von Werkzeugen, von denen die " "wichtigsten die Folgenden sind:" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other " "intermediate formats." msgstr "" "`rustc`: der Rust-Compiler, der `.rs`\\-Dateien in Binärdateien und andere " "Zwischenformate umwandelt" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to " "download dependencies, usually hosted on , and it will " "pass them to `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a " "built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests." msgstr "" "`cargo`: der Rust-Abhängigkeitsmanager (Dependency manager) und das " "Bauwerkzeug (Build-Tool). Cargo weiß, wie die Abhängigkeiten heruntergeladen " "werden müssen, die auf gehostet werden, und übergibt sie " "an `rustc` beim Erstellen Ihres Projekts. Cargo verfügt außerdem über einen " "integrierten Testausführer, der zum Ausführen von Unit-Tests verwendet wird." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " "install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 #: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30 #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23 #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:55 #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Schlüsselpunkte:" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23 msgid "" "Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six " "weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- " "plus they enable new functionality." msgstr "" "Rust hat einen schnellen Veröffentlichungsplan. Alle sechs Wochen wird eine " "neue Version veröffentlicht. Neue Versionen bleiben rückwärtskompatibel mit " "älteren Versionen und fügen neue Funktionen hinzu." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27 msgid "" "There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"." msgstr "Es gibt drei Veröffentlichungskanäle: „stable“, „beta“ und „nightly“." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29 msgid "" "New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes " "\"stable\" every six weeks." msgstr "" "Neue Funktionen werden in „nightly“ getestet. „Beta“ wird alle sechs Wochen " "„stabil“." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32 msgid "" "Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34 msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." msgstr "" "Rust hat auch \\[Editionen\\]: Die aktuelle Edition ist Rust 2021. Vorherige " "Editionen waren Rust 2015 und Rust 2018." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37 msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." msgstr "Editionen dürfen rückwärtsinkompatible Änderungen vornehmen." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40 msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." msgstr "" "Um zu verhindern, dass Code nicht kaputt geht, sind Editionen optional: Du " "wählst ihre Edition für deine Kiste (crate) in der Datei `Cargo.toml`" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43 msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." msgstr "" "Um eine Aufspaltung des Ökosystems zu vermeiden, können Rust-Compiler Code " "der für verschiedene Editionen geschrieben wurde vermischen." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." msgstr "" "Erwähne, dass es ziemlich selten vorkommt, dass der Compiler jemals direkt " "und nicht über `cargo` verwendet wird (die meisten Benutzer tun dies nie)." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " "comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " "not limited to: " msgstr "" "Es könnte erwähnenswert sein, dass Cargo selbst ein äußerst leistungsstarkes " "und umfassendes Tool ist. Es verfügt über viele erweiterte Funktionen, " "einschließlich, aber nicht beschränkt auf:" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "Projekt-/Paketstruktur" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "\\[Arbeitsbereiche\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "" "Verwaltung/Caching von Entwicklungsabhängigkeiten und Laufzeitabhängigkeiten" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "\\[Build-Skripting\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "\\[globale Installation\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." msgstr "" "Es ist auch mit Unterbefehls-Plugins erweiterbar (z. B. [cargo clippy]" "(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "Lese mehr aus dem \\[offiziellen Cargo Buch\\]" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1 msgid "Code Samples in This Training" msgstr "Codebeispiele in diesem Training" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3 msgid "" "For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples " "which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier " "and ensures a consistent experience for everyone." msgstr "" "In diesem Training werden wir die Rust-Sprache hauptsächlich anhand von " "Beispielen erkunden die über Ihren Browser ausgeführt werden können. Dies " "erleichtert die Einrichtung erheblich und sorgt für ein konsistentes " "Erlebnis." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7 msgid "" "Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do " "the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you " "how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo." msgstr "" "Die Installation von Cargo wird dennoch empfohlen: Es wird Dir die " "Bearbeitung der Übungen erleichtern. Am letzten Tag werden wir eine größere " "Übung machen, die zeigt, wie Du mit Abhängigkeiten (dependencies) arbeitest " "und dafür benötigst Du Cargo." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11 msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "Die Codeblöcke in diesem Kurs sind vollständig interaktiv:" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid "You can use " msgstr "Du kannst " #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box." msgstr "" " verwenden, um den Code auszuführen, wenn der Fokus auf dem Textfeld ist." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24 msgid "" "Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not " "editable for various reasons:" msgstr "" "Die meisten Codebeispiele können wie oben gezeigt bearbeitet werden. Ein " "paar Codebeispiele sind aus verschiedenen Gründen nicht editierbar:" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27 msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and " "open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests." msgstr "" "Die eingebetteten Testumgebungen (embedded Playgrounds) können keine Unit-" "Tests durchführen. Kopiere die Datei und füge den Code in der echten " "Testumgebung ein, um Unit-Tests zu demonstrieren." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30 msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from " "the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises " "using a local Rust installation or via the Playground." msgstr "" "Die eingebetteten Testumgebungen verlieren ihren Zustand, sobald Du von der " "Seite weg navigierst! Aus diesem Grund sollten die Schüler die Übungen mit " "einer lokalen Rust-Installation oder in der lokalen Testumgebung lösen." #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1 msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo" msgstr "Code lokal mit Cargo ausführen" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3 msgid "" "If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will " "need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the " "Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This " "should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the " "latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:" msgstr "" "Wenn Du mit dem Code auf Deinem eigenen System experimentieren möchten, " "solltest Du zuerst Rust installieren. Befolge dazu die \\[Anweisungen in dem " "Rust Buch 1\\]. Dies sollte ein funktionierendes `rustc` und `cargo` " "hervorbringen. Zum Verfassungszeitpunkt hat die neueste stabile Rust-Version " "folgende Versionsnummer:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " "compatibility." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17 msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" msgstr "" "Wenn dies vorhanden ist, befolge die folgenden Schritte, um eine Rust-" "Binärdatei aus einem Beispiel zu erstellen:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "" "Klicke bei dem Beispiel, dass Du kopieren möchtest, auf die Schaltfläche „In " "die Zwischenablage kopieren“." #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" "Verwende `cargo new exercise`, um ein neues `exercise/`\\-Verzeichnis für " "Deinen Code zu erstellen:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" "Navigiere zu `exercise/` und verwende \\`cargo run, um eine Binärdatei zu " "erstellen und auszuführen:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" "Ersetze den Platzhalter-Code in `src/main.rs` durch eigenen Code. Verwende " "beispielsweise das Beispiel auf der vorherigen Seite und lasse `src/main.rs` " "so aussehen:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:43 msgid "" "```rust\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```rust\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "" "Verwende `cargo run`, um die neue Binärdatei zu erstellen und auszuführen:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" "debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an " "optimized release build in `target/release/`." msgstr "" "Verwende `cargo check`, um Dein Projekt schnell auf Fehler zu überprüfen, " "und verwende `cargo build`, um es zu kompilieren, ohne es auszuführen. Du " "findest die Ausgabe in `target/debug/` für einen normalen Debug-Build. " "Verwende `cargo build --release`, um einen optimierten Release-Build in " "`target/release/` zu erstellen." #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64 msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " "dependencies for you." msgstr "" "Du kannst Abhängigkeiten (dependencies) zu Deinem Projekt hinzufügen, indem " "Du `Cargo.toml` bearbeitest. Wenn Du `cargo`\\-Befehle ausführst, werden " "fehlende Abhängigkeiten automatisch heruntergeladen und für Dich kompiliert." #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72 msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " "development environment." msgstr "" "Versuche, die Kursteilnehmer zu ermutigen, Cargo zu installieren und einen " "lokalen Texteditor zu verwenden Es wird Dein Leben einfacher machen, wenn " "alle eine lokale Entwicklungsumgebung haben." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Day 1" msgstr "Willkommen zu Tag 1" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground " "today:" msgstr "" "Dies ist der erste Tag von Comprehensive Rust. Heute werden wir viel " "behandeln:" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:6 msgid "" "Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, " "references, functions, and methods." msgstr "" "Grundlegende Rust-Syntax: Variablen, Skalar- und zusammengesetzte Typen " "(scalar-types, union-types) , Aufzählungen (enums), Strukturen (structs), " "Referenzen (references), Funktionen (functions) und Methoden (methods)." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 msgid "" "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " "`continue`." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "Bitte erinnere die Kursteilnehmer daran:" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." msgstr "" "Sie sollten Fragen stellen, sobald ihnen welche einfallen, und nicht bis zum " "Ende warten." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" msgstr "Der Unterricht soll interaktiv sein und Diskussionen sind erwünscht!" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " "keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " "language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " "allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " "communication." msgstr "" "Als Dozent sollten Sie versuchen, die Diskussionen relevant zu halten, d. h. " "Behalten Sie den Bezug dazu bei, wie Rust Dinge im Vergleich zu einer " "anderen Sprache tut. Es kann schwer sein, die richtige Balance zu finden, " "aber lassen Sie lieber Diskussionen zu, um Kursteilnehmer einzubeziehen und " "lange Monologe zu vermeiden." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:24 msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." msgstr "" "Bei Fragen wird es wahrscheinlich dazu kommen, dass wir über die Dinge vor " "den eigentlichen Folien sprechen." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:25 msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " "Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as " "you like." msgstr "" "Das ist vollkommen in Ordnung! Wiederholung ist ein wichtiger Teil des " "Lernens. Die Folien sind nur eine Unterstützung und Sie können sie nach " "Belieben überspringen." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 msgid "" "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " "major feature and we should show students this right away." msgstr "" "Die Idee für den ersten Tag ist, Rust _gerade genug_ zu zeigen, um über den " "berühmten Ausleihenprüfer (borrow checker) sprechen zu können. Die Art und " "Weise, wie Rust mit Speicher umgeht, ist ein wichtiges Merkmal und das " "solltest Du den Kursteilnehmern direkt zeigen." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 msgid "" "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " "schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" msgstr "" "Wenn Du in einem Klassenzimmer unterrichtest, ist dies ein guter Ort, um " "über den Zeitplan zu gehen. Wir empfehlen, den Tag in zwei Teile aufzuteilen " "(nach den Folien):" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," msgstr "Morgens: 9:00 bis 12:00 Uhr," #: src/welcome-day-1.md:37 msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." msgstr "Nachmittag: 13:00 bis 16:00 Uhr." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 msgid "" "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" msgstr "" "Dies kannst Du natürlich bei Bedarf anpassen. Bitte achte darauf, Pausen " "einzuplanen. Wir empfehlen jede Stunde eine Pause!" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" msgstr "" "Rust ist eine neue Programmiersprache, die 2015 ihre Version 1.0 hatte:" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "" "Rust ist eine statisch kompilierte Sprache in einer ähnlichen Rolle wie C++" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6 msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc` verwendet LLVM als Backend." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7 msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" msgstr "" "Rust unterstützt viele \\[Plattformen und Architekturen\\] (https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9 msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10 msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11 msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "Rust wird für eine Vielzahl von Geräten verwendet:" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12 msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "Firmware und Bootloader," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13 msgid "smart displays," msgstr "intelligente Displays," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14 msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "Mobiltelefone," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15 msgid "desktops," msgstr "Desktops," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16 msgid "servers." msgstr "Server." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "Rust passt in den gleichen Bereich wie C++:" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "Hohe Flexibilität." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24 msgid "High level of control." msgstr "Hohes Maß an Kontrolle." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "" "Kann auf sehr eingeschränkte Geräte wie Mobiltelefone herunterskaliert " "werden." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "Hat keine Laufzeit oder Speicherbereinigung (garbage collection)." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" "Konzentriert sich auf Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit ohne Leistungseinbußen." #: src/hello-world.md:3 msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" msgstr "" "Lasst uns in das einfachste Rust-Programm einsteigen, ein klassisches Hallo " "Welt Programm:" #: src/hello-world.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/hello-world.md:12 msgid "What you see:" msgstr "Du siehst:" #: src/hello-world.md:14 msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "Funktionen beginnen mit `fn`." #: src/hello-world.md:15 msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "Blöcke werden wie in C und C++ durch geschweifte Klammern getrennt." #: src/hello-world.md:16 msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "Die `main`\\-Funktion ist der Einstiegspunkt des Programms." #: src/hello-world.md:17 msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "" "Rust hat hygienische (hygienic) Makros, `println!` ist ein Beispiel dafür." #: src/hello-world.md:18 msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" "Rust-Strings sind UTF-8-codiert und können beliebige Unicode-Zeichen " "enthalten." #: src/hello-world.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " "see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "Diese Folie versucht, die Schüler mit Rust-Code vertraut zu machen. Sie " "werden viel davon in den nächsten vier Tagen sehen, also fangen wir klein " "und mit etwas Vertrautem an." #: src/hello-world.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " "imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." msgstr "" "Rust ist anderen Sprachen in der C/C++/Java-Tradition sehr ähnlich. Es ist " "Imperativ (nicht funktional) und es wird nicht versucht, Dinge neu zu " "erfinden, es sei denn es ist absolut notwendig." #: src/hello-world.md:31 msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "Rust ist modern und unterstützt Dinge wie Unicode vollständig." #: src/hello-world.md:33 msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " "arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." msgstr "" "Rust verwendet Makros für Situationen, in denen Du eine variable Anzahl von " "Argumenten haben möchtest (keine [Funktionüberladung](basic-syntax/functions-" "interlude.md))." #: src/hello-world.md:36 msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " "hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene." "html)." msgstr "" "Makros sind „hygienisch“, was bedeutet, dass sie nicht versehentlich " "Identifikatoren in ihrem Umfang (scope) in dem sie verwendet werden erfassen " "Rust-Makros sind eigentlich nur [teilweise hygienisch](https://veykril." "github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." #: src/hello-world.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " "while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional " "concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." msgstr "" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" msgstr "Hier ein kleines Beispielprogramm in Rust:" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() { // Program entry point\n" " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" " while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" " if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" " x = x / 2;\n" " } else {\n" " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 msgid "" "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " "different inputs." msgstr "" "Der Code implementiert die Collatz-Vermutung: Es wird angenommen, dass die " "Schleife immer enden wird, allerdings ist das noch nicht bewiesen. Ändere " "den Code und spiele mit verschiedenen Eingaben." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 msgid "" "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " "overflow." msgstr "" "Erkläre, dass alle Variablen statisch typisiert sind. Versuche, `i32` zu " "entfernen um Typinferenz (type inference) auszulösen. Versuche es " "stattdessen mit `i8` und löse dadurch einen Ganzzahlüberlauf zur Laufzeit " "aus." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." msgstr "Ändere `let mut x` in `let x`, und bespreche den Compilerfehler." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 msgid "" "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the " "format string." msgstr "" "Zeige, wie `print!` einen Kompilierungsfehler ausgibt, wenn die Argumente " "nicht mit dem Format-String übereinstimmen." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 msgid "" "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." msgstr "" "Zeige, wie Du `{}` als Platzhalter verwenden musst, wenn Du einen Ausdruck " "(Expression) drucken möchtest, der komplexer als nur eine einzelne Variable " "ist." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 msgid "" "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." msgstr "" "Zeige den Kursteilnehmern die Standardbibliothek (standard library) und " "zeige ihnen, wie sie nach `std::fmt` suchen welches die Regeln der " "Formatierungs-Minisprache enthält. Es ist wichtig, dass die Kursteilnehmer " "mit der Suche in der Standardbibliothek vertraut gemacht werden." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 msgid "" "In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " "documentation" msgstr "" #: src/why-rust.md:3 msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Einige Alleinstellungsmerkmale von Rust:" #: src/why-rust.md:5 msgid "Compile time memory safety." msgstr "Kompilierzeit-Speichersicherheit." #: src/why-rust.md:6 msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." msgstr "Mangel in undefiniertem Laufzeitverhalten." #: src/why-rust.md:7 msgid "Modern language features." msgstr "Moderne Sprachfunktionen." #: src/why-rust.md:11 msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" msgstr "" "Frage den Kurs unbedingt, mit welchen Programmiersprachen sie Erfahrung " "haben. Abhängig von der Antwort kannst Du verschiedene Funktionen von Rust " "hervorheben:" #: src/why-rust.md:14 msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " "have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with " "constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management." msgstr "" "Erfahrung mit C oder C++: Rust eliminiert eine ganze Klasse von " "_Laufzeitfehlern (runtime Errors)_ über den Ausleihenprüfer (borrow " "checker). Du erhältst eine ähnliche Leistung wie in C und C++, aber hast " "keine Probleme mit der Speicherunsicherheit. Darüber hinaus erhältst Du eine " "moderne Sprache mit Konstrukten wie Mustervergleich (Pattern matching) und " "integriertes Abhängigkeitsmanagement (dependency management)." #: src/why-rust.md:19 msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " "addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage " "collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)" msgstr "" "Erfahrung mit Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: Du erhältst die gleiche " "Speichersicherheit wie in diesen Sprachen, dazu ein ähnlich hohes " "Sprachgefühl. Zusätzlich erhältst Du eine schnelle und vorhersehbare " "Leistung wie in C und C++ (keine Speicherbereinigung (garbage collector)) " "sowie Zugriff auf Low-Level-Hardware (falls benötigt)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" msgstr "Statische Speicherverwaltung zur Kompilierzeit:" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 msgid "No uninitialized variables." msgstr "Keine nicht initialisierten (uninitialized) Variablen." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6 msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." msgstr "Keine Speicherlecks (_meistens_, siehe Anmerkungen)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7 msgid "No double-frees." msgstr "Keine Doppelbefreiungen (double-frees)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8 msgid "No use-after-free." msgstr "Keine Nachnutzung (use-after-free)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9 msgid "No `NULL` pointers." msgstr "Keine `NULL`\\-Zeiger (null Pointer)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10 msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." msgstr "Keine vergessenen gesperrten Mutexe." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11 msgid "No data races between threads." msgstr "Keine Datenrennen (data races) zwischen Ausführungssträngen (threads)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12 msgid "No iterator invalidation." msgstr "Keine Invalidierung des Iterators." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 msgid "" "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" msgstr "" "Es ist möglich, Speicherlecks in (sicherem) Rust zu erzeugen. Einige " "Beispiele sind:" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 msgid "" "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" "initialized and runtime-sized static variables" msgstr "" "Du kannst [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." "html#method.leak) verwenden, um einen Zeiger zu verlieren. Eine Nutzung " "dieser könnte sein, um zur Laufzeit initialisierte statische Variablen in " "Laufzeitgröße zu erhalten" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21 msgid "" "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." "html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor " "is never run)." msgstr "" "Du kannst [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." "html) verwenden, um den Compiler einen Wert \"vergessen\" zu lassen (was " "bedeutet, dass der Destruktor niemals ausgeführt wird)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23 msgid "" "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." msgstr "" "Du kannst auch versehentlich einen \\[Referenzzyklus\\] mit `Rc` oder `Arc` " "erstellen" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25 msgid "" "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak " "and Rust does not protect from those." msgstr "" "In der Tat werden einige in Betracht ziehen, eine Sammlung (Collection) " "unendlich zu befüllen Rust schützt nicht vor sowelchen Speicherlecks " "(memory leaks)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28 msgid "" "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as " "\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." msgstr "" "\"Keine Speicherlecks\" sollten somit verstanden werden als \"so gut wie " "keine _versehentlichen_ Speicherlecks\"." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" msgstr "Kein undefiniertes Verhalten (undefined behavior) zur Laufzeit:" #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 msgid "Array access is bounds checked." msgstr "Der Array-Zugriff wird auf Grenzen geprüft." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." msgstr "Ganzzahlüberlauf ist definiert." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " "build --release`)." msgstr "" "Ganzzahlüberlauf (integer overflow) wird über ein Flag zur Kompilierzeit " "definiert. Die Optionen sind entweder ein kontrollierter Abbruch des " "Programms (panic) oder eine Wrap-Around Semantik. Standardmäßig erhältst Du " "einen Abbruch (panic) im Debug-Modus (`cargo build`) und ein Wrap-Around im " "Release-Modus (`cargo build --release`)." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 msgid "" "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " "disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " "call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds " "checking." msgstr "" "Die Grenzüberprüfung (bounds checking) kann nicht mit einem Compiler-Flag " "deaktiviert werden. Es kann auch nicht direkt mit dem Schlüsselwort „unsafe“ " "deaktiviert werden. Jedoch kannst Du Funktionen wie `slice::get_unchecked` " "mit `unsafe` aufrufen was keine Grenzenprüfung durchführt." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." msgstr "Rust wurde mit vielen Erfahrungen aus den letzten 40 Jahren gebaut." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 msgid "Language Features" msgstr "Sprachmerkmale" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 msgid "Enums and pattern matching." msgstr "Enums und Musterabgleich (pattern matching)." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:8 msgid "Generics." msgstr "Generika." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:9 msgid "No overhead FFI." msgstr "Kein Overhead-FFI." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:10 msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." msgstr "Nullkosten-Abstraktionen." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:12 msgid "Tooling" msgstr "Werkzeuge (Tools)" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:14 msgid "Great compiler errors." msgstr "Gute Compiler-Fehler." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:15 msgid "Built-in dependency manager." msgstr "Eingebauter Paketmanager." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:16 msgid "Built-in support for testing." msgstr "Eingebaute Unterstützung für Tests." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." msgstr "Hervorragende Unterstützung des Language Server Protokolls." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:23 msgid "" "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' " "for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, " "writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level " "instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." msgstr "" "Kostenfreie Abstraktionen, ähnlich wie bei C++, bedeuten, dass Du für " "Programmierkonstrukte auf höherer Ebene nicht mit Speicher oder CPU " "„bezahlen“ musst. Beispielsweise sollte das Schreiben einer Schleife mit " "`for` ungefähr zu denselben Low-Level-Anweisungen führen wie die Verwendung " "des Konstrukts `.iter().fold()`." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:28 msgid "" "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also " "known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like " "`Option` and `Result`." msgstr "" "Es kann erwähnenswert sein, dass Rust-Enums „algebraische Datentypen“ sind, " "auch bekannt als „Summentypen“, die es dem Typsystem ermöglichen, Dinge wie " "`Option` und `Result` auszudrücken." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:32 msgid "" "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ " "feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." msgstr "" "Erinnere die Teilnehmer daran, die Fehler zu lesen – viele Entwickler haben " "sich daran gewöhnt, lange Compiler-Ausgaben zu ignorieren. Der Rust-Compiler " "ist deutlich gesprächiger als andere Compiler. Es liefert Ihnen oft " "_umsetzbares_ Feedback, das Sie in Ihren Code einfach übernehmen können." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:37 msgid "" "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, " "and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " "and essential:" msgstr "" "Die Rust-Standardbibliothek ist im Vergleich zu Sprachen wie Java, Python " "und Go klein. Rust bringt einige Dinge nicht mit, die Sie als normal " "betrachten könnten:" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:41 msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." msgstr "ein Zufallszahlengenerator, siehe aber [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:42 msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." msgstr "" "Unterstützung für SSL oder TLS, siehe jedoch [rusttls](https://docs.rs/" "rustls/)." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." msgstr "" "Unterstützung für JSON, siehe jedoch [serde_json](https://docs.rs/" "serde_json/)." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:45 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " "there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." msgstr "" "Der Grund dafür ist, dass die Funktionalität in der Standardbibliothek nicht " "herausgenommen werden dürfen und daher sehr stabil sein muss. Für die obigen " "Beispiele arbeitet die Rust-Gemeinschaft immer noch daran, die beste Lösung " "zu finden – und vielleicht gibt es für einige dieser Dinge keine einzige " "„beste Lösung“." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:50 msgid "" "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence " "of this is that the standard library can be smaller." msgstr "" "Rust verfügt über einen integrierten Paketmanager in Form von Cargo, der das " "Herunterladen und Kompilieren von Crates von Drittanbietern vereinfacht. " "Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Standardbibliothek kleiner sein kann." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:54 msgid "" "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to " "find a good and trusted one." msgstr "" "Das Auffinden guter Kisten von Drittanbietern kann ein Problem sein. " "Websites wie hilft Dir dabei, indem es Dir ermöglicht, " "Gesundheitsmetriken für Kisten zu vergleichen, um eine gute und " "vertrauenswürdige zu finden." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:58 msgid "" "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." msgstr "" "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) ist eine gut unterstützte " "LSP-Implementierung, die in wichtigen IDEs und Texteditoren verwendet wird." #: src/basic-syntax.md:3 msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" msgstr "Ein Großteil der Rust-Syntax wird Ihnen aus C oder C++ bekannt sein:" #: src/basic-syntax.md:5 msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." msgstr "" "Blöcke und Bereiche (scopes) werden durch geschweifte Klammern getrennt." #: src/basic-syntax.md:6 msgid "" "Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " "*/`." msgstr "" "Zeilenkommentare beginnen mit `//`, Blockkommentare werden mit `/* ... */` " "begrenzt" #: src/basic-syntax.md:8 msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." msgstr "Schlüsselwörter (keywords) wie `if` und `while` funktionieren gleich." #: src/basic-syntax.md:9 msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." msgstr "Variablenzuweisung erfolgt mit `=`, Vergleich erfolgt mit `==`." #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Types" msgstr "Typen" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Literals" msgstr "Literale" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "Ganzzahlen mit Vorzeichen" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "Ganzzahlen ohne Vorzeichen `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "`0`, `123`, `10u16`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "Fließkommazahlen" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "`f32`, `f64`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "Zeichenketten (Strings)" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Strings" msgstr "`&str`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`&str`" msgstr "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" msgstr "Unicode-Skalarwerte" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "`char`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`char`" msgstr "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "Wahrheitswerte (booleans)" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Booleans" msgstr "`bool`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`bool`" msgstr "`true`, `false`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "Die Typen haben folgende Breiten:" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "`iN`, `uN` und `fN` sind _N_ Bits breit," #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "`isize` und `usize` sind die Breite eines Zeigers," #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "`char` ist 32 Bit breit," #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "`bool` ist 8 Bit breit." #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "Es gibt einige Syntaxen, die oben nicht aufgeführt sind:" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 msgid "" "Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " "`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " "amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" msgstr "" "Mit puren Zeichenketten (raw strings) kannst Du einen `&str`\\-Wert mit " "deaktivierten Escape-Zeichen erstellen: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\\\\\n\"`. Du " "kannst doppelte Anführungszeichen einbetten, indem Du auf beiden Seiten der " "Anführungszeichen die gleiche Anzahl von `#` verwendest:" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(r#\"link\"#);\n" " println!(\"link\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(r#\"link\"#);\n" " println!(\"link\");\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34 msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" msgstr "Mit Byte-Strings kannst Du direkt einen „&\\[u8\\]“-Wert erstellen:" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43 msgid "" "All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " "`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " "as `123i64`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "Arrays" msgstr "Arrays" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "`[T; N]`" msgstr "`[T; N]`" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "Tuples" msgstr "Tupel" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 msgid "Array assignment and access:" msgstr "Array-Zuordnung und Zugriff:" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n" " a[5] = 0;\n" " println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18 msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" msgstr "Tupel-Zuweisung und Zugriff:" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n" " println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n" " println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32 msgid "Arrays:" msgstr "Arrays:" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " "elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " "its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " "different types." msgstr "" "Arrays haben Elemente desselben Typs `T` und der Länge `N`, was eine " "Konstante zur Kompilierungszeit ist. Beachten Sie, dass die Länge des Arrays " "_Teil seines Typs_ ist, was bedeutet, dass `[u8; 3]` und `[u8; 4]` als zwei " "verschiedene Typen betrachtet werden." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." msgstr "Wir können Literale verwenden, um Arrays Werte zuzuweisen." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 msgid "" "In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation " "with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives " "the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without " "specifying the value after the format string." msgstr "" "In der `main`\\-Funktion fragt die print-Anweisung mit dem Formatparameter `?" "` nach der Debug-Implementierung: `{}` gibt die Standardausgabe aus, „{:?}“ " "gibt die Debug-Ausgabe aus. Wir hätten auch `{a}` und `{a:?}` verwenden " "können, ohne den Wert nach der Formatzeichenfolge anzugeben." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45 msgid "" "Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " "easier to read." msgstr "" "Das Hinzufügen von `#`, z. B. `{a:#?}`, ruft ein „hübsches " "Druckformat“ (pretty print) auf, das einfacher zu lesen ist." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47 msgid "Tuples:" msgstr "Tupel:" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49 msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." msgstr "Wie Arrays haben Tupel eine feste Länge." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51 msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." msgstr "" "Tupel gruppieren Werte unterschiedlicher Typen zu einem zusammengesetzten " "Typ." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53 msgid "" "Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " "e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "" "Auf Felder eines Tupels kann durch einen Punkt gefolgt von dem Index des " "Werts zugegriffen werden, z. B. „t.0“, „t.1“." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55 msgid "" "The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " "and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its " "value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " "function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. " msgstr "" "Das leere Tupel „()“ wird auch als „Einheitstyp“ (unit type) bezeichnet. Es " "ist sowohl ein Typ als auch der einzige gültige Wert dieses Typs – das " "heißt, sowohl der Typ als auch sein Wert werden als `()` ausgedrückt. Es " "wird beispielsweise verwendet, um anzuzeigen, dass eine Funktion oder ein " "Ausdruck keinen Rückgabewert hat, wie wir auf einer zukünftigen Folie sehen " "werden." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59 msgid "" "You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " "programming languages." msgstr "" "Du kannst es Dir als `void` vorstellen, das Dir aus anderen " "Programmiersprachen bekannt sein könnte." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" msgstr "Wie C++ hat Rust Referenzen:" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x: i32 = 10;\n" " let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n" " *ref_x = 20;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14 msgid "Some notes:" msgstr "Einige Notizen:" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16 msgid "" "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " "pointers." msgstr "" "Wir müssen `ref_x` beim Zuweisen dereferenzieren, ähnlich wie bei C und C++-" "Zeigern." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17 msgid "" "Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " "methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)." msgstr "" "Rust wird in einigen Fällen automatisch dereferenzieren, insbesondere beim " "Aufrufen von Methoden (probiere `ref_x.count_ones()`)." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19 msgid "" "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over " "their lifetime." msgstr "" "Referenzen, die als `mut` deklariert sind, können über ihre Lebensdauer an " "unterschiedliche Werte gebunden werden." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25 msgid "" "Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " "&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound " "to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable " "value." msgstr "" "Beachte unbedingt den Unterschied zwischen `let mut ref_x: &i32` und `let " "ref_x: &mut i32`. Das erste stellt eine veränderliche Referenz (mutable " "reference) dar, an die unterschiedliche Werte gebunden werden können, " "während das zweite Beispiel einen Verweis auf einen veränderlichen Wert " "darstellt." #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" msgstr "Rust verbietet hängende Referenzen statisch:" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let ref_x: &i32;\n" " {\n" " let x: i32 = 10;\n" " ref_x = &x;\n" " }\n" " println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16 msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." msgstr "" "Eine Referenz \"leiht\" (borrows) sich den Wert, auf den sie sich bezieht, ." #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17 msgid "" "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " "enough." msgstr "" "Rust verfolgt die Lebensdauer aller Referenzen, um sicherzustellen, dass sie " "lange genug leben" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19 msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." msgstr "" "Wir werden mehr über das Ausleihen (borrowing) sprechen, wenn wir zum " "Eigentum (ownership) kommen." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" msgstr "" "Ein Anteilstyp (slice) gibt Ihnen einen Einblick in eine größere Sammlung " "(collection):" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" " println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n" "\n" " let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n" "\n" " println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." msgstr "Anteilstypen (slices) borgen (borrow) Daten vom Sliced-Typ." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" msgstr "Frage: Was passiert, wenn Du `a[3]` änderst?" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21 msgid "" "We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " "indexes in brackets." msgstr "" "Wir erstellen ein Anteilstyp, indem wir `a` ausleihen (borrow) und den " "Start- und Endindex in Klammern angeben." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23 msgid "" "If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " "starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " "identical." msgstr "" "Wenn der Anteilstyp bei Index 0 beginnt, erlaubt uns die Range-Syntax von " "Rust, den Startindex wegzulassen, was bedeutet, dass `&a[0..a.len()]` und " "`&a[..a.len()]` identisch sind." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25 msgid "" "The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " "identical." msgstr "" "Das Gleiche gilt für den letzten Index, daher sind `&a[2..a.len()]` und " "`&a[2..]` identisch." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27 msgid "" "To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." msgstr "" "Um einfach einen Anteilstyp des gesamten Arrays zu erstellen, können wir " "daher „&a\\[..\\]“ verwenden." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29 msgid "" "`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " "(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " "computation on slices of different sizes." msgstr "" "`s` ist ein Verweis (reference) auf einen Teil von `i32`. Beachte, dass der " "Typ `s` (`&[i32]`) die Array-Länge nicht mehr erwähnt. Dadurch können wir " "Berechnungen für Anteilstypen unterschiedlicher Größe durchführen." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31 msgid "" "Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " "'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " msgstr "" "Anteilstypen (slices) leihen (borrow) sich immer etwas von einem anderen " "Objekt aus. In diesem Beispiel muss `a` mindestens so lange (im " "Gültigkeitsbereich (scope)) „lebendig“ bleiben wie unser Anteilstyp." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " "the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " "this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " "safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " "`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained " "in the borrow checker section." msgstr "" "Die Frage nach einer Werteänderung durch `a[3]` kann eine interessante " "Diskussion auslösen, aber die Antwort lautet: aus Gründen der " "Speichersicherheit kannst Du dies nicht über `a` tun, nachdem Du ein Slice " "erstellt hast. Allerdings kannst Du die Werte sowohl von `a` als auch von " "`s` sicher lesen. Weitere Einzelheiten werden im Abschnitt " "„Ausleihenprüfer“ (borrow checker) erläutert." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 msgid "`String` vs `str`" msgstr "`String` vs `str`" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" msgstr "Kommen wir jetzt zu den beiden String-Typen in Rust:" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: &str = \"World\";\n" " println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" "\n" " let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " s2.push_str(s1);\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " \n" " let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n" " println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20 msgid "Rust terminology:" msgstr "Rust-Terminologie:" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." msgstr "" "`&str` eine unveränderliche (immutable) Referenz auf einen String-Slice." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23 msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." msgstr "`String` ein veränderlicher String-Puffer (mutable string buffer)." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27 msgid "" "`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " "encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " "(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." msgstr "" "`&str` führt einen String-Slice ein, der eine unveränderliche Referenz auf " "UTF-8-codierte String-Daten ist, die in einem Speicherblock gespeichert " "sind. String-Literale (`\"Hallo\"`) werden in der Binärdatei des Programms " "gespeichert." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 msgid "" "Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " "`Vec`, it is owned." msgstr "" "Der `String`\\-Typ von Rust ist eine Verpackung (wrapper) um einen Byte-" "Vektor. Wie bei einem `Vec` ist es im Besitz." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32 msgid "" "As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " "literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " "can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." msgstr "" "Wie bei vielen anderen Typen erstellt `String::from()` einen String aus " "einem String-Literal; `String::new()` erstellt einen neuen leeren String, zu " "dem String-Daten mit den Methoden `push()` und `push_str()` hinzugefügt " "werden können." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35 msgid "" "The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " "dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." msgstr "" "Das Makro `format!()` ist eine praktische Möglichkeit, einen aneigenbaren " "(owned) String aus dynamischen Werten zu generieren. Es akzeptiert die " "gleiche Formatspezifikation wie `println!()`." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38 msgid "" "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " "selection." msgstr "" "Du kannst `&str`\\-Slices von `String` über `&` und optional eine " "Bereichsauswahl (range selection) ausleihen." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40 msgid "" "For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one " "that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " "equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " "UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." msgstr "" "Für C++-Programmierer: Stell Dir `&str` als `const char*` aus C++ vor, der " "immer auf eine gültige Zeichenfolge im Speicher zeigt. Rust `String` ist ein " "grobes Äquivalent von `std::string` aus C++ (Hauptunterschied: Es kann nur " "UTF-8-codierte Bytes enthalten und wird niemals eine Optimierung für kleine " "Zeichenfolgen verwenden). " #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 msgid "" "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" msgstr "" "Eine Rust-Version der berühmten [FizzBuzz](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Fizz_buzz) Interviewfrage:" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n" " if divisor == 0 {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" " n % divisor == 0\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n" " let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n" " let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n" " if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n" " return format!(\"{n}\");\n" " }\n" " format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n" " for i in 1..=n {\n" " println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35 msgid "" "We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations " "nor headers are necessary. " msgstr "" "Wir beziehen uns in `main` auf eine unten beschriebene Funktion. Es sind " "weder Forward-Deklarationen noch Header erforderlich." #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36 msgid "" "Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " "programming languages), then a return type." msgstr "" "Auf Deklarationsparameter folgt ein Typ (das Gegenteil einiger " "Programmiersprachen) und dann ein Rückgabetyp." #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37 msgid "" "The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " "value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression." msgstr "" "Der letzte Ausdruck in einem Funktionskörper (oder einem beliebigen Block) " "wird zum Rückgabewert. Lasse einfach das `;` am Ende des Ausdrucks weg." #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38 msgid "" "Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " "compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." msgstr "" "Einige Funktionen haben keinen Rückgabewert und geben den `Einheitentyp` " "(Unittyp) `()` zurück. Der Compiler schließt daraus, wenn der Rückgabetyp `-" ">()` weggelassen wird." #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 msgid "" "The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " "`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." msgstr "" "Der Bereichsausdruck (range expression) in der `for`\\-Schleife in " "`print_fizzbuzz_to()` enthält `=n`, was dazu führt, dass die Obergrenze " "einschlossen wird." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 msgid "" "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." msgstr "" "Alle Sprachelemente in Rust können mit der speziellen `///`\\-Syntax " "dokumentiert werden." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " "argument.\n" "///\n" "/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" "fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" " if rhs == 0 {\n" " return false; // Corner case, early return\n" " }\n" " lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " "value\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17 msgid "" "The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " "automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " "idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." msgstr "" "Die Inhalte werden als Markdown behandelt. Alle veröffentlichten Rust-" "Bibliothekskästen (library crates) werden automatisch unter [`docs.rs`]" "(https://docs.rs) mit [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-" "rustdoc.html) dokumentiert. Es ist idiomatisch, alle öffentlichen Elemente " "in einer API mithilfe dieses Musters zu dokumentieren." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24 msgid "" "Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]" "(https://docs.rs/rand)." msgstr "" "Zeige den Schülern die generierten Dokumente für die Kiste (crate) `rand` " "unter [`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27 msgid "" "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in " "real code they should be present." msgstr "" "Dieser Kurs enthält keine Rustdocs auf Folien, um Platz zu sparen, aber im " "echten Code sollten Rustdoc-Kommentare vorhanden sein." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30 msgid "" "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not " "be addressed here." msgstr "" "Inner doc Kommentare werden später besprochen (auf der Seite zu Modulen) und " "müssen hier nicht behandelt werden." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 msgid "" "Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " "`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" "testing/doc-tests.html)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 msgid "" "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" msgstr "" "Methoden sind Funktionen, die einem bestimmten Typ zugeordnet sind. Das " "`self`\\-Argument einer Methode ist die Instanz des Typs, dem sie zugeordnet " "ist:" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Rectangle {\n" " width: u32,\n" " height: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Rectangle {\n" " fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n" " self.width * self.height\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n" " self.width += delta;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n" " println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n" " rect.inc_width(5);\n" " println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 msgid "" "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " "class." msgstr "" "Wir werden uns in der heutigen Übung und im morgigen Unterricht tiefer mit " "Methoden befassen." #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" msgstr "" "Füge einen `Rectangle::new`\\-Konstruktor hinzu und rufe diesen von `main` " "aus auf:" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 msgid "" "While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods " "are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual " "constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See " "the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " "static methods can take arbitrary parameters." msgstr "" "Füge einen `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)`\\-Konstruktor hinzu, um zu " "veranschaulichen, dass Konstruktoren beliebige Parameter annehmen können." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 msgid "Function Overloading" msgstr "Funktionsüberladung" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 msgid "Overloading is not supported:" msgstr "Überladen wird nicht unterstützt:" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 msgid "Each function has a single implementation:" msgstr "Jede Funktion hat eine einzige Implementierung:" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6 msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." msgstr "Akzeptiert immer eine feste Anzahl von Parametern." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7 msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types." msgstr "Akzeptiert immer einen einzelnen Satz von Parametertypen." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8 msgid "Default values are not supported:" msgstr "Standardwerte werden nicht unterstützt:" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9 msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." msgstr "" "Alle Aufrufstellen (call sites) haben die gleiche Anzahl von Argumenten." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10 msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." msgstr "Makros werden manchmal als Alternative verwendet." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" msgstr "Funktionsparameter können jedoch generisch sein:" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n" " if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n" " println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27 msgid "" "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of " "limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later " "section." msgstr "" "Bei Verwendung von Generika (generics) kann `Into` der Standardbibliothek " "eine Art eingeschränkten Polymorphismus für Argumenttypen bereitstellen. " "Weitere Einzelheiten erfährst Du in einem späteren Abschnitt." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" msgstr "Tag 1: Übungen am Morgen" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" msgstr "In diesen Übungen werden wir zwei Teile von Rust erkunden:" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 msgid "Implicit conversions between types." msgstr "Implizite Konvertierungen zwischen Typen." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." msgstr "Arrays und `for`\\-Schleifen." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" msgstr "Ein paar Dinge, die Du beim Lösen der Aufgaben beachten solltest:" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 msgid "" "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) " "for details on installing Rust." msgstr "" "Verwende nach Möglichkeit eine lokale Rust-Installation. Auf diese Weise " "kannst Du Autovervollständigung in Deinem Editor erhalten. Weitere " "Informationen findest Du auf der Seite: \\[Cargo verwenden\\]." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." msgstr "Alternativ kannst du den Rust Spielplatz verwenden." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 msgid "" "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose " "their state if you navigate away from the page." msgstr "" "Die Code-Snippets sind absichtlich nicht editierbar: die Inline-Code-" "Snippets verlieren Deine Änderungen, sobald Du die Seite verlässt." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" "morning.md) provided." msgstr "" "Nachdem Sie sich die Übung angesehen haben, können Sie sich die " "bereitgestellte \\[Lösung\\] ansehen." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 msgid "" "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" msgstr "" "Rust wendet nicht automatisch _implizite Konvertierungen_ zwischen Typen an " "(\\[anders als C++[3](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" "implicit_conversion)). Das kannst Du an einem Programm wie diesem sehen:" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n" " x * y\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x: i8 = 15;\n" " let y: i16 = 1000;\n" "\n" " println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19 msgid "" "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The " "`From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into` " "trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type " "expresses that it can be converted into another type." msgstr "" "Alle Rust-Integer-Typen implementieren die [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/convert/trait.From.html)\\- und [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/convert/trait.Into.html)\\-Merkmale (traits), um zwischen ihnen " "umzuwandeln. Das `From`\\-Merkmal (trait) hat eine einzige `from()` \\-" "Methode und ähnlicherweise hat das `Into`\\-Merkmal auch nur eine einzige " "`into()`\\-Methode. Durch die Implementierung dieser Merkmale (traits) " "drückt ein Typ aus, zu welchen anderen Typen dieser umgewandelt werden kann." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25 msgid "" "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for " "i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for " "i8`." msgstr "" "Die Standardbibliothek enthält eine Implementierung von `From for i16`, " "was bedeutet dass wir eine Variable `x` vom Typ `i8` in ein `i16` durch " "`i16::from(x)` umwandeln können. Alternativ geht dies mit `x.into()`, denn " "die `From for i16`\\-Implementierung erstellt automatisch eine " "`Into for i8`\\-Implementierung." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30 msgid "" "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so " "it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " "implementation automatically." msgstr "" "Dasselbe gilt für `From`\\-Implementierungen für Deine eigenen Typen. Es " "reicht also aus, nur `From` zu implementieren, um automatisch eine " "entsprechende `Into`\\-Implementierung zu erhalten." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33 msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." msgstr "Führe das obige Programm aus und schau Dir den Compiler-Fehler an." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35 msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." msgstr "" "Aktualisiere den obigen Code, um `into()` für die Konvertierung zu verwenden." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37 msgid "" "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." "From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you check." msgstr "" "Ändere die Typen von `x` und `y` in andere Typen (z. B. `f32`, `bool`, " "`i128`), um zu sehen, welche Typen Du in welche anderen Typen konvertieren " "kannst. Versuche, kleine Typen in große Typen umzuwandeln und umgekehrt. " "Schau in der [Standardbibliotheksdokumentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/convert/trait.From.html) nach, ob `From` für die von Dir überprüften " "Paare implementiert sind." #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" msgstr "Arrays und `for`\\-Schleifen" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" msgstr "Wir haben gesehen, dass ein Array wie folgt deklariert werden kann:" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 msgid "" "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" "`:" msgstr "" "Du kannst ein solches Array drucken (print), indem Du mit `{:?}` nach der " "Debug-Darstellung fragst:" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" " println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18 msgid "" "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " "keyword:" msgstr "" "Mit Rust kannst Du über Dinge wie Arrays und Ranges iterieren, indem Du " "`for` verwendest:" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" " print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" " for n in &array {\n" " print!(\" {n}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "\n" " print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n" " for i in 0..3 {\n" " print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38 msgid "" "Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " "and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " "columns):" msgstr "" "Verwende den obigen Code, um eine Funktion `pretty_print` zu schreiben, die " "eine Matrix formatiert druckt und schreibe eine Funktion `transpose`, die " "eine Matrix transponiert (Zeilen in Spalten umwandelt):" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41 msgid "" "```bob\n" " ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n" "\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" " ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47 msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." msgstr "Beide Funktionen müssen dabei nur mit 3 × 3-Matrizen arbeiten." #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " "functions:" msgstr "" "Kopiere den folgenden Code nach und " "implementiere die Funktionen:" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" "\n" " println!(\"matrix:\");\n" " pretty_print(&matrix);\n" "\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " println!(\"transposed:\");\n" " pretty_print(&transposed);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80 msgid "Bonus Question" msgstr "Bonus-Frage" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 msgid "" "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your " "argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional " "slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" msgstr "" "Könntest Du den `&[i32]`\\-Anteilstyp anstelle von fest codierten 3 × 3-" "Matrizen als Argument- und Rückgabetypen verwenden? Oder etwas wie " "`&[&[i32]]` für einen zweidimensionalen Anteilstyp? Warum oder warum nicht?" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87 msgid "" "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality " "implementation." msgstr "" "Teste die [`ndarray`\\-Kiste](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) für eine " "produktionsfertige Implementierung." #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92 msgid "" "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." msgstr "" "Die Lösung und die Antwort zum Bonusteil findest Du im Abschnitt [Lösung]" "(solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 msgid "" "The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " "preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98 msgid "Without the `&`..." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99 msgid "" "The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " "[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" "rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102 msgid "" "An implicit array copy would have occurred. Since `i32` is a copy type, " "then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " "evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " "becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " "work similarly in Rust." msgstr "" "Wie wir gesehen haben, ist `if` ein Ausdruck in Rust. Es ist bedingt gewohnt " "einen von zwei Blöcken auswerten, aber die Blöcke können einen Wert haben, " "der dann wird der Wert des `if`\\-Ausdrucks. Andere " "Ablaufsteuerungsausdrücke funktionieren ähnlich in Rost." #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " "and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" msgstr "" "Ein Block in Rust hat einen Wert und einen Typ: Der Wert ist der letzte " "Ausdruck der Block:" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = {\n" " let y = 10;\n" " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" " let z = {\n" " let w = {\n" " 3 + 4\n" " };\n" " println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" " y * w\n" " };\n" " println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" " z - y\n" " };\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26 msgid "" "If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " "`()`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " "return value:" msgstr "" "Die gleiche Regel gilt für Funktionen: Der Wert des Funktionskörpers ist der " "Rückgabewert:" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" " x + x\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28 #: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 #: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Key Points:" msgstr "Wichtige Punkte:" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " "Rust. " msgstr "" "Der Zweck dieser Folie ist es zu zeigen, dass Blöcke in Rust einen Typ und " "einen Wert haben." #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " "the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." msgstr "" "Sie können zeigen, wie sich der Wert des Blocks ändert, indem Sie die letzte " "Zeile im Block ändern. Zum Beispiel das Hinzufügen/Entfernen eines " "Semikolons oder die Verwendung eines `Return`." #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`if` expressions" msgstr "`if`\\-Ausdrücke" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" "if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " "block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" "Darüber hinaus können Sie es als Ausdruck verwenden. Das macht dasselbe wie " "oben:" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 msgid "" "Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " "branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " "add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`for` loops" msgstr "`for`\\-Schleifen" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " "related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " "automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" msgstr "" "Der „for“-Ausdruck ist eng verwandt mit dem „while let“-Ausdruck. Es wird " "Rufen Sie automatisch `into_iter()` für den Ausdruck auf und iterieren Sie " "dann darüber:" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" "\n" " for x in v {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " }\n" " \n" " for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" " println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." msgstr "Sie können hier wie gewohnt `break` und `continue` verwenden." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." msgstr "" "Index-Iteration ist in Rust keine spezielle Syntax für genau diesen Fall." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " msgstr "„(0..10)“ ist ein Bereich, der ein „Iterator“-Merkmal implementiert." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " "element. " msgstr "" "„step_by“ ist eine Methode, die einen weiteren „Iterator“ zurückgibt, der " "jedes andere Element überspringt." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`while` loops" msgstr "`while`\\-Ausdrücke" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" "expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " while x != 1 {\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`break` and `continue`" msgstr "`break` und `continue`" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 msgid "" "If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 msgid "" "If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " "used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" "Wenn Sie eine Schleife vorzeitig verlassen möchten, verwenden Sie `break`, " "wenn Sie sofort beginnen möchten Verwenden Sie für die nächste Iteration " "\"Continue\". Sowohl `Continue` als auch `Break` können optional verwendet " "werden Nehmen Sie ein Label-Argument, das zum Ausbrechen aus verschachtelten " "Schleifen verwendet wird:" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" " 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " let mut i = 0;\n" " while i < x {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" " i += 1;\n" " if i == 3 {\n" " break 'outer;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." msgstr "" "In diesem Fall brechen wir die äußere Schleife nach 3 Iterationen der " "inneren Schleife." #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`loop` expressions" msgstr "`loop`\\-Ausdrücke" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" msgstr "" "Schließlich gibt es noch ein „loop“-Schlüsselwort, das eine Endlosschleife " "erzeugt. Hier müssen Sie entweder `break` oder `return`, um die Schleife zu " "stoppen:" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " loop {\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" " if x == 1 {\n" " break;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " "value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " "`while` and `for` loops)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 msgid "" "Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " "by default:" msgstr "" "Rust bietet Typsicherheit (type safety) durch statische Typisierung (static " "typing). Bindungen an Variablen (variable bindings) sind standardmäßig " "unveränderlich (immutable):" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x: i32 = 10;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " // x = 20;\n" " // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 msgid "" "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " "types less and less as the course progresses." msgstr "" "Aufgrund von Typ-Inferenz (type inference) ist `i32` optional. Wir werden " "die Typen nach und nach immer öfter weglassen, je weiter der Kurs " "fortschreitet." #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "" "Rust wird sich ansehen, wie die Variable _benutzt_ wird, um den Typ zu " "bestimmen:" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" " println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" " println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = 10;\n" " let y = 20;\n" "\n" " takes_u32(x);\n" " takes_i8(y);\n" " // takes_u32(y);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " "constraints given by variable declarations and usages." msgstr "" "Diese Folie zeigt, wie der Rust-Compiler Typen basierend auf Einschränkungen " "ableitet, die durch Variablendeklarationen und Verwendungen gegeben sind." #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " "of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " "code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " "of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " "code." msgstr "" "Es ist sehr wichtig zu betonen, dass auf diese Weise deklarierte Variablen " "**nicht** von einem dynamischem \"beliebigen Typ\" sind, der beliebige Daten " "enthalten kann. Der durch eine solche Deklaration erzeugte Maschinencode ist " "identisch mit der expliziten Deklaration eines Typs. Der Compiler erledigt " "lediglich die Arbeit für uns und hilft uns prägnanteren Code zu schreiben." #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 msgid "" "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " "using `_` as a placeholder:" msgstr "" "Der folgende Code weist den Compiler an, in einen bestimmten generischen " "Container zu kopieren, ohne dass jemals der enthaltene Typ explizit " "angegeben wird. Der Unterstrich `_` wird dabei als Platzhalter verwendet:" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " v.push((10, false));\n" " v.push((20, true));\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "\n" " let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" " println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." "html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" "HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." msgstr "" "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." "html#method.collect) bezieht sich auf den `FromIterator`, den [`HashSet`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implementiert." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 msgid "Static and Constant Variables" msgstr "Statische und konstante Variablen" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 msgid "" "Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" "scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " "the program. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6 msgid "`const`" msgstr "`const`" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8 msgid "" "Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " "inlined wherever they are used:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" "const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n" "\n" "fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" " let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" " for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" " digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." "wrapping_add(b);\n" " }\n" " digest\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" " println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 msgid "" "According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." msgstr "" "Gemäß dem [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-" "static.html) werden diese bei der Verwendung eingefügt (inlined upon use)." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 msgid "" "Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " "`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 msgid "`static`" msgstr "`static`" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35 msgid "" "Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " "therefore will not move:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:37 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " "associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " "and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " "globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " "`const` is generally preferred." msgstr "" "Wie im [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-static." "html) erwähnt, werden diese bei der Verwendung nicht inliniert und haben " "einen tatsächlich zugeordneten Speicherort. Dies ist nützlich für unsicheren " "(unsafe) und eingebetteten (embedded) Code. Die Variable existiert während " "der gesamten Programmausführung." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 msgid "" "Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " "`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible " "to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any " "access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../" "unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57 msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." msgstr "" "Erwähne, dass sich `const` semantisch ähnlich wie `constexpr` in C++ verhält." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58 msgid "" "`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " "global variable in C++." msgstr "" "`static` hingegen ist einer `const` oder veränderlichen (mutable) globalen " "Variable in C++ viel ähnlicher." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59 msgid "" "`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " "required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60 msgid "" "It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " "it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" "Es kommt nicht sehr häufig vor, dass man eine zur Laufzeit ausgewertete " "Konstante benötigt, aber es ist hilfreich und sicherer als die Verwendung " "einer statischen." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61 msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63 msgid "Properties table:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 msgid "Property" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 #, fuzzy msgid "Static" msgstr "`static`" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 msgid "Constant" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 msgid "Has an address in memory" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 msgid "Yes" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 msgid "No (inlined)" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 #, fuzzy msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" msgstr "Die `main`\\-Funktion ist der Einstiegspunkt des Programms." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 msgid "No" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 msgid "Can be mutable" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 msgid "Yes (unsafe)" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 #, fuzzy msgid "Evaluated at compile time" msgstr "Werte haben feste Größen, die zur Kompilierzeit bekannt sind." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" msgstr "" "Sie können Variablen verschatten (shadow), sowohl solche aus äußeren " "Gültigkeitsbereichen (outer scopes) als auch Variablen aus dem gleichen " "Gültigkeitsbereich:" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = 10;\n" " println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" "\n" " {\n" " let a = \"hello\";\n" " println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" "\n" " let a = true;\n" " println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 msgid "" "Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " "both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " "under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " msgstr "" "Definition: Verschattung (shadowing) unterscheidet sich von Mutation, da " "nach der Verschattung die Speicherplätze beider Variablen gleichzeitig " "existieren. Beide Speicherplätze sind unter demselben Namen verfügbar, je " "nachdem, wo Sie die Variablen im Code verwenden." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " msgstr "Eine Shadowing-Variable kann einen anderen Typ haben." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " "after `.unwrap()`." msgstr "" "Shadowing sieht zunächst obskur aus, ist aber praktisch, um Werte nach `." "unwrap()` festzuhalten." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 msgid "" "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " "locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " "does not change." msgstr "" "Der folgende Code demonstriert, warum der Compiler Speicherorte nicht " "einfach wiederverwenden kann, wenn er eine unveränderliche Variable in einem " "Bereich verschattet, selbst wenn sich der Typ nicht ändert." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = 1;\n" " let b = &a;\n" " let a = a + 1;\n" " println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " "variants:" msgstr "" "Das Schlüsselwort „enum“ ermöglicht die Erstellung eines Typs, der mehrere " "hat verschiedene Varianten:" #: src/enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" " // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" " 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum CoinFlip {\n" " Heads,\n" " Tails,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" " let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" " if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" " return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" " } else {\n" " return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" msgstr "" "Aufzählungen ermöglichen es Ihnen, eine Reihe von Werten unter einem Typ zu " "sammeln" #: src/enums.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " "`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." msgstr "" "Diese Seite bietet einen Aufzählungstyp `CoinFlip` mit zwei Varianten " "`Heads` und `Tail`. Beachten Sie bei der Verwendung von Varianten " "möglicherweise den Namensraum." #: src/enums.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" msgstr "" "Dies könnte ein guter Zeitpunkt sein, um Structs und Enums zu vergleichen:" #: src/enums.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " "with different types of fields (variant payloads). " msgstr "" "In beiden Fällen können Sie eine einfache Version ohne Felder (unit struct) " "oder eine mit unterschiedlichen Feldtypen (variant payloads) haben." #: src/enums.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." msgstr "" "In beiden werden zugehörige Funktionen innerhalb eines `impl`\\-Blocks " "definiert." #: src/enums.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " "structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " "all defined in an enum. " msgstr "" "Sie könnten sogar die verschiedenen Varianten einer Aufzählung mit separaten " "Structs implementieren, aber dann wären sie nicht vom gleichen Typ, wie wenn " "sie alle in einer Aufzählung definiert wären." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " "the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" msgstr "" "Sie können reichhaltigere Aufzählungen definieren, bei denen die Varianten " "Daten enthalten. Sie können dann die verwenden `match`\\-Anweisung, um die " "Daten aus jeder Variante zu extrahieren:" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum WebEvent {\n" " PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" " KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" " Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" " match event {\n" " WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" " WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" " WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" " let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" " let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" "\n" " inspect(load);\n" " inspect(press);\n" " inspect(click);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 msgid "" "The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " "matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " "after the `=>`." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 msgid "" "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " "no fall-through like in C or C++." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 msgid "" "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " "match arm which was executed." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 msgid "" "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 msgid "" "Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " "the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 msgid "" "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" "discriminant()`" msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " "comparing field values doesn't affect equality." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 msgid "" "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " "cannot implement traits, for example." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " "account:" msgstr "" "Rust-Aufzählungen sind dicht gepackt, wobei Einschränkungen aufgrund der " "Ausrichtung berücksichtigt werden:" #: src/enums/sizes.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::any::type_name;\n" "use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" "\n" "fn dbg_size() {\n" " println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" " type_name::(), size_of::(), align_of::());\n" "}\n" "\n" "enum Foo {\n" " A,\n" " B,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " dbg_size::();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." "html)." msgstr "" "Siehe die \\[Rust-Referenz\\] (https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-" "layout.html)." #: src/enums/sizes.md:30 msgid "" "Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " "variant." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:32 msgid "" "You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[repr(u32)]\n" "enum Bar {\n" " A, // 0\n" " B = 10000,\n" " C, // 10001\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" " println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" " println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:49 msgid "" "Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " "bytes." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:53 msgid "Try out other types such as" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:55 msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:56 msgid "" "`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " "see below)," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:57 msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:58 msgid "" "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " "optimization, see below)." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:60 msgid "" "Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " "discriminant." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:63 msgid "" "Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " "`size_of::>()`." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:67 msgid "" "Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " "like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " "guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:70 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "\n" "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " "$bit_type>($e));\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" " // representation of types.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" " dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" " dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" " dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:105 msgid "" "More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " "than 256 `Option`s together." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:107 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" "\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "\n" "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " "$bit_type>($e));\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " "signs.\n" "// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" "macro_rules! many_options {\n" " ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" " ($value:expr, @) => {\n" " Some(Some($value))\n" " };\n" " ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" " many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" " // representation of types.\n" " unsafe {\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " "Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:3 msgid "" "Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " "They are used for pattern matching:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`if let` expressions" msgstr "`if let`\\-Ausdrücke" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`while let` expressions" msgstr "while let-Ausdrücke" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`match` expressions" msgstr "`Match`\\-Ausdrücke" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" "expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " "whether a value matches a pattern:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" " if let Some(value) = arg {\n" " println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" " } else {\n" " println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " "in Rust." msgstr "" "Siehe [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) für weitere Details zu " "Mustern in Rost." #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " "it more concise than `match`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 msgid "" "Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" "flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " "assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " "normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" "}\n" " \n" "fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" " let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" " let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" " return None;\n" " };\n" " Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`while let` loops" msgstr "`while let`\\-Ausdrücke" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " "repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" msgstr "" "Wie bei `if` gibt es eine `while let`\\-Variante, die einen Wert wiederholt " "testet gegen ein Muster:" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" "\n" " while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option` on " "every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " "it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " "items." msgstr "" "Hier gibt der von `v.iter()` zurückgegebene Iterator bei jedem eine " "`Option` zurück Aufruf von `next()`. Es gibt `Some(x)` zurück, bis es " "fertig ist, danach wird es gibt \"Keine\" zurück. Das `while let` lässt uns " "alle Elemente durchlaufen." #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " "matches the pattern." msgstr "" "Weisen Sie darauf hin, dass die „while let“-Schleife so lange läuft, wie der " "Wert mit dem Muster übereinstimmt." #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " "statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " "The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." msgstr "" "Sie könnten die „while let“-Schleife als Endlosschleife mit einer if-" "Anweisung umschreiben, die abbricht, wenn es keinen Wert zum Auspacken für " "„iter.next()“ gibt. Das `while let` liefert syntaktischen Zucker für das " "obige Szenario." #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" "expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " "sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" msgstr "" "Das Schlüsselwort „match“ wird verwendet, um einen Wert mit einem oder " "mehreren Mustern abzugleichen. In In diesem Sinne funktioniert es wie eine " "Reihe von `if let`\\-Ausdrücken:" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" " Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" " Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" " Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" " Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" " None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " "expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" "Wie bei „if let“ muss jeder Match-Arm denselben Typ haben. Der Typ ist der " "letzte Ausdruck des Blocks, falls vorhanden. Im obigen Beispiel ist der Typ " "`()`." #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 msgid "" "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " "against `String`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 msgid "" "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " "this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 msgid "" "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " "The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" "Mit dem Schlüsselwort „match“ können Sie einen Wert mit einem oder mehreren " "_Mustern_ abgleichen. Der Vergleiche werden von oben nach unten durchgeführt " "und das erste Match gewinnt." #: src/pattern-matching.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" "Die Muster können einfache Werte sein, ähnlich wie `switch` in C und C++:" #: src/pattern-matching.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let input = 'x';\n" "\n" " match input {\n" " 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" " 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" " '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." msgstr "Das `_`\\-Muster ist ein Platzhaltermuster, das jedem Wert entspricht." #: src/pattern-matching.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " "pattern" msgstr "" "Sie können darauf hinweisen, wie bestimmte Zeichen in einem Muster verwendet " "werden" #: src/pattern-matching.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "`|` als `oder`" #: src/pattern-matching.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "`..` kann beliebig erweitert werden" #: src/pattern-matching.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "„1..=5“ steht für einen inklusiven Bereich" #: src/pattern-matching.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "„\\_“ ist ein Platzhalter" #: src/pattern-matching.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." msgstr "" "Es kann nützlich sein, zu zeigen, wie die Bindung funktioniert, indem Sie " "zum Beispiel ein Platzhalterzeichen durch eine Variable ersetzen oder die " "Anführungszeichen um `q` entfernen." #: src/pattern-matching.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." msgstr "Sie können die Übereinstimmung anhand einer Referenz nachweisen." #: src/pattern-matching.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " "as the term can show up in error messages." msgstr "" "Dies könnte ein guter Zeitpunkt sein, um das Konzept der unwiderlegbaren " "Muster anzusprechen, da der Begriff in Fehlermeldungen auftauchen kann." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " "how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " "`enum` type:" msgstr "" "Muster können auch verwendet werden, um Variablen an Teile Ihrer Werte zu " "binden. Das ist wie Sie inspizieren die Struktur Ihrer Typen. Beginnen wir " "mit einem einfachen `enum`\\-Typ:" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum Result {\n" " Ok(i32),\n" " Err(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" " if n % 2 == 0 {\n" " Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" " } else {\n" " Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let n = 100;\n" " match divide_in_two(n) {\n" " Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" " Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " "arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " "arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" "Hier haben wir die Arme verwendet, um den „Result“-Wert zu " "_destrukturieren_. In der ersten arm, `half` ist an den Wert innerhalb der " "`Ok`\\-Variante gebunden. Im zweiten Arm, `msg` wird an die Fehlermeldung " "gebunden." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " "a `match`." msgstr "" "Der `if`/`else`\\-Ausdruck gibt eine Aufzählung zurück, die später mit einem " "`match` entpackt wird." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " "errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " "inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" "Sie können versuchen, der Enum-Definition eine dritte Variante hinzuzufügen " "und die Fehler beim Ausführen des Codes anzuzeigen. Weisen Sie auf die " "Stellen hin, an denen Ihr Code jetzt unerschöpflich ist und wie der Compiler " "versucht, Ihnen Hinweise zu geben." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" msgstr "Sie können `structs` auch destrukturieren:" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Foo {\n" " x: (u32, u32),\n" " y: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" " match foo {\n" " Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" " Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" " Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " "ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 msgid "" "The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " "spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " "subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" msgstr "" "Sie können Arrays, Tupel und Slices destrukturieren, indem Sie ihre Elemente " "abgleichen:" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" " match triple {\n" " [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" " [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 msgid "" "Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " "length." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" " inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" " match slice {\n" " &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" " &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 msgid "Add more values to the array." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 msgid "" "Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " "elements." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" msgstr "" "Beim Abgleich können Sie einem Muster einen _Wächter_ hinzufügen. Dies ist " "ein beliebiger boolescher Wert Ausdruck, der ausgeführt wird, wenn das " "Muster übereinstimmt:" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let pair = (2, -2);\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" " match pair {\n" " (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" " (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" " (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " "we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " "allow." msgstr "Match Guards als separates Syntax-Feature sind wichtig und notwendig." #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " "An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " "match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " "result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" "Sie sind nicht dasselbe wie ein separater „if“-Ausdruck innerhalb des Match-" "Arms. Ein „if“-Ausdruck innerhalb des Verzweigungsblocks (nach „=>“) " "erfolgt, nachdem der Match-Arm ausgewählt wurde. Wenn die 'if'-Bedingung " "innerhalb dieses Blocks nicht bestanden wird, führt dies nicht zu anderen " "Armen des betrachteten ursprünglichen \"Match\"-Ausdrucks." #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." msgstr "" "Sie können die im Muster definierten Variablen in Ihrem if-Ausdruck " "verwenden." #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " "with an `|`." msgstr "" "Die im Guard definierte Bedingung gilt für jeden Ausdruck in einem Muster " "mit einem `|`." #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Tag 1: Nachmittagsübungen" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at two things:" msgstr "Wir werden uns zwei Dinge ansehen:" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "The Luhn algorithm," msgstr "Luhn-Algorithmus" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." msgstr "Enums und Musterabgleich (pattern matching)." #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" "afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "" "Nachdem Sie sich die Übung angesehen haben, können Sie sich die " "bereitgestellte \\[Lösung\\] ansehen." #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " "to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " "does the following to validate the credit card number:" msgstr "" "Dazu dient der [Luhn-Algorithmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Luhn_algorithm). Kreditkartennummern validieren. Der Algorithmus nimmt eine " "Zeichenfolge als Eingabe und führt die aus Folgendes, um die " "Kreditkartennummer zu validieren:" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7 msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9 msgid "" "Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " "`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12 msgid "" "After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " "doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15 msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17 msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " "function." msgstr "" "Kopiere den folgenden Code nach und " "implementiere die Funktionen:" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21 msgid "" "Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " "integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:25 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo 0 0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[allow(dead_code)]\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 2" msgstr "Willkommen zu Tag 2" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" msgstr "" "Nachdem wir nun eine ganze Menge Rust gesehen haben, fahren wir fort mit:" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 msgid "" "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " "memory management, and garbage collection." msgstr "" "Speicherverwaltung: Stack vs. Heap, manuelle Speicherverwaltung, " "bereichsbasierte Speicherverwaltung und Speicherbereinigung (garbage " "collection)." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 msgid "" "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." msgstr "" "Eigentum (ownership): Bewegungssemantik (move semantics), Kopieren und " "Klonen (copy and cloning), Ausleihen (borrowing) und Lebensdauer (lifetimes)." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Structs and methods." msgstr "Strings und Iteratoren" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 msgid "" "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " "`Rc` and `Arc`." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:3 msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" msgstr "Traditionell fallen Sprachen in zwei grobe Kategorien:" #: src/memory-management.md:5 msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." msgstr "Volle Kontrolle über manuelle Speicherverwaltung: C, C++, Pascal, ..." #: src/memory-management.md:6 msgid "" "Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " "Haskell, ..." msgstr "" "Volle Sicherheit durch automatische Speicherverwaltung zur Laufzeit: Java, " "Python, Go, Haskell, ..." #: src/memory-management.md:8 msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" msgstr "Rust bietet eine neue Mischung:" #: src/memory-management.md:10 msgid "" "Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " "management." msgstr "" "Volle Kontrolle _und_ Sicherheit durch Erzwingung des korrekten Speichers " "zur Kompilierzeit." #: src/memory-management.md:13 msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." msgstr "" "Dies geschieht mit einem expliziten Eigentumskonzept (explicit ownership " "concept)." #: src/memory-management.md:15 msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." msgstr "" "Lasst uns zunächst die Funktionsweise der Speicherverwaltung auffrischen." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" msgstr "Stapel vs. Haufen" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." msgstr "Stack: Kontinuierlicher Speicherbereich für lokale Variablen." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." msgstr "Werte haben feste Größen, die zur Kompilierzeit bekannt sind." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." msgstr "Extrem schnell: Durch Bewegen eines Stapelzeigers." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." msgstr "Einfach zu verwalten: folgt Funktionsaufrufen." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 msgid "Great memory locality." msgstr "Große Speicherlokalität (memory locality)." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." msgstr "Heap: Speicherung von Werten außerhalb von Funktionsaufrufen." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." msgstr "Werte haben dynamische Größen, die zur Laufzeit bestimmt werden." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "Etwas langsamer als der Stapel: Etwas Buchhaltung ist erforderlich." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." msgstr "Keine Garantie für Speicherlokalität." #: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Stack and Heap Example" msgstr "Stapelspeicher vs. Haldenspeicher" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " "sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" msgstr "" "Das Erstellen eines \"Strings\" legt Daten mit fester Größe auf den Stapel " "und dynamisch in der Größe Daten auf dem Haufen:" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 msgid "" "Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " "length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 msgid "" "If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " "allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" "struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " "[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 msgid "" "We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " "point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" " s1.push(' ');\n" " s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" " // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " "to\n" " // undefined behavior.\n" " unsafe {\n" " let (ptr, capacity, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" "transmute(s1);\n" " println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." msgstr "Heap-Speicher können Sie selbst zuweisen und freigeben." #: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." msgstr "" "Wenn dies nicht sorgfältig durchgeführt wird, kann dies zu Abstürzen, " "Fehlern, Sicherheitslücken und Speicherlecks führen." #: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "C Example" msgstr "\\##C Beispiel" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" msgstr "" "Sie müssen `free` auf jedem Zeiger aufrufen, den Sie mit `malloc` zuweisen:" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 msgid "" "```c\n" "void foo(size_t n) {\n" " int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" " //\n" " // ... lots of code\n" " //\n" " free(int_array);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " "the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the " "pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security " "vulnerabilities." msgstr "" "Speicherverlust, wenn die Funktion früh zwischen `malloc` und `free` " "zurückkehrt: the Zeiger geht verloren und wir können den Speicher nicht " "freigeben." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." msgstr "" "Mit Konstruktoren und Destruktoren können Sie sich in die Lebensdauer eines " "Objekts einklinken." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " "destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " "is raised." msgstr "" "Indem Sie einen Zeiger in ein Objekt einschließen, können Sie Speicher " "freigeben, wenn das Objekt vorhanden ist zerstört. Der Compiler garantiert, " "dass dies geschieht, auch wenn es sich um eine Ausnahme handelt erzogen." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " "gives you smart pointers." msgstr "" "Dies wird oft als _Ressourcenerwerb ist Initialisierung_ (RAII) bezeichnet " "und gibt ihr klugen zeiger." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "C++ Example" msgstr "C++-Beispiel" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 msgid "" "```c++\n" "void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" " std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " "allocated on the heap." msgstr "" "Das `std::unique_ptr`\\-Objekt wird auf dem Stack allokiert und zeigt auf " "auf dem Heap zugewiesener Speicher." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." msgstr "" "Am Ende von `say_hello` wird der Destruktor `std::unique_ptr` ausgeführt." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." msgstr "Der Destruktor gibt das `Person`\\-Objekt frei, auf das er zeigt." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" msgstr "" "Spezielle Move-Konstruktoren werden verwendet, wenn der Besitz an eine " "Funktion übergeben wird:" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 msgid "" "```c++\n" "std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" "say_hello(std::move(person));\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Automatic Memory Management" msgstr "Automatische Speicherverwaltung" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " "memory management:" msgstr "" "Eine Alternative zur manuellen und bereichsbasierten Speicherverwaltung ist " "der automatische Speicher Management:" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." msgstr "" "Der Programmierer weist Speicher nie explizit zu oder gibt ihn nicht mehr " "frei." #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " "programmer." msgstr "" "Ein Garbage Collector findet ungenutzten Speicher und gibt ihn für den " "Programmierer frei." #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Java Example" msgstr "Java-Beispiel" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" msgstr "" "Das `person`\\-Objekt wird nicht freigegeben, nachdem `sayHello` " "zurückgegeben wird:" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 msgid "" "```java\n" "void sayHello(Person person) {\n" " System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory Management in Rust" msgstr "Speicherverwaltung in Rust" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" msgstr "Die Speicherverwaltung in Rust ist eine Mischung:" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." msgstr "Sicher und korrekt wie Java, aber ohne Garbage Collector." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." msgstr "" "Bereichsbasiert wie C++, aber der Compiler erzwingt die vollständige " "Einhaltung." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " "have no cost at runtime like C." msgstr "" "Ein Rust-Benutzer kann die richtige Abstraktion für die Situation auswählen, " "einige haben sogar keine Kosten zur Laufzeit wie C." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." msgstr "Dies wird erreicht, indem _Eigentum_ explizit modelliert wird." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " "errors in C." msgstr "" "Wenn Sie an dieser Stelle fragen, wie das geht, können Sie erwähnen, dass " "dies in Rust normalerweise von RAII-Wrapper-Typen wie [Box](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) oder " "[Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) gehandhabt wird. " "Diese kapseln den Besitz und die Speicherzuweisung auf verschiedene Weise " "und verhindern die potenziellen Fehler in C." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:15 msgid "" "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " "to use a variable outside its scope:" msgstr "" "Alle Variablenbindungen haben einen _Geltungsbereich_, wo sie gültig sind " "und es ein Fehler ist Verwenden Sie eine Variable außerhalb ihres " "Gültigkeitsbereichs:" #: src/ownership.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " {\n" " let p = Point(3, 4);\n" " println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" " }\n" " println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." msgstr "" "Am Ende des Gültigkeitsbereichs wird die Variable _gelöscht_ und die Daten " "werden freigegeben." #: src/ownership.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." msgstr "Hier kann ein Destruktor laufen, um Ressourcen freizugeben." #: src/ownership.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." msgstr "Wir sagen, dass die Variable den Wert _besitzt_." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" msgstr "Eine Zuweisung überträgt den Besitz zwischen Variablen:" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" " let s2: String = s1;\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." msgstr "Die Zuweisung von `s1` an `s2` überträgt das Eigentum." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." msgstr "" "Wenn `s1` den Gültigkeitsbereich verlässt, passiert nichts: Es hat keinen " "Besitz." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." msgstr "" "Wenn `s2` den Geltungsbereich verlässt, werden die String-Daten freigegeben." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." msgstr "Es gibt immer _genau_ eine Variablenbindung, die einen Wert besitzt." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " "value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" "Erwähnen Sie, dass dies das Gegenteil der Standardeinstellungen in C++ ist, " "die nach Wert kopieren, es sei denn, Sie verwenden `std::move` (und der Move-" "Konstruktor ist definiert!)." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23 msgid "" "It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " "to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " "are aggressively optimized away." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25 msgid "" "Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27 msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" " let s2: String = s1;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." msgstr "Die Heap-Daten von „s1“ werden für „s2“ wiederverwendet." #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." msgstr "" "Wenn `s1` den Gültigkeitsbereich verlässt, passiert nichts (es wurde " "verschoben)." #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Before move to `s2`:" msgstr "Vor dem Wechsel zu `s2`:" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "After move to `s2`:" msgstr "Nach Umzug nach `s2`:" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" ": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" ": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": s2 : |\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" ": | len | 4 | :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ :\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" msgstr "Doppel-Freigabe-Fehler in modernem C++" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" msgstr "Modernes C++ löst dies anders:" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 msgid "" "```c++\n" "std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" "std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." msgstr "" "Die Heap-Daten von `s1` werden dupliziert und `s2` bekommt seine eigene " "unabhängige Kopie." #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." msgstr "" "Wenn `s1` und `s2` den Geltungsbereich verlassen, geben sie jeweils ihren " "eigenen Speicher frei." #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Before copy-assignment:" msgstr "Vor Kopierauftrag:" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "After copy-assignment:" msgstr "Nach der Kopierzuweisung:" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:57 msgid "" "C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " "the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " "either string goes out of scope." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:61 msgid "" "C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " "which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " "been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " "move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " "programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:66 msgid "" "Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " "which is being copied or moved." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " "parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "" "Wenn Sie einer Funktion einen Wert übergeben, wird der Wert der Funktion " "zugewiesen Parameter. Dadurch wird das Eigentum übertragen:" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" " println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" " say_hello(name);\n" " // say_hello(name);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " "Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" "Mit dem ersten Aufruf von `say_hello` gibt `main` den Besitz von `name` auf. " "Danach kann `name` nicht mehr innerhalb von `main` verwendet werden." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " "`say_hello` function." msgstr "" "Der für `name` zugewiesene Heap-Speicher wird am Ende der `say_hello`\\-" "Funktion freigegeben." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " "if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." msgstr "" "`main` kann den Besitz behalten, wenn es `name` als Referenz (`&name`) " "übergibt und wenn `say_hello` eine Referenz als Parameter akzeptiert." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." "clone()`)." msgstr "" "Alternativ kann `main` beim ersten Aufruf (`name.clone()`) einen Klon von " "`name` übergeben." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " "semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." msgstr "" "Rust macht es schwieriger als C++, versehentlich Kopien zu erstellen, indem " "es die Bewegungssemantik zum Standard macht und Programmierer dazu zwingt, " "Klone explizit zu machen." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" msgstr "" "Während die Bewegungssemantik der Standard ist, werden bestimmte Typen " "standardmäßig kopiert:" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = 42;\n" " let y = x;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." msgstr "Diese Typen implementieren das `Copy`\\-Merkmal." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "" "Sie können Ihre eigenen Typen für die Verwendung von Kopiersemantik " "aktivieren:" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = p1;\n" " println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" " println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." msgstr "" "Nach der Zuweisung besitzen sowohl `p1` als auch `p2` ihre eigenen Daten." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." msgstr "" "Wir können auch `p1.clone()` verwenden, um die Daten explizit zu kopieren." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" msgstr "Kopieren und Klonen sind nicht dasselbe:" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " "arbitrary objects." msgstr "" "Kopieren bezieht sich auf bitweises Kopieren von Speicherbereichen und " "funktioniert nicht mit beliebigen Objekten." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." msgstr "" "Beim Kopieren ist keine benutzerdefinierte Logik möglich (im Gegensatz zu " "Kopierkonstruktoren in C++)." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " "implementing the `Clone` trait." msgstr "" "Klonen ist eine allgemeinere Operation und ermöglicht auch " "benutzerdefiniertes Verhalten durch Implementieren der Eigenschaft " "\"Klonen\"." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." msgstr "" "Das Kopieren funktioniert nicht bei Typen, die das `Drop`\\-Merkmal " "implementieren." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "In the above example, try the following:" msgstr "Versuchen Sie im obigen Beispiel Folgendes:" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " "is not a `Copy` type." msgstr "" "Fügen Sie ein `String`\\-Feld zu `struct Point` hinzu. Es wird nicht " "kompiliert, da `String` kein `Copy`\\-Typ ist." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " "`println!` for `p1`." msgstr "" "Entfernen Sie „Copy“ aus dem „derive“-Attribut. Der Compiler-Fehler steht " "jetzt im `println!` für `p1`." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." msgstr "Zeigen Sie, dass es funktioniert, wenn Sie stattdessen `p1` klonen." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " "to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." msgstr "" "Wenn Schüler nach „derive“ fragen, reicht es zu sagen, dass dies eine " "Möglichkeit ist, Code in Rust zu generieren zur Kompilierzeit. In diesem " "Fall werden die Standardimplementierungen der Merkmale „Kopieren“ und " "„Klonen“ generiert." #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " "function _borrow_ the value:" msgstr "" "Anstatt den Besitz beim Aufruf einer Funktion zu übertragen, können Sie a " "function _borrow_ den Wert:" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" " Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." msgstr "" "Die `add`\\-Funktion _leiht_ zwei Punkte und gibt einen neuen Punkt zurück." #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." msgstr "Der Aufrufer behält das Eigentum an den Eingaben." #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "Notes on stack returns:" msgstr "Hinweise zur Stapelrückgabe:" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 msgid "" "Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " "eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " "and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the " "assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" " "optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same " "when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" " let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" " println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" " p\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "Eine andere Möglichkeit, es zu erklären:" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 msgid "" "In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " "constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " "RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " "copy." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" msgstr "Rust schränkt die Art und Weise ein, wie Sie Werte ausleihen können:" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" msgstr "Sie können jederzeit einen oder mehrere `&T`\\-Werte haben, _oder_" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." msgstr "Sie können genau einen `&mut T`\\-Wert haben." #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" " let b: &i32 = &a;\n" "\n" " {\n" " let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" " *c = 20;\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " "`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." msgstr "" "Der obige Code lässt sich nicht kompilieren, da `a` gleichzeitig als " "veränderlich (durch `c`) und als unveränderlich (durch `b`) ausgeliehen wird." #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " "to make the code compile." msgstr "" "Verschieben Sie die `println!`\\-Anweisung für `b` vor den " "Gültigkeitsbereich, der `c` einführt, um den Code zu kompilieren." #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " "the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " "checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." msgstr "" "Nach dieser Änderung erkennt der Compiler, dass `b` immer nur vor dem neuen " "änderbaren Borgen von `a` bis `c` verwendet wird. Dies ist eine Funktion des " "Borrow-Checkers, die als \"nicht-lexikalische Lebensdauern\" bezeichnet wird." #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" msgstr "Ein geliehener Wert hat eine _Lebensdauer_:" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " "lifetime `a`\"." msgstr "" "Lesen Sie `&'einen Punkt` als \"einen geliehenen `Punkt`, der mindestens für " "den gilt Lebenszeit `a`\"." #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 msgid "" "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " "yourself." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 msgid "" "Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " "a valid solution." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 msgid "" "Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " "but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " "rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " "value:" msgstr "" "Zusätzlich zum Ausleihen ihrer Argumente kann eine Funktion einen geliehenen " "Wert zurückgeben:" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" " let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." msgstr "„a“ ist ein generischer Parameter, er wird vom Compiler abgeleitet." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." msgstr "Lebensdauern beginnen mit `'` und `'a` ist ein typischer Standardname." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." msgstr "" "Der Teil _at least_ ist wichtig, wenn sich Parameter in unterschiedlichen " "Geltungsbereichen befinden." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " "resulting in the following code:" msgstr "" "Setzen Sie den Arbeitsbereich zurück und ändern Sie die Funktionssignatur zu " "`fn left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. Dies wird " "nicht kompiliert, da die Beziehung zwischen den Lebensdauern „a“ und „b“ " "unklar ist." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" " let p3: &Point;\n" " {\n" " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" " p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" " }\n" " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "Eine andere Möglichkeit, es zu erklären:" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." msgstr "" "Zwei Referenzen auf zwei Werte werden von einer Funktion ausgeliehen und die " "Funktion kehrt zurück eine andere Referenz." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " "'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " "because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." msgstr "" "Es muss von einem dieser beiden Eingänge stammen (oder von einer globalen " "Variablen)." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "Another way to explain it:" msgstr "" "Welches ist es? Der Compiler muss es wissen, damit die zurückgegebene " "Referenz auf der Aufrufseite nicht verwendet wird länger als eine Variable, " "von der die Referenz stammt." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 msgid "" "Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " "returns another reference." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 msgid "" "It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 msgid "" "Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " "returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " "reference came from." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "" "Wenn ein Datentyp geliehene Daten speichert, muss er mit einer Lebensdauer " "versehen werden:" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" "\n" "fn erase(text: String) {\n" " println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." "\");\n" " let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" " let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" " // erase(text);\n" " println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" " println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " "underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " "`Highlight` that uses that data." msgstr "" "Im obigen Beispiel erzwingt die Anmerkung zu `Highlight`, dass die Daten, " "die dem enthaltenen `&str` zugrunde liegen, mindestens so lange leben wie " "jede Instanz von `Highlight`, die diese Daten verwendet." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " "the borrow checker throws an error." msgstr "" "Wenn `text` vor dem Ende der Lebensdauer von `fox` (oder `dog`) verbraucht " "wird, wirft der Borrow-Checker einen Fehler." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " "can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " "somewhat harder to use." msgstr "" "Typen mit geliehenen Daten zwingen Benutzer, an den Originaldaten " "festzuhalten. Dies kann nützlich sein, um einfache Ansichten zu erstellen, " "macht sie jedoch im Allgemeinen etwas schwieriger zu verwenden." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." msgstr "" "Wenn möglich, machen Sie Datenstrukturen direkt Eigentümer ihrer Daten." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " "annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " "relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " "of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." msgstr "" "Einige Strukturen mit mehreren darin enthaltenen Referenzen können mehr als " "eine lebenslange Anmerkung haben. Dies kann erforderlich sein, wenn " "zusätzlich zur Lebensdauer der Struktur selbst Lebensdauerbeziehungen " "zwischen den Referenzen selbst beschrieben werden müssen. Das sind sehr " "fortgeschrittene Anwendungsfälle." #: src/structs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" msgstr "Wie C und C++ unterstützt Rust benutzerdefinierte Strukturen:" #: src/structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut peter = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" " age: 27,\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" " \n" " peter.age = 28;\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" " \n" " let jackie = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" " ..peter\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:33 msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:34 msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:35 msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:36 msgid "" "Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " "slides." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:37 msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " "structs. " msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:38 msgid "" "Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " "value itself. " msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:39 msgid "" "The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " "not important." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:40 msgid "" "The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "" "Wenn die Feldnamen unwichtig sind, können Sie eine Tupelstruktur verwenden:" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p = Point(17, 23);\n" " println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" msgstr "Dies wird häufig für Einzelfeld-Wrapper (genannt Newtypes) verwendet:" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n" "struct Newtons(f64);\n" "\n" "fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n" " todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" " // ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" " set_thruster_force(force);\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 msgid "" "Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " "a primitive type, for example:" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " "to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 msgid "" "Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " "single field in the newtype." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 msgid "" "Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " "for instance using booleans as integers." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 msgid "" "The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " "struct using a shorthand:" msgstr "" "Wenn Sie bereits Variablen mit den richtigen Namen haben, können Sie die " "erstellen struct mit einer Abkürzung:" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" " Person { name, age }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" " println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 msgid "" "The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " "interchangeable with the struct type name" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 msgid "" "Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " "default values for the other fields." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "impl Default for Person {\n" " fn default() -> Person {\n" " Person {\n" " name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" " age: 0,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "fn create_default() {\n" " let tmp = Person {\n" " ..Person::default()\n" " };\n" " let tmp = Person {\n" " name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" " ..Person::default()\n" " };\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 msgid "" "Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " "the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 msgid "" "Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " "an `impl` block:" msgstr "" "Mit Rust können Sie Ihren neuen Typen Funktionen zuordnen. Das machst du mit " "einem `impl`\\-Block:" #: src/methods.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn say_hello(&self) {\n" " println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let peter = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" " age: 27,\n" " };\n" " peter.say_hello();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." msgstr "" "Es kann hilfreich sein, Methoden einzuführen, indem man sie mit Funktionen " "vergleicht." #: src/methods.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " "first parameter represents the instance as `self`." msgstr "" "Methoden werden für eine Instanz eines Typs aufgerufen (z. B. eine Struktur " "oder Aufzählung), der erste Parameter repräsentiert die Instanz als „self“." #: src/methods.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " "syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " "all the implementation code in one predictable place." msgstr "" "Entwickler können sich dafür entscheiden, Methoden zu verwenden, um die " "Methodenempfängersyntax zu nutzen und sie besser organisiert zu halten. " "Durch die Verwendung von Methoden können wir den gesamten " "Implementierungscode an einem vorhersehbaren Ort aufbewahren." #: src/methods.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." msgstr "" "Weisen Sie auf die Verwendung des Schlüsselworts „self“ hin, einem " "Methodenempfänger." #: src/methods.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " "the struct name could also be used." msgstr "" "Zeigen Sie, dass es sich um eine Abkürzung für `self:&Self` handelt und " "zeigen Sie vielleicht, wie der Strukturname auch verwendet werden könnte." #: src/methods.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " "can be used elsewhere in the block." msgstr "" "Erklären Sie, dass Self ein Typ-Alias für den Typ ist, in dem sich der " "„impl“-Block befindet, und an anderer Stelle im Block verwendet werden kann." #: src/methods.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " "refer to individual fields." msgstr "" "Beachten Sie, dass self wie andere Strukturen verwendet wird und die " "Punktnotation verwendet werden kann, um auf einzelne Felder zu verweisen." #: src/methods.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " "by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." msgstr "" "Dies könnte ein guter Zeitpunkt sein, um zu demonstrieren, wie sich `&self` " "von `self` unterscheidet, indem Sie den Code ändern und versuchen, say_hello " "zweimal auszuführen." #: src/methods.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." msgstr "" "Als nächstes beschreiben wir die Unterscheidung zwischen Methodenempfängern." #: src/methods/receiver.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " "There are other possible receivers for a method:" msgstr "" "Das obige `&self` gibt an, dass die Methode das Objekt unveränderlich " "ausleiht. Dort sind weitere mögliche Empfänger für eine Methode:" #: src/methods/receiver.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" "`&self`: leiht sich das Objekt vom Aufrufer unter Verwendung eines Shared " "und Immutable Referenz. Das Objekt kann danach wieder verwendet werden." #: src/methods/receiver.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" "`&mut self`: leiht sich das Objekt vom Aufrufer unter Verwendung eines " "Unique und Mutable Referenz. Das Objekt kann danach wieder verwendet werden." #: src/methods/receiver.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " "method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " "(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " "transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." msgstr "" "`self`: übernimmt den Besitz des Objekts und verschiebt es vom Aufrufer weg. " "Der Die Methode wird Eigentümer des Objekts. Das Objekt wird gelöscht " "(deallocated) wenn die Methode zurückkehrt, es sei denn, ihr Besitz ist " "explizit übermittelt." #: src/methods/receiver.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " msgstr "" "`mut self`: wie oben, aber während die Methode das Objekt besitzt, kann sie " "es mutiere es auch. Vollständiges Eigentum bedeutet nicht automatisch " "Wandelbarkeit." #: src/methods/receiver.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " "create constructors which are called `new` by convention." msgstr "" "Kein Empfänger: Dies wird zu einer statischen Methode für die Struktur. " "Typischerweise gewohnt Erstellen Sie Konstruktoren, die per Konvention " "\"neu\" genannt werden." #: src/methods/receiver.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " "receiver types, such as `Box`." msgstr "" "Neben Varianten von „self“ gibt es auch [spezielle Wrapper-Typen](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) dürfen " "Empfängertypen sein, wie z. B. `Box`." #: src/methods/receiver.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " "and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " "multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." msgstr "" "Erwägen Sie, die Betonung auf „gemeinsam und unveränderlich“ und " "„einzigartig und veränderlich“ zu legen. Diese Einschränkungen kommen immer " "zusammen in Rust aufgrund der Borrow-Checker-Regeln, und `self` ist keine " "Ausnahme. Es wird nicht möglich sein Verweisen Sie auf eine Struktur von " "mehreren Stellen und rufen Sie eine Mutationsmethode (`&mut self`) darauf " "auf." #: src/methods/example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Race {\n" " name: String,\n" " laps: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Race {\n" " fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" " Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " "access to self\n" " self.laps.push(lap);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" " println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" " for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" " println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" " let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" " println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " "total);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" " race.add_lap(70);\n" " race.add_lap(68);\n" " race.print_laps();\n" " race.add_lap(71);\n" " race.print_laps();\n" " race.finish();\n" " // race.add_lap(42);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." msgstr "Alle vier Methoden hier verwenden einen anderen Methodenempfänger." #: src/methods/example.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." msgstr "" "Sie können darauf hinweisen, wie sich das ändert, was die Funktion mit den " "Variablenwerten machen kann und ob/wie sie wieder in `main` verwendet werden " "kann." #: src/methods/example.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." msgstr "" "Sie können den Fehler zeigen, der auftritt, wenn Sie versuchen, zweimal " "„finish“ aufzurufen." #: src/methods/example.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " "referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " "in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." msgstr "" "Beachten Sie, dass, obwohl die Methodenempfänger unterschiedlich sind, die " "nicht statischen Funktionen im Hauptteil auf die gleiche Weise aufgerufen " "werden. Rust ermöglicht die automatische Referenzierung und Dereferenzierung " "beim Methodenaufruf. Rust fügt automatisch die `&`, `*`, `muts` hinzu, " "sodass dieses Objekt mit der Methodensignatur übereinstimmt." #: src/methods/example.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " msgstr "" "Sie könnten darauf hinweisen, dass `print_laps` einen Vektor verwendet, der " "iteriert wird. Am Nachmittag beschreiben wir Vektoren genauer." #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" msgstr "Tag 2: Morgengymnastik" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" msgstr "Wir werden Implementierungsmethoden in zwei Kontexten betrachten:" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 msgid "Storing books and querying the collection" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " "now, you just need to know part of its API:" msgstr "" "Wir werden morgen viel mehr über Strukturen und den Typ `Vec` lernen. Zur " "Zeit, Sie müssen nur einen Teil seiner API kennen:" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" " vec.push(30);\n" " let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n" " println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n" " for item in &vec {\n" " println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " " and update the types to make it compile:" msgstr "" "Verwenden Sie dies, um eine Bibliotheksanwendung zu erstellen. Kopieren Sie " "den folgenden Code nach und aktualisieren Sie " "die Typen, damit es kompiliert wird:" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "struct Library {\n" " books: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Book {\n" " title: String,\n" " year: u16,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Book {\n" " // This is a constructor, used below.\n" " fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" " Book {\n" " title: String::from(title),\n" " year,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" "// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" "//\n" "// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" "// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" "// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" "impl Library {\n" " fn new() -> Library {\n" " todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" " // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" " // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" " // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn print_books(self) {\n" " // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and print each book's title and " "year\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" " //}\n" "}\n" "\n" "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" "// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" "// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" "// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let library = Library::new();\n" "\n" " //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." "is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " "library.is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //\n" " //library.print_books();\n" " //\n" " //match library.oldest_book() {\n" " // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" " // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" " //}\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" " //library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:102 #, fuzzy msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" msgstr "[Lösung](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " "you need to keep track of users' health statistics." msgstr "" "Sie arbeiten an der Implementierung eines Gesundheitsüberwachungssystems. " "Als Teil davon Sie müssen die Gesundheitsstatistiken der Benutzer verfolgen." #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " "`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " "on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" "Sie beginnen mit einigen Stub-Funktionen in einem `impl`\\-Block sowie einem " "`User` Strukturdefinition. Ihr Ziel ist es, die Stubbed-out-Methoden auf dem " "zu implementieren `User` `struct` definiert im `impl` Block." #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "methods:" msgstr "" "Kopieren Sie den folgenden Code nach und " "füllen Sie die fehlenden aus Methoden:" #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub struct User {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u32,\n" " height: f32,\n" " visit_count: usize,\n" " last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Measurements {\n" " height: f32,\n" " blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n" " patient_name: &'a str,\n" " visit_count: u32,\n" " height_change: f32,\n" " blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl User {\n" " pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> " "HealthReport {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_height() {\n" " let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_set_age() {\n" " let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" " bob.set_age(33);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_visit() {\n" " let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n" " let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" " height: 156.1,\n" " blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n" " });\n" " assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n" " assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n" " assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n" "\n" " let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" " height: 156.1,\n" " blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n" " });\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n" " assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " "types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " "together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" "Rust wird mit einer Standardbibliothek geliefert, die dabei hilft, eine " "Reihe gängiger Typen zu erstellen Wird von Rust-Bibliotheken und -Programmen " "verwendet. Auf diese Weise können zwei Bibliotheken zusammenarbeiten " "reibungslos, da beide den gleichen `String`\\-Typ verwenden." #: src/std.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" msgstr "Zu den gängigen Wortschatztypen gehören:" #: src/std.md:9 msgid "" "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:12 msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:14 msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:16 msgid "" "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " "algorithm." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:19 msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:21 msgid "" "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " "data." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " "`alloc` and `std`. " msgstr "" "Tatsächlich enthält Rust mehrere Schichten der Standardbibliothek: `core`, " "`alloc` und `std`." #: src/std.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " "`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " msgstr "" "`core` enthält die grundlegendsten Typen und Funktionen, die nicht von " "`libc`, allocator oder abhängen sogar das Vorhandensein eines " "Betriebssystems." #: src/std.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " "`Box` and `Arc`." msgstr "" "„alloc“ umfasst Typen, die einen globalen Heap-Zuordner erfordern, wie etwa " "„Vec“, „Box“ und „Arc“." #: src/std.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" "Eingebettete Rust-Anwendungen verwenden oft nur `core` und manchmal `alloc`." #: src/std/option-result.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Option` and `Result`" msgstr "`Option` und `Ergebnis`" #: src/std/option-result.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The types represent optional data:" msgstr "Die Typen stellen optionale Daten dar:" #: src/std/option-result.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" " println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" "\n" " let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" " println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." msgstr "" "„Option“ und „Ergebnis“ werden nicht nur in der Standardbibliothek häufig " "verwendet." #: src/std/option-result.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." msgstr "`Option<&T>` hat im Vergleich zu `&T` keinen Speicherplatz-Overhead." #: src/std/option-result.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " "Day 3." msgstr "" "„Ergebnis“ ist der Standardtyp zur Implementierung der Fehlerbehandlung, wie " "wir an Tag 3 sehen werden." #: src/std/option-result.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." msgstr "`binary_search` gibt `Result` zurück." #: src/std/option-result.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." msgstr "" "Falls gefunden, enthält `Result::Ok` den Index, wo das Element gefunden " "wurde." #: src/std/option-result.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " "inserted." msgstr "" "Andernfalls enthält `Result::Err` den Index, wo ein solches Element " "eingefügt werden soll." #: src/std/string.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " "standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" msgstr "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) ist der " "Standard-Heap-zugewiesene erweiterbare UTF-8-String-Puffer:" #: src/std/string.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut s1 = String::new();\n" " s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" " println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" "\n" " let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" " s2.push_str(&s1);\n" " s2.push('!');\n" " println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" "\n" " let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" " println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" " s3.chars().count());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " "all `str` methods on a `String`." msgstr "" "`String` implementiert [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), was bedeutet, dass Sie alle " "aufrufen können `str`\\-Methoden auf einem `String`." #: src/std/string.md:30 msgid "" "`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " "you know how much data you want to push to the string." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:31 msgid "" "`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " "different from its length in characters)." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:32 msgid "" "`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " "`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " "to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" "unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:33 msgid "" "When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " "`String`." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:34 msgid "" "When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " "transparently call methods from `T`." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:35 msgid "" "`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " "access to `str`'s methods." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:36 msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:37 msgid "" "`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " "operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " "with some extra guarantees." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:38 msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:39 msgid "" "To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " "out-of-bounds." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:40 msgid "" "To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " "boundaries or not." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Vec`" msgstr "`Vec`" #: src/std/vec.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " "resizable heap-allocated buffer:" msgstr "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) ist der " "Standardpuffer mit anpassbarer Heapzuweisung:" #: src/std/vec.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" " v1.push(42);\n" " println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" "\n" " let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" " v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" " v2.push(9999);\n" " println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" "\n" " // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" " let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" "\n" " // Retain only the even elements.\n" " v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" " println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" "\n" " // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" " v3.dedup();\n" " println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " "methods on a `Vec`." msgstr "" "`Vec` implementiert [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "vec/struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), was bedeutet, dass Sie Slice " "aufrufen können Methoden auf einem `Vec`." #: src/std/vec.md:37 msgid "" "`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " "it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " "need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:40 msgid "" "Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " "explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " "during the first `push` call." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:42 msgid "" "`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " "supports adding initial elements to the vector." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:44 msgid "" "To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " "Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " "remove the last element." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:46 msgid "" "Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " "+= 50; }`" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "`HashMap`" msgstr "`HashMap`" #: src/std/hashmap.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" msgstr "Standard-Hash-Map mit Schutz vor HashDoS-Angriffen:" #: src/std/hashmap.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::collections::HashMap;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " "207);\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" "\n" " if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" " println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" " page_counts.len());\n" " }\n" "\n" " for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " "Wonderland\"] {\n" " match page_counts.get(book) {\n" " Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" " None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" " for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " "Wonderland\"] {\n" " let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." "or_insert(0);\n" " *page_count += 1;\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:38 msgid "" "`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:39 msgid "" "Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " "hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " "the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:41 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " let pc1 = page_counts\n" " .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" " .unwrap_or(&336);\n" " let pc2 = page_counts\n" " .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" " .or_insert(374);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:49 msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:50 msgid "" "Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" "From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " "us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" " (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" " (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" " ]);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:59 msgid "" "Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" "value tuples." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:60 msgid "" "We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " "examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " "but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:62 msgid "" "Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " "compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:64 msgid "" "This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" "collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " "Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " "to the `keys` method." msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Box`" msgstr "`Kasten`" #: src/std/box.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " "pointer to data on the heap:" msgstr "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) ist ein eigener " "Zeiger auf Daten auf dem Heap:" #: src/std/box.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let five = Box::new(5);\n" " println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " "methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." msgstr "" "`Box` implementiert `Deref`, was bedeutet, dass Sie [Methoden " "aufrufen können von `T` direkt auf eine `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." #: src/std/box.md:34 msgid "" "`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " "not null. " msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:35 msgid "" "In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " "statement thanks to `Deref`. " msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:36 msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:37 msgid "" "have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " "compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:38 msgid "" "want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " "amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " "so only the pointer is moved." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" msgstr "Box mit rekursiven Datenstrukturen" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" msgstr "" "Rekursive Datentypen oder Datentypen mit dynamischer Größe müssen eine `Box` " "verwenden:" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum List {\n" " Cons(T, Box>),\n" " Nil,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" "new(List::Nil))));\n" " println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "list : : :\n" ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" "+ :\n" ": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " "| :\n" ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" "+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " "`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " "(`List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 msgid "" "`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " "just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 msgid "" "Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " "\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " "reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-niche.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " "allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" msgstr "" "Eine „Box“ kann nicht leer sein, daher ist der Zeiger immer gültig und nicht " "„null“. Das ermöglicht dem Compiler, das Speicherlayout zu optimieren:" #: src/std/box-niche.md:19 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "list : : :\n" ": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" "+ :\n" ": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " "| :\n" ": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" "+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Rc`" msgstr "`Rc`" #: src/std/rc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" "counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " "from multiple places:" msgstr "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) ist ein " "referenzgezählter gemeinsamer Zeiger. Verwenden Sie dies, wenn Sie verweisen " "müssen auf dieselben Daten von mehreren Orten:" #: src/std/rc.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::rc::Rc;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" " let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n" "\n" " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:18 msgid "" "See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " "context." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:19 msgid "" "You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:29 msgid "" "`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " "are references." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:30 msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:31 msgid "" "`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " "increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " "be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:32 msgid "" "`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " "and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:33 msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:34 msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " "cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, " "on the next slide)." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:1 msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust " "calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context." msgstr "Mit `Read` und `BufRead` können Sie über `u8`\\-Quellen abstrahieren:" #: src/std/cell.md:8 msgid "" "`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " "values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " "shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:12 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::cell::RefCell;\n" "use std::rc::Rc;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" "struct Node {\n" " value: i64,\n" " children: Vec>>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Node {\n" " fn new(value: i64) -> Rc> {\n" " Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value, ..Node::default() }))\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn sum(&self) -> i64 {\n" " self.value + self.children.iter().map(|c| c.borrow().sum()).sum::" "()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let root = Node::new(1);\n" " root.