msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" "POT-Creation-Date: \n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2023-07-27 05:03-0400\n" "Last-Translator: Olivier Charrez \n" "Language-Team: French \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Language: fr\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n" #: src/SUMMARY.md:3 src/welcome.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "Bienvenue à Comprehensive Rust (le guide complet de Rust) 🦀" #: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/running-the-course.md:1 msgid "Running the Course" msgstr "Comment présenter le cours" #: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 msgid "Course Structure" msgstr "Structure du cours" #: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" msgstr "Raccourcis clavier" #: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1 msgid "Translations" msgstr "Traductions" #: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/cargo.md:1 msgid "Using Cargo" msgstr "Utiliser Cargo" #: src/SUMMARY.md:9 msgid "Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "Écosystème de Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md:10 msgid "Code Samples" msgstr "Exemples de code" #: src/SUMMARY.md:11 msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "Exécuter Cargo localement" #: src/SUMMARY.md:14 msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Jour 1 : Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/SUMMARY.md:185 #: src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/SUMMARY.md:261 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Bienvenue" #: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "Qu'est-ce que Rust ?" #: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/hello-world.md:1 msgid "Hello World!" msgstr "Bonjour le monde!" #: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 msgid "Small Example" msgstr "Petit exemple" #: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/why-rust.md:1 msgid "Why Rust?" msgstr "Pourquoi Rust ?" #: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" msgstr "Garanties à la compilation" #: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 msgid "Runtime Guarantees" msgstr "Garanties à l'exécution" #: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/modern.md:1 msgid "Modern Features" msgstr "Fonctionnalités modernes" #: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/basic-syntax.md:1 msgid "Basic Syntax" msgstr "Syntaxe de base" #: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 msgid "Scalar Types" msgstr "Types scalaires" #: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 msgid "Compound Types" msgstr "Types composés" #: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 msgid "References" msgstr "Références" #: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 msgid "Dangling References" msgstr "Références invalides" #: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 msgid "Slices" msgstr "Tranches" #: src/SUMMARY.md:32 msgid "String vs str" msgstr "String vs str" #: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 msgid "Functions" msgstr "Fonctions" #: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1 msgid "Rustdoc" msgstr "Rustdoc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 #: src/methods.md:1 msgid "Methods" msgstr "Méthodes" #: src/SUMMARY.md:36 msgid "Overloading" msgstr "Surcharge" #: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/SUMMARY.md:119 #: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:225 #: src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/SUMMARY.md:275 src/SUMMARY.md:296 #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Exercices" #: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 msgid "Implicit Conversions" msgstr "Conversions implicites" #: src/SUMMARY.md:39 msgid "Arrays and for Loops" msgstr "Tableaux et boucles for" #: src/SUMMARY.md:41 msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" msgstr "Jour 1 : Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:43 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 msgid "Variables" msgstr "Variables" #: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 msgid "Type Inference" msgstr "Inférence de type" #: src/SUMMARY.md:45 msgid "static & const" msgstr "static & const" #: src/SUMMARY.md:46 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" msgstr "Portée et masquage" #: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/memory-management.md:1 msgid "Memory Management" msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire" #: src/SUMMARY.md:48 msgid "Stack vs Heap" msgstr "Pile et Tas" #: src/SUMMARY.md:49 src/memory-management/stack.md:1 msgid "Stack Memory" msgstr "Mémoire de pile" #: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 msgid "Manual Memory Management" msgstr "Gestion manuelle de la mémoire" #: src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée" #: src/SUMMARY.md:52 msgid "Garbage Collection" msgstr "Collecte des ordures" #: src/SUMMARY.md:53 msgid "Rust Memory Management" msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1 msgid "Comparison" msgstr "Comparaison" #: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/ownership.md:1 msgid "Ownership" msgstr "Propriété" #: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 msgid "Move Semantics" msgstr "Sémantique de déplacement" #: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" msgstr "String déplacées avec Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" msgstr "Double libération de mémoire en C++ moderne" #: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Moves in Function Calls" msgstr "Déplacements dans les appels de fonction" #: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 msgid "Copying and Cloning" msgstr "Copie et clonage" #: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 msgid "Borrowing" msgstr "Emprunt" #: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" msgstr "Emprunts partagés et uniques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes" msgstr "Durées de vie" #: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" msgstr "Durées de vie dans les appels de fonction" #: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" msgstr "Durées de vie dans les structures de données" #: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Storing Books" msgstr "String" #: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 msgid "Iterators and Ownership" msgstr "Itérateurs et propriété" #: src/SUMMARY.md:71 msgid "Day 2: Morning" msgstr "Jour 2 : Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/structs.md:1 msgid "Structs" msgstr "Structures" #: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 msgid "Tuple Structs" msgstr "Structures de tuple" #: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" msgstr "Syntaxe abrégée des champs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/enums.md:1 msgid "Enums" msgstr "Énumérations" #: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 msgid "Variant Payloads" msgstr "Contenu variable" #: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/enums/sizes.md:1 msgid "Enum Sizes" msgstr "Tailles d'énumération" #: src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/methods/receiver.md:1 msgid "Method Receiver" msgstr "Récepteur de méthode" #: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/SUMMARY.md:274 #: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 msgid "Example" msgstr "Exemple" #: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/pattern-matching.md:1 msgid "Pattern Matching" msgstr "Correspondance de motifs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Enums" msgstr "Déstructuration des énumérations" #: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Structs" msgstr "Déstructuration des structures" #: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Arrays" msgstr "Déstructuration des tableaux" #: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 msgid "Match Guards" msgstr "Gardes de match" #: src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 msgid "Health Statistics" msgstr "Statistiques de santé" #: src/SUMMARY.md:92 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Points and Polygons" msgstr "Points et polygones" #: src/SUMMARY.md:94 msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" msgstr "Jour 2 : Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/SUMMARY.md:288 src/control-flow.md:1 msgid "Control Flow" msgstr "Flux de contrôle" #: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 msgid "Blocks" msgstr "Blocs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:98 msgid "if expressions" msgstr "expressions `if`" #: src/SUMMARY.md:99 msgid "if let expressions" msgstr "expressions `if let`" #: src/SUMMARY.md:100 msgid "while expressions" msgstr "while expressions" #: src/SUMMARY.md:101 msgid "while let expressions" msgstr "expressions `while let`" #: src/SUMMARY.md:102 msgid "for expressions" msgstr "expressions `for`" #: src/SUMMARY.md:103 msgid "loop expressions" msgstr "expressions `loop`" #: src/SUMMARY.md:104 msgid "match expressions" msgstr "expressions `match`" #: src/SUMMARY.md:105 msgid "break & continue" msgstr "break & continue" #: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/std.md:1 msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "Bibliothèque standard" #: src/SUMMARY.md:107 msgid "Option and Result" msgstr "Option et Result" #: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/std/string.md:1 msgid "String" msgstr "String" #: src/SUMMARY.md:109 msgid "Vec" msgstr "Vec" #: src/SUMMARY.md:110 msgid "HashMap" msgstr "HashMap" #: src/SUMMARY.md:111 msgid "Box" msgstr "Box" #: src/SUMMARY.md:112 msgid "Recursive Data Types" msgstr "Types de données récursifs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/std/box-niche.md:1 msgid "Niche Optimization" msgstr "Optimisation de niche" #: src/SUMMARY.md:114 msgid "Rc" msgstr "Rc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:115 src/modules.md:1 msgid "Modules" msgstr "Modules" #: src/SUMMARY.md:116 src/modules/visibility.md:1 msgid "Visibility" msgstr "Visibilité" #: src/SUMMARY.md:117 src/modules/paths.md:1 msgid "Paths" msgstr "Chemins" #: src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" msgstr "Hiérarchie du système de fichiers" #: src/SUMMARY.md:120 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "Algorithme de Luhn" #: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:97 msgid "Strings and Iterators" msgstr "Strings et Iterators" #: src/SUMMARY.md:124 msgid "Day 3: Morning" msgstr "Jour 3 : Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/generics.md:1 msgid "Generics" msgstr "Génériques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/generics/data-types.md:1 msgid "Generic Data Types" msgstr "Types de données génériques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/generics/methods.md:1 msgid "Generic Methods" msgstr "Méthodes génériques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 msgid "Monomorphization" msgstr "Monomorphisation" #: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/traits.md:1 msgid "Traits" msgstr "Caractéristiques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 msgid "Trait Objects" msgstr "Objets implementant des caractéristiques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 msgid "Deriving Traits" msgstr "Caractéristiques dérivées" #: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 msgid "Default Methods" msgstr "Méthodes par défaut" #: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 msgid "Trait Bounds" msgstr "Exigences de caractéristique" #: src/SUMMARY.md:138 msgid "impl Trait" msgstr "impl caractéristique" #: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 msgid "Important Traits" msgstr "Caractéristiques importantes" #: src/SUMMARY.md:140 msgid "Iterator" msgstr "Iterator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 msgid "FromIterator" msgstr "FromIterator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:142 msgid "From and Into" msgstr "From et Into" #: src/SUMMARY.md:143 msgid "Read and Write" msgstr "Read et Write" #: src/SUMMARY.md:144 msgid "Drop" msgstr "Drop" #: src/SUMMARY.md:145 msgid "Default" msgstr "Default" #: src/SUMMARY.md:146 msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." msgstr "Opérateurs : Add, Mul, ..." #: src/SUMMARY.md:147 msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:149 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "A Simple GUI Library" msgstr "Une bibliothèque d'interface graphique" #: src/SUMMARY.md:151 msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" msgstr "Jour 3 : Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:153 src/error-handling.md:1 msgid "Error Handling" msgstr "Gestion des erreurs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 msgid "Panics" msgstr "Paniques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:155 msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" msgstr "Suspension de la pile" #: src/SUMMARY.md:156 msgid "Structured Error Handling" msgstr "Gestion structurée des erreurs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:157 msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" msgstr "Propagation des erreurs avec ?" #: src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 msgid "Converting Error Types" msgstr "Conversion des types d'erreur" #: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 msgid "Deriving Error Enums" msgstr "Dérivation des énumérations d'erreur" #: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 msgid "Dynamic Error Types" msgstr "Types d'erreurs dynamiques" #: src/SUMMARY.md:162 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 msgid "Adding Context to Errors" msgstr "Ajout de contexte aux erreurs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/testing.md:1 msgid "Testing" msgstr "Tester" #: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 msgid "Unit Tests" msgstr "Tests unitaires" #: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "Modules de test" #: src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 msgid "Documentation Tests" msgstr "Test de documentation" #: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 msgid "Integration Tests" msgstr "Test d'intégration" #: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Useful crates" msgstr "Caisses utiles" #: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/unsafe.md:1 msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "Rust risqué" #: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "Déréférencement des pointeurs bruts" #: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "Variables statiques mutables" #: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 msgid "Unions" msgstr "Unions" #: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Appel de fonctions risquées" #: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Ecrire des fonctions risquées" #: src/SUMMARY.md:175 msgid "Extern Functions" msgstr "Fonctions externes" #: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" msgstr "Implémentation de traits risqués" #: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" msgstr "Enveloppe FFI sûre" #: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/SUMMARY.md:251 #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 msgid "Android" msgstr "Android" #: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/android/setup.md:1 msgid "Setup" msgstr "Installation" #: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/android/build-rules.md:1 msgid "Build Rules" msgstr "Règles de construction" #: src/SUMMARY.md:188 msgid "Binary" msgstr "Binaire" #: src/SUMMARY.md:189 msgid "Library" msgstr "Bibliothèque" #: src/SUMMARY.md:190 src/android/aidl.md:1 msgid "AIDL" msgstr "AIDL" #: src/SUMMARY.md:191 msgid "Interface" msgstr "Interface" #: src/SUMMARY.md:192 msgid "Implementation" msgstr "Mise en œuvre" #: src/SUMMARY.md:193 msgid "Server" msgstr "Serveur" #: src/SUMMARY.md:194 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 msgid "Deploy" msgstr "Déployer" #: src/SUMMARY.md:195 msgid "Client" msgstr "Client" #: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 msgid "Changing API" msgstr "Modification de l'API" #: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/SUMMARY.md:241 src/android/logging.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 msgid "Logging" msgstr "Journalisation" #: src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/android/interoperability.md:1 msgid "Interoperability" msgstr "Interopérabilité" #: src/SUMMARY.md:199 msgid "With C" msgstr "Avec C" #: src/SUMMARY.md:200 msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" msgstr "Appeler C avec Bindgen" #: src/SUMMARY.md:201 msgid "Calling Rust from C" msgstr "Appeler Rust depuis C" #: src/SUMMARY.md:202 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 msgid "With C++" msgstr "Avec C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md:203 msgid "With Java" msgstr "Avec Java" #: src/SUMMARY.md:207 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "Bare Metal : Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:212 msgid "no_std" msgstr "no_std" #: src/SUMMARY.md:213 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "Un exemple minimal" #: src/SUMMARY.md:214 msgid "alloc" msgstr "alloc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:215 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "Microcontrôleurs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:216 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "MMIO brut" #: src/SUMMARY.md:217 msgid "PACs" msgstr "PACs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:218 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "HAL Crates" #: src/SUMMARY.md:219 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "Board Support Crates" #: src/SUMMARY.md:220 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "Le modèle d'état de type" #: src/SUMMARY.md:221 msgid "embedded-hal" msgstr "embedded-hal" #: src/SUMMARY.md:222 msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" #: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "Débogage" #: src/SUMMARY.md:224 src/SUMMARY.md:244 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "Autres projets" #: src/SUMMARY.md:226 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "Boussole" #: src/SUMMARY.md:228 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "Bare Metal : Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:230 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "Processeurs d'applications" #: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:232 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "Assembleur en ligne" #: src/SUMMARY.md:233 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "MMIO" #: src/SUMMARY.md:234 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "Écrivons un pilote UART" #: src/SUMMARY.md:235 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "Plus de traits" #: src/SUMMARY.md:236 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "Un meilleur pilote UART" #: src/SUMMARY.md:237 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "Bitflags" #: src/SUMMARY.md:238 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "Registres multiples" #: src/SUMMARY.md:239 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "Pilote" #: src/SUMMARY.md:240 src/SUMMARY.md:242 msgid "Using It" msgstr "En l'utilisant" #: src/SUMMARY.md:243 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "Fonctions" #: src/SUMMARY.md:245 msgid "Useful Crates" msgstr "Crates utiles" #: src/SUMMARY.md:246 msgid "zerocopy" msgstr "zerocopy" #: src/SUMMARY.md:247 msgid "aarch64-paging" msgstr "aarch64-paging" #: src/SUMMARY.md:248 msgid "buddy_system_allocator" msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:249 msgid "tinyvec" msgstr "tinyvec" #: src/SUMMARY.md:250 msgid "spin" msgstr "spin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:252 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 msgid "vmbase" msgstr "vmbase" #: src/SUMMARY.md:254 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "Pilote RTC" #: src/SUMMARY.md:257 msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "Concurrence : Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:262 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 msgid "Threads" msgstr "Threads" #: src/SUMMARY.md:263 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "Threads délimités" #: src/SUMMARY.md:264 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 msgid "Channels" msgstr "Canaux" #: src/SUMMARY.md:265 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Canaux illimités" #: src/SUMMARY.md:266 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Canaux limités" #: src/SUMMARY.md:267 msgid "Send and Sync" msgstr "Send et Sync" #: src/SUMMARY.md:267 msgid "Send" msgstr "Send" #: src/SUMMARY.md:267 msgid "Sync" msgstr "Sync" #: src/SUMMARY.md:270 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 msgid "Examples" msgstr "Exemples" #: src/SUMMARY.md:271 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 msgid "Shared State" msgstr "État partagé" #: src/SUMMARY.md:272 msgid "Arc" msgstr "Arc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:273 msgid "Mutex" msgstr "Mutex" #: src/SUMMARY.md:276 src/SUMMARY.md:297 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "Dîner des philosophes" #: src/SUMMARY.md:277 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "Vérificateur de liens à plusieurs threads" #: src/SUMMARY.md:279 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "Concurrence : Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:281 msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:282 msgid "async/await" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:283 src/async/futures.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Futures" msgstr "Fermetures" #: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/async/runtimes.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Garanties d'exécution" #: src/SUMMARY.md:285 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 msgid "Tokio" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:106 #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:140 src/async/tasks.md:1 msgid "Tasks" msgstr "Tâches" #: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/async/channels.md:1 msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Canaux asynchrones" #: src/SUMMARY.md:289 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 msgid "Join" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Select" msgstr "Installation" #: src/SUMMARY.md:291 msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "Pièges" #: src/SUMMARY.md:292 msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 msgid "Pin" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Traits asynchrones" #: src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "Traductions" #: src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:113 msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:301 msgid "Final Words" msgstr "Derniers mots" #: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/thanks.md:1 msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "Merci!" #: src/SUMMARY.md:306 msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "Autres ressources" #: src/SUMMARY.md:307 src/credits.md:1 msgid "Credits" msgstr "Crédits" #: src/SUMMARY.md:310 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 msgid "Solutions" msgstr "Solutions" #: src/SUMMARY.md:315 msgid "Day 1 Morning" msgstr "Jour 1 Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:316 msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" msgstr "Jour 1 Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:317 msgid "Day 2 Morning" msgstr "Jour 2 Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:318 msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" msgstr "Jour 2 Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:319 msgid "Day 3 Morning" msgstr "Jour 3 Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:320 msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" msgstr "Jour 3 Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:321 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Matin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:322 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Après-midi" #: src/SUMMARY.md:323 msgid "Concurrency Morning" msgstr "Matin concurrence" #: src/SUMMARY.md:324 msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" msgstr "Après-midi concurrence" #: src/welcome.md:3 msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain)" msgstr "" "[![Flux de construction](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/" "status/google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?" "query=branch%3Amain)" #: src/welcome.md:3 msgid "Build workflow" msgstr "Flux de construction" #: src/welcome.md:3 msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" "[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)" msgstr "" "[![Flux de construction](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/" "status/google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?" "query=branch%3Amain) [![Contributeurs GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/" "contributors/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)" #: src/welcome.md:4 msgid "GitHub contributors" msgstr "Contributeurs GitHub" #: src/welcome.md:4 msgid "" "[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields." "io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" msgstr "" "[![Contributeurs GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub étoiles](https://img." "shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)]" "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" #: src/welcome.md:5 msgid "GitHub stars" msgstr "Étoiles GitHub" #: src/welcome.md:5 msgid "" "[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-" "rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "stargazers)" msgstr "" "[![GitHub étoiles](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-" "rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "stargazers)" #: src/welcome.md:7 msgid "" "This is a three day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course " "covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like " "generics and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on " "the last day." msgstr "" "Ce cours Rust de trois jours a été développé par l'équipe Android. Le cours " "couvre l'ensemble du langage Rust, de la syntaxe de base aux sujets avancés " "comme les génériques et la gestion des erreurs. Il inclut également du " "contenu spécifique à Android le dernier jour." #: src/welcome.md:11 msgid "" "The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " "anything about Rust and hope to:" msgstr "" "Le but du cours est de vous apprendre Rust. Nous supposons que vous ne savez " "rien à propos de Rust et espérons :" #: src/welcome.md:14 msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language." msgstr "" "Vous donner une compréhension complète de la syntaxe et du langage Rust." #: src/welcome.md:15 msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust." msgstr "" "Vous permettre de modifier des programmes existants et d'écrire de nouveaux " "programmes en Rust." #: src/welcome.md:16 msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "Vous montrer les constructions fréquentes (idiomes) en Rust." #: src/welcome.md:18 msgid "" "The first three days show you the fundamentals of Rust. Following this, " "you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Les trois premiers jours sont consacrés aux fondamentaux du langage. Vous " "pouvez ensuite approfondir un ou plusieurs des sujets suivant:" #: src/welcome.md:21 msgid "" "[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform " "development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "[Android](android.md): un cours d'une demi-journée consacré à l'utilisation " "de Rust dans le cadre du développement pour la plate-forme Android. Ce cours " "couvre également l'interopérabilité avec les langages C, C++ et Java." #: src/welcome.md:23 msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " "covered." msgstr "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): un cours d'une journée consacré à l'utilisation " "de Rust pour le développement embarqué. Le cours touche à la fois aux " "microcontrôleurs et aux processeurs d'applications." #: src/welcome.md:26 msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " "mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using " "futures)." msgstr "" "[Programmation concurrente](concurrency.md): un cours d'une journée consacré " "à la programmation concurrente en Rust. Nous couvrons la concurrence " "classique (planification à base de threads et mutex) ainsi que la " "concurrence async/await (multitâche coopératif à base de futures)." #: src/welcome.md:32 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "Non-objectifs" #: src/welcome.md:34 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" msgstr "" "Rust est un grand langage et nous ne pourrons pas tout couvrir en quelques " "jours. Certains non-objectifs de ce cours sont :" #: src/welcome.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead." msgstr "" "Nous aborderons ensuite brièvement les capacités dangereuses. Pour plus de " "détails, veuillez consulter [Chapitre 19.1 du Rust Book](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) et le [Rustonomicon](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." #: src/welcome.md:41 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "Hypothèses" #: src/welcome.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically- typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " "C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach." msgstr "" "Le cours suppose que vous savez déjà programmer. Rust est un language " "statiquement typé et on fera parfois des comparaisons avec C et C++ pour " "mieux expliquer ou contraster l'approche de Rust." #: src/welcome.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." msgstr "" "Si vous savez programmer dans un langage à typage dynamique tel que Python " "ou JavaScript, alors vous pourrez également très bien suivre." #: src/welcome.md:52 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " "should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class." msgstr "" "Ceci est un exemple de _note du conférencier_. Nous les utiliserons pour " "ajouter d'autres informations sur les diapositives. Cela pourrait être des " "points clés que l'instructeur devrait couvrir, ainsi que des réponses aux " "questions typiques posées en classe." #: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3 msgid "This page is for the course instructor." msgstr "Cette page est destinée au formateur." #: src/running-the-course.md:5 msgid "" "Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the " "course internally at Google." msgstr "" "Voici quelques informations générales sur la façon dont nous avons organisé " "le cours en interne chez Google." #: src/running-the-course.md:8 msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "Avant de suivre le cours, vous voudriez :" #: src/running-the-course.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " "speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker " "notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker " "Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class." msgstr "" "Familiarisez-vous avec le matériel de cours. Nous avons inclus les notes du " "conférencier pour aider à mettre en évidence les points clés (veuillez nous " "aider en contribuant à plus de remarques!). Lors de la présentation, vous " "devez vous assurer d'ouvrir les notes du présentateur dans un popup (cliquez " "sur le lien avec une petite flèche à côté de \"Notes du conférencier\"). " "Ainsi, vous avez un écran propre à présenter à la classe." #: src/running-the-course.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " "recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " "have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " "helps them process all the information we give them." msgstr "" "Sélectionnez votre sujet pour l'après-midi du quatrième jour. Cela peut être " "basé sur le public que vous attendez, ou sur votre propre expertise." #: src/running-the-course.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " "asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have " "time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself " "and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your " "laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an " "instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you." msgstr "" "Décidez des dates. Comme le parcours est vaste, nous vous recommandons de " "répartir les quatre jours sur deux semaines. Les participants au cours ont " "dit qu'ils trouvent utile d'avoir une pause dans le cours, car cela les aide " "à traiter toutes les informations que nous leur donnons." #: src/running-the-course.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " "laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag " "as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as " "you or the course participants spot them." msgstr "" "Trouvez une salle suffisamment grande pour vos participants en personne. " "Nous recommandons un classe de 15 à 20 personnes. C'est assez petit pour que " "les gens soient à l'aise pour poser des questions --- c'est aussi assez " "petit pour qu'un instructeur ait le temps de répondre aux questions. Assurez-" "vous que la salle dispose de _bureaux_ pour vous et pour les étudiants : " "vous devriez tous pouvoir vous asseoir et travailler avec vos ordinateurs " "portables. En particulier, vous ferez beaucoup de programmation en direct en " "tant qu'instructeur, donc un pupitre ne sera pas très utile pour vous." #: src/running-the-course.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " "afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people " "if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see " "that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and " "offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant " "information in the standard library." msgstr "" "Le jour de votre cours, présentez-vous à la salle un peu en avance pour " "préparer les choses. Nous vous recommandons de présenter directement en " "utilisant `mdbook serve` exécuté sur votre ordinateur portable (voir les " "[instructions d'installation](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust#building)). Cela garantit des performances optimales sans décalage " "lorsque vous changez de page. L'utilisation de votre ordinateur portable " "vous permettra également de corriger les fautes de frappe lorsque que vous " "ou les participants les repèrent.\n" "\n" "Laissez les participants résoudre les exercices seuls ou en petits groupes. " "Assurez-vous de demandez aux gens s'ils sont coincés ou s'il y a quelque " "chose où vous pouvez aider. Quand vous voyez que plusieurs personnes ont le " "même problème, dites-le à la classe et proposez une solution, par exemple en " "montrant aux gens où trouver les informations dans la bibliothèque " "standard.\n" "\n" "Préparez tout ce dont vous avez besoin pour l'après-midi du jour 4." #: src/running-the-course.md:43 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" msgstr "" "C'est tout, bonne chance pour suivre le cours ! Nous espérons que ce sera " "aussi amusant pour vous comme il l'a été pour nous !" #: src/running-the-course.md:46 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " "would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. " "Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!" msgstr "" "Veuillez [fournir des commentaires](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust/discussions/86) par la suite afin que nous puissions continuer à " "améliorer le cours. Nous aimerions savoir ce qui a bien fonctionné pour vous " "et ce qui peut être mieux fait. Vos élèves sont également les bienvenus pour " "[envoyer des commentaires](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/100) !" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5 msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" msgstr "Le cours est rapide et couvre beaucoup de terrain:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." msgstr "Jour 1 : Rust de base, propriété et vérificateur d'emprunt." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library." msgstr "" "Jour 2 : Types de données composés, filtrage de motifs, bibliothèque " "standard." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust." msgstr "" "Jour 3 : Caractéristiques et génériques, gestion des erreurs, tests, Rust " "risqué.\n" "\n" "Jour 4 : Concurrence avec Rust et voir Rust en action." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 msgid "" "In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 msgid "" "The [Android Deep Dive](../android.md) is a half-day course on using Rust " "for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with C, C+" "+, and Java." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/" "android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure " "that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." msgstr "" "Si vous avez choisi Android pour l'après-midi du jour 4, vous aurez besoin " "d'un [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/download/" "downloading). Effectuez un checkout du [répertoire du cours](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust) sur la même machine et déplacez le dossier " "`src/android/` à la racine de votre checkout AOSP. Cela assurera que le " "système de construction d'Android voit les fichiers `Android.bp` dans `src/" "android/`." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " "see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand." msgstr "" "Assurez-vous que `adb sync` fonctionne avec votre émulateur ou votre " "appareil réel et pré-construisez tous les exemples Android en utilisant `src/" "android/build_all.sh`. Lisez le script pour voir les commandes éxécutées et " "assurez-vous qu'elles fonctionnent lorsque vous les exécutez à la main." #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 msgid "Bare-Metal" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md): a full day class on using Rust " "for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application " "processors are covered." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " "need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../" "bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency" msgstr "Concurrence" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47 msgid "" "The [Concurrency Deep Dive](../concurrency.md) is a full day class on " "classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " "with them:" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo init concurrency\n" "cd concurrency\n" "cargo add tokio --features full\n" "cargo run\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 msgid "Format" msgstr "\\##Format" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63 msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" msgstr "" "Le cours se veut très interactif et nous recommandons de laisser les " "questions guider l'exploration de Rust !" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3 msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" msgstr "Il existe plusieurs raccourcis clavier utiles dans mdBook :" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 msgid "Arrow-Left" msgstr "Flèche vers la gauche" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 msgid ": Navigate to the previous page." msgstr " : Navigue à la page précédente." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6 msgid "Arrow-Right" msgstr "Flèche vers la droite" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6 msgid ": Navigate to the next page." msgstr " : Navigue à la page suivante." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid "Ctrl + Enter" msgstr "Ctrl + Entrée" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus." msgstr " : Exécute l'exemple de code qui a le focus." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8 msgid "s" msgstr "s" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8 msgid ": Activate the search bar." msgstr " : Active la barre de recherche." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3 msgid "" "The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful " "volunteers:" msgstr "" "Le cours a été traduit dans d'autres langues par un ensemble de merveilleux " "bénévoles:" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6 msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) and [@hugojacob](https://" "github.com/hugojacob)." msgstr "" "[portugais brésilien](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "par [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) et [@hugojacob](https://" "github.com/hugojacob)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." msgstr "" "[coréen](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) par [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) et " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9 msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "" "Utilisez le sélecteur de langue dans le coin supérieur droit pour basculer " "entre les langues." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "Traductions" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " "get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." msgstr "" "Si vous souhaitez contribuer à cet effort, veuillez consulter \\[nos " "instructions\\] pour savoir comment se lancer. Les traductions sont " "coordonnées sur le \\[traqueur de problèmes\\]." #: src/cargo.md:3 msgid "" "When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build " "and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what " "Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this " "training." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous commencerez à lire sur Rust, vous rencontrerez bientôt [Cargo]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/), l'outil standard utilisé dans " "l'écosystème Rust pour créer et exécuter des applications Rust. Ici, nous " "voulons donner un bref aperçu de ce qu'est Cargo et comment il s'intègre " "dans le large écosystème et comment cela s'inscrit dans cette formation." #: src/cargo.md:8 msgid "Installation" msgstr "Installation" #: src/cargo.md:10 msgid "Rustup (Recommended)" msgstr "Rustup (recommandé)" #: src/cargo.md:12 msgid "" "You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among " "other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer." "github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez suivre les instructions pour installer Cargo et le compilateur " "Rust, parmi d'autres outils de l'écosystème standard avec l'outil [rustup]" "(https://rust-analyzer.github.io/), qui est maintenu par la Foundation Rust." #: src/cargo.md:14 msgid "" "Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line " "utility that you can use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross " "compilation, etc." msgstr "" "Avec cargo et rustc, Rustup s'installera en tant qu'utilitaire de ligne de " "commande que vous pourrez utiliser pour installer/changer de chaînes " "d'outils, configurer une compilation croisée, etc." #: src/cargo.md:16 msgid "Package Managers" msgstr "\\### Gestionnaires de packages" #: src/cargo.md:18 msgid "Debian" msgstr "Debian" #: src/cargo.md:20 msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " "formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) with" msgstr "" "Sur Debian/Ubuntu, vous pouvez installer Cargo, la source Rust et le " "[formateur Rust](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) avec" #: src/cargo.md:22 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo.md:26 msgid "" "This will allow \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] to jump to the definitions. We " "suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " "(but any LSP compatible editor works)." msgstr "" "Cela permettra à \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] de passer directement aux " "définitions. Nous suggérons d'utiliser [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio." "com/) pour modifier le code (mais tout éditeur LSP compatible fonctionne)." #: src/cargo.md:29 msgid "" "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www." "jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging " "only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." msgstr "" "Certaines personnes aiment également utiliser la famille d'IDE " "\\[JetBrains\\] [4](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/), qui effectuent leur " "propre analyse mais ont leurs propres compromis. Si vous les préférez, vous " "pouvez installer le [Plugin Rust](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Veuillez " "noter qu'à partir de janvier 2023, le débogage ne fonctionne que sur la " "version CLion de la suite JetBrains IDEA." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "L'écosystème de Rust" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3 msgid "" "The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:" msgstr "" "L'écosystème de Rust est composé d'un certain nombre d'outils, dont les " "principaux sont :" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5 msgid "" "`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other " "intermediate formats." msgstr "" "`rustc` : le compilateur Rust qui transforme les fichiers `.rs` en binaires " "et autres formats intermédiaires." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8 msgid "" "`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to " "download dependencies hosted on and it will pass them to " "`rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test " "runner which is used to execute unit tests." msgstr "" "`cargo` : le gestionnaire de dépendances Rust et l'outil de construction. " "Cargo sait comment télécharger les dépendances hébergées sur et il les transmettra à `rustc` lors de la construction de votre projet. " "Cargo est également livré avec un exécuteur de test qui est utilisé pour " "exécuter des tests unitaires." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " "install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." msgstr "" "`rustup` : le programme d'installation et de mise à jour de la chaîne " "d'outils Rust. Cet outil sert à installer et mettez à jour `rustc` et " "`cargo` lorsque de nouvelles versions de Rust sont publiées. De plus, " "`rustup` peut également télécharger la documentation de la bibliothèque " "standard. Vous pouvez avoir plusieurs versions de Rust installées à la fois " "et `rustup` vous permettra de basculer entre elles au besoin." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 #: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30 #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23 #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Points clés:" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23 msgid "" "Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six " "weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- " "plus they enable new functionality." msgstr "" "Rust a un calendrier de publication rapide avec une nouvelle version qui " "sort toutes les six semaines. Les nouvelles versions maintiennent la " "rétrocompatibilité avec les anciennes versions --- en plus, elles activent " "de nouvelles fonctionnalités." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27 msgid "" "There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"." msgstr "" "Il existe trois canaux de sortie : \"stable\", \"beta\" et \"nightly\"." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29 msgid "" "New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes " "\"stable\" every six weeks." msgstr "" "De nouvelles fonctionnalités sont testées sur \"nightly\", \"beta\" est ce " "qui devient \"stable\" toutes les six semaines." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32 msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." msgstr "" "Rust a également des \\[éditions\\] : l'édition actuelle est Rust 2021. Les " "éditions passées étaient Rust 2015 et Rust 2018." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35 msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." msgstr "" "Les éditions sont autorisées à apporter des modifications rétrocompatibles à " "la langue." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38 msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." msgstr "" "Pour éviter de casser le code, les éditions sont opt-in : vous sélectionnez " "l'édition pour votre crate via le fichier `Cargo.toml`." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41 msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." msgstr "" "Pour éviter de diviser l'écosystème, les compilateurs Rust peuvent mélanger " "le code écrit pour différentes éditions." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44 msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." msgstr "" "Veuillez noter qu'il est assez rare d'utiliser le compilateur directement et " "non via `cargo` (la plupart des utilisateurs ne le font jamais)." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " "comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " "not limited to: " msgstr "" "Il peut être utile de mentionner que Cargo lui-même est un outil extrêmement " "puissant et complet. Il est capable de nombreuses fonctionnalités avancées, " "y compris, mais sans s'y limiter :" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47 msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "Structure du projet/paquets" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "\\[espaces de travail\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "" "Gestion/mise en cache des dépendances de développement et des dépendances " "d'exécution" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "\\[créer des scripts\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "\\[installation globale\\]" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." msgstr "" "Il est également extensible avec des plugins de sous-commande (tels que " "[cargo clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "En savoir plus sur le \\[livre officiel de Cargo\\]" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1 msgid "Code Samples in This Training" msgstr "Échantillons de code dans cette formation" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3 msgid "" "For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples " "which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier " "and ensures a consistent experience for everyone." msgstr "" "Pour cette formation, nous allons surtout explorer le langage Rust à travers " "des exemples qui peuvent être exécuté via votre navigateur. Cela rend la " "configuration beaucoup plus facile et assure une expérience cohérente pour " "chacun." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7 msgid "" "Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do " "the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you " "how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo." msgstr "" "L'installation de Cargo est tout de même encouragée : elle vous facilitera " "la tâche des exercices. Le dernier jour, nous ferons un exercice plus large " "qui vous montrera comment travailler avec des dépendances et pour cela vous " "avez besoin de Cargo." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11 msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "Les blocs de code de ce cours sont entièrement interactifs :" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid "You can use " msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser " #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box." msgstr " pour exécuter le code lorsque le focus est dans la zone de texte." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24 msgid "" "Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not " "editable for various reasons:" msgstr "" "La plupart des exemples de code sont modifiables comme indiqué ci-dessus. " "Quelques exemples de code ne sont pas modifiables pour diverses raisons :" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27 msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and " "open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests." msgstr "" "Les terrains de jeu intégrés ne peuvent pas exécuter de tests unitaires. " "Copiez-collez le code et ouvrez-le dans le vrai terrain de jeu pour " "démontrer les tests unitaires." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30 msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from " "the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises " "using a local Rust installation or via the Playground." msgstr "" "Les terrains de jeux intégrées perdent leur état au moment où vous naviguez " "loin de la page! C'est la raison pour laquelle les élèves doivent résoudre " "les exercices en utilisant une installation Rust locale ou via le terrain de " "jeu." #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1 msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo" msgstr "Exécuter le code localement avec Cargo" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3 msgid "" "If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will " "need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the " "Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This " "should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the " "latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:" msgstr "" "Si vous souhaitez expérimenter le code sur votre propre système, vous aurez " "besoin pour installer d'abord de Rust. Pour ce faire, suivez les " "[instructions dans le livre Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-" "installation.html). Cela devrait vous donner un \"rustc\" et un \"cargo\" " "fonctionnels. Au moment de l'écriture, la dernière version stable de Rust a " "ces numéros de version:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8 msgid "" "```shell\n" "% rustc --version\n" "rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" "% cargo --version\n" "cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" msgstr "" "Une fois cela en place, suivez ces étapes pour créer un binaire Rust à " "partir d'un des exemples dans cette formation :" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18 msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo new exercise\n" " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:27 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cd exercise\n" "$ cargo run\n" " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" "Hello, world!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:38 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41 msgid "" "```rust\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:47 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo run\n" " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" "Edit me!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:57 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" "debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an " "optimized release build in `target/release/`." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:62 msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " "dependencies for you." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70 msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " "development environment." msgstr "" "Essayez d'encourager les participants à installer Cargo et à utiliser un " "éditeur local. Cela leur facilitera la vie puisqu'ils auront un " "environnement de développement normal." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Day 1" msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 1" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:3 msgid "" "This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground " "today:" msgstr "" "C'est le premier jour de Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust). Nous " "couvrirons beaucoup de terrain aujourd'hui:" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:6 msgid "" "Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, " "references, functions, and methods." msgstr "" "Syntaxe de base de Rust : variables, types scalaires et composés, " "énumérations, structures, références, fonctions et méthodes." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 msgid "" "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " "memory management, and garbage collection." msgstr "" "Gestion de la mémoire : pile contre tas, gestion manuelle de la mémoire, " "gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée et le ramassage des ordures." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 msgid "" "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." msgstr "" "Propriété : sémantique de déplacement, copie et clonage, emprunt et durée de " "vie." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "Veuillez rappeler aux élèves que :" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." msgstr "" "Ils doivent poser des questions lorsqu'ils les reçoivent, ne les enregistrez " "pas jusqu'à la fin." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" msgstr "" "Le cours se veut interactif et les discussions sont vivement encouragées !" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " "keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " "language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " "allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " "communication." msgstr "" "En tant qu'instructeur, vous devez essayer de garder les discussions " "pertinentes, c'est-à-dire, garder le lien avec la façon dont Rust fait les " "choses par rapport à un autre langage. Ça peut être difficile de trouver le " "bon équilibre, mais privilégiez les discussions car elles engagent les gens " "bien plus que la communication à sens unique." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." msgstr "" "Les questions signifieront probablement que nous parlons de choses avant les " "diapositives." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " "Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as " "you like." msgstr "" "C'est tout à fait correct! La répétition est une partie importante de " "l'apprentissage. N'oubliez pas que les diapositives ne sont qu'un support et " "que vous êtes libre de les sauter si vous le souhaitez." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 msgid "" "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " "major feature and we should show students this right away." msgstr "" "L'idée du premier jour est de montrer _juste assez_ de Rust pour pouvoir " "parler du célèbre vérificateur d'emprunt. La façon dont Rust gère la mémoire " "est une caractéristique majeure et nous devrions montrer cela aux élèves " "tout de suite." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 msgid "" "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " "schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" msgstr "" "Si vous enseignez cela dans une salle de classe, c'est un bon endroit pour " "passer en revue le calendrier. Nous suggérons de diviser la journée en deux " "parties (suivant les diapositives) :" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," msgstr "Matin : 9h00 à 12h00," #: src/welcome-day-1.md:37 msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." msgstr "Après-midi : 13h00 à 16h00." #: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 msgid "" "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez bien sûr ajuster cela si nécessaire. Assurez-vous d'inclure les " "pauses, nous recommandons une pause toutes les heures !" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" msgstr "" "Rust est un nouveau langage de programmation qui a eu sa [version 1.0 en " "2015](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html) :" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "Rust est un langage compilé statiquement dans un rôle similaire à C++" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc` utilise LLVM comme backend." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" msgstr "" "Rust prend en charge de nombreuses [plates-formes et architectures](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ... \\*Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Rust est utilisé pour une large gamme d'appareils :" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "firmware et chargeurs de démarrage," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "écrans intelligents," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "smart displays," msgstr "téléphones portables," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "ordinateurs de bureau," #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "desktops," msgstr "serveurs." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16 msgid "servers." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "Rust s'inscrit dans le même domaine que C++ :" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "Grande flexibilité." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24 msgid "High level of control." msgstr "Haut niveau de contrôle." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 msgid "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones." msgstr "" "Peut être réduit à des appareils très limités comme les téléphones mobiles." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "N'a pas de temps d'exécution ou de récupération d'ordures." #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" "Se concentre sur la fiabilité et la sécurité sans sacrifier les performances." #: src/hello-world.md:3 msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" msgstr "" "Passons au programme Rust le plus simple possible, un Bonjour Monde " "classique programme:" #: src/hello-world.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```rust\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Bonjour 🌍!\");\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/hello-world.md:12 msgid "What you see:" msgstr "Ce que tu vois:" #: src/hello-world.md:14 msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "Les fonctions sont introduites avec `fn`." #: src/hello-world.md:15 msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "Les blocs sont délimités par des accolades comme en C et C++." #: src/hello-world.md:16 msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "La fonction `main` est le point d'entrée du programme." #: src/hello-world.md:17 msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "Rust a des macros hygiéniques, `println!` en est un exemple." #: src/hello-world.md:18 msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" "Les strings Rust sont encodées en UTF-8 et peuvent contenir n'importe quel " "caractère Unicode." #: src/hello-world.md:22 msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " "see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "Cette diapositive tente de mettre les étudiants à l'aise avec le code Rust. " "Ils en verront une tonne durant les quatre prochains jours, alors nous " "commençons petit avec quelque chose de familier." #: src/hello-world.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " "imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless " "absolutely necessary." msgstr "" "Rust ressemble beaucoup aux autres langages traditionnels C/C++/Java. C'est " "impératif (non fonctionnel) et il n'essaie pas de réinventer les choses à " "moins qu'absolument nécessaire." #: src/hello-world.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "" "Rust est moderne avec un support complet pour des choses comme Unicode." #: src/hello-world.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " "arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." msgstr "" "Rust utilise des macros pour les situations où vous souhaitez avoir un " "nombre variable d'arguments (pas de fonction [surchargées](basic-syntax/" "functions-interlude.md))." #: src/hello-world.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " "hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene." "html)." msgstr "" "Les macros étant \"hygiéniques\", elles ne capturent pas accidentellement " "les identifiants de la portée dans laquelle elles sont utilisées. Les macros " "Rust ne sont en fait que [partiellement hygiénique](https://veykril.github." "io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" msgstr "Voici un petit exemple de programme en Rust :" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() { // Program entry point\n" " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" " while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" " if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" " x = x / 2;\n" " } else {\n" " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() { // Entrée du programme\n" " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Liaison mutable de variable\n" " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro pour impression, comme printf\n" " while x != 1 { // Pas de parenthèses autour des expressions\n" " if x % 2 == 0 { // Les mathématiques comme dans d'autre langages\n" " x = x / 2;\n" " } else {\n" " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 msgid "" "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " "different inputs." msgstr "" "Le code implémente la conjecture de Collatz : on pense que la boucle " "finissent toujours, mais cela n'est pas encore prouvé. Modifiez le code et " "jouez avec différentes entrées." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " "overflow." msgstr "" "Expliquez que toutes les variables sont typées statiquement. Essayez de " "supprimer `i32` pour déclencher l'inférence de type. Essayez avec `i8` à la " "place et déclenchez un débordement d'entier à l'exécution." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." msgstr "" "Remplacez `let mut x` par `let x`, discutez de l'erreur du compilateur." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the " "format string." msgstr "" "Montrez comment `print!` génère une erreur de compilation si les arguments " "ne correspondent pas aux format des string." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." msgstr "" "Montrez comment vous devez utiliser `{}` comme espace réservé si vous " "souhaitez imprimer une expression qui est plus complexe qu'une simple " "variable." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." msgstr "" "Montrez aux étudiants la bibliothèque standard, montrez-leur comment " "rechercher `std :: fmt` qui a les règles du mini-langage de formatage. Il " "est important que le les étudiants se familiarisent avec la recherche dans " "la bibliothèque standard." #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 msgid "" "In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " "documentation" msgstr "" #: src/why-rust.md:3 msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Quelques arguments de vente uniques à Rust :" #: src/why-rust.md:5 msgid "Compile time memory safety." msgstr "Sécurité de la mémoire à la compilation." #: src/why-rust.md:6 msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." msgstr "Absence de comportement d'exécution indéfini." #: src/why-rust.md:7 msgid "Modern language features." msgstr "Caractéristiques du langage moderne." #: src/why-rust.md:11 msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" msgstr "" "Assurez-vous de demander à la classe dans quelles langues ils ont de " "l'expérience. Selon la réponse, vous pouvez mettre en évidence différentes " "fonctionnalités de Rust :" #: src/why-rust.md:14 msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " "have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with " "constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management." msgstr "" "Expérience avec C ou C++ : Rust élimine toute une classe d'_erreurs " "d'exécution_ via le vérificateur d'emprunt. Vous obtenez des performances " "comme en C et C++, mais sans problèmes d'insécurité de la mémoire. De plus, " "vous obtenez une langue moderne avec des constructions telles que la " "correspondance de motifs et la gestion intégrée des dépendances." #: src/why-rust.md:19 msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " "addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage " "collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)" msgstr "" "Expérience avec Java, Go, Python, JavaScript... : Vous bénéficiez de la même " "sécurité mémoire comme dans ces langages, plus un sentiment de langage de " "haut niveau similaire. En outre vous obtenez des performances rapides et " "prévisibles comme C et C++ (pas de ramassage d'ordures) ainsi que l'accès au " "matériel de bas niveau (si vous en avez besoin)" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire statique à la compilation :" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 msgid "No uninitialized variables." msgstr "Aucune variable non initialisée." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6 msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." msgstr "Aucune fuite de mémoire (_surtout_, voir les notes)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7 msgid "No double-frees." msgstr "Pas de double libération de mémoire." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8 msgid "No use-after-free." msgstr "Aucune utilisation après la libération." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9 msgid "No `NULL` pointers." msgstr "Pas de pointeurs `NULL`." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10 msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." msgstr "Pas de mutex verrouillés oubliés." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11 msgid "No data races between threads." msgstr "Pas de courses de données entre les threads." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12 msgid "No iterator invalidation." msgstr "Aucune invalidation d'itérateur." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 msgid "" "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" msgstr "" "Il est possible de produire des fuites de mémoire avec Rust (sûr). Quelques " "exemples sont:" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" "initialized and runtime-sized static variables" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez utiliser [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/" "struct.Box.html#method.leak) pour divulguer un pointeur. Une utilisation de " "cela pourrait être d'obtenir des variables statiques initialisées et " "dimensionnées à l'exécution" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." "html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor " "is never run)." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez utiliser [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/" "fn.forget.html) pour que le compilateur \"oublie\" une valeur (ce qui " "signifie que le destructeur n'est jamais exécuté)." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez également créer accidentellement un \\[cycle de référence\\] " "avec `Rc` ou \"Arc\"." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak " "and Rust does not protect from those." msgstr "" "En fait, certains considéreront le fait de peupler à l'infini une collection " "tel qu'une fuite de mémoire et Rust ne protège pas de celles-ci." #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28 msgid "" "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as " "\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." msgstr "" "Pour les besoins de ce cours, \"Aucune fuite de mémoire\" doit être compris " "comme \"Pratiquement pas de fuites de mémoire _accidentelles_\"." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" msgstr "Aucun comportement indéfini à l'exécution :" #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Array access is bounds checked." msgstr "L'accès au tableau est vérifié dans les limites." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." msgstr "Le débordement d'entier est défini." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " "build --release`)." msgstr "" "Le débordement d'entier est défini via un indicateur de compilation. Les " "options sont soit une panique (un plantage contrôlé du programme) ou un " "bouclage sémantique. Par défaut, vous obtenez des paniques en mode débogage " "(`cargo build`) et bouclage en mode release (`cargo build --release`)." #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " "disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " "call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds " "checking." msgstr "" "La vérification des limites ne peut pas être désactivée avec un indicateur " "de compilateur. Ça peut aussi ne pas être désactivé directement avec le mot-" "clé `unsafe`. Cependant, `unsafe` vous permet d'appeler des fonctions telles " "que `slice::get_unchecked` qui ne vérifie pas les bornes." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years." msgstr "" "Rust est construit avec toute l'expérience acquise au cours des 40 dernières " "années." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Language Features" msgstr "Caractéristiques linguistiques" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Enums and pattern matching." msgstr "Énumérations et correspondance de modèles." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Generics." msgstr "Génériques." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "No overhead FFI." msgstr "Pas de frais généraux FFI." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." msgstr "Abstractions à coût zéro." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Tooling" msgstr "Outillage" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Great compiler errors." msgstr "Grandes erreurs de compilation." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "Built-in dependency manager." msgstr "Gestionnaire de dépendances intégré." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Built-in support for testing." msgstr "Support intégré pour les tests." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." msgstr "Excellente prise en charge du protocole de serveur de langue." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' " "for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, " "writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level " "instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." msgstr "" "Les abstractions à coût nul, similaires à C++, signifient que vous n'avez " "pas à \"payer\" pour les constructions de programmation de niveau supérieur " "avec mémoire ou CPU. Par exemple, écrire une boucle en utilisant `for` " "devrait aboutir à peu près au même niveau bas instructions comme utilisant " "la construction `.iter().fold()`." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also " "known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like " "`Option` and `Result`." msgstr "" "Il peut être utile de mentionner que les énumérations Rust sont des \"types " "de données algébriques\", également connus sous le nom de \"types de " "somme\", qui permettent au système de type d'exprimer des choses comme " "`Option` et `Résultat`." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ " "feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." msgstr "" "Rappelez aux gens de lire les erreurs --- de nombreux développeurs se sont " "habitués à ignorer la longue sortie du compilateur. Le compilateur Rust est " "beaucoup plus bavard que les autres compilateurs. Il vous fournira souvent " "_actionnable_ feedback, prêt à copier-coller dans votre code." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, " "and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " "and essential:" msgstr "" "La bibliothèque standard Rust est petite comparée à des langages comme Java, " "Python, et aller. La rouille ne vient pas avec plusieurs choses que vous " "pourriez considérer comme standard et essentiel:" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." msgstr "" "un générateur de nombres aléatoires, mais voir [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." msgstr "" "prise en charge de SSL ou TLS, mais voir [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." msgstr "" "support pour JSON, mais voir [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " "there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." msgstr "" "Le raisonnement sous-jacent est que la fonctionnalité de la bibliothèque " "standard ne peut pas s'en aller, il doit donc être très stable. Pour les " "exemples ci-dessus, le Rust la communauté travaille toujours à trouver la " "meilleure solution --- et peut-être là n'est pas une seule \"meilleure " "solution\" pour certaines de ces choses." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence " "of this is that the standard library can be smaller." msgstr "" "Rust est livré avec un gestionnaire de packages intégré sous la forme de " "Cargo, ce qui rend il est trivial de télécharger et de compiler des caisses " "tierces. Une conséquence de ce est que la bibliothèque standard peut être " "plus petite." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to " "find a good and trusted one." msgstr "" "Découvrir de bonnes caisses tierces peut être un problème. Des sites comme " " aide à cela en vous permettant de comparer les mesures de " "santé pour caisses pour en trouver une bonne et de confiance." #: src/why-rust/modern.md:58 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." msgstr "" "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) est une implémentation LSP " "bien prise en charge utilisée dans les principaux IDE et éditeurs de texte." #: src/basic-syntax.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" msgstr "" "Une grande partie de la syntaxe de Rust vous sera familière en C, C++ ou " "Java :" #: src/basic-syntax.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." msgstr "Les blocs et les portées sont délimités par des accolades." #: src/basic-syntax.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " "*/`." msgstr "" "Les commentaires de ligne commencent par `//`, les commentaires de bloc sont " "délimités par `/* ... */`." #: src/basic-syntax.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." msgstr "Des mots-clés comme `if` et `while` fonctionnent de la même manière." #: src/basic-syntax.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." msgstr "" "L'affectation des variables se fait avec `=`, la comparaison se fait avec " "`==`." #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Types" msgstr "Types" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Literals" msgstr "Littéraux" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "Entiers signés" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`" msgstr "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "Entiers non signés" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`0`, `123`, `10u16`" msgstr "`0`, `123`, `10u16`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "Nombres à virgule flottante" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "`f32`, `f64`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`" msgstr "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Strings" msgstr "Cordes" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`&str`" msgstr "`&str`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" msgstr "`\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\\"#`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "Valeurs scalaires Unicode" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`char`" msgstr "`car`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Booleans" msgstr "Chaînes d'octets" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`bool`" msgstr "`&[u8]`" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "" "`b\"abc\"`, `br#\" \" \"#`\n" "\n" "Booléens\n" "\n" "`bool`\n" "\n" "'vrai', 'faux'" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "Les types ont des largeurs comme suit :" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "`iN`, `uN` et `fN` ont une largeur de _N_ bits," #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "`isize` et `usize` sont la largeur d'un pointeur," #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "`char` a une largeur de 32 bits," #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "`bool` a une largeur de 8 bits." #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 msgid "" "Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " "`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " "amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(r#\"link\"#);\n" " println!(\"link\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34 msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "Arrays" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "`[T; N]`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "Tuples" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Array assignment and access:" msgstr "Affectation et accès aux baies :" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n" " a[5] = 0;\n" " println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" msgstr "Affectation et accès aux tuples :" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n" " println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n" " println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "Arrays:" msgstr "Tableaux :" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 msgid "" "Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a " "compile-time constant. Note that the length of the array is _part of its " "type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two different " "types." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 msgid "" "In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation " "with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives " "the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without " "specifying the value after the format string." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45 msgid "" "Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " "easier to read." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "Tuples:" msgstr "Tuples :" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." msgstr "Comme les tableaux, les tuples ont une longueur fixe." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." msgstr "" "Les tuples regroupent des valeurs de différents types dans un type composé." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " "e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "" "Les champs d'un tuple sont accessibles par le point et l'index de la valeur, " "par ex. `t.0`, `t.1`." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " "and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its " "value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " "function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. " msgstr "" "Le tuple vide `()` est également appelé \"type d'unité\". C'est à la fois un " "type et la seule valeur valide de ce type - c'est-à-dire à la fois le type " "et sa valeur sont exprimés par `()`. Il est utilisé pour indiquer, par " "exemple, qu'une fonction ou expression n'a pas de valeur de retour, comme " "nous le verrons dans une prochaine diapositive." #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " "programming languages." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez le considérer comme un \"vide\" qui peut vous être familier " "d'autres langages de programmation." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" msgstr "Comme C++, Rust a des références :" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x: i32 = 10;\n" " let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n" " *ref_x = 20;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Some notes:" msgstr "Quelques notes:" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " "pointers." msgstr "" "Nous devons déréférencer `ref_x` lors de son affectation, comme pour les " "pointeurs C et C++." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " "methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)." msgstr "" "Rust déréférencera automatiquement dans certains cas, en particulier lors de " "l'appel méthodes (essayez `ref_x.count_ones()`)." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over " "their lifetime." msgstr "" "Les références déclarées comme \"mut\" peuvent être liées à différentes " "valeurs au cours de leur durée de vie." #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " "&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound " "to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable " "value." msgstr "" "Assurez-vous de noter la différence entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` et `let " "ref_x: &mut i32`. Le premier représente une référence mutable qui peut être " "liée à différentes valeurs, tandis que la seconde représente une référence à " "une valeur modifiable." #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" msgstr "Rust interdira statiquement les références pendantes :" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let ref_x: &i32;\n" " {\n" " let x: i32 = 10;\n" " ref_x = &x;\n" " }\n" " println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." msgstr "" "Une référence est dite \"emprunter\" la valeur à laquelle elle se réfère." #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " "enough." msgstr "" "Rust suit la durée de vie de toutes les références pour s'assurer qu'elles " "durent longtemps assez." #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." msgstr "" "Nous parlerons davantage de l'emprunt lorsque nous arriverons à la propriété." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" msgstr "Une tranche vous donne une vue dans une plus grande collection :" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" " println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n" "\n" " let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n" " println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." msgstr "" "Les tranches empruntent des données au type en tranches. \\* Question : Que " "se passe-t-il si vous modifiez `a[3]` ?" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " "indexes in brackets." msgstr "" "Nous créons une tranche en empruntant `a` et en spécifiant les index de " "début et de fin entre parenthèses." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " "starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " "identical." msgstr "" "Si la tranche commence à l'index 0, la syntaxe de plage de Rust nous permet " "de supprimer l'index de départ, ce qui signifie que `&a[0..a.len()]` et " "`&a[..a.len()]` sont identiques ." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " "identical." msgstr "" "Il en va de même pour le dernier index, donc `&a[2..a.len()]` et `&a[2..]` " "sont identiques." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." msgstr "" "Pour créer facilement une tranche du tableau complet, on peut donc utiliser " "`&a[..]`." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " "(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " "computation on slices of different sizes." msgstr "" "`s` est une référence à une tranche de `i32`s. Notez que le type de `s` " "(`&[i32]`) ne mentionne plus la longueur du tableau. Cela nous permet " "d'effectuer des calculs sur des tranches de tailles différentes." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " "'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " msgstr "" "Les tranches empruntent toujours à un autre objet. Dans cet exemple, \"a\" " "doit rester \"vivant\" (dans la portée) au moins aussi longtemps que notre " "tranche." #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " "the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` " "after you created a slice, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " "safely. More details will be explained in the borrow checker section." msgstr "" "La question sur la modification de `a[3]` peut susciter une discussion " "intéressante, mais la réponse est que pour des raisons de sécurité de la " "mémoire vous ne pouvez pas le faire via `a` après avoir créé une tranche, " "mais vous pouvez lire les données de `a` et `s` en toute sécurité. Plus de " "détails seront expliqués dans la section Vérificateur d'emprunt." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`String` vs `str`" msgstr "`Chaîne` vs `chaîne`" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" msgstr "" "Nous pouvons maintenant comprendre les deux types de string avec Rust :" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: &str = \"World\";\n" " println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" "\n" " let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " s2.push_str(s1);\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " \n" " let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n" " println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust terminology:" msgstr "Terminologie de la rouille :" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." msgstr "`&str` une référence immuable à une tranche de chaîne." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." msgstr "`String` un tampon de chaîne mutable." #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27 msgid "" "`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " "encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " "(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 msgid "" "Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " "`Vec`, it is owned." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32 msgid "" "As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " "literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " "can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35 msgid "" "The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " "dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38 msgid "" "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " "selection." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40 msgid "" "For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one " "that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " "equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " "UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" msgstr "" "Une version Rust de la célèbre question d'entrevue [FizzBuzz](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) :" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n" " if divisor == 0 {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" " n % divisor == 0\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n" " let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n" " let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n" " if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n" " return format!(\"{n}\");\n" " }\n" " format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n" " for i in 1..=n {\n" " println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35 msgid "" "We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations " "nor headers are necessary. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36 msgid "" "Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " "programming languages), then a return type." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37 msgid "" "The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " "value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38 msgid "" "Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " "compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 msgid "" "The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " "`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." msgstr "" "Tous les éléments de langage de Rust peuvent être documentés à l'aide de la " "syntaxe spéciale `///`." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " "argument.\n" "///\n" "/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" "fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" " if rhs == 0 {\n" " return false; // Corner case, early return\n" " }\n" " lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " "value\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " "automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " "idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." msgstr "" "Le contenu est traité comme Markdown. Toutes les caisses de bibliothèque " "Rust publiées sont automatiquement documenté sur [`docs.rs`](https://docs." "rs) en utilisant le [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-" "rustdoc.html). C'est idiomatic pour documenter tous les éléments publics " "dans une API utilisant ce modèle." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]" "(https://docs.rs/rand)." msgstr "" "Montrez aux élèves les documents générés pour la caisse \"rand\" sur [`docs." "rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in " "real code they should be present." msgstr "" "Ce cours n'inclut pas rustdoc sur les diapositives, juste pour économiser de " "l'espace, mais dans code réel, ils doivent être présents." #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not " "be addressed here." msgstr "" "Les commentaires de la documentation interne sont discutés plus tard (dans " "la page sur les modules) et n'ont pas besoin être abordé ici." #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" msgstr "" "Rust a des méthodes, ce sont simplement des fonctions qui sont associées à " "un type particulier. Le le premier argument d'une méthode est une instance " "du type auquel elle est associée :" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Rectangle {\n" " width: u32,\n" " height: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Rectangle {\n" " fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n" " self.width * self.height\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n" " self.width += delta;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n" " println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n" " rect.inc_width(5);\n" " println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " "class." msgstr "" "Nous nous pencherons beaucoup plus sur les méthodes dans l'exercice " "d'aujourd'hui et dans le cours de demain." #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 msgid "Add a `Rectangle::new` constructor and call this from `main`:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" " Rectangle { width, height }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 msgid "" "Add a `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that " "constructors can take arbitrary parameters." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Function Overloading" msgstr "Surcharge de fonction" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Overloading is not supported:" msgstr "La surcharge n'est pas prise en charge :" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Each function has a single implementation:" msgstr "Chaque fonction a une seule implémentation :" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." msgstr "Prend toujours un nombre fixe de paramètres." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types." msgstr "Prend toujours un seul ensemble de types de paramètres." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Default values are not supported:" msgstr "Les valeurs par défaut ne sont pas prises en charge :" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." msgstr "Tous les sites d'appel ont le même nombre d'arguments." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." msgstr "Les macros sont parfois utilisées comme alternative." #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" msgstr "Cependant, les paramètres de fonction peuvent être génériques :" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n" " if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n" " println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of " "limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later " "section." msgstr "" "Lors de l'utilisation de génériques, la bibliothèque standard `Into` peut " "fournir une sorte de polymorphisme sur les types d'arguments. Nous verrons " "plus de détails dans une section ultérieure." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" msgstr "Jour 1 : Exercices du matin" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" msgstr "Dans ces exercices, nous allons explorer deux parties de Rust :" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Implicit conversions between types." msgstr "Conversions implicites entre les types." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." msgstr "Tableaux et boucles \"for\"." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" msgstr "Quelques points à considérer lors de la résolution des exercices :" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) " "for details on installing Rust." msgstr "" "Utilisez une installation Rust locale, si possible. De cette façon, vous " "pouvez obtenir auto-complétion dans votre éditeur. Voir la page sur " "\\[Utiliser Cargo\\] pour plus de détails lors de l'installation de Rust." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." msgstr "Vous pouvez également utiliser le Rust Playground." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose " "their state if you navigate away from the page." msgstr "" "Les extraits de code ne sont pas modifiables à dessein : les extraits de " "code en ligne perdent leur état si vous quittez la page." #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the \\[solutions\\] provided." msgstr "" "Après avoir regardé les exercices, vous pouvez regarder les \\[solutions\\] " "fournies." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" msgstr "" "Rust n'appliquera pas automatiquement les _conversions implicites_ entre les " "types ([contrairement à C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" "implicit_conversion)). Vous pouvez le voir dans un programme comme celui-ci :" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n" " x * y\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x: i8 = 15;\n" " let y: i16 = 1000;\n" "\n" " println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The " "`From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into` " "trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type " "expresses that it can be converted into another type." msgstr "" "Les types entiers Rust implémentent tous les [`From`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) et [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits pour nous permettre de convertir " "entre eux. Le trait `From` a un seul `from()` et de même, le trait " "`Into` a une seule méthode `into()`. La mise en œuvre de ces traits est " "la façon dont un type exprime qu'il peut être converti en un autre type." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for " "i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for " "i8`." msgstr "" "La bibliothèque standard a une implémentation de `From for i16`, ce qui " "signifie que nous pouvons convertir une variable `x` de type `i8` en un " "`i16` en appelant `i16::from(x)`. Ou, plus simple, avec `x.into()`, car " "`From for i16` créer automatiquement une implémentation de `Into " "for i8`." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so " "it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " "implementation automatically." msgstr "" "Il en va de même pour vos propres implémentations `From` pour vos propres " "types, il est donc suffisant pour implémenter uniquement `From` pour obtenir " "automatiquement une implémentation `Into` respective." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." msgstr "Exécutez le programme ci-dessus et examinez l'erreur du compilateur." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." msgstr "" "Mettez à jour le code ci-dessus pour utiliser `into()` pour effectuer la " "conversion." #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." "From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you check." msgstr "" "Remplacez les types de `x` et `y` par d'autres éléments (tels que `f32`, " "`bool`, `i128`) pour voir quels types vous pouvez convertir vers quels " "autres types. Essayer convertir de petits types en grands types et " "inversement. Vérifier la [documentation de la bibliothèque standard](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) pour voir si `From` est " "implémenté pour les paires que vous cochez." #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" msgstr "Tableaux et boucles `for`" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" msgstr "Nous avons vu qu'un tableau peut être déclaré comme ceci :" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5 msgid "" "```rust\n" "let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" "`:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez imprimer un tel tableau en demandant sa représentation de " "débogage avec `{:?}` :" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" " println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " "keyword:" msgstr "" "Rust vous permet d'itérer sur des choses comme des tableaux et des plages en " "utilisant le `for` mot-clé:" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" " print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" " for n in array {\n" " print!(\" {n}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "\n" " print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n" " for i in 0..3 {\n" " print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " "and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " "columns):" msgstr "" "Utilisez ce qui précède pour écrire une fonction `pretty_print` qui imprime " "joliment une matrice et une fonction `transpose` qui va transposer une " "matrice (transformer les lignes en colonnes):" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41 msgid "" "```bob\n" " ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n" "\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" " ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." msgstr "" "Codez en dur les deux fonctions pour qu'elles fonctionnent sur des matrices " "3 × 3." #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " "functions:" msgstr "" "Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et implémentez " "le les fonctions:" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" "\n" " println!(\"matrix:\");\n" " pretty_print(&matrix);\n" "\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " println!(\"transposed:\");\n" " pretty_print(&transposed);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80 #, fuzzy msgid "Bonus Question" msgstr "Question bonus" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your " "argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional " "slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" msgstr "" "Pourriez-vous utiliser des tranches `&[i32]` au lieu de matrices 3 × 3 " "codées en dur pour votre types d'argument et de retour ? Quelque chose comme " "`&[&[i32]]` pour un fichier bidimensionnel tranche de tranches. Pourquoi ou " "pourquoi pas?" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality " "implementation." msgstr "" "Voir le [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) pour une qualité de " "production mise en œuvre." #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." msgstr "" "La solution et la réponse à la section bonus sont disponibles dans le " "Section [Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " "by default:" msgstr "" "Rust fournit une sécurité de type via le typage statique. Les liaisons " "variables sont immuables par défaut:" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x: i32 = 10;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " // x = 20;\n" " // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " "types less and less as the course progresses." msgstr "" "En raison de l'inférence de type, le `i32` est facultatif. Nous montrerons " "progressivement les types de moins en moins au fur et à mesure que le cours " "avance." #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the " "function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`" msgstr "" "Notez que puisque `println!` est une macro, `x` n'est pas déplacé, même en " "utilisant la fonction comme syntaxe de `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "" "Rust examinera comment la variable est _utilisée_ pour déterminer le type :" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" " println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" " println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = 10;\n" " let y = 20;\n" "\n" " takes_u32(x);\n" " takes_i8(y);\n" " // takes_u32(y);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " "constraints given by variable declarations and usages." msgstr "" "Cette diapositive montre comment le compilateur Rust déduit les types en " "fonction des contraintes données par les déclarations et les utilisations " "des variables." #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " "of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " "code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " "of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " "code." msgstr "" "Il est très important de souligner que les variables déclarées de cette " "manière ne sont pas d'une sorte de \"tout type\" dynamique qui peut détenir " "des données. Le code machine généré par une telle déclaration est identique " "à la déclaration explicite d'un type. Le compilateur fait le travail pour " "nous et nous aide à écrire un code plus concis." #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " "using `_` as a placeholder:" msgstr "" "Le code suivant indique au compilateur de copier dans un certain conteneur " "générique sans que le code ne spécifie jamais explicitement le type contenu, " "en utilisant `_` comme espace réservé :" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " v.push((10, false));\n" " v.push((20, true));\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "\n" " let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" " println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." "html#method.collect) relies on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implements." msgstr "" "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." "html#method.collect) repose sur `FromIterator`, qui \\[`HashSet`\\](https:/ /" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implémente." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Static and Constant Variables" msgstr "Variables statiques et constantes" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables." msgstr "L'état global est géré avec des variables statiques et constantes." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "`const`" msgstr "`const`" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:" msgstr "Vous pouvez déclarer des constantes de compilation :" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" "const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n" "\n" "fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" " let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" " for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" " digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." "wrapping_add(b);\n" " }\n" " digest\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" " println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." msgstr "" "Selon le \\[Rust RFC Book\\] [1](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html), ceux-ci sont intégrés lors de l'utilisation." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "`static`" msgstr "`statique`" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also declare static variables:" msgstr "Vous pouvez également déclarer des variables statiques :" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " "associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " "and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution." msgstr "" "Comme indiqué dans le \\[Rust RFC Book\\] [1](https://rust-lang.github.io/" "rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), ceux-ci ne sont pas alignés lors de " "l'utilisation et ont un emplacement de mémoire associé réel. Ceci est utile " "pour le code non sécurisé et intégré, et la variable vit tout au long de " "l'exécution du programme." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../" "unsafe.md)." msgstr "" "Nous examinerons la mutation des données statiques dans le [chapitre sur " "Unsafe Rust](../unsafe.md)." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." msgstr "" "Mentionnez que `const` se comporte sémantiquement de la même manière que " "`constexpr` de C++." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " "global variable in C++." msgstr "" "`static`, d'autre part, ressemble beaucoup plus à une variable globale " "`const` ou mutable en C++." #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " "it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" "Il n'est pas très courant d'avoir besoin d'une constante évaluée à " "l'exécution, mais c'est utile et plus sûr que d'utiliser un statique." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez masquer des variables, à la fois celles des portées externes et " "celles des même périmètre :" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = 10;\n" " println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" "\n" " {\n" " let a = \"hello\";\n" " println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" "\n" " let a = true;\n" " println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " "both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " "under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " msgstr "" "Définition : l'occultation est différente de la mutation, car après " "l'occultation, les emplacements de mémoire des deux variables existent en " "même temps. Les deux sont disponibles sous le même nom, selon l'endroit où " "vous l'utilisez dans le code." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " msgstr "Une variable d'occultation peut avoir un type différent." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " "after `.unwrap()`." msgstr "" "L'ombrage semble obscur au début, mais est pratique pour conserver les " "valeurs après `.unwrap()`." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " "locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " "does not change." msgstr "" "Le code suivant montre pourquoi le compilateur ne peut pas simplement " "réutiliser les emplacements de mémoire lors de l'observation d'une variable " "immuable dans une portée, même si le type ne change pas." #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = 1;\n" " let b = &a;\n" " let a = a + 1;\n" " println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" msgstr "" "Traditionnellement, les langues se répartissent en deux grandes catégories :" #: src/memory-management.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." msgstr "" "Contrôle total via la gestion manuelle de la mémoire : C, C++, Pascal, ..." #: src/memory-management.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " "Haskell, ..." msgstr "" "Sécurité totale via la gestion automatique de la mémoire à l'exécution : " "Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..." #: src/memory-management.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" msgstr "Rust propose un nouveau mix :" #: src/memory-management.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " "management." msgstr "" "Contrôle total * et * sécurité via l'application du temps de compilation de " "la mémoire correcte gestion." #: src/memory-management.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." msgstr "Il le fait avec un concept de propriété explicite." #: src/memory-management.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." msgstr "" "Tout d'abord, rafraîchissons le fonctionnement de la gestion de la mémoire." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" msgstr "La pile contre le tas" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." msgstr "Pile : Zone continue de mémoire pour les variables locales." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 #, fuzzy msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." msgstr "Les valeurs ont des tailles fixes connues au moment de la compilation." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." msgstr "Extrêmement rapide : il suffit de déplacer un pointeur de pile." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." msgstr "Facile à gérer : suit les appels de fonction." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Great memory locality." msgstr "Grande localité de mémoire." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." msgstr "Heap : Stockage de valeurs en dehors des appels de fonction." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." msgstr "" "Les valeurs ont des tailles dynamiques déterminées au moment de l'exécution." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "" "Légèrement plus lent que la pile : une certaine comptabilité est nécessaire." #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." msgstr "Aucune garantie de localisation de la mémoire." #: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically sized " "data on the heap:" msgstr "" "La création d'une \"chaîne\" place des données de taille fixe sur la pile et " "dimensionnées dynamiquement données sur le tas :" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:12 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" ": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 msgid "" "Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " "length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 msgid "" "If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " "allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" "struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " "[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 msgid "" "We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " "point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" " s1.push(' ');\n" " s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" " // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " "to\n" " // undefined behavior.\n" " unsafe {\n" " let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" "transmute(s1);\n" " println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." msgstr "Vous allouez et désallouez vous-même la mémoire de tas." #: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." msgstr "" "Si cela n'est pas fait avec soin, cela peut entraîner des plantages, des " "bogues, des failles de sécurité et des fuites de mémoire." #: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "C Example" msgstr "C Exemple" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" msgstr "" "Vous devez appeler `free` sur chaque pointeur que vous allouez avec " "`malloc` :" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 msgid "" "```c\n" "void foo(size_t n) {\n" " int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" " //\n" " // ... lots of code\n" " //\n" " free(int_array);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " "the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory." msgstr "" "La mémoire est perdue si la fonction revient tôt entre `malloc` et `free` : " "le pointeur est perdu et nous ne pouvons pas désallouer la mémoire." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." msgstr "" "Les constructeurs et les destructeurs vous permettent de vous connecter à la " "durée de vie d'un objet." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " "destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " "is raised." msgstr "" "En enveloppant un pointeur dans un objet, vous pouvez libérer de la mémoire " "lorsque l'objet est détruit. Le compilateur garantit que cela se produit, " "même si une exception est soulevé." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " "gives you smart pointers." msgstr "" "Ceci est souvent appelé _l'acquisition de ressources est initialisée_ (RAII) " "et donne vous pointeurs intelligents." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "C++ Example" msgstr "Exemple C++" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 msgid "" "```c++\n" "void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" " std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " "allocated on the heap." msgstr "" "L'objet `std::unique_ptr` est alloué sur la pile et pointe vers mémoire " "allouée sur le tas." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." msgstr "À la fin de `say_hello`, le destructeur `std::unique_ptr` s'exécutera." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." msgstr "Le destructeur libère l'objet `Person` vers lequel il pointe." #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" msgstr "" "Des constructeurs de mouvement spéciaux sont utilisés lors du transfert de " "propriété à une fonction :" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 msgid "" "```c++\n" "std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" "say_hello(std::move(person));\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Automatic Memory Management" msgstr "Gestion automatique de la mémoire" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " "memory management:" msgstr "" "Une alternative à la gestion manuelle et basée sur la portée de la mémoire " "est la mémoire automatique gestion:" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." msgstr "Le programmeur n'alloue ou ne libère jamais de mémoire explicitement." #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " "programmer." msgstr "" "Un ramasse-miettes trouve la mémoire inutilisée et la libère pour le " "programmeur." #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Java Example" msgstr "Exemple Java" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" msgstr "L'objet `person` n'est pas désalloué après le retour de `sayHello` :" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 msgid "" "```java\n" "void sayHello(Person person) {\n" " System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory Management in Rust" msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" msgstr "La gestion de la mémoire avec Rust est un mélange :" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." msgstr "Sûr et correct comme Java, mais sans ramasse-miettes." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, " "can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference " "counted." msgstr "" "Selon l'abstraction (ou la combinaison d'abstractions) que vous choisissez, " "il peut s'agir d'un seul pointeur unique, d'une référence comptée ou d'une " "référence atomique comptée." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." msgstr "" "Basé sur la portée comme C++, mais le compilateur applique une adhésion " "totale." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " "have no cost at runtime like C." msgstr "" "Un utilisateur de Rust peut choisir la bonne abstraction pour la situation, " "certains n'ont même aucun coût à l'exécution comme C." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." msgstr "Il y parvient en modélisant explicitement _ownership_." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " "errors in C." msgstr "" "Si on vous demande comment à ce stade, vous pouvez mentionner qu'avec Rust, " "cela est généralement géré par des types de wrapper RAII tels que [Box]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "rc/struct.Rc.html) ou [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc." "html). Ceux-ci encapsulent la propriété et l'allocation de mémoire par " "divers moyens et empêchent les erreurs potentielles dans C." #: src/memory-management/rust.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez être interrogé sur les destructeurs ici, le trait [Drop](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) est l'équivalent de Rust." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." msgstr "" "Voici une comparaison approximative des techniques de gestion de la mémoire." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" msgstr "Avantages des différentes techniques de gestion de la mémoire" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "Manual like C:" msgstr "Manuel comme C :" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14 #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "No runtime overhead." msgstr "Aucune surcharge d'exécution." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "Automatic like Java:" msgstr "Automatique comme Java :" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Fully automatic." msgstr "Entièrement automatique." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11 #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Safe and correct." msgstr "Sûr et correct." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12 #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "Scope-based like C++:" msgstr "Basé sur la portée comme C++ :" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Partially automatic." msgstr "Partiellement automatique." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" msgstr "Basé sur la portée imposée par le compilateur comme Rust :" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Enforced by compiler." msgstr "Appliqué par le compilateur." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" msgstr "Inconvénients des différentes techniques de gestion de la mémoire" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "Use-after-free." msgstr "Utiliser-après-libre." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "Double-frees." msgstr "Double-gratuit." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory leaks." msgstr "Fuites de mémoire." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "Garbage collection pauses." msgstr "La collecte des ordures s'arrête." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "Destructor delays." msgstr "Retards de destructeur." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer." msgstr "Complexe, opt-in par le programmeur." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "Potential for use-after-free." msgstr "Potentiel d'utilisation-après-libre." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" msgstr "Renforcé par le compilateur et basé sur la portée comme Rust :" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "Some upfront complexity." msgstr "Une certaine complexité initiale." #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "Can reject valid programs." msgstr "Peut rejeter les programmes valides." #: src/ownership.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " "to use a variable outside its scope:" msgstr "" "Toutes les liaisons de variables ont un _scope_ où elles sont valides et " "c'est une erreur de utiliser une variable en dehors de sa portée :" #: src/ownership.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " {\n" " let p = Point(3, 4);\n" " println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" " }\n" " println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." msgstr "" "A la fin du scope, la variable est _dropped_ et les données sont libérées." #: src/ownership.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." msgstr "Un destructeur peut s'exécuter ici pour libérer des ressources." #: src/ownership.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." msgstr "On dit que la variable _possède_ la valeur." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:" msgstr "Une affectation transférera la propriété entre les variables :" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" " let s2: String = s1;\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." msgstr "L'affectation de `s1` à `s2` transfère la propriété." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible." msgstr "Les données ont été _déplacées_ de `s1` et `s1` n'est plus accessible." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership." msgstr "" "Lorsque `s1` sort de la portée, rien ne se passe : il n'a pas de propriété." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." msgstr "" "Lorsque `s2` sort de la portée, les données de la chaîne sont libérées." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." msgstr "" "Il y a toujours _exactement_ une liaison de variable qui possède une valeur." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " "value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" "Mentionnez que c'est l'opposé des valeurs par défaut en C++, qui copie par " "valeur à moins que vous n'utilisiez `std::move` (et que le constructeur de " "déplacement soit défini !)." #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." msgstr "Dans Rust, les clones sont explicites (en utilisant `clone`)." #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" " let s2: String = s1;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." msgstr "Les données de tas de `s1` sont réutilisées pour `s2`." #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." msgstr "" "Lorsque `s1` sort de la portée, rien ne se passe (il a été déplacé de)." #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Before move to `s2`:" msgstr "Avant de passer à `s2` :" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" ": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "After move to `s2`:" msgstr "Après le passage à `s2` :" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" ": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" ": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": s2 : |\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" ": | len | 4 | :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ :\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" msgstr "Le C++ moderne résout cela différemment :" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 msgid "" "```c++\n" "std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" "std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." msgstr "" "Les données de tas de `s1` sont dupliquées et `s2` obtient sa propre copie " "indépendante." #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." msgstr "" "Lorsque `s1` et `s2` sortent de la portée, ils libèrent chacun leur propre " "mémoire." #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Before copy-assignment:" msgstr "Avant l'affectation de copie :" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "After copy-assignment:" msgstr "Après l'affectation de copie :" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : : :\n" ": s2 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " "parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "" "Lorsque vous transmettez une valeur à une fonction, la valeur est affectée à " "la fonction paramètre. Cela transfère la propriété :" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" " println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" " say_hello(name);\n" " // say_hello(name);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " "Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" "Avec le premier appel à `say_hello`, `main` abandonne la propriété de " "`name`. Ensuite, `name` ne peut plus être utilisé dans `main`." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " "`say_hello` function." msgstr "" "La mémoire de tas allouée pour `name` sera libérée à la fin de la fonction " "`say_hello`." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " "if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." msgstr "" "`main` peut conserver la propriété s'il passe `name` comme référence " "(`&name`) et si `say_hello` accepte une référence comme paramètre." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." "clone()`)." msgstr "" "Alternativement, `main` peut passer un clone de `name` dans le premier appel " "(`name.clone()`)." #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " "semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." msgstr "" "Rust rend plus difficile que C++ la création de copies par inadvertance en " "faisant de la sémantique de déplacement la valeur par défaut et en forçant " "les programmeurs à rendre les clones explicites." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" msgstr "" "Bien que la sémantique de déplacement soit la valeur par défaut, certains " "types sont copiés par défaut :" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = 42;\n" " let y = x;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." msgstr "Ces types implémentent le trait \"Copier\"." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez activer vos propres types pour utiliser la sémantique de copie :" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = p1;\n" " println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" " println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." msgstr "Après l'affectation, `p1` et `p2` possèdent leurs propres données." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." msgstr "" "Nous pouvons également utiliser `p1.clone()` pour copier explicitement les " "données." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" msgstr "La copie et le clonage ne sont pas la même chose :" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " "arbitrary objects." msgstr "" "La copie fait référence aux copies au niveau du bit des régions de mémoire " "et ne fonctionne pas sur des objets arbitraires." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." msgstr "" "La copie ne permet pas de logique personnalisée (contrairement aux " "constructeurs de copie en C++)." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " "implementing the `Clone` trait." msgstr "" "Le clonage est une opération plus générale et permet également un " "comportement personnalisé en implémentant le trait \"Cloner\"." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." msgstr "" "La copie ne fonctionne pas sur les types qui implémentent le trait `Drop`." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "In the above example, try the following:" msgstr "Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, essayez ce qui suit :" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " "is not a `Copy` type." msgstr "" "Ajoutez un champ `String` à `struct Point`. Il ne sera pas compilé car " "`String` n'est pas un type `Copy`." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " "`println!` for `p1`." msgstr "" "Supprimer `Copy` de l'attribut `derive`. L'erreur du compilateur est " "maintenant dans `println!` pour `p1`." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." msgstr "Montrez que cela fonctionne si vous clonez `p1` à la place." #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " "to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." msgstr "" "Si les étudiants posent des questions sur \"dériver\", il suffit de dire que " "c'est un moyen de générer du code dans Rust au moment de la compilation. " "Dans ce cas, les implémentations par défaut des traits `Copy` et `Clone` " "sont générées." #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " "function _borrow_ the value:" msgstr "" "Au lieu de transférer la propriété lors de l'appel d'une fonction, vous " "pouvez laisser une la fonction _emprunte_ la valeur :" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" " Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." msgstr "La fonction `add` _emprunte_ deux points et renvoie un nouveau point." #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." msgstr "L'appelant conserve la propriété des entrées." #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "Notes on stack returns:" msgstr "Remarques sur les retours de pile :" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 msgid "" "Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " "eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " "and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/). In the " "\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " "the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" " let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" " println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" " p\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 msgid "" "In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " "constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " "RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " "copy." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" msgstr "" "Rust impose des contraintes sur la manière dont vous pouvez emprunter des " "valeurs :" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" msgstr "Vous pouvez avoir une ou plusieurs valeurs `&T` à tout moment, _ou_" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." msgstr "Vous pouvez avoir exactement une valeur `&mut T`." #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" " let b: &i32 = &a;\n" "\n" " {\n" " let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" " *c = 20;\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " "`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." msgstr "" "Le code ci-dessus ne se compile pas car 'a' est emprunté comme mutable (via " "'c') et comme immuable (via 'b') en même temps." #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " "to make the code compile." msgstr "" "Déplacez l'instruction `println!` pour `b` avant la portée qui introduit `c` " "pour que le code soit compilé." #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " "the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " "checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." msgstr "" "Après ce changement, le compilateur se rend compte que 'b' n'est utilisé " "qu'avant le nouvel emprunt mutable de 'a' à 'c'. Il s'agit d'une " "fonctionnalité du vérificateur d'emprunt appelée \"durées de vie non " "lexicales\"." #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" msgstr "Une valeur empruntée a une _durée de vie_ :" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " "lifetime `a`\"." msgstr "" "Lire `&'a Point` comme \"un `Point` emprunté qui est valide pour au moins " "durée de vie 'a'\"." #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 msgid "" "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " "yourself." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 msgid "" "Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " "a valid solution." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 msgid "" "Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " "but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " "rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " "value:" msgstr "" "En plus d'emprunter ses arguments, une fonction peut renvoyer une valeur " "empruntée :" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" " let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." msgstr "`'a` est un paramètre générique, il est déduit par le compilateur." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." msgstr "" "Les durées de vie commencent par `'` et `'a` est un nom par défaut typique." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." msgstr "" "La partie _au moins_ est importante lorsque les paramètres sont dans des " "portées différentes." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 msgid "" "Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " "resulting in the following code:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" " let p3: &Point;\n" " {\n" " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" " p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" " }\n" " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 msgid "" "Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " "'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " "because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 msgid "Another way to explain it:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 msgid "" "Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " "returns another reference." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 msgid "" "It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 msgid "" "Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " "returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " "reference came from." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "" "Si un type de données stocke des données empruntées, il doit être annoté " "avec une durée de vie :" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" "\n" "fn erase(text: String) {\n" " println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." "\");\n" " let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" " let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" " // erase(text);\n" " println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" " println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " "underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " "`Highlight` that uses that data." msgstr "" "Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, l'annotation sur `Highlight` impose que les " "données sous-jacentes au `&str` contenu vivent au moins aussi longtemps que " "toute instance de `Highlight` qui utilise ces données." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " "the borrow checker throws an error." msgstr "" "Si `text` est consommé avant la fin de la durée de vie de `fox` (ou `dog`), " "le vérificateur d'emprunt génère une erreur." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " "can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " "somewhat harder to use." msgstr "" "Les types avec des données empruntées obligent les utilisateurs à conserver " "les données d'origine. Cela peut être utile pour créer des vues légères, " "mais cela les rend généralement un peu plus difficiles à utiliser." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." msgstr "" "Dans la mesure du possible, faites en sorte que les structures de données " "soient directement propriétaires de leurs données." #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " "annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " "relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " "of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." msgstr "" "Certaines structures contenant plusieurs références peuvent avoir plusieurs " "annotations de durée de vie. Cela peut être nécessaire s'il est nécessaire " "de décrire les relations de durée de vie entre les références elles-mêmes, " "en plus de la durée de vie de la structure elle-même. Ce sont des cas " "d'utilisation très avancés." #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Jour 1 : Exercices de l'après-midi" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at two things:" msgstr "Nous allons regarder deux choses :" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "A small book library," msgstr "Une petite bibliothèque de livres," #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Iterators and ownership (hard)." msgstr "Itérateurs et propriété (difficile)." #: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " "now, you just need to know part of its API:" msgstr "" "Nous en apprendrons beaucoup plus sur les structures et le type `Vec` " "demain. Pour l'instant, vous avez juste besoin de connaître une partie de " "son API :" #: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" " vec.push(30);\n" " let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n" " println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n" " for item in &vec {\n" " println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " " and update the types to make it compile:" msgstr "" "Utilisez-le pour créer une application de bibliothèque. Copiez le code ci-" "dessous pour et mettez à jour les types pour " "le faire compiler :" #: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "struct Library {\n" " books: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Book {\n" " title: String,\n" " year: u16,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Book {\n" " // This is a constructor, used below.\n" " fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" " Book {\n" " title: String::from(title),\n" " year,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" "// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" "//\n" "// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" "// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" "// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" "impl Library {\n" " fn new() -> Library {\n" " todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" " // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" " // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" " // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn print_books(self) {\n" " // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " "year\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" " //}\n" "}\n" "\n" "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" "// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" "// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" "// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let library = Library::new();\n" "\n" " //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." "is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " "library.is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //\n" " //library.print_books();\n" " //\n" " //match library.oldest_book() {\n" " // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" " // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" " //}\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" " //library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:102 #, fuzzy msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" msgstr "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "traits." msgstr "" "Le modèle de propriété de Rust affecte de nombreuses API. Un exemple en est " "le [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) et " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "caractéristiques." #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "`Iterator`" msgstr "`Itérateur`" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " "`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " "back:" msgstr "" "Les traits sont comme des interfaces : ils décrivent le comportement " "(méthodes) d'un type. Le Le trait `Iterator` indique simplement que vous " "pouvez appeler `next` jusqu'à ce que vous obteniez `None` :" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13 msgid "" "```rust\n" "pub trait Iterator {\n" " type Item;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "You use this trait like this:" msgstr "Vous utilisez ce trait comme ceci :" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.iter();\n" "\n" " println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" msgstr "Quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ? Testez votre réponse ici :" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.iter();\n" "\n" " let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" " println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Why is this type used?" msgstr "Pourquoi ce type est-il utilisé ?" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "`IntoIterator`" msgstr "`IntoIterator`" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " "iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " "iterator:" msgstr "" "Le trait `Iterator` vous indique comment _itérer_ une fois que vous avez " "créé un itérateur. Le trait connexe \"IntoIterator\" vous indique comment " "créer l'itérateur :" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53 msgid "" "```rust\n" "pub trait IntoIterator {\n" " type Item;\n" " type IntoIter: Iterator;\n" "\n" " fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " "declare two types:" msgstr "" "La syntaxe ici signifie que chaque implémentation de `IntoIterator` doit " "déclarer deux types :" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 #, fuzzy msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," msgstr "`Item` : le type sur lequel nous itérons, tel que `i8`," #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 #, fuzzy msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." msgstr "`IntoIter` : le type `Iterator` renvoyé par la méthode `into_iter`." #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " "`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" msgstr "" "Notez que `IntoIter` et `Item` sont liés : l'itérateur doit avoir le même " "Type `Item`, ce qui signifie qu'il renvoie `Option`" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 #, fuzzy msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" msgstr "Comme précédemment, quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ?" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" "from(\"bar\")];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" "\n" " let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" " println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 #, fuzzy msgid "`for` Loops" msgstr "Boucles `for`" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " "resulting iterator:" msgstr "" "Maintenant que nous connaissons à la fois `Iterator` et `IntoIterator`, nous " "pouvons construire des boucles `for`. Ils appellent `into_iter()` sur une " "expression et itèrent sur le résultat itérateur :" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" "from(\"bar\")];\n" "\n" " for word in &v {\n" " println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " for word in v {\n" " println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 #, fuzzy msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" msgstr "Quel est le type de \"mot\" dans chaque boucle ?" #: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " "IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) and [`impl " "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) to check your answers." msgstr "" "Expérimentez avec le code ci-dessus, puis consultez la documentation de " "[`impl IntoIterator pour &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." "Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) et [`impl " "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) pour vérifier vos réponses." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 2" msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 2" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" msgstr "" "Maintenant que nous avons vu une bonne quantité de Rust, nous allons " "continuer avec :" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Structs, enums, methods." msgstr "Structures, énumérations, méthodes." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "" "Pattern matching : déstructuration des énumérations, des structures et des " "tableaux." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " "`continue`." msgstr "" "Constructions de flux de contrôle : `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, " "`break` et 'continuer'." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " "`Rc` and `Arc`." msgstr "" "La bibliothèque standard : `String`, `Option` et `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " "`Rc` et \"Arc\"." #: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." msgstr "Modules : visibilité, chemins et hiérarchie du système de fichiers." #: src/structs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" msgstr "Comme C et C++, Rust prend en charge les structures personnalisées :" #: src/structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut peter = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" " age: 27,\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" " \n" " peter.age = 28;\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" " \n" " let jackie = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" " ..peter\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:31 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:29 src/methods.md:30 #: src/methods/example.md:46 src/pattern-matching.md:25 #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "Key Points:" msgstr "Points clés:" #: src/structs.md:33 msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:34 msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:35 msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:36 msgid "" "Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " "slides." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:37 msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " "structs. " msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:38 msgid "" "Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " "value itself. " msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:39 msgid "" "The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " "not important." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:40 msgid "" "The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "" "Si les noms de champ ne sont pas importants, vous pouvez utiliser une " "structure tuple :" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p = Point(17, 23);\n" " println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" msgstr "" "Ceci est souvent utilisé pour les wrappers à champ unique (appelés newtypes):" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n" "struct Newtons(f64);\n" "\n" "fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n" " todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" " // ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" " set_thruster_force(force);\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " "a primitive type, for example:" msgstr "" "Les nouveaux types sont un excellent moyen d'encoder des informations " "supplémentaires sur la valeur dans un type primitif, par exemple :" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "" "Le nombre est mesuré dans certaines unités : `Newtons` dans l'exemple ci-" "dessus." #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " "to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." msgstr "" "La valeur a été validée lors de sa création, vous n'avez donc plus besoin de " "la valider à chaque utilisation : 'PhoneNumber(String)`ou`OddNumber(u32)\\`." #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " "single field in the newtype." msgstr "" "Montrez comment ajouter une valeur `f64` à un type `Newtons` en accédant au " "champ unique dans le nouveau type." #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " "for instance using booleans as integers." msgstr "" "Rust n'aime généralement pas les choses inexplicites, comme le déballage " "automatique ou, par exemple, l'utilisation de booléens comme entiers." #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "La surcharge des opérateurs est discutée le jour 3 (génériques)." #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 msgid "" "The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " "struct using a shorthand:" msgstr "" "Si vous avez déjà des variables avec les bons noms, vous pouvez créer le " "struct en utilisant un raccourci :" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" " Person { name, age }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" " println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 msgid "" "The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " "interchangeable with the struct type name" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n" " Self { name, age }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 msgid "" "Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " "default values for the other fields." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "impl Default for Person {\n" " fn default() -> Person {\n" " Person {\n" " name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" " age: 0,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "fn create_default() {\n" " let tmp = Person {\n" " ..Default::default()\n" " };\n" " let tmp = Person {\n" " name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" " ..Default::default()\n" " };\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 msgid "" "Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " "the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 msgid "" "Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " "variants:" msgstr "" "Le mot clé `enum` permet la création d'un type qui a quelques différentes " "variantes :" #: src/enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" " // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" " 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum CoinFlip {\n" " Heads,\n" " Tails,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" " let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" " if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" " return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" " } else {\n" " return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" msgstr "" "Les énumérations vous permettent de collecter un ensemble de valeurs sous un " "type" #: src/enums.