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(5));\n" " let subtree = Node::new(10);\n" " subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(11));\n" " subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(12));\n" " root.borrow_mut().children.push(subtree);\n" "\n" " println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" " println!(\"graph sum: {}\", root.borrow().sum());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:47 msgid "" "If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " "to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " "This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, " "but it's not ergonomic." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:48 msgid "" "To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " "`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:49 msgid "" "Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." "children` (don't try to print it!)." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:50 msgid "" "To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " "`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " "the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " "borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "" "Wir haben gesehen, wie `impl`\\-Blöcke Namensraumfunktionen zu einem Typ " "machen." #: src/modules.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" msgstr "In ähnlicher Weise lässt uns `mod` Namespace-Typen und -Funktionen zu:" #: src/modules.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "mod foo {\n" " pub fn do_something() {\n" " println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "mod bar {\n" " pub fn do_something() {\n" " println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " foo::do_something();\n" " bar::do_something();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:28 msgid "" "Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " "describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:29 msgid "" "Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " "a library crate compiles to a library." msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:30 msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" msgstr "Module sind eine Datenschutzgrenze:" #: src/modules/visibility.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." msgstr "" "Modulelemente sind standardmäßig privat (versteckt Implementierungsdetails)." #: src/modules/visibility.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." msgstr "Übergeordnete und gleichgeordnete Elemente sind immer sichtbar." #: src/modules/visibility.md:7 msgid "" "In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " "the descendants of `foo`." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "mod outer {\n" " fn private() {\n" " println!(\"outer::private\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn public() {\n" " println!(\"outer::public\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " mod inner {\n" " fn private() {\n" " println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn public() {\n" " println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" " super::private();\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " outer::public();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:39 msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:41 msgid "" "Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " "of public visibility." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:43 msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:44 msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:45 msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:46 msgid "" "In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " "its descendants)." msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" msgstr "Pfade werden wie folgt aufgelöst:" #: src/modules/paths.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "As a relative path:" msgstr "Als absoluter Pfad:" #: src/modules/paths.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," msgstr "" "`crate::foo` bezieht sich auf `foo` im Stammverzeichnis der aktuellen Kiste," #: src/modules/paths.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." msgstr "`bar::foo` bezieht sich auf `foo` in der `bar`\\-Crate." #: src/modules/paths.md:9 msgid "As an absolute path:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:10 msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:11 msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:13 msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " "will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 msgid "" "Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 msgid "" "This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." "rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" "vegetables.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "The `crate` root is in:" msgstr "Die „Kiste“-Wurzel befindet sich in:" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (für eine Bibliothekskiste)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" msgstr "`src/main.rs` (für eine Binärkiste)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 msgid "" "Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " "comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " "module." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:20 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " "germination\n" "//! implementation.\n" "\n" "// Re-export types from this module.\n" "pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n" "pub use garden::Garden;\n" "\n" "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" "pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" "\n" "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" "pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 msgid "" "Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " "`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 msgid "" "The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." "rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 msgid "" "The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " "directive:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:54 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" "mod some_module;\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " "in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Tag 2: Nachmittagsübungen" #: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." msgstr "" "Die Übungen für diesen Nachmittag konzentrieren sich auf Strings und " "Iteratoren." #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "traits." msgstr "" "Das Eigentumsmodell von Rust betrifft viele APIs. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist " "die [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) und " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "Züge." #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "`Iterator`" msgstr "`Iterator`" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " "`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " "back:" msgstr "" "Merkmale sind wie Schnittstellen: Sie beschreiben das Verhalten (Methoden) " "für einen Typ. Der Das `Iterator`\\-Merkmal sagt einfach, dass Sie `next` " "aufrufen können, bis Sie `None` zurückbekommen:" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "You use this trait like this:" msgstr "Sie verwenden diese Eigenschaft wie folgt:" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.iter();\n" "\n" " println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" msgstr "Welchen Typ gibt der Iterator zurück? Testen Sie Ihre Antwort hier:" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.iter();\n" "\n" " let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" " println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Why is this type used?" msgstr "Warum wird dieser Typ verwendet?" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "`IntoIterator`" msgstr "`IntoIterator`" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " "iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " "iterator:" msgstr "" "Die Eigenschaft „Iterator“ sagt Ihnen, wie Sie _iteraten_, sobald Sie eine " "erstellt haben Iterator. Die zugehörige Eigenschaft `IntoIterator` sagt " "Ihnen, wie Sie den Iterator erstellen:" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " "declare two types:" msgstr "" "Die Syntax hier bedeutet, dass jede Implementierung von `IntoIterator` muss " "deklarieren Sie zwei Arten:" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 #, fuzzy msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," msgstr "`Item`: der Typ, über den wir iterieren, wie z. B. `i8`," #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 #, fuzzy msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." msgstr "" "`IntoIter`: der `Iterator`\\-Typ, der von der `into_iter`\\-Methode " "zurückgegeben wird." #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " "`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" msgstr "" "Beachten Sie, dass „IntoIter“ und „Item“ verknüpft sind: Der Iterator muss " "dasselbe haben `Item`\\-Typ, was bedeutet, dass es `Option` zurückgibt" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 #, fuzzy msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" msgstr "Welchen Typ gibt der Iterator wie zuvor zurück?" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" "from(\"bar\")];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" "\n" " let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" " println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 #, fuzzy msgid "`for` Loops" msgstr "`for`\\-Schleifen" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " "resulting iterator:" msgstr "" "Jetzt, da wir sowohl „Iterator“ als auch „IntoIterator“ kennen, können wir " "„for“-Schleifen bauen. Sie rufen `into_iter()` für einen Ausdruck auf und " "iterieren über das Ergebnis Iterator:" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" "from(\"bar\")];\n" "\n" " for word in &v {\n" " println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " for word in v {\n" " println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 #, fuzzy msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" msgstr "Was ist die Art von „Wort“ in jeder Schleife?" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " "IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for " "Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" "for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." msgstr "" "Experimentieren Sie mit dem obigen Code und konsultieren Sie dann die " "Dokumentation für [`impl IntoIterator für &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-" "%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) und [`impl IntoIterator for Vec`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-" "Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) um Ihre Antworten zu überprüfen." #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " "The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " "against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " "which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." msgstr "" "In dieser Übung implementieren Sie eine Routing-Komponente eines Webservers. " "Der Der Server ist mit einer Reihe von _Pfadpräfixen_ konfiguriert, die " "abgeglichen werden _Anfragepfade_. Die Pfadpräfixe können ein " "Platzhalterzeichen enthalten, das entspricht einem vollständigen Segment. " "Siehe die Unit-Tests unten." #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the following code to and make the tests " "pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" msgstr "" "Kopieren Sie den folgenden Code nach und " "führen Sie die Tests durch passieren. Versuchen Sie, Ihren " "Zwischenergebnissen kein „Vec“ zuzuweisen:" #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" "abc-123\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" "books\"));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" "publishers\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" " ));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" "publishers\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" " ));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 3" msgstr "Willkommen zu Tag 3" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" msgstr "Heute werden wir einige fortgeschrittenere Themen von Rust behandeln:" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 msgid "" "Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " "traits." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 msgid "" "Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " "objects." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 msgid "" "Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " "functions." msgstr "" #: src/generics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " "(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." msgstr "" "Rust unterstützt Generika, mit denen Sie einen Algorithmus abstrahieren " "können (z. B. Sortieren) über die im Algorithmus verwendeten Typen." #: src/generics/data-types.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" msgstr "Mit Generika können Sie über den konkreten Feldtyp abstrahieren:" #: src/generics/data-types.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point {\n" " x: T,\n" " y: T,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" " let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" " println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:21 msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:23 msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" msgstr "Sie können einen generischen Typ in Ihrem `impl`\\-Block deklarieren:" #: src/generics/methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(T, T);\n" "\n" "impl Point {\n" " fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" " &self.0 // + 10\n" " }\n" "\n" " // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p = Point(5, 10);\n" " println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " "redundant?" msgstr "" "_F:_ Warum wird `T` zweimal in `impl Point {}` angegeben? Ist das " "nicht überflüssig?" #: src/generics/methods.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " "They are independently generic." msgstr "" "Dies liegt daran, dass es sich um einen generischen " "Implementierungsabschnitt für einen generischen Typ handelt. Sie sind " "unabhängig generisch." #: src/generics/methods.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." msgstr "Dies bedeutet, dass diese Methoden für jedes `T` definiert sind." #: src/generics/methods.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " msgstr "Es ist möglich `impl Point { .. }` zu schreiben." #: src/generics/methods.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " "block will only be available for `Point`." msgstr "" "„Point“ ist immer noch generisch und Sie können „Point\n" "\n" "“ verwenden, aber Methoden in diesem Block sind nur für „Point\n" "\n" "“ verfügbar." #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" msgstr "" "Basierend auf den Aufrufseiten wird generischer Code in nicht generischen " "Code umgewandelt:" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "behaves as if you wrote" msgstr "verhält sich so, als hättest du geschrieben" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " "had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." msgstr "" "Dies ist eine Null-Kosten-Abstraktion: Sie erhalten genau das gleiche " "Ergebnis, als ob Sie es hätten die Datenstrukturen ohne die Abstraktion von " "Hand codiert." #: src/traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "" "Mit Rust können Sie über Typen mit Merkmalen abstrahieren. Sie ähneln " "Schnittstellen:" #: src/traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Pet {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String;\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Dog {\n" " name: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Cat;\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Dog {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " self.name.clone()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Cat {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " "anyway.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn greet(pet: &P) {\n" " println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n" " greet(&fido);\n" "\n" " let captain_floof = Cat;\n" " greet(&captain_floof);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 msgid "" "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " "collection:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Pet {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String;\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Dog {\n" " name: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Cat;\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Dog {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " self.name.clone()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Cat {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " "anyway.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" " Box::new(Cat),\n" " Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n" " ];\n" " for pet in pets {\n" " println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" msgstr "Speicherlayout nach Zuweisung von `xs`:" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "pets : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" "+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " "| :\n" ": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" "+ :\n" ": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" "+ :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " "| :\n" ": : : | | | +---------------" "+ :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " "| :\n" " : | | | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : | | '---->| \"::name\" " "| :\n" " : | | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : | " "| : \n" " : | | +-" "+ : \n" " : | '-->|" "\\| : \n" " : | +-" "+ : \n" " : " "| : \n" " : | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : '---->| \"::name\" " "| : \n" " : +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : :\n" " '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " "impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" "Merkmale können vorimplementierte (Standard-)Methoden und Methoden " "spezifizieren, die Benutzer selbst implementieren müssen. Methoden mit " "Standardimplementierungen können sich auf erforderliche Methoden stützen." #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " "implements `Pet`." msgstr "" "Typen, die ein bestimmtes Merkmal implementieren, können unterschiedlich " "groß sein. Das macht es unmöglich Dinge wie `Vec` im obigen Beispiel " "zu haben." #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. " "The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object " "and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of " "that particular object." msgstr "" "„dyn Greet“ ist eine Möglichkeit, dem Compiler einen Typ mit dynamischer " "Größe mitzuteilen, der „Greet“ implementiert." #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75 #, fuzzy msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" msgstr "" "Im Beispiel enthält `pets` Fat Pointer auf Objekte, die `Greet` " "implementieren. Der Fat Pointer besteht aus zwei Komponenten, einem Zeiger " "auf das tatsächliche Objekt und einem Zeiger auf die virtuelle " "Methodentabelle für die \"Greet\"-Implementierung dieses bestimmten Objekts." #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::" "());\n" " println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::" "<&Cat>());\n" " println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n" " println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the " "specified traits for a data structure." msgstr "" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" msgstr "Sie können den Compiler eine Reihe von Merkmalen ableiten lassen:" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" "struct Player {\n" " name: String,\n" " strength: u8,\n" " hit_points: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Player::default();\n" " let p2 = p1.clone();\n" " println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" " if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" msgstr "" "Traits können Verhalten im Sinne anderer Trait-Methoden implementieren:" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Equals {\n" " fn equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" " !self.equals(other)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Centimeter(i16);\n" "\n" "impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" " fn equals(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" " self.0 == other.0\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = Centimeter(10);\n" " let b = Centimeter(20);\n" " println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equals(&b));\n" " println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equals(&b));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:32 msgid "" "Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users " "are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations " "can rely on required methods." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:35 msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:37 msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 msgid "" "With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " "trait for `NotEqual`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " "some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." msgstr "" "Wenn Sie mit Generika arbeiten, möchten Sie häufig die Typen einschränken. " "Du kannst das mit `T:Trait` oder `impl Trait`:" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6 msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" " (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Syntactic sugar for:\n" "// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" "fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into) -> i32 {\n" " x.into() + 42_000_000\n" "}\n" "\n" "// struct NotClonable;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n" " let pair = duplicate(foo);\n" " println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n" "\n" " let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n" " println!(\"{many}\");\n" " let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n" " println!(\"{many_more}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." msgstr "Es entrümpelt die Funktionssignatur, wenn Sie viele Parameter haben." #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." msgstr "Es hat zusätzliche Funktionen, die es leistungsfähiger machen." #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " "be arbitrary, like `Option`." msgstr "" "Wenn jemand fragt, das zusätzliche Feature ist, dass der Typ links von \":\" " "beliebig sein kann, wie `Option`." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`impl Trait`" msgstr "`imple Merkmal`" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " "arguments and return values:" msgstr "" "Ähnlich wie Merkmalsgrenzen kann eine \"impl Trait\"-Syntax in Funktion " "verwendet werden Argumente und Rückgabewerte:" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::fmt::Display;\n" "\n" "fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n" " format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n" " println!(\"{x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." msgstr "" "`impl Trait` kann nicht mit der `::<>` Turbofish-Syntax verwendet werden.\n" "\n" "`impl Trait` ermöglicht es Ihnen, mit Typen zu arbeiten, die Sie nicht " "benennen können." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." msgstr "" "Die Bedeutung von „impl Trait“ ist in den verschiedenen Positionen etwas " "unterschiedlich." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " "trait bound." msgstr "" "Für einen Parameter ist `impl Trait` wie ein anonymer generischer Parameter " "mit einer Eigenschaftsbindung." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " "implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " "don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." msgstr "" "Für einen Rückgabetyp bedeutet dies, dass der Rückgabetyp ein konkreter Typ " "ist, der die Eigenschaft implementiert, ohne den Typ zu nennen. Dies kann " "nützlich sein, wenn Sie den konkreten Typ in a nicht verfügbar machen " "möchten öffentliche API." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 msgid "" "Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " "the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " "function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " "type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " "`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" ">()`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for " "this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what " "`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd " "need two independent generic parameters." msgstr "" "Dieses Beispiel ist großartig, weil es `impl Display` zweimal verwendet. Es " "hilft, das zu erklären nichts hier erzwingt, dass es _derselbe_ `impl " "Display`\\-Typ ist. Wenn wir eine Single benutzten `T: Display`, es würde " "die Einschränkung erzwingen, dass der Eingabe-`T`\\- und der Rückgabe-`T-Typ " "derselbe Typ sind. Es würde für diese spezielle Funktion nicht " "funktionieren, da der Typ, den wir als Eingabe erwarten, wahrscheinlich " "nicht der Fall ist welches `format!`zurückgibt. Wenn wir dasselbe über die`: " "Display\\`\\-Syntax machen wollten, bräuchten wir zwei unabhängige " "generische Parameter." #: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " "library:" msgstr "" "Wir werden uns nun einige der häufigsten Merkmale der Rust-" "Standardbibliothek ansehen:" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "used in `for` loops," msgstr "`Iterator` und `IntoIterator` werden in `for`\\-Schleifen verwendet," #: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " "values," msgstr "`From` und `Into` werden verwendet, um Werte zu konvertieren," #: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," msgstr "`Lesen` und `Schreiben` für IO verwendet," #: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " "overloading, and" msgstr "`Add`, `Mul`, ... wird zum Überladen von Operatoren verwendet, und" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " "defining destructors." msgstr "`Drop` wird zum Definieren von Destruktoren verwendet." #: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " "to construct a default instance of a type." msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Iterators" msgstr "Iteratoren" #: src/traits/iterator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." "Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" msgstr "" "Sie können das `Iterator`\\-Merkmal für Ihre eigenen Typen implementieren:" #: src/traits/iterator.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Fibonacci {\n" " curr: u32,\n" " next: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" " type Item = u32;\n" "\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" " self.curr = self.next;\n" " self.next = new_next;\n" " Some(self.curr)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" " for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" " println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:32 msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " "operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " "the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " "functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " "implementations." msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:37 msgid "" "`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " "collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " "and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " "vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " "lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." msgstr "" "Mit „FromIterator“ können Sie eine Sammlung aus einem „Iterator“ erstellen." #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" msgstr "" "`Iterator`\\-Implementierungen \\`fn collect\n" "\n" "(selbst) -> B Wo B: FromIterator, Selbst: Sized'" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " "`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" "Es gibt auch Implementierungen, mit denen Sie coole Dinge tun können, wie z " "`Iterator>` in ein `Result, E>`." #: src/traits/from-into.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`From` and `Into`" msgstr "`Von` und `Nach`" #: src/traits/from-into.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." "html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " "facilitate type conversions:" msgstr "" "Typen implementieren „From“ und „Into“, um Typkonvertierungen zu erleichtern:" #: src/traits/from-into.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" " let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" " let one = i16::from(true);\n" " let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" " println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " "automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" msgstr "„Into“ wird automatisch implementiert, wenn „From“ implementiert wird:" #: src/traits/from-into.md:17 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" " let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" " let one: i16 = true.into();\n" " let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" " println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " "`Into` implementation too." msgstr "" "Aus diesem Grund ist es üblich, nur `From` zu implementieren, da Ihr Typ " "auch die `Into`\\-Implementierung erhält." #: src/traits/from-into.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " "converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " "Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " "implement `Into`." msgstr "" "Beim Deklarieren eines Funktionsargument-Eingabetyps wie „alles, was in " "einen „String“ konvertiert werden kann“, ist die Regel umgekehrt, Sie " "sollten „Into“ verwenden. Ihre Funktion akzeptiert Typen, die `From` " "implementieren, und solche, die _nur_ `Into` implementieren." #: src/traits/read-write.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Read` and `Write`" msgstr "`Lesen` und `Schreiben`" #: src/traits/read-write.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " "abstract over `u8` sources:" msgstr "Mit `Read` und `BufRead` können Sie über `u8`\\-Quellen abstrahieren:" #: src/traits/read-write.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" "\n" "fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" " let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" " buf_reader.lines().count()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" " let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" " println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" "\n" " let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" " println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/read-write.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " "you abstract over `u8` sinks:" msgstr "" "In ähnlicher Weise können Sie mit \"Write\" über \"u8\"-Senken abstrahieren:" #: src/traits/read-write.md:25 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" "\n" "fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" " writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" " writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" " let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" " log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" " log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" " println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "The `Drop` Trait" msgstr "Die `Drop`\\-Eigenschaft" #: src/traits/drop.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." "html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" "Werte, die \"Drop\" implementieren, können Code angeben, der ausgeführt " "werden soll, wenn sie den Gültigkeitsbereich verlassen:" #: src/traits/drop.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Droppable {\n" " name: &'static str,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Drop for Droppable {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" " {\n" " let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" " {\n" " let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" " let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" " println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" " }\n" " drop(a);\n" " println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "Discussion points:" msgstr "Diskussionspunkte:" #: src/traits/drop.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" msgstr "Warum nimmt `Drop::drop` nicht `self`?" #: src/traits/drop.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " "block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" "Kurzantwort: Wenn ja, würde `std::mem::drop` am Ende von aufgerufen werden " "den Block, was zu einem weiteren Aufruf von `Drop::drop` und einem Stack " "führt Überlauf!" #: src/traits/drop.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." msgstr "Versuchen Sie, `drop(a)` durch `a.drop()` zu ersetzen." #: src/traits/default.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "The `Default` Trait" msgstr "Die `Drop`\\-Eigenschaft" #: src/traits/default.md:3 msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " "produces a default value for a type." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" "struct Derived {\n" " x: u32,\n" " y: String,\n" " z: Implemented,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Implemented(String);\n" "\n" "impl Default for Implemented {\n" " fn default() -> Self {\n" " Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let default_struct = Derived::default();\n" " println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" " let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" " y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" " ..Derived::default()\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" " let nothing: Option = None;\n" " println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:40 msgid "" "It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:41 msgid "" "A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " "their default values." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:42 msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:43 msgid "" "Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " "`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:44 msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:45 msgid "" "Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " "provides convenience methods that use it." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:46 msgid "" "the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" "with-struct-update-syntax)" msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." msgstr "`Hinzufügen`, `Mul`, ..." #: src/traits/operators.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" msgstr "" "Das Überladen von Operatoren wird über Traits in `std::ops` implementiert:" #: src/traits/operators.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" "struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" " Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" " let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" " println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " msgstr "" "Sie könnten `Add` für `&Point` implementieren. In welchen Situationen ist " "das sinnvoll?" #: src/traits/operators.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " "the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " "`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." msgstr "" "Antwort: `Add:add` verbraucht `self`. Geben Sie \"T\" ein, für das Sie sind " "Das Überladen des Operators ist nicht \"Kopieren\", Sie sollten das " "Überladen in Betracht ziehen auch der Operator für `&T`. Dies vermeidet " "unnötiges Klonen auf der Website aufrufen." #: src/traits/operators.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " "method?" msgstr "" "Warum ist `Output` ein assoziierter Typ? Könnte es ein Typparameter gemacht " "werden?" #: src/traits/operators.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " "associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " "trait." msgstr "" "Kurze Antwort: Typparameter werden vom Aufrufer gesteuert, aber Zugehörige " "Typen (wie `Output`) werden vom Implementierer von a gesteuert Merkmal." #: src/traits/operators.md:37 msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " "i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Closures" msgstr "Schließungen" #: src/traits/closures.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " "they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." "html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " "[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" msgstr "" "Closures oder Lambda-Ausdrücke haben Typen, die nicht benannt werden können. " "Allerdings sie spezielles \\[`Fn`\\] implementieren (https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.FnMut.html) und [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." "FnOnce.html) Eigenschaften:" #: src/traits/closures.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" " println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" " func(input)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" " println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" " println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n" "\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n" " v.push(x);\n" " v.iter().sum::()\n" " };\n" " println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n" " println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n" "\n" " let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::();\n" " println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " "perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " "concurrently." msgstr "" "Ein „Fn“ verbraucht oder mutiert erfasste Werte nicht oder erfasst " "vielleicht gar nichts, also kann es das mehrmals gleichzeitig aufgerufen " "werden." #: src/traits/closures.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " "multiple times, but not concurrently." msgstr "" "Ein `FnMut` kann erfasste Werte mutieren, sodass Sie es mehrmals, aber nicht " "gleichzeitig aufrufen können." #: src/traits/closures.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " "might consume captured values." msgstr "" "Wenn Sie ein `FnOnce` haben, können Sie es nur einmal aufrufen. Es kann " "erfasste Werte verbrauchen." #: src/traits/closures.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " "I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " "use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." msgstr "" "`FnMut` ist ein Untertyp von `FnOnce`. „Fn“ ist ein Untertyp von „FnMut“ und " "„FnOnce“. D.h. Sie können eine verwenden „FnMut“, wo immer ein „FnOnce“ " "verlangt wird, und Sie können ein „Fn“ überall dort verwenden, wo ein " "„FnMut“ oder „FnOnce“ steht ist angesagt." #: src/traits/closures.md:47 msgid "" "The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " "`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:50 msgid "" "By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " "keyword makes them capture by value." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n" " return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n" " hi(\"there\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" msgstr "Tag 3: Morgengymnastik" #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." msgstr "" "Wir werden Traits und Trait-Objekte einer klassischen GUI-Bibliothek " "entwerfen." #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 msgid "" "We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " "polygons." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " "trait objects." msgstr "" "Lassen Sie uns eine klassische GUI-Bibliothek mit unserem neuen Wissen über " "Traits und entwerfen Eigenschaftsobjekte." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" msgstr "Wir werden eine Reihe von Widgets in unserer Bibliothek haben:" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." msgstr "„Fenster“: hat einen „Titel“ und enthält andere Widgets." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " "button is pressed." msgstr "" "`Button`: hat ein `Label` und eine Callback-Funktion, die aufgerufen wird, " "wenn die Taste gedrückt wird." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." msgstr "`Label`: hat ein `Label`." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." msgstr "Die Widgets implementieren ein „Widget“-Merkmal, siehe unten." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " "`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" msgstr "" "Kopieren Sie den folgenden Code nach und " "füllen Sie die fehlenden aus `draw_into`\\-Methoden, sodass Sie das " "`Widget`\\-Merkmal implementieren:" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub trait Widget {\n" " /// Natural width of `self`.\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" " fn draw(&self) {\n" " let mut buffer = String::new();\n" " self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" " println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Label {\n" " label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Label {\n" " fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" " Label {\n" " label: label.to_owned(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Button {\n" " label: Label,\n" " callback: Box,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Button {\n" " fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" " Button {\n" " label: Label::new(label),\n" " callback,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Window {\n" " title: String,\n" " widgets: Vec>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Window {\n" " fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" " Window {\n" " title: title.to_owned(),\n" " widgets: Vec::new(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" " self.widgets.push(widget);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" " std::cmp::max(\n" " self.title.chars().count(),\n" " self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" " )\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Label {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Button {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Window {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." "\")));\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" " \"Click me!\",\n" " Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" " )));\n" " window.draw();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 #, fuzzy msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" msgstr "Die Ausgabe des obigen Programms kann so einfach sein:" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " "particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " "and how you can control alignment:" msgstr "" "Wenn Sie ausgerichteten Text zeichnen möchten, können Sie die verwenden " "[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) " "Formatierungsoperatoren. Beachten Sie insbesondere, wie Sie mit " "verschiedenen auffüllen können Zeichen (hier ein `'/'`) und wie Sie die " "Ausrichtung steuern können:" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let width = 10;\n" " println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" msgstr "" "Mit solchen Ausrichtungstricks können Sie beispielsweise eine Ausgabe wie " "diese erzeugen:" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Polygon Struct" msgstr "Polygonstruktur" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " "below to and fill in the missing methods to " "make the tests pass:" msgstr "" "Wir werden eine \"Polygon\"-Struktur erstellen, die einige Punkte enthält. " "Kopieren Sie den Code unten zu und füllen Sie " "die fehlenden Methoden aus, um die Tests bestehen:" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub struct Point {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Point {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Polygon {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Polygon {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Circle {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Circle {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub enum Shape {\n" " Polygon(Polygon),\n" " Circle(Circle),\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" " (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_dist() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_add() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" " let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" " assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" " assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" "\n" " let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" " let shapes = vec![\n" " Shape::from(poly),\n" " Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" " ];\n" " let perimeters = shapes\n" " .iter()\n" " .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" " .map(round_two_digits)\n" " .collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[allow(dead_code)]\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " "part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " "the tests." msgstr "" "Da die Methodensignaturen in den Problembeschreibungen fehlen, ist der " "Schlüsselteil der Übung ist es, diese richtig anzugeben." #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120 #, fuzzy msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" msgstr "Weitere interessante Teile der Übung:" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " "don't borrow their arguments." msgstr "" "Leiten Sie ein `Copy`\\-Merkmal für einige Strukturen ab, da die Methoden in " "Tests ihre Argumente manchmal nicht ausleihen." #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " "via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." msgstr "" "Entdecken Sie, dass die Eigenschaft „Hinzufügen“ implementiert werden muss, " "damit zwei Objekte über „+“ hinzugefügt werden können." #: src/error-handling.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" msgstr "" "Die Fehlerbehandlung in Rust erfolgt über einen expliziten Kontrollfluss:" #: src/error-handling.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," msgstr "" "Funktionen, die Fehler haben können, führen dies in ihrem Rückgabetyp auf," #: src/error-handling.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "There are no exceptions." msgstr "Es gibt keine Ausnahmen." #: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" msgstr "" "Rust löst eine Panik aus, wenn zur Laufzeit ein schwerwiegender Fehler " "auftritt:" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,should_panic\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." msgstr "Paniken sind für nicht behebbare und unerwartete Fehler." #: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." msgstr "Paniken sind Symptome von Fehlern im Programm." #: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." msgstr "" "Verwenden Sie Anti-Panik-APIs (wie `Vec::get`), wenn ein Absturz nicht " "akzeptabel ist." #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" msgstr "Auffangen des Stapels beim Abwickeln" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " "caught:" msgstr "" "Standardmäßig führt eine Panik dazu, dass der Stack abgewickelt wird. Die " "Abwicklung kann gefangen werden:" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::panic;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" " println!(\"hello!\");\n" " });\n" " assert!(result.is_ok());\n" " \n" " let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" " panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" " });\n" " assert!(result.is_err());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " "request crashes." msgstr "" "Dies kann bei Servern nützlich sein, die auch bei einem einzigen " "weiterlaufen sollen Anfrage stürzt ab." #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "" "Dies funktioniert nicht, wenn in Ihrer `Cargo.toml` `panic = 'abort'` " "gesetzt ist." #: src/error-handling/result.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" msgstr "Strukturierte Fehlerbehandlung mit `Result`" #: src/error-handling/result.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " "are expected as part of normal operation:" msgstr "" "Wir haben bereits die Aufzählung `Result` gesehen. Dies wird häufig " "verwendet, wenn Fehler vorhanden sind erwartet im Rahmen des Normalbetriebs:" #: src/error-handling/result.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::fs;\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" " match file {\n" " Ok(mut file) => {\n" " let mut contents = String::new();\n" " file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" " println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" " },\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/result.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " "developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " "case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " "called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." msgstr "" "Wie bei `Option` befindet sich der erfolgreiche Wert innerhalb von `Result`, " "was den Entwickler dazu zwingt explizit extrahieren. Dies fördert die " "Fehlerprüfung. Für den Fall, dass niemals ein Fehler passieren sollte, " "`unwrap()` oder `expect()` können aufgerufen werden, und dies ist auch ein " "Signal für die Absicht des Entwicklers." #: src/error-handling/result.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " "is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " "that help functional-style programming. " msgstr "" "Die `Result`\\-Dokumentation ist eine empfohlene Lektüre. Nicht während des " "Kurses, aber es ist erwähnenswert. Es enthält viele bequeme Methoden und " "Funktionen, die bei der funktionalen Programmierung helfen." #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" msgstr "Propagieren von Fehlern mit `?`" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " "turn the common" msgstr "" "Der Try-Operator `?` wird verwendet, um Fehler an den Aufrufer " "zurückzugeben. Es lässt dich drehen das gemeine" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "into the much simpler" msgstr "ins viel einfachere" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" msgstr "" "Wir können dies verwenden, um unseren Fehlerbehandlungscode zu vereinfachen:" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" " let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" " Ok(file) => file,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" " };\n" "\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" " Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" " Err(err) => Err(err),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." msgstr "" "Die Variable „username“ kann entweder „Ok(string)“ oder „Err(error)“ sein." #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " "file, file with username." msgstr "" "Verwenden Sie den `fs::write`\\-Aufruf, um die verschiedenen Szenarien zu " "testen: keine Datei, leere Datei, Datei mit Benutzername." #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 msgid "" "The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " "functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " "can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " "`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " "`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " "apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57 msgid "" "You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " "`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " "`Result::err`." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " "indicated:" msgstr "" "Die effektive Erweiterung von „?“ ist etwas komplizierter als zuvor " "angedeutet:" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "works the same as" msgstr "funktioniert genauso wie" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " "type returned by the function:" msgstr "" "Der `From::from`\\-Aufruf hier bedeutet, dass wir versuchen, den Fehlertyp " "in den zu konvertieren Typ, der von der Funktion zurückgegeben wird:" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" "use std::fs::{self, File};\n" "use std::io::{self, Read};\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" " IoError(io::Error),\n" " EmptyUsername(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" "\n" "impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" " fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" " match self {\n" " Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" " Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " "in {filename}\"),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" " fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" " ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" " File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 msgid "" "It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " "implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " "`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" "rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " "possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " "this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." msgstr "" "Es ist eine gute Praxis für alle Fehlertypen, `std::error::Error` zu " "implementieren, was `Debug` und erfordert \"Anzeigen\". Es ist im " "Allgemeinen hilfreich für sie, `Clone` und `Eq` zu implementieren, wo es " "möglich ist, zu machen das Leben einfacher für Tests und Benutzer Ihrer " "Bibliothek. In diesem Fall können wir das nicht so einfach tun, weil `io::" "Error` implementiert sie nicht." #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " "an error enum like we did on the previous page:" msgstr "" "Die Kiste [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) ist eine beliebte Methode " "zum Erstellen einer error enum wie auf der vorherigen Seite:" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" " #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" " IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" " #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" " EmptyUsername(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " "optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " "`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." msgstr "" "Das Ableitungsmakro von `thiserror` implementiert automatisch `std::error::" "Error` und optional `Display` (wenn die `#[error(...)]`\\-Attribute " "bereitgestellt werden) und `From` (wenn das `#[from]`\\-Attribut hinzugefügt " "wird). Es funktioniert auch für Strukturen." #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." msgstr "" "Es wirkt sich nicht auf Ihre öffentliche API aus, was es gut für " "Bibliotheken macht." #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " "our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " "makes this easy." msgstr "" "Manchmal möchten wir zulassen, dass jede Art von Fehler zurückgegeben wird, " "ohne unsere eigene Enum-Abdeckung zu schreiben all die verschiedenen " "Möglichkeiten. `std::error::Error` macht das einfach." #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::fs;\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" "#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" "struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " "error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " "idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " "good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " "somewhere." msgstr "" "Dies spart Code, gibt aber die Möglichkeit auf, verschiedene Fehlerfälle " "sauber unterschiedlich zu behandeln das Programm. Daher ist es im " "Allgemeinen keine gute Idee, `Box` in der öffentlichen API von a " "zu verwenden Bibliothek, aber es kann eine gute Option in einem Programm " "sein, in dem Sie nur die Fehlermeldung anzeigen möchten irgendwo." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " "error types:" msgstr "" "Die weit verbreitete Kiste [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) kann Ihnen beim " "Hinzufügen helfen Kontextinformationen zu Ihren Fehlern und ermöglicht es " "Ihnen, weniger zu haben benutzerdefinierte Fehlertypen:" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" " fs::File::open(path)\n" " .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" " .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" " .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." msgstr "`anyhow::Result` ist ein Typ-Alias für `Result`." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " "it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " "is widely used in applications." msgstr "" "`anyhow::Error` ist im Wesentlichen ein Wrapper um `Box`. Als " "solches ist es wieder im Allgemeinen nicht eine gute Wahl für die " "öffentliche API einer Bibliothek, wird aber häufig in Anwendungen verwendet." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." msgstr "" "Der darin enthaltene tatsächliche Fehlertyp kann bei Bedarf zur Untersuchung " "extrahiert werden." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " "developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " "error)` from Go." msgstr "" "Die von `anyhow::Result` bereitgestellte Funktionalität ist Go-" "Entwicklern möglicherweise vertraut, da sie bereitgestellt wird ähnliche " "Nutzungsmuster und Ergonomie wie `(T, error)` von Go." #: src/testing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "Rust und Cargo verfügen über ein einfaches Unit-Test-Framework:" #: src/testing.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "Integrationstests werden über das Verzeichnis „tests/“ unterstützt." #: src/testing.md:7 msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" msgstr "Unit-Tests mit `#[test]` markieren:" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,ignore\n" "fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" " match text.find(' ') {\n" " Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" " None => &text,\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_word() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_multiple_words() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." msgstr "" "Verwenden Sie \"Cargo Test\", um die Komponententests zu finden und " "auszuführen." #: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" msgstr "" "Unit-Tests werden oft in ein verschachteltes Modul eingefügt (Tests auf der " "[Spielplatz](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" " format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_helper() {\n" " assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "Damit können Sie private Helfer testen." #: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" "Das Attribut `#[cfg(test)]` ist nur aktiv, wenn Sie `cargo test` ausführen." #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "Rust hat eine eingebaute Unterstützung für Dokumentationstests:" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 msgid "" "```rust\n" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" "/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" "pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" " &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "" "Codeblöcke in `///`\\-Kommentaren werden automatisch als Rust-Code angesehen." #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "Der Code wird im Rahmen von „Cargo Test“ kompiliert und ausgeführt." #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." msgstr "" "Testen Sie den obigen Code auf [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." msgstr "" "Wenn Sie Ihre Bibliothek als Client testen möchten, verwenden Sie einen " "Integrationstest." #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" msgstr "Erstellen Sie eine `.rs`\\-Datei unter `tests/`:" #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." msgstr "Diese Tests haben nur Zugriff auf die öffentliche API Ihrer Crate." #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." msgstr "Rust hat eine eingebaute Unterstützung für Dokumentationstests:" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5 msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7 msgid "" "[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " "library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8 msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 msgid "" "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " "tests." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "Die Rust-Sprache besteht aus zwei Teilen:" #: src/unsafe.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "**Safe Rust:** Speichersicher, kein undefiniertes Verhalten möglich." #: src/unsafe.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " "violated." msgstr "" "**Unsicherer Rost:** kann undefiniertes Verhalten auslösen, wenn " "Vorbedingungen verletzt werden." #: src/unsafe.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " "know what Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" "Wir werden in diesem Kurs hauptsächlich sicheres Rust sehen, aber es ist " "wichtig zu wissen was unsicherer Rost ist." #: src/unsafe.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " "carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." msgstr "" "Unsicherer Code ist normalerweise klein und isoliert, und seine Korrektheit " "sollte sorgfältig geprüft werden dokumentiert. Es ist normalerweise in eine " "sichere Abstraktionsschicht eingeschlossen." #: src/unsafe.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "Unsafe Rust bietet Ihnen Zugriff auf fünf neue Funktionen:" #: src/unsafe.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "Rohzeiger dereferenzieren." #: src/unsafe.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "" "Greifen Sie auf veränderliche statische Variablen zu oder ändern Sie diese." #: src/unsafe.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "Greifen Sie auf `Union`\\-Felder zu." #: src/unsafe.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "„Unsichere“ Funktionen aufrufen, einschließlich „externer“ Funktionen." #: src/unsafe.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "Implementieren Sie \"unsichere\" Eigenschaften." #: src/unsafe.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " "[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" "unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." msgstr "" "Als nächstes werden wir uns kurz mit unsicheren Fähigkeiten befassen. " "Ausführliche Informationen finden Sie unter [Kapitel 19.1 im Rust-Buch]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) und das " "\\[Rustonomicon\\] (https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." #: src/unsafe.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " "have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." msgstr "" "Unsicherer Rost bedeutet nicht, dass der Code falsch ist. Es bedeutet, dass " "Entwickler haben die Compiler-Sicherheitsfunktionen ausgeschaltet haben und " "korrekten Code schreiben müssen sich. Das bedeutet, dass der Compiler die " "Speichersicherheitsregeln von Rust nicht mehr erzwingt." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" "Das Erstellen von Zeigern ist sicher, aber das Dereferenzieren erfordert " "\"unsicher\":" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut num = 5;\n" "\n" " let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" " let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" "\n" " // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" " *r1 = 10;\n" " println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " "a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " "satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." msgstr "" "Es ist eine gute Praxis (und vom Android Rust Styleguide vorgeschrieben), " "für jeden einen Kommentar zu schreiben \"unsicherer\" Block, der erklärt, " "wie der darin enthaltene Code die Sicherheitsanforderungen des unsicheren " "Codes erfüllt Operationen, die es tut." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" msgstr "" "Im Fall von Zeigerdereferenzen bedeutet dies, dass die Zeiger sein müssen " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), also:" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "Der Zeiger darf nicht null sein." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " "allocated object)." msgstr "" "Der Zeiger muss _dereferenzierbar_ sein (innerhalb der Grenzen eines " "einzelnen zugewiesenen Objekts)." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "Das Objekt darf nicht freigegeben worden sein." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "Es darf nicht gleichzeitig auf denselben Standort zugegriffen werden." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " "must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." msgstr "" "Wenn der Zeiger durch Casting einer Referenz erhalten wurde, muss das " "zugrunde liegende Objekt live sein und nein Referenz kann verwendet werden, " "um auf den Speicher zuzugreifen." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "" "In den meisten Fällen muss auch der Zeiger richtig ausgerichtet werden." #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "Es ist sicher, eine unveränderliche statische Variable zu lesen:" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " "static variables:" msgstr "" "Da es jedoch zu Datenrennen kommen kann, ist es unsicher, änderbar zu lesen " "und zu schreiben statische Variablen:" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" "\n" "fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" " unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " add_to_counter(42);\n" "\n" " unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " "where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " "heap allocator or working with some C APIs." msgstr "" "Die Verwendung eines änderbaren statischen Werts ist im Allgemeinen eine " "schlechte Idee, aber es gibt einige Fälle, in denen es sinnvoll sein könnte " "in `no_std`\\-Code auf niedriger Ebene, wie z. B. die Implementierung eines " "Heap-Allokators oder die Arbeit mit einigen C-APIs." #: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "" "Unions sind wie Aufzählungen, aber Sie müssen das aktive Feld selbst " "verfolgen:" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[repr(C)]\n" "union MyUnion {\n" " i: u8,\n" " b: bool,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" " println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" " println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " "are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." msgstr "" "Unions werden in Rust sehr selten benötigt, da Sie normalerweise eine " "Aufzählung verwenden können. Sie werden gelegentlich benötigt für die " "Interaktion mit C-Bibliotheks-APIs." #: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " "[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." "transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" "crates/zerocopy) crate." msgstr "" "Wenn Sie Bytes nur als einen anderen Typ neu interpretieren möchten, möchten " "Sie dies wahrscheinlich tun [`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) oder einen Safe Wrapper wie die Kiste " "[`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." #: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " "you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" msgstr "" "Eine Funktion oder Methode kann als „unsicher“ gekennzeichnet werden, wenn " "sie zusätzliche Voraussetzungen für Sie hat muss eingehalten werden, um " "undefiniertes Verhalten zu vermeiden:" #: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" "\n" " // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " "of\n" " // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." "get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" "\n" " // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" " // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" " // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." "get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" " s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " "conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" "Sie können Ihre eigenen Funktionen als \"unsicher\" markieren, wenn sie " "bestimmte Bedingungen erfordern, um undefined zu vermeiden Verhalten." #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" "unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" " let temp = *a;\n" " *a = *b;\n" " *b = temp;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a = 42;\n" " let mut b = 66;\n" "\n" " // Safe because ...\n" " unsafe {\n" " swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " "with references." msgstr "" "Wir würden dafür eigentlich keine Zeiger verwenden, da dies mit Referenzen " "sicher möglich ist." #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " "`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " "Try adding it and see what happens." msgstr "" "Beachten Sie, dass unsicherer Code innerhalb einer unsicheren Funktion ohne " "einen „unsicheren“ Block zulässig ist. Wir können verbieten Sie dies mit " "`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Versuchen Sie es hinzuzufügen und sehen " "Sie, was passiert." #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Calling External Code" msgstr "Externer Code aufrufen" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " "them is thus unsafe:" msgstr "" "Funktionen aus anderen Sprachen könnten die Garantien von Rust verletzen. " "Berufung sie ist somit unsicher:" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" " fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" " println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " "pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " "function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" "Dies ist normalerweise nur ein Problem für externe Funktionen, die " "möglicherweise Dinge mit Zeigern tun verletzen das Speichermodell von Rust, " "aber im Allgemeinen kann jede C-Funktion undefiniertes Verhalten unter jeder " "haben willkürliche Umstände." #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " "must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" "Wie bei Funktionen können Sie ein Merkmal als \"unsicher\" markieren, wenn " "die Implementierung dies gewährleisten muss besondere Bedingungen, um " "undefiniertes Verhalten zu vermeiden." #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " "like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" msgstr "" "Zum Beispiel hat die „Nullkopie“-Kiste eine unsichere Eigenschaft, die " "aussieht [etwas in der Art](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait." "AsBytes.html):" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" "use std::slice;\n" "\n" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" "pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" " fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" " unsafe {\n" " slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " "size_of_val(self))\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" "unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" "```" msgstr "" "/// ... /// # Sicherheit /// Der Typ muss eine definierte Darstellung haben " "und darf nicht aufgefüllt werden. pub unsichere Eigenschaft AsBytes { fn " "as_bytes(&self) -> &\\[u8\\] { unsicher { Slice::from_raw_parts(self als " "\\*const Self als \\*const u8, size_of_val(self)) } } }" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " "the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." msgstr "" "Es sollte einen Abschnitt „# Sicherheit“ im Rustdoc für das Merkmal geben, " "in dem die Anforderungen für erklärt werden die sicher zu implementierende " "Eigenschaft." #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " "complicated." msgstr "" "Der eigentliche Sicherheitsabschnitt für `AsBytes` ist etwas länger und " "komplizierter." #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "" "Die eingebauten Eigenschaften „Senden“ und „Synchronisieren“ sind unsicher." #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Tag 3: Nachmittagsübungen" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" msgstr "" "Lassen Sie uns einen sicheren Wrapper zum Lesen von Verzeichnisinhalten " "erstellen!" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" "For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " "Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 msgid "" "To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "instructions." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" "afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "" "Nachdem Sie sich die Übung angesehen haben, können Sie sich die " "bereitgestellte \\[Lösung\\] ansehen." #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " "interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " "functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." msgstr "" "Rust bietet großartige Unterstützung für den Aufruf von Funktionen über eine " "_foreign-Funktion Schnittstelle_ (FFI). Wir werden dies verwenden, um einen " "sicheren Wrapper für die `libc` zu erstellen Funktionen, die Sie von C " "verwenden würden, um die Dateinamen eines Verzeichnisses zu lesen." #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "Sie werden die Handbuchseiten konsultieren wollen:" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " "exercise:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 msgid "Encoding" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 msgid "Use" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " "unknow data\"," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " "return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " "useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "functions and methods:" msgstr "" "Kopieren Sie den folgenden Code nach und " "füllen Sie die fehlenden aus Funktionen und Methoden:" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "mod ffi {\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" "\n" " // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct DIR {\n" " _data: [u8; 0],\n" " _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" "PhantomPinned)>,\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " "and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" " pub d_off: c_long,\n" " pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" " pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_fileno: u64,\n" " pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" " pub d_reclen: u16,\n" " pub d_namlen: u16,\n" " pub d_type: u8,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" " }\n" "\n" " extern \"C\" {\n" " pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" "\n" " #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " "on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" " #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" "use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct DirectoryIterator {\n" " path: CString,\n" " dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" " type Item = OsString;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " // Call closedir as needed.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" " println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" msgstr "Willkommen zu Tag 1" #: src/android.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " "that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as " "extending existing services." msgstr "" "Rust wird für die native Plattformentwicklung auf Android unterstützt. Das " "bedeutet, dass Sie können neue Betriebssystemdienste in Rust schreiben und " "erweitern bestehende Dienste." #: src/android.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to " "find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code " "to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something " "that parses some raw bytes would be ideal." msgstr "" "Wir werden heute versuchen, Rust aus einem Ihrer eigenen Projekte anzurufen. " "Versuchen Sie es also Finden Sie eine kleine Ecke Ihrer Codebasis, in die " "wir einige Codezeilen verschieben können Rost. Je weniger Abhängigkeiten und " "\"exotische\" Typen, desto besser. Etwas das parst einige rohe Bytes wäre " "ideal." #: src/android/setup.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " "have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" "Wir werden ein Android Virtual Device verwenden, um unseren Code zu testen. " "Stell sicher dass du hast Greifen Sie auf eines zu oder erstellen Sie ein " "neues mit:" #: src/android/setup.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/" "setup/start) for details." msgstr "" "Bitte lesen Sie die \\[Android Developer Codelab\\] (https://source.android." "com/docs/setup/start) für Details." #: src/android/build-rules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" msgstr "" "Das Android-Build-System (Soong) unterstützt Rust über eine Reihe von " "Modulen:" #: src/android/build-rules.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Module Type" msgstr "Modultyp" #: src/android/build-rules.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Description" msgstr "Beschreibung" #: src/android/build-rules.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_binary`" msgstr "`rust_binary`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust binary." msgstr "Erzeugt eine Rust-Binärdatei." #: src/android/build-rules.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_library`" msgstr "`rust_library`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants." msgstr "" "Erzeugt eine Rust-Bibliothek und bietet sowohl `rlib`\\- als auch `dylib`\\-" "Varianten." #: src/android/build-rules.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_ffi`" msgstr "`rust_ffi`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static " "and shared variants." msgstr "" "Erzeugt eine Rust-C-Bibliothek, die von `cc`\\-Modulen verwendet werden " "kann, und bietet sowohl statische als auch gemeinsam genutzte Varianten." #: src/android/build-rules.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_proc_macro`" msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler " "plugins." msgstr "" "Erzeugt eine `proc-macro` Rust-Bibliothek. Diese sind analog zu Compiler-" "Plugins." #: src/android/build-rules.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_test`" msgstr "`rust_test`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness." msgstr "" "Erzeugt eine Rust-Test-Binärdatei, die die standardmäßige Rust-Testumgebung " "verwendet." #: src/android/build-rules.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_fuzz`" msgstr "`rust_fuzz`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`." msgstr "Erzeugt eine Rust-Fuzz-Binärdatei, die `libfuzzer` nutzt." #: src/android/build-rules.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_protobuf`" msgstr "`rust_protobuf`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for " "a particular protobuf." msgstr "" "Generiert Quellcode und erstellt eine Rust-Bibliothek, die eine " "Schnittstelle für einen bestimmten Protobuf bereitstellt." #: src/android/build-rules.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_bindgen`" msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C " "libraries." msgstr "" "Generiert Quellcode und erstellt eine Rust-Bibliothek, die Rust-Bindungen an " "C-Bibliotheken enthält." #: src/android/build-rules.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." msgstr "Als nächstes schauen wir uns `rust_binary` und `rust_library` an." #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust Binaries" msgstr "Rust-Binärdateien" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " "create the following files:" msgstr "" "Beginnen wir mit einer einfachen Anwendung. Erstellen Sie im " "Stammverzeichnis eines AOSP-Checkouts folgende Dateien:" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18 msgid "" "```rust\n" "//! Rust demo.\n" "\n" "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" msgstr "Sie können die Binärdatei jetzt erstellen, pushen und ausführen:" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust Libraries" msgstr "Rust-Bibliotheken" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." msgstr "" "Sie verwenden `rust_library`, um eine neue Rust-Bibliothek für Android zu " "erstellen." #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" msgstr "Hier deklarieren wir eine Abhängigkeit von zwei Bibliotheken:" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below," msgstr "`libgreeting`, das wir unten definieren," #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]" "(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" "crates/)." msgstr "" "`libtextwrap`, das ist eine Kiste, in der bereits verkauft wird [`extern/" "rust/crates/`](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:" "external/rust/crates/)." #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"libgreetings\",\n" " \"libtextwrap\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "\n" "rust_library {\n" " name: \"libgreetings\",\n" " crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Rust demo.\n" "\n" "use greetings::greeting;\n" "use textwrap::fill;\n" "\n" "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Greeting library.\n" "\n" "/// Greet `name`.\n" "pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" " format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 #, fuzzy msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" msgstr "Sie erstellen, pushen und führen die Binärdatei wie zuvor aus:" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." "com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:" msgstr "" "Die [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." "com/guide/components/aidl) wird in Rust unterstützt:" #: src/android/aidl.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," msgstr "Rust-Code kann bestehende AIDL-Server aufrufen," #: src/android/aidl.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "Sie können neue AIDL-Server in Rust erstellen." #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Interfaces" msgstr "AIDL-Schnittstellen" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" msgstr "Sie deklarieren die API Ihres Dienstes über eine AIDL-Schnittstelle:" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" msgstr "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "aidl_interface {\n" " name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" " srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" " unstable: true,\n" " backend: {\n" " rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" " enabled: true,\n" " },\n" " },\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " "vendor partition." msgstr "" "Fügen Sie „vendor_available: true“ hinzu, wenn Ihre AIDL-Datei von einer " "Binärdatei des Anbieters verwendet wird Partition." #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Service Implementation" msgstr "Dienstimplementierung" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" msgstr "Wir können jetzt den AIDL-Dienst implementieren:" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" "pub struct BirthdayService;\n" "\n" "impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n" "\n" "impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n" " fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::" "Result {\n" " Ok(format!(\n" " \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!" "\"\n" " ))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 #: src/android/aidl/client.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_library {\n" " name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" " crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Server" msgstr "AIDL-Server" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" msgstr "" "Schließlich können wir einen Server erstellen, der den Dienst verfügbar " "macht:" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Birthday service.\n" "use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" "\n" "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n" " let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n" " birthday_service,\n" " binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n" " );\n" " binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder." "as_binder())\n" " .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n" " binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:30 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"birthday_server\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" msgstr "Wir können den Dienst jetzt erstellen, pushen und starten:" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "" "Überprüfen Sie in einem anderen Terminal, ob der Dienst ausgeführt wird:" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "Sie können den Service auch mit `Service Call` aufrufen:" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Client" msgstr "AIDL-Client" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." msgstr "" "Schließlich können wir einen Rust-Client für unseren neuen Dienst erstellen." #: src/android/aidl/client.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Birthday service.\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" "\n" "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" "pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::" "StatusCode> {\n" " binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Call the birthday service.\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n" " let name = std::env::args()\n" " .nth(1)\n" " .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n" " let years = std::env::args()\n" " .nth(2)\n" " .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n" " .unwrap_or(42);\n" "\n" " binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n" " let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to " "BirthdayService\");\n" " let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n" " println!(\"{msg}\");\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:39 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"birthday_client\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "Beachten Sie, dass der Client nicht von `libbirthdayservice` abhängt." #: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "Erstellen, pushen und führen Sie den Client auf Ihrem Gerät aus:" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " "specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" msgstr "" "Lassen Sie uns die API um mehr Funktionalität erweitern: Wir möchten, dass " "Kunden a angeben Liste der Zeilen für die Geburtstagskarte:" #: src/android/logging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " "or `stdout` (on-host):" msgstr "" "Sie sollten die `log`\\-Crate verwenden, um sich automatisch bei `logcat` " "(auf dem Gerät) anzumelden oder `stdout` (auf dem Host):" #: src/android/logging.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" #: src/android/logging.md:8 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"liblog_rust\",\n" " \"liblogger\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" " host_supported: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" #: src/android/logging.md:24 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Rust logging demo.\n" "\n" "use log::{debug, error, info};\n" "\n" "/// Logs a greeting.\n" "fn main() {\n" " logger::init(\n" " logger::Config::default()\n" " .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n" " .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n" " );\n" " debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n" " info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n" " error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "" "Erstellen, übertragen und führen Sie die Binärdatei auf Ihrem Gerät aus:" #: src/android/logging.md:44 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_logs\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" msgstr "Die Protokolle werden in `adb logcat` angezeigt:" #: src/android/interoperability.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " "means that you can:" msgstr "" "Rust bietet eine hervorragende Unterstützung für die Interoperabilität mit " "anderen Sprachen. Das heisst dass du kannst:" #: src/android/interoperability.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." msgstr "Rufen Sie Rust-Funktionen aus anderen Sprachen auf." #: src/android/interoperability.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." msgstr "Rufen Sie in anderen Sprachen geschriebene Funktionen von Rust auf." #: src/android/interoperability.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " "_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." msgstr "" "Wenn Sie Funktionen in einer Fremdsprache aufrufen, sagen wir, dass Sie a " "verwenden _Fremdfunktionsschnittstelle_, auch bekannt als FFI." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Interoperability with C" msgstr "Interoperabilität mit C" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " "Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." msgstr "" "Rust bietet volle Unterstützung für das Linken von Objektdateien mit einer C-" "Aufrufkonvention. Ebenso können Sie Rust-Funktionen exportieren und von C " "aus aufrufen." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "Sie können es von Hand tun, wenn Sie möchten:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8 msgid "" "```rust\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" " fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = -42;\n" " let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n" " println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" "safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." msgstr "" "Wir haben dies bereits im [Safe FFI Wrapper Übung](../../Übungen/Tag-3/safe-" "ffi-wrapper.md)." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " "production." msgstr "" "Dies setzt vollständige Kenntnisse der Zielplattform voraus. Nicht " "empfehlenswert für Produktion." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at better options next." msgstr "Wir werden uns als nächstes bessere Optionen ansehen." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Using Bindgen" msgstr "Verwenden von Bindgen" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " "tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." msgstr "" "Das Tool [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction." "html). kann Bindungen aus einer C-Header-Datei automatisch generieren." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "First create a small C library:" msgstr "Erstellen Sie zunächst eine kleine C-Bibliothek:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \n" "#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" "\n" "void print_card(const card* card) {\n" " printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" " printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n" " printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n" " printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" msgstr "Fügen Sie dies zu Ihrer `Android.bp`\\-Datei hinzu:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "cc_library {\n" " name: \"libbirthday\",\n" " srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " "example):" msgstr "" "Erstellen Sie eine Wrapper-Header-Datei für die Bibliothek (in this " "Beispiel):" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "Sie können die Bindungen jetzt automatisch generieren:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_bindgen {\n" " name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n" " wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n" " source_stem: \"bindings\",\n" " static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "" "Schließlich können wir die Bindungen in unserem Rust-Programm verwenden:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n" " srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "//! Bindgen demo.\n" "\n" "use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n" " let card = card {\n" " name: name.as_ptr(),\n" " years: 42,\n" " };\n" " unsafe {\n" " print_card(&card as *const card);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" "Schließlich können wir automatisch generierte Tests ausführen, um " "sicherzustellen, dass die Bindungen funktionieren:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_test {\n" " name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" " srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" " crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" " test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n" " auto_gen_config: true,\n" " clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n" " lints: \"none\",\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Calling Rust" msgstr "Rust anrufen" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" msgstr "Der Export von Rust-Funktionen und -Typen nach C ist einfach:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" "#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n" "\n" "use std::os::raw::c_int;\n" "\n" "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n" " if x < y {\n" " println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n" " } else {\n" " println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26 msgid "" "```c\n" "#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n" "#define ANALYSE_H\n" "\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" "void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#endif\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_ffi {\n" " name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n" " crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n" " srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n" " include_dirs: [\".\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" msgstr "Wir können dies jetzt aus einer C-Binärdatei aufrufen:" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \"analyze.h\"\n" "\n" "int main() {\n" " analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n" " analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n" " return 0;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "cc_binary {\n" " name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n" " srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n" " static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " "will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " "\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." msgstr "" "`#[no_mangle]` deaktiviert Rusts übliches Namensverstümmeln, so dass das " "exportierte Symbol nur der Name von ist die Funktion. Sie können auch " "`#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` verwenden, um einen beliebigen Namen " "anzugeben." #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " "interoperability between Rust and C++." msgstr "" "Die [CXX-Kiste](https://cxx.rs/) ermöglicht eine sichere Interoperabilität " "zwischen Rust und C++." #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "Der Gesamtansatz sieht wie folgt aus:" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of " "using this." msgstr "" "Ein vollständiges Beispiel für die Verwendung finden Sie im \\[CXX-" "Tutorial\\] [2](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14 msgid "" "At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" "cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16 msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18 msgid "" "Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " "languages_." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20 msgid "" "Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings." "html):" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22 msgid "" "Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " "does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " "types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" "string`, making it very ergonomic to use." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28 msgid "" "Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " "which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Interoperability with Java" msgstr "Interoperabilität mit Java" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" "jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." msgstr "" "Java kann gemeinsame Objekte über [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). Die [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" "jni/) ermöglicht es Ihnen, eine kompatible Bibliothek zu erstellen." #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" msgstr "Zuerst erstellen wir eine Rust-Funktion zum Exportieren nach Java:" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" "\n" "use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n" "use jni::sys::jstring;\n" "use jni::JNIEnv;\n" "\n" "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n" " env: JNIEnv,\n" " _class: JClass,\n" " name: JString,\n" ") -> jstring {\n" " let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n" " let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n" " let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n" " output.into_inner()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_ffi_shared {\n" " name: \"libhello_jni\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" msgstr "Schließlich können wir diese Funktion von Java aus aufrufen:" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47 msgid "" "```java\n" "class HelloWorld {\n" " private static native String hello(String name);\n" "\n" " static {\n" " System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " public static void main(String[] args) {\n" " String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n" " System.out.println(output);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "java_binary {\n" " name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n" " srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n" " main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n" " required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "" "Schließlich können Sie die Binärdatei erstellen, synchronisieren und " "ausführen:" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " "and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" msgstr "" "Für die letzte Übung schauen wir uns eines der Projekte an, mit denen Sie " "arbeiten. Lassen Sie uns gruppiert euch und macht das gemeinsam. Einige " "Vorschläge:" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." msgstr "" "Verschieben Sie eine Funktion aus Ihrem Projekt nach Rust und rufen Sie sie " "auf." #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8 msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " "in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." msgstr "" "Hier wird keine Lösung bereitgestellt, da dies offen ist: Es hängt von " "jemandem ab Die Klasse hat einen Code, den Sie spontan an Rust übergeben " "können." #: src/bare-metal.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" msgstr "Willkommen bei Comprehensive Rust 🦀" #: src/bare-metal.md:3 msgid "" "This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " "who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " "Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" "metal programming in some other language such as C." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:7 msgid "" "Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " "underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:10 msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:11 msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:12 msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:13 msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:15 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" "tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " "with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " "an on-board SWD debugger." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:20 msgid "" "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:30 msgid "" "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:32 msgid "" "```bash\n" "echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " "GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" " sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" "sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:38 msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 msgid "`no_std`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 msgid "`core`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 msgid "`alloc`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 msgid "`std`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24 msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25 msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26 msgid "`Option`, `Result`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27 msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29 msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30 msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31 msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32 msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33 msgid "`Duration`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38 msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39 msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40 msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45 msgid "`Error`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47 msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48 msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49 msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50 msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51 msgid "`net`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52 msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53 msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54 msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62 msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63 msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1 msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17 msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18 msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 msgid "" "Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " "avoid an error about `eh_personality`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 msgid "" "Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " "define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " "some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3 msgid "" "To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate alloc;\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use alloc::string::ToString;\n" "use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" "use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" "\n" "#[global_allocator]\n" "static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" "\n" "static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" "\n" "pub fn entry() {\n" " // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " "once.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" " HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" " .lock()\n" " .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " "hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41 msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43 msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " "the top-level binary crate." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45 msgid "" "`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " "crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47 msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3 msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " "Cortex M microcontrollers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21 msgid "" "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " "abstraction." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25 msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" "> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27 msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3 msgid "" "Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " "turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "mod interrupts;\n" "\n" "use core::mem::size_of;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "\n" "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" "const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n" "\n" "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" "const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n" "const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n" "const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n" "\n" "// PIN_CNF fields\n" "const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n" "const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n" "const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n" "const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n" "const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::()) as *mut " "u32;\n" " let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::()) as *mut " "u32;\n" " // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " "and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" " unsafe {\n" " pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n" " DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " "SENSE_DISABLED,\n" " );\n" " pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n" " DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " "SENSE_DISABLED,\n" " );\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n" " let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n" " // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " "and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" " unsafe {\n" " gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n" " gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n" " }\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64 msgid "" "GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " "to the first row." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34 msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3 msgid "" "[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " "wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" "pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" " let gpio0 = p.P0;\n" "\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n" " w.dir().output();\n" " w.input().disconnect();\n" " w.pull().disabled();\n" " w.drive().s0s1();\n" " w.sense().disabled();\n" " w\n" " });\n" " gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n" " w.dir().output();\n" " w.input().disconnect();\n" " w.pull().disabled();\n" " w.drive().s0s1();\n" " w.sense().disabled();\n" " w\n" " });\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n" " gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 msgid "" "SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " "silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51 msgid "" "They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " "descriptions, addresses and so on." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53 msgid "" "SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " "which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " "crates." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55 msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 msgid "" "If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " "pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 msgid "HAL crates" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3 msgid "" "[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" "implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " "various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n" "use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n" "use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" " let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" "\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n" " let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" " row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39 msgid "" "`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 msgid "" "HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " "STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Board support crates" msgstr "Tastaturkürzel" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3 msgid "" "Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " "board for convenience." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28 msgid "" "In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " "and a bit of initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30 msgid "" "The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " "microcontroller itself." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32 msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" " let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" "\n" " let pin: P0_01 = gpio0.p0_01;\n" "\n" " // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" " let pin_input: P0_01> = pin.into_floating_input();\n" " if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n" " // ...\n" " }\n" " let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n" " .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " "Level::Low);\n" " pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n" " // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" "\n" " let _pin2: P0_02> = gpio0\n" " .p0_02\n" " .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " "Level::Low);\n" " let _pin3: P0_03> = gpio0.p0_03." "into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32 msgid "" "Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " "exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34 msgid "" "Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " "can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36 msgid "" "The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " "the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " "the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " "way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " "caught at compile time." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40 msgid "" "You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " "not vice-versa." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41 msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 msgid "`embedded-hal`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 msgid "" "The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " "number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6 msgid "GPIO" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7 msgid "ADC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8 msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9 msgid "RNG" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10 msgid "Timers" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11 msgid "Watchdogs" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13 msgid "" "Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" "awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " "accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19 msgid "" "There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " "platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21 msgid "" "There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " "isn't stable yet." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 msgid "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " "like OpenOCD but better integrated." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 msgid "SWD" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 msgid " and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 msgid "DAP" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 msgid " server" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 msgid "Cargo integration" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 msgid "RTT" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 msgid "" " output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your " "project directory." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16 msgid "" "[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " "an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " "CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " "on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19 msgid "" "ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " "is a range from SEGGER." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21 msgid "" "The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " "Serial Wire Debug." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 msgid "" "probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " "want to." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23 msgid "" "The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" "adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " "supported microcontroller." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25 msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 msgid "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " "host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 msgid "Embed.toml:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[default.general]\n" "chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" "\n" "[debug.gdb]\n" "enabled = true\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13 msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "" "Überprüfen Sie in einem anderen Terminal, ob der Dienst ausgeführt wird:" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21 msgid "" "```sh\n" "gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-" "command=\"target remote :1337\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 msgid "Other projects" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3 msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4 msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5 msgid "" "Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6 msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7 msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8 msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9 msgid "" "Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " "support" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10 msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 msgid "" "Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " "unprivileged drivers, IPC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13 msgid "" "Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." "github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18 msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19 msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 msgid "" "It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " "scheduling rather than a proper kernel." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 msgid "Cortex-M only." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23 msgid "" "Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 msgid "" "FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " "applications." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3 msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " "use the buttons somehow." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6 msgid "Hints:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8 msgid "" "Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" "latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" "microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." "org/hardware/)." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11 msgid "" "The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12 msgid "" "TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 msgid "" "The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" "blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" "microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17 msgid "" "You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 msgid "" "You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." "com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " "this exercise." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `compass` directory for the following files." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/main.rs`:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Configure serial port.\n" " let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" " board.UARTE0,\n" " board.uart.into(),\n" " Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" " Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" " );\n" "\n" " // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" " // TODO\n" "\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" " // TODO\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" "\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"compass\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n" "embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n" "lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n" "microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n" "panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[default.general]\n" "chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" "\n" "[debug.gdb]\n" "enabled = true\n" "\n" "[debug.reset]\n" "halt_afterwards = true\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" "target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n" "\n" "[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n" "rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 msgid "Application processors" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3 msgid "" "So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " "Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " "with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" "virt.html) board." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9 msgid "" "Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " "privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " "processors do." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11 msgid "" "QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " "architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " "hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3 msgid "" "Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5 msgid "" "```armasm\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" " /*\n" " * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " "MMU and\n" " * caches.\n" " */\n" " adrp x30, idmap\n" " msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" " msr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" " /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" " mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" " bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" " msr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " "any\n" " * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" " */\n" " isb\n" " tlbi vmalle1\n" " ic iallu\n" " dsb nsh\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this\n" " * has completed.\n" " */\n" " msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" " mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" " orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" " msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" " adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" " adr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0: cmp x29, x30\n" " b.hs 1f\n" " stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" " b 0b\n" "\n" "1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" " adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" " mov sp, x30\n" "\n" " /* Set up exception vector. */\n" " adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" " msr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" " /* Call into Rust code. */\n" " bl main\n" "\n" " /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2: wfi\n" " b 2b\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77 msgid "" "This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " "zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79 msgid "" "The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " "object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " "initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " "on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " "them." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83 msgid "" "The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " "the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85 msgid "" "We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " "we don't:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 msgid "" "Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" "unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " "is not necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " "is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " "not VA or IPA.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94 msgid "" "For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " "identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " "for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " "memory layout that QEMU uses." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97 msgid "" "We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " "later." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98 msgid "" "All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " "(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " "modify `entry.S` accordingly." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1 msgid "Inline assembly" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3 msgid "" "Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " "Rust code. For example, to make an " msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 msgid "HVC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use core::arch::asm;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "\n" "const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" " unsafe {\n" " asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n" " inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n" " inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n" " options(nomem, nostack)\n" " );\n" " }\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 msgid "" "(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43 msgid "" "PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " "functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " "implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46 msgid "" "The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " "inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " "`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " "contents of the registers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49 msgid "" "This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " "it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51 msgid "" "`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " "used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " "According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " "\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " "arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " "special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1 msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3 msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4 msgid "Never hold a reference." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5 msgid "" "`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " "reference." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9 msgid "" "Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " "the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11 msgid "" "Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " "compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " "written, and not bother actually reading memory." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13 msgid "" "Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " "this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " "dereference it." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 msgid "" "Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " "struct." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1 msgid "Let's write a UART driver" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3 msgid "" "The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n" "const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n" "const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n" "\n" "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " base_address: *mut u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n" " Self { base_address }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n" " // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)." "read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 msgid "" "Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " "because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " "requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " "driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " "it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " "necessary preconditions." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60 msgid "" "We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " "`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " "place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63 msgid "" "This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " "the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " "number of places." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "More traits" msgstr "Züge" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3 msgid "" "We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " "traits too." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" "\n" "impl Write for Uart {\n" " fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" " for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" " self.write_byte(*c);\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24 msgid "" "Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " "`Uart` type." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1 msgid "A better UART driver" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3 msgid "" "The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " "offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " "read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " "structured way." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 msgid "Offset" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 msgid "Register name" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 msgid "Width" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 msgid "0x00" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 msgid "DR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 msgid "12" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 msgid "0x04" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 msgid "RSR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 msgid "4" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 msgid "0x18" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 msgid "FR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 msgid "9" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 msgid "0x20" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 msgid "ILPR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 msgid "8" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 msgid "0x24" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 msgid "IBRD" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 msgid "16" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 msgid "0x28" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 msgid "FBRD" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 msgid "6" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 msgid "0x2c" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 msgid "LCR_H" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 msgid "0x30" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 msgid "CR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 msgid "0x34" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 msgid "IFLS" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 msgid "0x38" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 msgid "IMSC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 msgid "11" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 msgid "0x3c" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 msgid "RIS" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 msgid "0x40" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 msgid "MIS" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 msgid "0x44" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 msgid "ICR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 msgid "0x48" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 msgid "DMACR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 msgid "3" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3 msgid "" "The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " "working with bitflags." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use bitflags::bitflags;\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct Flags: u16 {\n" " /// Clear to send.\n" " const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Data set ready.\n" " const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Data carrier detect.\n" " const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" " /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" " const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" " const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" " const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" " const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" " const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" " /// Ring indicator.\n" " const RI = 1 << 8;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37 msgid "" "The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " "with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1 msgid "Multiple registers" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3 msgid "" "We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41 msgid "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " "following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " "predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " "(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3 msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " "received.\n" " pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" " if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" " None\n" " } else {\n" " let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." "read_volatile() };\n" " // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" " Some(data as u8)\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64 msgid "" "Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " "fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Using it" msgstr "Verwenden von Bindgen" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3 msgid "" "Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " "and echo incoming bytes." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::error;\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" "\n" " writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " if let Some(byte) = uart.read_byte() {\n" " uart.write_byte(byte);\n" " match byte {\n" " b'\\r' => {\n" " uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n" " }\n" " b'q' => break,\n" " _ => {}\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 msgid "" "As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " "function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " "notes there for details." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3 msgid "" "It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " "`Log` trait." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" "};\n" "\n" "struct Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Log for Logger {\n" " fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" " true\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" " writeln!(\n" " self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" " \"[{}] {}\",\n" " record.level(),\n" " record.args()\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn flush(&self) {}\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" "pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " "SetLoggerError> {\n" " LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" "\n" " log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" " log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50 msgid "" "The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " "`set_logger`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3 msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n" "\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3 msgid "" "AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " "exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " "SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " "We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " "calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use log::error;\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65 msgid "" "For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " "EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 msgid "" "For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " "expect any of them to actually happen." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69 msgid "" "We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " "less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." "md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " "example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " "rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " "it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 msgid "" "[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" "raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 msgid "" "Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " "exception handling, page tables" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 msgid "" "Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " "necessarily a good example to copy for production code." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12 msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13 msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17 msgid "" "The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " "enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19 msgid "" "Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " "`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " "necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " "alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " "hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 msgid "" "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " "programming." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 msgid "`zerocopy`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 msgid "" "The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " "traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " "types." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40 msgid "" "This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " "but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " "DMA, or sent over some external interface." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45 msgid "" "`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " "valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47 msgid "" "Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " "`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " "all byte patterns are valid." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49 msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 msgid "`aarch64-paging`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 msgid "" "The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " "you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " "Architecture." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use aarch64_paging::{\n" " idmap::IdMap,\n" " paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n" "};\n" "\n" "const ASID: usize = 1;\n" "const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n" "\n" "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" "let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n" "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" "idmap.map_range(\n" " &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n" " Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n" ").unwrap();\n" "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" "idmap.activate();\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 msgid "" "For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " "be straightforward to add." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30 msgid "" "This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." "com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" "pvmfw/)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31 msgid "" "There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " "or under QEMU." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 msgid "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " "is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " "be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" "buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " "the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " "allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " "space for PCI BARs:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n" "use core::alloc::Layout;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n" " allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n" "\n" " let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n" " let bar = allocator\n" " .alloc_aligned(layout)\n" " .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n" " println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26 msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27 msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 msgid "`tinyvec`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 msgid "" "Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " "heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " "this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " "allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " "and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" " numbers.push(7);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" " numbers.remove(1);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23 msgid "" "`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " "initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`spin`" msgstr "`statisch`" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 msgid "" "`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " "are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " "interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7 msgid "" "The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " "equivalents of many of these primitives." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static counter: SpinMutex = SpinMutex::new(0);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" " *counter.lock() += 2;\n" " println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23 msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24 msgid "" "`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " "`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 msgid "" "The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " "useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " "`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android.md:3 msgid "" "To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " "`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " "with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " "to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android.md:7 msgid "" "```soong\n" "rust_ffi_static {\n" " name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n" " defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n" " crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"libvmbase\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "\n" "cc_binary {\n" " name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" " defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n" " srcs: [\n" " \"idmap.S\",\n" " ],\n" " static_libs: [\n" " \"libvmbase_example\",\n" " ],\n" " linker_scripts: [\n" " \"image.ld\",\n" " \":vmbase_sections\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "\n" "raw_binary {\n" " name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n" " stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n" " src: \":vmbase_example\",\n" " enabled: false,\n" " target: {\n" " android_arm64: {\n" " enabled: true,\n" " },\n" " },\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 msgid "" "For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." "googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" "master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " "build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use vmbase::{main, println};\n" "\n" "main!(main);\n" "\n" "pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n" " println!(\"Hello world\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21 msgid "" "The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " "entry point." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22 msgid "" "The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " "PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3 msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "RTC driver" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3 msgid "" "The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " "you should write a driver for it." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6 msgid "" "Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " "[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8 msgid "" "Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " "time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10 msgid "" "_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " "the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" "docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12 msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13 msgid "" "Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" "wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16 msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" "const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" "const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" " // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " "base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" " let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " "GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " gic.setup();\n" "\n" " // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" "\n" " // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" "\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 msgid "" "`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " "the exercise):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " trace!(\"irq_current\");\n" " let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending " "interrupt\");\n" " info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" "};\n" "\n" "struct Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Log for Logger {\n" " fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" " true\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" " writeln!(\n" " self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" " \"[{}] {}\",\n" " record.level(),\n" " record.args()\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn flush(&self) {}\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" "pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " "SetLoggerError> {\n" " LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" "\n" " log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" " log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "#![allow(unused)]\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" "use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" "use bitflags::bitflags;\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct Flags: u16 {\n" " /// Clear to send.\n" " const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Data set ready.\n" " const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Data carrier detect.\n" " const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" " /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" " const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" " const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" " const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" " const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" " const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" " /// Ring indicator.\n" " const RI = 1 << 8;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n" " /// Framing error.\n" " const FE = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Parity error.\n" " const PE = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Break error.\n" " const BE = 1 << 2;\n" " /// Overrun error.\n" " const OE = 1 << 3;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " dr: u16,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" " rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" " fr: Flags,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" " ilpr: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " ibrd: u16,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" " fbrd: u8,\n" " _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" " lcr_h: u8,\n" " _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" " cr: u16,\n" " _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" " ifls: u8,\n" " _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" " imsc: u16,\n" " _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" " ris: u16,\n" " _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" " mis: u16,\n" " _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" " icr: u16,\n" " _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" " dmacr: u8,\n" " _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " "received.\n" " pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" " if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" " None\n" " } else {\n" " let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." "read_volatile() };\n" " // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" " Some(data as u8)\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" "\n" "impl Write for Uart {\n" " fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" " for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" " self.write_byte(*c);\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" "\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"rtc\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n" "bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n" "chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n" "log = \"0.4.17\"\n" "smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n" "spin = \"0.9.8\"\n" "\n" "[build-dependencies]\n" "cc = \"1.0.73\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use cc::Build;\n" "use std::env;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n" " env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n" " env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n" "\n" " Build::new()\n" " .file(\"entry.S\")\n" " .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n" " .file(\"idmap.S\")\n" " .compile(\"empty\")\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" ".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" "\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" "\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" "\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" ".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" ".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" "\n" "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" "/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " "fault instead. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" "/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" "/*\n" " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate " "write-allocate\n" " * cacheable.\n" " */\n" ".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" "/*\n" " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate " "write-allocate\n" " * cacheable.\n" " */\n" ".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" "/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" ".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" ".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." "L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" ".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." "L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" "\n" "/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" "/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" "/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" "/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" "/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" "/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" "/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " "28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" ".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." "L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" ".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." "L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations " "required to prepare the\n" " * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " "registers x25 and above,\n" " * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " "vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" " * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" " */\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" "\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU " "and caches. */\n" "\tadrp x30, idmap\n" "\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" "\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" "\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" "\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" "\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" "\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any " "potentially stale\n" "\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" "\t */\n" "\tisb\n" "\ttlbi vmalle1\n" "\tic iallu\n" "\tdsb nsh\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this has completed.\n" "\t */\n" "\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" "\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" "\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" "\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" "\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" "\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" "\tb.hs 1f\n" "\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" "\tb 0b\n" "\n" "1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" "\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" "\tmov sp, x30\n" "\n" "\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" "\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" "\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" "\tbl main\n" "\n" "\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2:\twfi\n" "\tb 2b\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " "instructions\n" " * left.\n" " *\n" " * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " "respectively,\n" " * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " "call.\n" " */\n" ".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" "\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" "\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" "\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" "\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" "\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" "\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" "\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" "\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" "\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" "\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" "\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n" "\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" "\t */\n" "\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" "\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n" " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving " "18\n" " * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" " * instructions to spare.\n" " */\n" ".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" "\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" "\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" "\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" "\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" "\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" "\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" "\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" "\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" "\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" "\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" "\n" "\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" "\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" "\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" "\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" "\n" "\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" "\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " "using\n" " * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " "doing\n" " * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" " *\n" " * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n" " * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " "implement\n" " * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" " */\n" ".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" "\tmsr spsel, #1\n" "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" "\tbl \\handler\n" "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\tmsr spsel, #0\n" "\teret\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " "using\n" " * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " "volatile\n" " * registers, then returns.\n" " *\n" " * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" " * non-volatile registers.\n" " *\n" " * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n" " * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " "whole\n" " * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" " */\n" ".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" "\tbl \\handler\n" "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\teret\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" ".global vector_table_el1\n" ".balign 0x800\n" "vector_table_el1:\n" "sync_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" "\n" "/* Access flag. */\n" ".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" "/* Not global. */\n" ".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" ".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" "\n" ".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" ".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " "shareable\n" "\n" ".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" ".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" "\n" ".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" ".global idmap\n" ".align 12\n" "idmap:\n" "\t/* level 1 */\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" "\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" "\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 msgid "" "```ld\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" "/*\n" " * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " "the\n" " * image.\n" " */\n" "ENTRY(entry)\n" "\n" "MEMORY\n" "{\n" "\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" "}\n" "\n" "SECTIONS\n" "{\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together the code.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" "\t\t*(.init.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\t.text : {\n" "\t\t*(.text.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\ttext_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\t.got : {\n" "\t\t*(.got)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\trodata_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n" "\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.data.*)\n" "\t\t/*\n" "\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" "\t\t * bytes long.\n" "\t\t */\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" "\t\tdata_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" "\tbin_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" "\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" "\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" "\t\t*(COMMON)\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" "\t\tbss_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" "\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" "\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" "\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" "\t */\n" "\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" "\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" "\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" "\t\t*(.hash)\n" "\t\t*(.interp)\n" "\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" "\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" "\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" "\t}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944 msgid "" "```makefile\n" "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "#\n" "# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "#\n" "# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "#\n" "# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "# limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n" "ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n" "\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n" "else\n" "\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n" "endif\n" "OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n" "\n" ".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n" "\n" "all: rtc.bin\n" "\n" "build:\n" "\tcargo build\n" "\n" "rtc.bin: build\n" "\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n" "\n" "qemu: rtc.bin\n" "\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio " "-display none -kernel $< -s\n" "\n" "clean:\n" "\tcargo clean\n" "\trm -f *.bin\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" "target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n" "rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Willkommen bei Comprehensive Rust 🦀" #: src/concurrency.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " "channels." msgstr "" "Rust bietet volle Unterstützung für Parallelität unter Verwendung von " "Betriebssystem-Threads mit Mutexes und Kanäle." #: src/concurrency.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " "compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " "you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." msgstr "" "Das Rust-Typsystem spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung vieler " "Nebenläufigkeitsfehler Kompilierzeitfehler. Dies wird seit Ihnen oft als " "_furchtlose Parallelität_ bezeichnet kann sich auf den Compiler verlassen, " "um die Korrektheit zur Laufzeit sicherzustellen." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgstr "Rust-Threads funktionieren ähnlich wie Threads in anderen Sprachen:" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " thread::spawn(|| {\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" " }\n" " });\n" "\n" " for i in 1..5 {\n" " println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." msgstr "" "Threads sind alle Daemon-Threads, der Haupt-Thread wartet nicht auf sie." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." msgstr "Thread-Panics sind voneinander unabhängig." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." msgstr "" "Paniken können eine Nutzlast tragen, die mit `downcast_ref` entpackt werden " "kann." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 msgid "" "Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " "not waiting." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 msgid "" "Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " "the thread to finish." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 msgid "" "Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " "panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/any/index.html)." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "Normale Threads können nicht von ihrer Umgebung ausleihen:" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn foo() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" " thread::spawn(|| {\n" " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" " });\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " foo();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" "fn.scope.html) for this:" msgstr "" "Sie können dafür jedoch einen [Scoped Thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "thread/fn.scope.html) verwenden:" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "\n" " thread::scope(|scope| {\n" " scope.spawn(|| {\n" " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" " });\n" " });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " "the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." msgstr "" "Der Grund dafür ist, dass nach Abschluss der `thread::scope`\\-Funktion " "garantiert alle Threads verbunden sind, sodass sie geliehene Daten " "zurückgeben können." #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " "thread, or immutably by any number of threads." msgstr "" "Es gelten die normalen Rust-Ausleihregeln: Sie können entweder veränderlich " "von einem Thread ausleihen oder unveränderlich von einer beliebigen Anzahl " "von Threads." #: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " "parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." msgstr "" "Rust-Kanäle bestehen aus zwei Teilen: einem `Sender` und einem " "`Receiver`. Die zwei Teile über den Kanal verbunden sind, aber Sie sehen " "nur die Endpunkte." #: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" "\n" " tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" " tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" "\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" "\n" " let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" " tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " "implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " "not." msgstr "" "„mpsc“ steht für Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` und `SyncSender` " "implementieren `Clone` (also Sie können mehrere Producer erstellen), aber " "'Receiver' nicht." #: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " "counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." msgstr "" "`send()` und `recv()` geben `Result` zurück. Wenn sie `Err` zurückgeben, " "bedeutet dies das Gegenstück `Sender` bzw „Receiver“ wird fallen gelassen " "und der Kanal wird geschlossen." #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "" "Einen unbegrenzten und asynchronen Kanal erhält man mit `mpsc::channel()`:" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" " });\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "\n" " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" msgstr "" "Gebundene und synchrone Kanäle sorgen dafür, dass der aktuelle Thread durch " "„Senden“ blockiert wird:" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" " });\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "\n" " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " "channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " "is nobody who reads from the channel." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 msgid "" "A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " "if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33 msgid "" "A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" msgstr "`Senden` und `Synchronisieren`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " "two traits:" msgstr "" "Woher weiß Rust, dass es den gemeinsamen Zugriff über Threads verbieten " "soll? Die Antwort liegt in zwei Merkmalen:" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " "is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): ein Typ `T` " "ist `Send`, wenn es sicher ist, ein `T` über einen Thread zu bewegen Grenze." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " "is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): ein Typ `T` " "ist `Sync`, wenn es sicher ist, ein `&T` über einen Thread zu verschieben " "Grenze." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " "compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " "contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " "you know it is valid." msgstr "" "„Senden“ und „Synchronisieren“ sind [unsichere Eigenschaften](../unsafe/" "unsafe-traits.md). Der Compiler leitet sie automatisch für Ihre Typen ab " "solange sie nur die Typen `Send` und `Sync` enthalten. Sie können sie auch " "manuell implementieren, wenn Sie wissen, dass es gültig ist." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" "safety properties." msgstr "" "Man kann sich diese Eigenschaften als Markierungen dafür vorstellen, dass " "der Typ bestimmte Thread-Sicherheitseigenschaften hat." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." msgstr "" "Sie können in den generischen Einschränkungen als normale Merkmale verwendet " "werden." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send`" msgstr "`Senden`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " "if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." msgstr "" "Ein Typ `T` ist [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send." "html), wenn es sicher ist, einen `T`\\-Wert in einen anderen Thread zu " "verschieben." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " "run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " "thread and deallocate it in another." msgstr "" "Das Verschieben der Eigentümerschaft auf einen anderen Thread hat zur Folge, " "dass _destructors_ ausgeführt wird in diesem Thread. Die Frage ist also, " "wann Sie einen Wert in einem Thread zuweisen können und es in einem anderen " "freigeben." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13 msgid "" "As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " "a single thread." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Sync`" msgstr "`Synchronisieren`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " "if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." msgstr "" "Ein Typ `T` ist [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync." "html), wenn es sicher ist, von mehreren auf einen `T`\\-Wert zuzugreifen " "Threads gleichzeitig." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" msgstr "Genauer gesagt lautet die Definition:" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" msgstr "`T` ist `Sync` genau dann, wenn `&T` `Send` ist" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " "thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " "across threads." msgstr "" "Diese Anweisung ist im Wesentlichen eine Kurzform dafür, dass ein Typ, der " "für die gemeinsame Verwendung Thread-sicher ist, auch Thread-sicher ist, " "Verweise auf ihn über Threads hinweg zu übergeben." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " "multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " "issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " "is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " "be accessed from any thread safely." msgstr "" "Denn wenn ein Typ Sync ist, bedeutet dies, dass er von mehreren Threads " "gemeinsam genutzt werden kann, ohne das Risiko von Datenrennen oder anderen " "Synchronisierungsproblemen, sodass es sicher ist, ihn in einen anderen " "Thread zu verschieben. Ein Verweis auf den Typ kann auch sicher in einen " "anderen Thread verschoben werden, da auf die Daten, auf die er verweist, von " "jedem Thread aus sicher zugegriffen werden kann." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send + Sync`" msgstr "`Senden + Synchronisieren`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" msgstr "Die meisten Typen, auf die Sie stoßen, sind „Send + Sync“:" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " "`Send + Sync`." msgstr "" "Die generischen Typen sind typischerweise `Send + Sync`, wenn es die " "Typparameter sind „Senden + Synchronisieren“." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send + !Sync`" msgstr "`Senden + !Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " "Typically because of interior mutability:" msgstr "" "Diese Typen können in andere Threads verschoben werden, sind aber nicht " "Thread-sicher. Typischerweise wegen innerer Mutabilität:" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" msgstr "`mpsc::Sender`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "`Zelle`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "`RefCell`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "`!Send + Sync`" msgstr "`!Senden + Synchronisieren`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" msgstr "" "Diese Typen sind Thread-sicher, können aber nicht in einen anderen Thread " "verschoben werden:" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " "thread which created them." msgstr "" "`MutexGuard`: Verwendet Primitive auf Betriebssystemebene, die auf dem " "freigegeben werden müssen Thread, der sie erstellt hat." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" msgstr "`!Senden + !Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgstr "" "Diese Typen sind nicht Thread-sicher und können nicht in andere Threads " "verschoben werden:" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" "atomic reference count." msgstr "" "`Rc`: Jedes `Rc` hat eine Referenz auf eine `RcBox`, die eine " "enthält nicht-atomarer Referenzzähler." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " "considerations." msgstr "" "`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust geht davon aus, dass Rohzeiger möglicherweise " "etwas Besonderes haben Parallelitätsüberlegungen." #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " "primarily done via two types:" msgstr "" "Rust verwendet das Typsystem, um die Synchronisierung gemeinsam genutzter " "Daten zu erzwingen. Das ist hauptsächlich über zwei Arten:" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " "reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " "deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), Atomic " "Reference Counted `T`: handhabt die gemeinsame Nutzung zwischen Threads und " "sorgt dafür, dass `T` freigegeben wird, wenn die letzte Referenz gelöscht " "wird," #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " "mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): sorgt " "für den sich gegenseitig ausschließenden Zugriff auf den `T`\\-Wert." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Arc`" msgstr "`Bogen`" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " "read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) ermöglicht " "den gemeinsamen Nur-Lese-Zugriff über seine `clone`\\-Methode:" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" " let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" " for _ in 1..5 {\n" " let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" " handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" " }));\n" " }\n" "\n" " handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " "that uses atomic operations." msgstr "" "`Arc` steht für \"Atomic Reference Counted\", eine Thread-sichere Version " "von `Rc`, die atomar verwendet Operationen." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " "and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." msgstr "" "`Arc` implementiert `Clone` unabhängig davon, ob `T` dies tut oder nicht. " "Es implementiert `Send` und `Sync` iff `T` setzt sie beide um." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " "after that the use of the `T` is free." msgstr "" "`Arc::clone()` hat die Kosten für atomare Operationen, die ausgeführt " "werden, aber danach die Verwendung der „T“ ist frei." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " "them." msgstr "" "Hüten Sie sich vor Referenzzyklen, `Arc` verwendet keinen Garbage Collector, " "um sie zu erkennen." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` kann helfen." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Mutex`" msgstr "`Mutex`" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " "mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " "interface:" msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) sorgt für " "gegenseitigen Ausschluss _und_ erlaubt veränderlichen Zugriff auf `T` hinter " "einer Nur-Lese-Schnittstelle:" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" "\n" " {\n" " let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" " guard.push(40);\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " "implementation." msgstr "" "Beachten Sie, wie wir eine [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) Blanket " "haben Implementierung." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " "protected data." msgstr "" "`Mutex` in Rust sieht aus wie eine Sammlung mit nur einem Element - den " "geschützten Daten." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " "protected data." msgstr "" "Es ist nicht möglich, das Abrufen des Mutex zu vergessen, bevor auf die " "geschützten Daten zugegriffen wird." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " "`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." msgstr "" "Sie können ein `&mut T` von einem `&Mutex` erhalten, indem Sie die Sperre " "nehmen. Der `MutexGuard` sorgt dafür, dass die `&mut T` überlebt die " "gehaltene Sperre nicht." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " "implements `Send`." msgstr "" "`Mutex` implementiert sowohl `Send` als auch `Sync`, wenn `T` `Send` " "implementiert." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." msgstr "Ein Gegenstück zur Lese-Schreib-Sperre - `RwLock`." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " msgstr "Warum gibt `lock()` ein `Result` zurück?" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " "\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " "inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " "[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " "You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." msgstr "" "Wenn der Thread, der den `Mutex` enthielt, in Panik geriet, wird der `Mutex` " "\"vergiftet\", um dies zu signalisieren Die geschützten Daten befinden sich " "möglicherweise in einem inkonsistenten Zustand. Aufruf von `lock()` auf " "einem vergifteten Mutex schlägt mit einem [`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html) fehl. Sie können `into_inner()` " "für den Fehler aufrufen, um die Daten wiederherzustellen trotzdem." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "Sehen wir uns `Arc` und `Mutex` in Aktion an:" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::thread;\n" "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" " v.push(10);\n" " });\n" " v.push(1000);\n" "\n" " handle.join().unwrap();\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" "\n" " let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" " let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" " v2.push(10);\n" " });\n" "\n" " {\n" " let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" " v.push(1000);\n" " }\n" "\n" " handle.join().unwrap();\n" "\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 msgid "Notable parts:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " "orthogonal." msgstr "" "`v` ist sowohl in `Arc` als auch in `Mutex` eingeschlossen, weil ihre " "Anliegen orthogonal sind." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " "between threads." msgstr "" "Das Umhüllen eines `Mutex` in einen `Arc` ist ein gängiges Muster, um einen " "veränderlichen Zustand zwischen Threads zu teilen." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " "thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." msgstr "" "„v: Arc\\<\\_\\>“ muss als „v2“ geklont werden, bevor es in einen anderen " "Thread verschoben werden kann. Der Lambda-Signatur wurde der Hinweis „move“ " "hinzugefügt." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " "possible." msgstr "" "Blöcke werden eingeführt, um den Anwendungsbereich von `LockGuard` so weit " "wie möglich einzuschränken.\n" "\n" "Wir müssen noch den `Mutex` erwerben, um unseren `Vec` zu drucken." #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" msgstr "Lassen Sie uns unsere neuen Nebenläufigkeitsfähigkeiten mit üben" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." msgstr "" "Multithreaded Link Checker: ein größeres Projekt, für das Sie Cargo " "verwenden werden Abhängigkeiten herunterladen und dann parallel Links prüfen." #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7 msgid "" "Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " "download dependencies and then check links in parallel." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" msgstr "" "Das Dining-Philosophen-Problem ist ein klassisches Nebenläufigkeitsproblem:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " "their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " "served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " "philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " "only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " "forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " "not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " "down both forks." msgstr "" "Fünf Philosophen speisen gemeinsam am selben Tisch. Jeder Philosoph hat " "seine eigener Platz am Tisch. Zwischen jedem Teller befindet sich eine " "Gabel. Das servierte Gericht ist eine Art Spaghetti, die mit zwei Gabeln " "gegessen werden muss. Jeder Philosoph kann nur abwechselnd denken und essen. " "Außerdem kann ein Philosoph nur ihre essen Spaghetti, wenn sie sowohl eine " "linke als auch eine rechte Gabel haben. Also zwei Gabeln werden nur " "verfügbar sein, wenn ihre beiden nächsten Nachbarn nachdenken, nicht essen. " "Nach ein einzelner Philosoph mit dem Essen fertig ist, legen sie beide " "Gabeln weg." #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " "out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" "Dazu benötigen Sie eine lokale [Cargo-Installation](../../cargo/running-" "locally.md). diese Übung. Kopieren Sie den folgenden Code in die Datei `src/" "main.rs`, füllen Sie die Lücken aus, und teste, dass `cargo run` keinen " "Deadlock verursacht:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // Create forks\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" "\n" " // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " "should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " "should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " "until all pages have been validated." msgstr "" "Lassen Sie uns unser neues Wissen nutzen, um einen Multithread-Link-Checker " "zu erstellen. Es sollte Starten Sie auf einer Webseite und prüfen Sie, ob " "die Links auf der Seite gültig sind. Es sollte Überprüfen Sie rekursiv " "andere Seiten auf derselben Domain und tun Sie dies so lange, bis alle " "Seiten wurden validiert." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" "reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" msgstr "" "Dazu benötigen Sie einen HTTP-Client wie [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" "reqwest/). Erstelle eine neue Frachtprojekt und `reqwest` es als " "Abhängigkeit mit:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " "`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." msgstr "" "Wenn `cargo add` mit `error: no such subcommand` fehlschlägt, dann " "bearbeiten Sie bitte die `Cargo.toml`\\-Datei von Hand. Fügen Sie die unten " "aufgeführten Abhängigkeiten hinzu." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." "rs/scraper/) for that:" msgstr "" "Sie benötigen auch eine Möglichkeit, Links zu finden. Dafür können wir " "[`scraper`](https://docs.rs/scraper/) verwenden:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" "(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" msgstr "" "Schließlich brauchen wir eine Möglichkeit, mit Fehlern umzugehen. Wir " "verwenden [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) für Das:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" msgstr "" "Die `cargo add`\\-Aufrufe aktualisieren die `Cargo.toml`\\-Datei so, dass " "sie wie folgt aussieht:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"link-checker\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" "tls\"] }\n" "scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" "thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" "www.google.org/`." msgstr "" "Sie können nun die Startseite herunterladen. Versuchen Sie es mit einer " "kleinen Website wie z `https://www.google.org/`." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "Ihre `src/main.rs`\\-Datei sollte in etwa so aussehen:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" "use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" "enum Error {\n" " #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" " ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" " #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" " BadResponse(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct CrawlCommand {\n" " url: Url,\n" " extract_links: bool,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " "Error> {\n" " println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" " let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" " if !response.status().is_success() {\n" " return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" " if !command.extract_links {\n" " return Ok(link_urls);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" " let body_text = response.text()?;\n" " let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" "\n" " let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" " let href_values = document\n" " .select(&selector)\n" " .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" " for href in href_values {\n" " match base_url.join(href) {\n" " Ok(link_url) => {\n" " link_urls.push(link_url);\n" " }\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " "{err}\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " Ok(link_urls)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let client = Client::new();\n" " let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" " let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " "true };\n" " match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" " Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "Führen Sie den Code in `src/main.rs` mit aus" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " "channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." msgstr "" "Verwenden Sie Threads, um die Links parallel zu prüfen: Senden Sie die zu " "prüfenden URLs an a Channel und lass ein paar Threads parallel die URLs " "prüfen." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." "org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " "being blocked by the site." msgstr "" "Erweitern Sie dies, um Links von allen Seiten rekursiv zu extrahieren `www." "google.org`\\-Domain. Setzen Sie eine Obergrenze von 100 Seiten oder so, " "dass Sie am Ende nicht von der Seite blockiert werden." #: src/async.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Async Rust" msgstr "Warum Rost?" #: src/async.md:3 msgid "" "\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " "concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " "another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " "larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " "per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " "primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:10 msgid "" "Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " "that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " "signal that they are complete." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:14 msgid "" "Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " "available." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Comparisons" msgstr "Vergleich" #: src/async.md:19 msgid "" "Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " "callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " "similar to a runtime in Rust." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:23 msgid "" "JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " "runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " "resolution are hidden." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:1 msgid "`async`/`await`" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:3 msgid "" "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " "code:" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use futures::executor::block_on;\n" "\n" "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" " for i in 1..=count {\n" " println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" " count_to(count).await;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " block_on(async_main(10));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:27 msgid "" "Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " "running operation or any real concurrency in it!" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:30 msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:31 msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:33 msgid "" "The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " "type with a future. " msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:36 msgid "" "You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " "compiler on how to use the returned future." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:39 msgid "" "You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " "until the provided future has run to completion. " msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:42 msgid "" "`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " "Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:45 msgid "" "`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " "introduced later). " msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:3 msgid "" "[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " "trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " "complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:23 msgid "" "An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " "uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " "`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " "joining to it." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:27 msgid "" "The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " "to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:32 msgid "" "The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " "links to show the implementations in the docs." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:35 msgid "" "We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " "code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:38 msgid "" "`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " "event occurs." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:41 msgid "" "`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " "that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " "valid after an `.await`." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:3 msgid "" "A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " "_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " "does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:7 msgid "" "[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " "functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" "github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:10 msgid "" "[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " "a basic runtime in `async::task`." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:12 msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:14 msgid "" "Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" "(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" "async/src/lib.rs) already has one." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:20 msgid "" "Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " "playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " "async things can't run in the playground." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:24 msgid "" "Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " "operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " "Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " "used." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4 msgid "Tokio provides: " msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8 msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "\n" "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" " for i in 1..=count {\n" " println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n" "\n" " for i in 1..5 {\n" " println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35 msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37 msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39 msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41 msgid "" "Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " "cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " "until it finishes." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45 msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47 msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:3 msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:5 msgid "" "A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " "progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " "method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " "task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " "and an I/O operation." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n" "use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n" "\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" "\n" " println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n" "\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " return;\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n" " let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n" " Ok(n) => {\n" " let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()." "trim();\n" " format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n" " }\n" " Err(e) => {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " return;\n" " }\n" " };\n" "\n" " if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 msgid "" "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:54 msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " "a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:57 msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " "similar to an `async fn`. " msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:61 msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " "using `?`." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:3 msgid "" "Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" "\n" "async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n" " let mut count: usize = 0;\n" "\n" " while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n" " count += 1;\n" " println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n" " for i in 0..10 {\n" " sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n" " println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n" " }\n" "\n" " drop(sender);\n" " ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler " "task.\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:35 msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:37 msgid "" "Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " "[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:40 msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:42 msgid "" "The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " "implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " "for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:46 msgid "" "What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " "combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " "flow." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Futures Control Flow" msgstr "Kontrollfluss" #: src/async/control-flow.md:3 msgid "" "Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " "We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " "execution." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow.md:6 msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow.md:7 msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3 msgid "" "A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " "a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " "JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use anyhow::Result;\n" "use futures::future;\n" "use reqwest;\n" "use std::collections::HashMap;\n" "\n" "async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n" " let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n" " Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n" " \"https://google.com\",\n" " \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n" " \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n" " \"BAD_URL\",\n" " ];\n" " let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n" " let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n" " let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n" " urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 msgid "" "For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " "you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " "currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42 msgid "" "The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " "cause your program to stall. " msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45 msgid "" "You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " "requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " "`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " "timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " "demonstrates `join!`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3 msgid "" "A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " "responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." "race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." "FIRST_COMPLETED)`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8 msgid "" "Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " "each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " "ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " "the `future`'s result." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n" "enum Animal {\n" " Cat { name: String },\n" " Dog { name: String },\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n" " mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n" " mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n" ") -> Option {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n" " dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n" " cat_sender\n" " .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n" " });\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n" " dog_sender\n" " .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n" " });\n" "\n" " let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n" "\n" " println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " "`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " "whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " "that take 500ms." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 msgid "" "You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " "to receive only one `send`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 msgid "" "Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " "of futures." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73 msgid "" "Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " "It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76 msgid "" "An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " "this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:1 msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:3 msgid "" "Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " "asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " "with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " "chapter:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:5 msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:6 msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1 msgid "Blocking the executor" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3 msgid "" "Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " "CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " "being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " "possible." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use futures::future::join_all;\n" "use std::time::Instant;\n" "\n" "async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n" " std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n" " println!(\n" " \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n" " start.elapsed().as_millis()\n" " );\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let start = Instant::now();\n" " let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n" " join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 msgid "" "Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " "concurrently." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32 msgid "" "The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " "makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" "threaded flavor." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36 msgid "" "Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38 msgid "" "Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " "thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41 msgid "" "You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " "executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " "particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " "where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " "OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " "situations." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47 msgid "" "Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " "another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 msgid "" "When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " "stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " "async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " "pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 msgid "" "Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " "change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " "repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n" "use tokio::task::spawn;\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Work {\n" " input: u32,\n" " respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" "async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n" " let mut iterations = 0;\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n" " work.respond_on\n" " .send(work.input * 1000)\n" " .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n" " iterations += 1;\n" " }\n" " // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" "async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n" " let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n" " work_queue\n" " .send(Work {\n" " input,\n" " respond_on: tx,\n" " })\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n" " rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" " spawn(worker(rx));\n" " for i in 0..100 {\n" " let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n" " println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 msgid "" "You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " "call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 msgid "" "This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " "time with it." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 msgid "" "Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " "the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77 msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " "`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" "pin`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " "iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " "`timeout_fut` every time it expires." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106 msgid "" "Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " "stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " "but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110 msgid "" "Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " "will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " "experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid " "term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-" "nightly.html))" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5 msgid "" "The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " "provides a workaround through a macro:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use async_trait::async_trait;\n" "use std::time::Instant;\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "#[async_trait]\n" "trait Sleeper {\n" " async fn sleep(&self);\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct FixedSleeper {\n" " sleep_ms: u64,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[async_trait]\n" "impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n" " async fn sleep(&self) {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, " "n_times: usize) {\n" " for _ in 0..n_times {\n" " println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n" " for sleeper in &sleepers {\n" " let start = Instant::now();\n" " sleeper.sleep().await;\n" " println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n" " Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n" " Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n" " ];\n" " run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 msgid "" "`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " "achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54 msgid "" "The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " "probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " "explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" "blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " "digging deeper." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60 msgid "" "Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " "time and adding it to the Vec." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3 msgid "" "Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " "_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " "ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " "example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n" "\n" "struct LinesReader {\n" " stream: DuplexStream,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl LinesReader {\n" " fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" " Self { stream }\n" " }\n" "\n" " async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" " let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n" " let mut buf = [0];\n" " while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n" " bytes.push(buf[0]);\n" " if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n" " break;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " if bytes.is_empty() {\n" " return Ok(None)\n" " }\n" " let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n" " .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not " "UTF-8\"))?;\n" " Ok(Some(s))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::" "Result<()> {\n" " for b in source.bytes() {\n" " dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n" " tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n" " let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n" " let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), " "client));\n" "\n" " let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n" " let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n" " line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n" " print!(\"{}\", l)\n" " } else {\n" " break\n" " },\n" " }\n" " }\n" " handle.await.unwrap()?;\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 msgid "" "The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " "documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75 msgid "" "Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " "error-handling)." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78 msgid "The example loses parts of the string." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80 msgid "" "Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " "dropped." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82 msgid "" "`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " "struct:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "struct LinesReader {\n" " stream: DuplexStream,\n" " bytes: Vec,\n" " buf: [u8; 1],\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl LinesReader {\n" " fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" " Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n" " }\n" " async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" " // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" " // ...\n" " let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n" " let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n" " // ...\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 msgid "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " "tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107 msgid "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " "returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 msgid "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " "cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3 msgid "" "To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" "Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " "you are going to implement it with Async Rust." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8 msgid "" "A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " "experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" msgstr "Speisende Philosophen" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 msgid "" "See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " "problem." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" "locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" "main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" "Dazu benötigen Sie eine lokale [Cargo-Installation](../../cargo/running-" "locally.md). diese Übung. Kopieren Sie den folgenden Code in die Datei `src/" "main.rs`, füllen Sie die Lücken aus, und teste, dass `cargo run` keinen " "Deadlock verursacht:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" "use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " async fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." "await\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " async fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " // Create forks\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" "\n" " // Make them think and eat\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 msgid "" "Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " "\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72 msgid "" "Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " "from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77 msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 msgid "" "In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " "chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " "publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " "input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " "that it receives to all the clients." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9 msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" "(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/tokio_websockets/) for the " "communication between the client and the server." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13 msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 msgid "`Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"chat-async\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "futures-util = { version = \"0.3.28\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" "http = \"0.2.9\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" "tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.4.0\", features = [\"client\", " "\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32 msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " "[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/" "tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " "API. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 msgid "" "[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" "trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 msgid "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" "trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " "asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41 msgid "" "[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." "html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " "standard input." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43 msgid "" "[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Two binaries" msgstr "Rust-Binärdateien" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48 msgid "" "Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." "rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " "for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " "but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " "For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " "(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" "targets.html#binaries)). " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55 msgid "" "Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" "bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " "described below. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:99 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" "use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" "use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" "use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" "\n" "async fn handle_connection(\n" " addr: SocketAddr,\n" " mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" " bcast_tx: Sender,\n" ") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" "\n" " // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" "\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" "\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" " println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" " println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" " let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" " let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" "\n" " handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:103 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:166 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:107 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" "use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" "use http::Uri;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" " let (mut ws_stream, _) =\n" " ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" " .connect()\n" " .await?;\n" "\n" " let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" " let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" "\n" "\n" " // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" "\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 #, fuzzy msgid "Running the binaries" msgstr "Ablauf des Kurses" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:131 msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:137 msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:145 msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 msgid "" "Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " "continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " "them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:149 msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:150 msgid "" "Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " "performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " "sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " "displaying them for the user." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:154 msgid "" "Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " "clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" #: src/thanks.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " "that it was useful." msgstr "" "_Vielen Dank, dass Sie Comprehensive Rust 🦀 genommen haben!_ Wir hoffen, " "dass es Ihnen gefallen hat und dass es war nützlich." #: src/thanks.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " "perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " "please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." msgstr "" "Es hat uns viel Spaß gemacht, den Kurs zusammenzustellen. Der Kurs ist nicht " "perfekt, Wenn Sie also Fehler entdeckt haben oder Verbesserungsvorschläge " "haben, melden Sie sich bitte [Kontakt mit uns auf GitHub](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Wir würden lieben von dir zu hören." #: src/other-resources.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Other Rust Resources" msgstr "Andere Rostressourcen" #: src/other-resources.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " "online." msgstr "" "Die Rust-Community hat eine Fülle hochwertiger und kostenloser Ressourcen " "geschaffen online." #: src/other-resources.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Official Documentation" msgstr "Offizielle Dokumentation" #: src/other-resources.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" msgstr "" "Das Rust-Projekt beherbergt viele Ressourcen. Diese decken Rust im " "Allgemeinen ab:" #: src/other-resources.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " "canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " "few projects for people to build." msgstr "" "[Die Programmiersprache Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): die " "Kanonisches kostenloses Buch über Rust. Deckt die Sprache im Detail ab und " "enthält a wenige Projekte für Menschen zu bauen." #: src/other-resources.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " "Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " "Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " "in the examples." msgstr "" "[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): deckt den " "Rust ab Syntax über eine Reihe von Beispielen, die verschiedene Konstrukte " "demonstrieren. Manchmal enthält kleine Übungen, in denen Sie aufgefordert " "werden, den Code in der zu erweitern Beispiele." #: src/other-resources.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " "of the standard library for Rust." msgstr "" "[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): vollständige " "Dokumentation von die Standardbibliothek für Rust." #: src/other-resources.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " "book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." msgstr "" "[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): ein " "unvollständiges Buch das die Rust-Grammatik und das Speichermodell " "beschreibt." #: src/other-resources.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" msgstr "" "Weitere spezialisierte Guides, die auf der offiziellen Rust-Website gehostet " "werden:" #: src/other-resources.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " "including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " "(FFI)." msgstr "" "[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): deckt unsicheres " "Rust ab, einschließlich der Arbeit mit rohen Zeigern und der Anbindung an " "andere Sprachen (FFI)." #: src/other-resources.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " "covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " "Rust Book was written." msgstr "" "[Asynchrone Programmierung in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-" "book/): deckt das neue asynchrone Programmiermodell ab, das nach dem " "eingeführt wurde Rust Book wurde geschrieben." #: src/other-resources.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " "an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " "system." msgstr "" "\\[Das eingebettete Rust-Buch\\] (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-" "book/): an Einführung in die Verwendung von Rust auf eingebetteten Geräten " "ohne Betriebssystem." #: src/other-resources.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" msgstr "Inoffizielles Lernmaterial" #: src/other-resources.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" msgstr "Eine kleine Auswahl an weiteren Guides und Tutorials für Rust:" #: src/other-resources.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " "from the perspective of low-level C programmers." msgstr "" "[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): deckt Rust " "ab aus der Perspektive von Low-Level-C-Programmierern." #: src/other-resources.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" "rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " "firmware in C." msgstr "" "\\[Rost für eingebettetes C Programmierer\\] (https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/" "ug/rust_for_c/): deckt Rust ab die Perspektive von Entwicklern, die Firmware " "in C schreiben." #: src/other-resources.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " "covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " "languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." msgstr "" "[Rost für Profis](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): deckt die " "Syntax von Rust durch Side-by-Side-Vergleiche mit anderen Sprachen ab wie C, " "C++, Java, JavaScript und Python." #: src/other-resources.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " "you learn Rust." msgstr "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): Über 100 hilfreiche " "Übungen Sie lernen Rost." #: src/other-resources.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" "material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " "and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " "and async/await are also covered." msgstr "" "[Eisenlehre Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-material/" "index.html): a Reihe von kleinen Präsentationen, die sowohl den " "grundlegenden als auch den fortgeschrittenen Teil des Rostige Sprache. " "Andere Themen wie WebAssembly und async/await sind ebenfalls enthalten " "bedeckt." #: src/other-resources.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" "series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." "microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " "new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " "11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." msgstr "" "[Anfängerserie bis Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" "series-to-rust/) und [Machen Sie Ihre ersten Schritte mit Rust](https://docs." "microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): zwei Rust-Leitfäden für " "neue Entwickler. Die erste ist eine Reihe von 35 Videos und die Das zweite " "ist ein Satz von 11 Modulen, der die Rust-Syntax und grundlegende Konstrukte " "abdeckt." #: src/other-resources.md:58 msgid "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " "rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:63 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " "for even more Rust books." msgstr "" "Weitere Informationen finden Sie im \\[Little Book of Rust Books\\] (https://" "lborb.github.io/book/). noch mehr Rust-Bücher." #: src/credits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " "documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " "full list of useful resources." msgstr "" "Das Material hier baut auf den vielen großartigen Quellen der Rust-" "Dokumentation auf. Auf der Seite \\[andere Ressourcen\\] (other-resources." "md) finden Sie eine vollständige Liste nützlicher Ressourcen Ressourcen." #: src/credits.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " "2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details." msgstr "" "Das Material von Comprehensive Rust ist unter den Bedingungen von Apache 2.0 " "lizenziert Lizenz finden Sie unter [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) für Einzelheiten." #: src/credits.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust by Example" msgstr "Rost zum Beispiel" #: src/credits.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " "Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " "`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " "terms." msgstr "" "Einige Beispiele und Übungen wurden aus [Rust by Beispiel](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/rust-by-example/). Bitte sehen Sie sich ... an `third_party/rust-by-" "example/`\\-Verzeichnis für Details, einschließlich der Lizenz Bedingungen." #: src/credits.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust on Exercism" msgstr "Rost auf Übung" #: src/credits.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" "exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" "Einige Übungen wurden von \\[Rust on Übung\\] (https://exercism.org/tracks/" "rust). Bitte sehen Sie sich ... an `third_party/rust-on-exercism/`\\-" "Verzeichnis für Details, einschließlich der Lizenz Bedingungen." #: src/credits.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "CXX" msgstr "\\##CXX" #: src/credits.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " "uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" "Der Abschnitt [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) " "verwendet eine Bild von [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Bitte sehen Sie sich das " "Verzeichnis `third_party/cxx/` an für Details, einschließlich der " "Lizenzbedingungen." #: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." msgstr "Auf den folgenden Seiten finden Sie Lösungen zu den Aufgaben." #: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 msgid "" "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " "different or better solution than what is presented here." msgstr "" "Habe keine falsche Scheu, fragen zu den Lösungen [auf GitHub](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions) zu stellen. Lass uns wissen wenn " "Du eine andere oder bessere Lösung als die hier vorgestellte hast." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" msgstr "Tag 1 Morgengymnastik" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](for-loops.md))" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" " let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" " for i in 0..3 {\n" " for j in 0..3 {\n" " result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" " }\n" " }\n" " return result;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" " for row in matrix {\n" " println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_transpose() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], //\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " transposed,\n" " [\n" " [101, 201, 301], //\n" " [102, 202, 302],\n" " [103, 203, 303],\n" " ]\n" " );\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" "\n" " println!(\"matrix:\");\n" " pretty_print(&matrix);\n" "\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " println!(\"transposed:\");\n" " pretty_print(&transposed);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:57 msgid "Bonus question" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:59 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" "of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " "function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " "return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." msgstr "" "Es funktioniert ehrlich gesagt nicht so gut. Es scheint, als könnten wir ein " "Slice-of-Slices (`&[&[i32]]`) als Eingabetyp für die Transponierung " "verwenden und unsere Funktion so dazu bringen, jede Matrixgröße zu " "handhaben. Dies bricht jedoch schnell zusammen: Der Rückgabetyp kann nicht " "`&[&[i32]]` sein, da er die von Ihnen zurückgegebenen Daten besitzen muss." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:61 msgid "" "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " "out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." msgstr "" "Du kannst versuchen, so etwas wie `Vec>` zu verwenden, aber das " "funktioniert auch nicht sehr gut: Es ist schwierig, `Vec>` in " "`&[&[i32]] umzuwandeln. ` also kannst Du jetzt auch `pretty_print` nicht " "einfach verwenden." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:63 msgid "" "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" "AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " "abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:65 msgid "" "```rust\n" "use std::convert::AsRef;\n" "use std::fmt::Debug;\n" "\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" "where\n" " T: Debug,\n" " // A line references a slice of items\n" " Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" " // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" " Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" "{\n" " for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // &[&[i32]]\n" " pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" " // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" " pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" " // Vec>\n" " pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:92 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " "the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." msgstr "" "Außerdem würde der Typ selbst nicht erzwingen, dass die untergeordneten " "Slices dieselbe Länge haben, sodass eine solche Variable eine ungültige " "Matrix enthalten könnte." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Tag 1 Nachmittagsübungen" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](luhn.md))" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" " let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" " let mut sum = 0;\n" " for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." "enumerate() {\n" " match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" " Some(d) => {\n" " sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" " let dd = d * 2;\n" " dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" " } else {\n" " d\n" " };\n" " digits_seen += 1;\n" " }\n" " None => return false,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " if digits_seen < 2 {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" "\n" " sum % 10 == 0\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" " println!(\n" " \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" " if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" " );\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo 0 0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:80 #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern matching" msgstr "Musterabgleich" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:82 msgid "TBD." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" msgstr "Tag 2 Morgengymnastik" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Designing a Library" msgstr "Entwerfen einer Bibliothek" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](book-library.md))" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "struct Library {\n" " books: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Book {\n" " title: String,\n" " year: u16,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Book {\n" " // This is a constructor, used below.\n" " fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" " Book {\n" " title: String::from(title),\n" " year,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" "// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" "//\n" "// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" "// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" "// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" "impl Library {\n" "\n" " fn new() -> Library {\n" " Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" " // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" " fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" " self.books.len()\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" " // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" " //}\n" " fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" " self.books.is_empty()\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" " // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" " fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" " self.books.push(book)\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn print_books(self) {\n" " // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and print each book's title and " "year\")\n" " //}\n" " fn print_books(&self) {\n" " for book in &self.books {\n" " println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" " //}\n" " fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" " // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" "\n" " // Longer hand-written solution:\n" " let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n" " for book in self.books.iter() {\n" " if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n" " oldest = Some(book);\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " oldest\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" "// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" "// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" "// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let library = Library::new();\n" "\n" " //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." "is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " "library.is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //\n" " //library.print_books();\n" " //\n" " //match library.oldest_book() {\n" " // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" " // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" " //}\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" " //library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_len() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" " assert!(library.is_empty());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" " assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert!(library.is_empty());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_print_books() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" " // method to start with.\n" " library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" " Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" " );\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" " Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" " );\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Tag 2 Nachmittagsübungen" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](strings-iterators.md))" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" "\n" " let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n" "\n" " for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n" " let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n" " return false;\n" " };\n" " if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " true\n" "\n" " // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " "prefix\n" " // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " "of\n" " // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " "request\n" " // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " "chain()\n" " // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " "segments,\n" " // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" "abc-123\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" "books\"));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" "publishers\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" " ));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" "publishers\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" " ));\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" msgstr "Tag 3 Morgengymnastik" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](simple-gui.md))" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "pub trait Widget {\n" " /// Natural width of `self`.\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" " fn draw(&self) {\n" " let mut buffer = String::new();\n" " self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" " println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Label {\n" " label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Label {\n" " fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" " Label {\n" " label: label.to_owned(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Button {\n" " label: Label,\n" " callback: Box,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Button {\n" " fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" " Button {\n" " label: Label::new(label),\n" " callback,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Window {\n" " title: String,\n" " widgets: Vec>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Window {\n" " fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" " Window {\n" " title: title.to_owned(),\n" " widgets: Vec::new(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" " self.widgets.push(widget);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" " std::cmp::max(\n" " self.title.chars().count(),\n" " self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" " )\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Window {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" " self.inner_width() + 4\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " let mut inner = String::new();\n" " for widget in &self.widgets {\n" " widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n" "\n" " // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" " // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" " // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" " self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " let width = self.width();\n" " let mut label = String::new();\n" " self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" "\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" " self.label\n" " .lines()\n" " .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" " .max()\n" " .unwrap_or(0)\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." "\")));\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" " \"Click me!\",\n" " Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" " )));\n" " window.draw();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:147 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](points-polygons.md))" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:149 msgid "" "```rust\n" "#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" "pub struct Point {\n" " x: i32,\n" " y: i32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Point {\n" " pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n" " Point { x, y }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n" " f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n" " (self - other).magnitude()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" " Self {\n" " x: self.x + other.x,\n" " y: self.y + other.y,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" " Self {\n" " x: self.x - other.x,\n" " y: self.y - other.y,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Polygon {\n" " points: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Polygon {\n" " pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n" " Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n" " self.points.push(point);\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option {\n" " self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n" " self.points.iter()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n" " if self.points.is_empty() {\n" " return 0.0;\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut result = 0.0;\n" " let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n" " for point in &self.points[1..] {\n" " result += last_point.dist(*point);\n" " last_point = *point;\n" " }\n" " result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" " result\n" " // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as " "pairs\n" " // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last " "point\n" " // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as " "one of \n" " // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine " "Iterator::cycle\n" " // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and " "using map \n" " // and sum to calculate the total length.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Circle {\n" " center: Point,\n" " radius: i32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Circle {\n" " pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n" " Circle { center, radius }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" " 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n" " self.center.dist(other.center)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub enum Shape {\n" " Polygon(Polygon),\n" " Circle(Circle),\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl From for Shape {\n" " fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n" " Shape::Polygon(poly)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl From for Shape {\n" " fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n" " Shape::Circle(circle)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Shape {\n" " pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n" " match self {\n" " Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n" " Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" " (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_dist() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_add() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" " let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" " assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" " assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" "\n" " let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" " let shapes = vec![\n" " Shape::from(poly),\n" " Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" " ];\n" " let perimeters = shapes\n" " .iter()\n" " .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" " .map(round_two_digits)\n" " .collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Tag 3 Nachmittagsübungen" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "mod ffi {\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" "\n" " // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct DIR {\n" " _data: [u8; 0],\n" " _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" "PhantomPinned)>,\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " "and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" " pub d_off: c_long,\n" " pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" " pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_fileno: u64,\n" " pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" " pub d_reclen: u16,\n" " pub d_namlen: u16,\n" " pub d_type: u8,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" " }\n" "\n" " extern \"C\" {\n" " pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" "\n" " #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " "on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" " #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" "use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct DirectoryIterator {\n" " path: CString,\n" " dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" " let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " "{err}\"))?;\n" " // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" " let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" " if dir.is_null() {\n" " Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" " } else {\n" " Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" " type Item = OsString;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" " let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" " if dirent.is_null() {\n" " // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" " return None;\n" " }\n" " // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" " // terminated.\n" " let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" " let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" " Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " // Call closedir as needed.\n" " if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" " if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" " panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" " println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" " use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n" " assert!(iter.is_err());\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" " tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" " )?;\n" " let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" " entries.sort();\n" " assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo " "Diaries\\n\")?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"\\n\")?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" " tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" " )?;\n" " let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" " entries.sort();\n" " assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo." "txt\"]);\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" msgstr "Tag 3 Morgengymnastik" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](for-loops.md))" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" "use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" "use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n" "use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" "use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n" "use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n" "use microbit::hal::Timer;\n" "use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n" "use microbit::Board;\n" "\n" "const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" "const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Configure serial port.\n" " let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" " board.UARTE0,\n" " board.uart.into(),\n" " Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" " Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" " );\n" "\n" " // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" " let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" "K100);\n" " let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" " imu.init().unwrap();\n" " imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" " imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" " let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Set up display and timer.\n" " let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" " let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" "\n" " let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" " let mut button_pressed = false;\n" "\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" " while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" " && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" " {}\n" " let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" " let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" " writeln!(\n" " serial,\n" " \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" " compass_reading.x,\n" " compass_reading.y,\n" " compass_reading.z,\n" " accelerometer_reading.x,\n" " accelerometer_reading.y,\n" " accelerometer_reading.z,\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" "\n" " let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" " let (x, y) = match mode {\n" " Mode::Compass => (\n" " scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " "4) as usize,\n" " scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " "4) as usize,\n" " ),\n" " Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" " scale(\n" " accelerometer_reading.x,\n" " -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " 0,\n" " 4,\n" " ) as usize,\n" " scale(\n" " -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" " -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " 0,\n" " 4,\n" " ) as usize,\n" " ),\n" " };\n" " image[y][x] = 255;\n" " display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" "\n" " // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " "all LEDs on.\n" " if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" " if !button_pressed {\n" " mode = mode.next();\n" " display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" " }\n" " button_pressed = true;\n" " } else {\n" " button_pressed = false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" "enum Mode {\n" " Compass,\n" " Accelerometer,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Mode {\n" " fn next(self) -> Self {\n" " match self {\n" " Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" " Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" "> i32 {\n" " let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" " let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" " cap(\n" " min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" " min_out,\n" " max_out,\n" " )\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" " max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](luhn.md))" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "`main.rs`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "mod pl031;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n" "use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n" "use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" "use core::hint::spin_loop;\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" "const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" "const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" "const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" "const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" " // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " "base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" " let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " "GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " gic.setup();\n" "\n" " // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " let timestamp = rtc.read();\n" " let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n" " info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n" "\n" " GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n" " gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n" " gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n" " irq_enable();\n" " gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n" "\n" " // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" " let target = timestamp + 3;\n" " rtc.set_match(target);\n" " info!(\n" " \"Waiting for {}\",\n" " Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" " );\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " while !rtc.matched() {\n" " spin_loop();\n" " }\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" "\n" " // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" " let target = timestamp + 6;\n" " info!(\n" " \"Waiting for {}\",\n" " Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" " );\n" " rtc.set_match(target);\n" " rtc.clear_interrupt();\n" " rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n" " wfi();\n" " }\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" "\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:127 msgid "`pl031.rs`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:129 msgid "" "```rust\n" "use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " /// Data register\n" " dr: u32,\n" " /// Match register\n" " mr: u32,\n" " /// Load register\n" " lr: u32,\n" " /// Control register\n" " cr: u8,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" " imsc: u8,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" " ris: u8,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" " mis: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" " icr: u8,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Rtc {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Rtc {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" " pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an " "interrupt\n" " /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" " pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " "not\n" " /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" " pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)." "read_volatile() };\n" " (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" " ///\n" " /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" " /// interrupt is masked.\n" " pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)." "read_volatile() };\n" " (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" " ///\n" " /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " "the\n" " /// interrupt is disabled.\n" " pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n" " let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)." "write_volatile(imsc) }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" " pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" msgstr "Tag 3 Morgengymnastik" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](dining-philosophers.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " left_fork: Arc>,\n" " right_fork: Arc>,\n" " thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn eat(&self) {\n" " println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n" " let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" " let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" "\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n" "\n" " let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n" " .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n" " .collect::>();\n" "\n" " for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" " let tx = tx.clone();\n" " let mut left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" " let mut right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()]);\n" "\n" " // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" " if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n" " std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let philosopher = Philosopher {\n" " name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n" " thoughts: tx,\n" " left_fork,\n" " right_fork,\n" " };\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " for _ in 0..100 {\n" " philosopher.eat();\n" " philosopher.think();\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "\n" " drop(tx);\n" " for thought in rx {\n" " println!(\"{thought}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:82 #, fuzzy msgid "Link Checker" msgstr "Link Überprüfung mit mehreren Ausführungssträngen" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:84 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](luhn.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:86 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::{sync::Arc, sync::Mutex, sync::mpsc, thread};\n" "\n" "use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" "use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" "enum Error {\n" " #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" " ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" " #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" " BadResponse(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct CrawlCommand {\n" " url: Url,\n" " extract_links: bool,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " "Error> {\n" " println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" " let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" " if !response.status().is_success() {\n" " return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" " if !command.extract_links {\n" " return Ok(link_urls);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" " let body_text = response.text()?;\n" " let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" "\n" " let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" " let href_values = document\n" " .select(&selector)\n" " .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" " for href in href_values {\n" " match base_url.join(href) {\n" " Ok(link_url) => {\n" " link_urls.push(link_url);\n" " }\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " "{err}\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " Ok(link_urls)\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct CrawlState {\n" " domain: String,\n" " visited_pages: std::collections::HashSet,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl CrawlState {\n" " fn new(start_url: &Url) -> CrawlState {\n" " let mut visited_pages = std::collections::HashSet::new();\n" " visited_pages.insert(start_url.as_str().to_string());\n" " CrawlState {\n" " domain: start_url.domain().unwrap().to_string(),\n" " visited_pages,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" " fn should_extract_links(&self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" " let Some(url_domain) = url.domain() else {\n" " return false;\n" " };\n" " url_domain == self.domain\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n" " /// been visited.\n" " fn mark_visited(&mut self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" " self.visited_pages.insert(url.as_str().to_string())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "type CrawlResult = Result, (Url, Error)>;\n" "fn spawn_crawler_threads(\n" " command_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" " result_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" " thread_count: u32,\n" ") {\n" " let command_receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(command_receiver));\n" "\n" " for _ in 0..thread_count {\n" " let result_sender = result_sender.clone();\n" " let command_receiver = command_receiver.clone();\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let client = Client::new();\n" " loop {\n" " let command_result = {\n" " let receiver_guard = command_receiver.lock().unwrap();\n" " receiver_guard.recv()\n" " };\n" " let Ok(crawl_command) = command_result else {\n" " // The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" " break;\n" " };\n" " let crawl_result = match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) " "{\n" " Ok(link_urls) => Ok(link_urls),\n" " Err(error) => Err((crawl_command.url, error)),\n" " };\n" " result_sender.send(crawl_result).unwrap();\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn control_crawl(\n" " start_url: Url,\n" " command_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" " result_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" ") -> Vec {\n" " let mut crawl_state = CrawlState::new(&start_url);\n" " let start_command = CrawlCommand { url: start_url, extract_links: " "true };\n" " command_sender.send(start_command).unwrap();\n" " let mut pending_urls = 1;\n" "\n" " let mut bad_urls = Vec::new();\n" " while pending_urls > 0 {\n" " let crawl_result = result_receiver.recv().unwrap();\n" " pending_urls -= 1;\n" "\n" " match crawl_result {\n" " Ok(link_urls) => {\n" " for url in link_urls {\n" " if crawl_state.mark_visited(&url) {\n" " let extract_links = crawl_state." "should_extract_links(&url);\n" " let crawl_command = CrawlCommand { url, " "extract_links };\n" " command_sender.send(crawl_command).unwrap();\n" " pending_urls += 1;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " Err((url, error)) => {\n" " bad_urls.push(url);\n" " println!(\"Got crawling error: {:#}\", error);\n" " continue;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " bad_urls\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn check_links(start_url: Url) -> Vec {\n" " let (result_sender, result_receiver) = mpsc::channel::();\n" " let (command_sender, command_receiver) = mpsc::channel::" "();\n" " spawn_crawler_threads(command_receiver, result_sender, 16);\n" " control_crawl(start_url, command_sender, result_receiver)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let start_url = reqwest::Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\")." "unwrap();\n" " let bad_urls = check_links(start_url);\n" " println!(\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\", bad_urls);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" msgstr "Tag 1 Nachmittagsübungen" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](dining-philosophers.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" "use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " left_fork: Arc>,\n" " right_fork: Arc>,\n" " thoughts: Sender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " async fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." "await\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " async fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n" " // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the " "execution\n" " // to transfer to another task\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n" " let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n" "\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" "\n" " // The locks are dropped here\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " // Create forks\n" " let mut forks = vec![];\n" " (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::" "new(Fork))));\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" " let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n" " let mut philosophers = vec![];\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" " for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n" " let left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" " let right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS." "len()]);\n" " // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" " if i == 0 {\n" " std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" " }\n" " philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n" " name: name.to_string(),\n" " left_fork,\n" " right_fork,\n" " thoughts: tx.clone(),\n" " });\n" " }\n" " (philosophers, rx)\n" " // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" " };\n" "\n" " // Make them think and eat\n" " for phil in philosophers {\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " for _ in 0..100 {\n" " phil.think().await;\n" " phil.eat().await;\n" " }\n" " });\n" "\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" " while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n" " println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:97 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" msgstr "([zurück zur Übung](luhn.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:101 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" "use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" "use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" "use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" "\n" "async fn handle_connection(\n" " addr: SocketAddr,\n" " mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" " bcast_tx: Sender,\n" ") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" "\n" " ws_stream\n" " .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n" " .await?;\n" " let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n" "\n" " // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) " "receiving\n" " // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" " // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" " match incoming {\n" " Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" " if let Some(text) = msg.as_text() {\n" " println!(\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\");\n" " bcast_tx.send(text.into())?;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " None => return Ok(()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" " msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n" " ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" "\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" " println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" " println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" " let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" " let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" "\n" " handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:168 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;\n" "use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" "use http::Uri;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" " let (mut ws_stream, _) =\n" " ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" " .connect()\n" " .await?;\n" "\n" " let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" " let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" "\n" " // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" " match incoming {\n" " Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" " if let Some(text) = msg.as_text() {\n" " println!(\"From server: {}\", text);\n" " }\n" " },\n" " Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " None => return Ok(()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" " res = stdin.next_line() => {\n" " match res {\n" " Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n" " Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line." "to_string())).await?,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #~ msgid "Comparison" #~ msgstr "Vergleich" #~ msgid "GitHub contributors" #~ msgstr "Github Beiträger" #~ msgid "GitHub stars" #~ msgstr "Github Sterne" #~ msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" #~ msgstr "Der Kurs geht in schnellem Tempo voran und deckt viele Themen ab:" #~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Tag 1: Rust Grundlagen, Eigentümerschaft (ownership) und der " #~ "Ausleihenprüfer (borrow checker)." #~ msgid "Concurrency" #~ msgstr "Nebenläufigkeit" #~ msgid "Rustup (Recommended)" #~ msgstr "Rustup (empfohlen)" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among " #~ "other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer." #~ "github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Du kannst den Anweisungen zur Installation von Cargo und des Rust-" #~ "Compilers sowie anderer Standard-Ökosystem-Tools mit dem Tool [rustup]" #~ "(https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) folgen, das von der Rust Foundation " #~ "verwaltet wird." #~ msgid "Package Managers" #~ msgstr "Paketmanager" #~ msgid "Debian" #~ msgstr "Debian" #~ msgid "" #~ "This will allow \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] to jump to the definitions. We " #~ "suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " #~ "(but any LSP compatible editor works)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Dadurch kann \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] zu den Definitionen springen. Wir " #~ "empfehlen die Verwendung von [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), " #~ "um Code zu bearbeiten (aber jeder LSP-kompatible Editor funktioniert " #~ "auch)." #~ msgid "" #~ "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" #~ "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " #~ "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://" #~ "www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 " #~ "debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Einige Leute verwenden auch gerne die [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains." #~ "com/clion/)\\-Familie von IDEs, die eigene Code-Analysen durchführen, " #~ "aber auch eigene Einschränkungen haben. Wenn du diese IDEs bevorzugst, " #~ "kannst du das \\[Rust-Plugin\\] [5](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/) " #~ "installieren. Bitte beachte, dass das Debuggen seit Januar 2023 nur auf " #~ "der CLion-Version funktioniert, welche Teil der JetBrains IDEA-Suite ist." #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo new exercise\n" #~ " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo new exercise\n" #~ " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cd exercise\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Hello, world!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cd exercise\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Hello, world!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Edit me!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```shell\n" #~ "$ cargo run\n" #~ " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" #~ " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" #~ " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" #~ "Edit me!\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" #~ " Rectangle { width, height }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgstr "" #~ "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" #~ "fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" #~ " Rectangle { width, height }\n" #~ "}\n" #~ "```" #~ msgid "" #~ "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the \\[solutions\\] " #~ "provided." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Nachdem Du Dir die Übungen angesehen hast, kannst Du Dir die " #~ "bereitgestellten \\[Lösungen\\] ansehen." #~ msgid "" #~ "Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the " #~ "function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Beachte, dass, da `println!` ein Makro ist, `x` nicht verschoben (moved) " #~ "wird, selbst wenn die funktionsähnliche Syntax von `println!(\"x: {}\", " #~ "x)` verwendet wird." #~ msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Der globale Status (global state) wird mit statischen und konstanten " #~ "Variablen verwaltet." #~ msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:" #~ msgstr "Du kannst Kompilierzeitkonstanten deklarieren:" #~ msgid "You can also declare static variables:" #~ msgstr "Sie können auch statische Variablen deklarieren:" #~ msgid "" #~ "We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../" #~ "unsafe.md)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Wir werden uns im [Kapitel über unsicheres Rust](../unsafe.md) mit " #~ "mutierenden statischen Daten befassen." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "" #~ "Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you " #~ "choose, can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically " #~ "reference counted." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Je nachdem, welche Abstraktion (oder Kombination von Abstraktionen) Sie " #~ "wählen, kann es sich um einen einzelnen eindeutigen Zeiger, eine " #~ "Referenzzählung oder eine atomare Referenzzählung handeln." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." #~ msgstr "Hier ist ein grober Vergleich der Speicherverwaltungstechniken." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" #~ msgstr "Vorteile verschiedener Speicherverwaltungstechniken" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Manual like C:" #~ msgstr "Handbuch wie C:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "No runtime overhead." #~ msgstr "Kein Laufzeitaufwand." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Automatic like Java:" #~ msgstr "Automatisch wie Java:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Fully automatic." #~ msgstr "Komplett automatisch." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Safe and correct." #~ msgstr "Sicher und korrekt." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Scope-based like C++:" #~ msgstr "Bereichsbasiert wie C++:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Partially automatic." #~ msgstr "Teilautomatisch." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" #~ msgstr "Vom Compiler erzwungener Geltungsbereich wie Rust:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Enforced by compiler." #~ msgstr "Vom Compiler erzwungen." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" #~ msgstr "Nachteile verschiedener Techniken zur Speicherverwaltung" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Use-after-free." #~ msgstr "Use-after-free." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Double-frees." #~ msgstr "Double-frees." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Memory leaks." #~ msgstr "Speicherlecks." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Garbage collection pauses." #~ msgstr "Garbage Collection pausiert." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Destructor delays." #~ msgstr "Destruktorverzögerungen." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer." #~ msgstr "Komplex, Opt-in durch Programmierer." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Potential for use-after-free." #~ msgstr "Potenzial für die Nutzung nach dem Kostenlos." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" #~ msgstr "Compiler-erzwungen und bereichsbasiert wie Rust:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Some upfront complexity." #~ msgstr "Etwas Komplexität im Voraus." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Can reject valid programs." #~ msgstr "Kann gültige Programme ablehnen." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Die Daten wurden von `s1` _verschoben_ und `s1` ist nicht mehr zugänglich." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "A small book library," #~ msgstr "Iteratoren und Besitz (schwer)." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics." #~ msgstr "Mehrere Strukturen und Aufzählungen für eine Zeichnungsbibliothek." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "" #~ "If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the " #~ "data in a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`](../concurrency/shared_state/" #~ "arc.md)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Wenn Sie die Daten innerhalb eines „Rc“ mutieren müssen, müssen Sie die " #~ "Daten einschließen ein Typ wie [`Cell` oder `RefCell`](../concurrency/" #~ "shared_state/arc.md). Siehe [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/" #~ "struct.Mutex.html), wenn Sie sich in einem Multithreading befinden " #~ "Kontext." #, fuzzy #~ msgid "The module content can be omitted:" #~ msgstr "Der Modulinhalt kann weggelassen werden:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:" #~ msgstr "Die Inhalte des Moduls „Garten“ finden Sie unter:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "`src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" #~ msgstr "`src/garden.rs` (moderner Rust 2018-Stil)" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "`src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" #~ msgstr "`src/garden/mod.rs` (älterer Rust 2015-Stil)" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "In ähnlicher Weise kann ein `garden::vegetables`\\-Modul gefunden werden " #~ "unter:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" #~ msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (moderner Rust 2018-Stil)" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" #~ msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (älterer Rust 2015 Stil)" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "" #~ "Copy the following code to and implement " #~ "the function:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Kopieren Sie den folgenden Code nach und " #~ "implementieren Sie die Funktion:" #, fuzzy #~ msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`." #~ msgstr "`move`\\-Closures implementieren nur `FnOnce`." #~ msgid "" #~ "**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " #~ "comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to " #~ "re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises." #~ msgstr "" #~ "**Hinweis:** Bitte ignoriere `// ANCHOR: label` und `// ANCHOR_END: " #~ "label` Kommentare, die Du in den Lösungen siehst. Sie sind da, um es zu " #~ "ermöglichen Teile der Lösungen als Aufgaben wiederverwenden."