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " "`Tail`. You might note the namespace when using variants." msgstr "" "Cette page propose un type d'énumération `CoinFlip` avec deux variantes " "`Heads` et `Tail`. Vous pouvez noter l'espace de noms lors de l'utilisation " "de variantes." #: src/enums.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" msgstr "C'est peut-être le bon moment pour comparer Structs et Enums :" #: src/enums.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " "with different types of fields (variant payloads). " msgstr "" "Dans les deux cas, vous pouvez avoir une version simple sans champs " "(structure d'unité) ou une version avec différents types de champs (charges " "utiles variantes)." #: src/enums.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." msgstr "" "Dans les deux cas, les fonctions associées sont définies dans un bloc `impl`." #: src/enums.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " "structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " "all defined in an enum. " msgstr "" "Vous pouvez même implémenter les différentes variantes d'une énumération " "avec des structures distinctes, mais elles ne seraient alors pas du même " "type que si elles étaient toutes définies dans une énumération." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " "the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez définir des énumérations plus riches où les variantes " "transportent des données. Vous pouvez ensuite utiliser le instruction " "`match` pour extraire les données de chaque variante :" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum WebEvent {\n" " PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" " KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" " Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" " match event {\n" " WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" " WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" " WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" " let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" " let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" "\n" " inspect(load);\n" " inspect(press);\n" " inspect(click);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " "matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " "after the `=>`." msgstr "" "Les valeurs des variantes enum ne sont accessibles qu'après avoir été mises " "en correspondance avec le modèle. Le modèle lie les références aux champs " "dans le \"match arm\" après le `=>`." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " "no fall-through like in C or C++." msgstr "" "L'expression est comparée aux modèles de haut en bas. Il n'y a pas de " "basculement comme en C ou C++." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " "match arm which was executed." msgstr "" "L'expression de correspondance a une valeur. La valeur est la dernière " "expression du bras de correspondance qui a été exécutée." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " msgstr "" "En partant du haut, nous cherchons quel modèle correspond à la valeur, puis " "exécutons le code en suivant la flèche. Une fois que nous trouvons une " "correspondance, nous nous arrêtons." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " "the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " msgstr "" "Démontrer ce qui se passe lorsque la recherche est inépuisable. Notez " "l'avantage que le compilateur Rust fournit en confirmant quand tous les cas " "sont traités." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." msgstr "`match` inspecte un champ discriminant caché dans `enum`." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" "discriminant()`" msgstr "" "Il est possible de récupérer le discriminant en appelant `std::mem::" "discriminant()`" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " "comparing field values doesn't affect equality." msgstr "" "Ceci est utile, par exemple, si vous implémentez `PartialEq` pour des " "structures où la comparaison des valeurs de champ n'affecte pas l'égalité." #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " "cannot implement traits, for example." msgstr "" "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` n'est pas exactement le même que `WebEvent::" "Click(Click)` avec un niveau supérieur `struct Click { ... }`. La version en " "ligne ne peut pas implémenter de traits, par exemple." #: src/enums/sizes.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " "account:" msgstr "" "Les énumérations de rouille sont emballées étroitement, en tenant compte des " "contraintes dues à l'alignement :" #: src/enums/sizes.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" "\n" "macro_rules! dbg_size {\n" " ($t:ty) => {\n" " println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" " stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "enum Foo {\n" " A,\n" " B,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " dbg_size!(Foo);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." "html)." msgstr "" "Voir la [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." "html)." #: src/enums/sizes.md:31 msgid "" "Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " "variant." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:33 msgid "" "You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:35 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[repr(u32)]\n" "enum Bar {\n" " A, // 0\n" " B = 10000,\n" " C, // 10001\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" " println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" " println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:50 msgid "" "Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " "bytes." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:54 msgid "Try out other types such as" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:56 msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:57 msgid "" "`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " "see below)," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:58 msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:59 msgid "" "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " "optimization, see below)." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:61 msgid "" "Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " "discriminant." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:64 msgid "" "Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " "`size_of::>()`." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:68 msgid "" "Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " "like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " "guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:71 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "\n" "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " "$bit_type>($e));\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" " // representation of types.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" " dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" " dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" " dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:106 msgid "" "More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " "than 256 `Option`s together." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:108 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" "\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "\n" "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " "$bit_type>($e));\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " "signs.\n" "// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" "macro_rules! many_options {\n" " ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" " ($value:expr, @) => {\n" " Some(Some($value))\n" " };\n" " ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" " many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" " // representation of types.\n" " unsafe {\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " "Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " "an `impl` block:" msgstr "" "Rust vous permet d'associer des fonctions à vos nouveaux types. Vous faites " "cela avec un Bloc `impl` :" #: src/methods.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn say_hello(&self) {\n" " println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let peter = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" " age: 27,\n" " };\n" " peter.say_hello();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." msgstr "" "Il peut être utile d'introduire des méthodes en les comparant à des " "fonctions." #: src/methods.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " "first parameter represents the instance as `self`." msgstr "" "Les méthodes sont appelées sur une instance d'un type (tel qu'un struct ou " "un enum), le premier paramètre représente l'instance en tant que \"self\"." #: src/methods.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " "syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " "all the implementation code in one predictable place." msgstr "" "Les développeurs peuvent choisir d'utiliser des méthodes pour tirer parti de " "la syntaxe du récepteur de méthode et pour mieux les organiser. En utilisant " "des méthodes, nous pouvons conserver tout le code d'implémentation en un " "seul endroit prévisible." #: src/methods.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. " msgstr "Soulignez l'utilisation du mot-clé `self`, un récepteur de méthode." #: src/methods.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show how " "the struct name could also be used. " msgstr "" "Montrez qu'il s'agit d'un terme abrégé pour `self:&Self` et montrez peut-" "être comment le nom de la structure pourrait également être utilisé." #: src/methods.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " "can be used elsewhere in the block." msgstr "" "Expliquez que `Self` est un alias de type pour le type dans lequel se trouve " "le bloc `impl` et peut être utilisé ailleurs dans le bloc." #: src/methods.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " "refer to individual fields." msgstr "" "Notez comment `self` est utilisé comme d'autres structures et la notation " "par points peut être utilisée pour faire référence à des champs individuels." #: src/methods.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " "by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." msgstr "" "C'est peut-être le bon moment pour démontrer en quoi `&self` diffère de " "`self` en modifiant le code et en essayant d'exécuter say_hello deux fois." #: src/methods.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." msgstr "Nous décrivons ensuite la distinction entre les récepteurs de méthode." #: src/methods/receiver.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " "There are other possible receivers for a method:" msgstr "" "Le `&self` ci-dessus indique que la méthode emprunte l'objet de manière " "immuable. Là sont d'autres récepteurs possibles pour une méthode :" #: src/methods/receiver.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" "`&self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un partage et immuable " "référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite." #: src/methods/receiver.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" "`&mut self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un nom unique et " "mutable référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite." #: src/methods/receiver.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " "method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " "(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " "transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." msgstr "" "`self` : prend possession de l'objet et l'éloigne de l'appelant. Le méthode " "devient le propriétaire de l'objet. L'objet sera supprimé (désalloué) " "lorsque la méthode revient, sauf si sa propriété est explicitement transmis." #: src/methods/receiver.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " msgstr "" "`mut self` : comme ci-dessus, mais tant que la méthode possède l'objet, elle " "peut le faire muter aussi. La propriété complète ne signifie pas " "automatiquement la mutabilité." #: src/methods/receiver.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " "create constructors which are called `new` by convention." msgstr "" "Pas de récepteur : cela devient une méthode statique sur la structure. " "Généralement utilisé pour créer des constructeurs appelés \"nouveaux\" par " "convention." #: src/methods/receiver.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " "receiver types, such as `Box`." msgstr "" "Au-delà des variantes sur \"self\", il y a aussi \\[types d'emballage " "spéciaux\\] (https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits." "html) autorisés à être des types de récepteurs, tels que `Box`." #: src/methods/receiver.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " "and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " "multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." msgstr "" "Pensez à mettre l'accent sur \"partagé et immuable\" et \"unique et " "modifiable\". Ces contraintes viennent toujours ensemble dans Rust en raison " "des règles du vérificateur d'emprunt, et \"self\" ne fait pas exception. Il " "n'est pas possible de référencez une structure à partir de plusieurs " "emplacements et appelez une méthode de mutation (`&mut self`) sur celle-ci." #: src/methods/example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Race {\n" " name: String,\n" " laps: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Race {\n" " fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" " Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " "access to self\n" " self.laps.push(lap);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" " println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" " for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" " println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" " let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" " println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " "total);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" " race.add_lap(70);\n" " race.add_lap(68);\n" " race.print_laps();\n" " race.add_lap(71);\n" " race.print_laps();\n" " race.finish();\n" " // race.add_lap(42);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." msgstr "Les quatre méthodes ici utilisent un récepteur de méthode différent." #: src/methods/example.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez indiquer comment cela change ce que la fonction peut faire avec " "les valeurs des variables et si/comment elle peut être réutilisée dans " "`main`." #: src/methods/example.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez afficher l'erreur qui apparaît lorsque vous essayez d'appeler " "\"finish\" deux fois." #: src/methods/example.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " "referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " "in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." msgstr "" "Notez que bien que les récepteurs de méthode soient différents, les " "fonctions non statiques sont appelées de la même manière dans le corps " "principal. Rust permet le référencement et le déréférencement automatique " "lors de l'appel de méthodes. Rust ajoute automatiquement les `&`, `*`, " "`muts` afin que cet objet corresponde à la signature de la méthode." #: src/methods/example.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " msgstr "" "Vous pourriez remarquer que `print_laps` utilise un vecteur qui est itéré. " "Nous décrivons les vecteurs plus en détail dans l'après-midi." #: src/pattern-matching.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " "The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" "Le mot clé `match` vous permet de faire correspondre une valeur à un ou " "plusieurs _patterns_. Le les comparaisons se font de haut en bas et le " "premier match l'emporte." #: src/pattern-matching.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" "Les modèles peuvent être des valeurs simples, de la même manière que " "`switch` en C et C++ :" #: src/pattern-matching.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let input = 'x';\n" "\n" " match input {\n" " 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" " 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" " '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." msgstr "" "Le modèle `_` est un modèle générique qui correspond à n'importe quelle " "valeur." #: src/pattern-matching.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " "pattern" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez indiquer comment certains caractères spécifiques sont utilisés " "dans un modèle" #: src/pattern-matching.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "`|` comme un `ou`" #: src/pattern-matching.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "`..` peut s'étendre autant que nécessaire" #: src/pattern-matching.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "`1..=5` représente une plage inclusive" #: src/pattern-matching.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "`_` est un joker" #: src/pattern-matching.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." msgstr "" "Il peut être utile de montrer comment fonctionne la liaison, par exemple en " "remplaçant un caractère générique par une variable ou en supprimant les " "guillemets autour de `q`." #: src/pattern-matching.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." msgstr "Vous pouvez démontrer la correspondance sur une référence." #: src/pattern-matching.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " "as the term can show up in error messages." msgstr "" "C'est peut-être le bon moment pour évoquer le concept de modèles " "irréfutables, car le terme peut apparaître dans les messages d'erreur." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " "how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " "`enum` type:" msgstr "" "Les modèles peuvent également être utilisés pour lier des variables à des " "parties de vos valeurs. C'est ainsi vous inspectez la structure de vos " "types. Commençons par un simple type `enum` :" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum Result {\n" " Ok(i32),\n" " Err(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" " if n % 2 == 0 {\n" " Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" " } else {\n" " Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let n = 100;\n" " match divide_in_two(n) {\n" " Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" " Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " "arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " "arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" "Ici, nous avons utilisé les bras pour _déstructurer_ la valeur `Result`. En " "premier arm, `half` est lié à la valeur à l'intérieur de la variante `Ok`. " "Dans le deuxième bras, `msg` est lié au message d'erreur." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " "a `match`." msgstr "" "L'expression `if`/`else` renvoie une énumération qui est ensuite " "décompressée avec une `match`." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " "errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " "inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez essayer d'ajouter une troisième variante à la définition enum et " "d'afficher les erreurs lors de l'exécution du code. Indiquez les endroits où " "votre code est maintenant inexhaustif et comment le compilateur essaie de " "vous donner des indices." #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" msgstr "Vous pouvez également déstructurer les `structs` :" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Foo {\n" " x: (u32, u32),\n" " y: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" " match foo {\n" " Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" " Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" " Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " "ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 msgid "" "The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " "spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " "subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez déstructurer des tableaux, des tuples et des tranches en faisant " "correspondre leurs éléments :" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" " match triple {\n" " [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" " [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 msgid "" "Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " "length." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" " inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" " match slice {\n" " &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" " &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 msgid "Add more values to the array." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 msgid "" "Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " "elements." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" msgstr "" "Lors de la correspondance, vous pouvez ajouter un _guard_ à un motif. Ceci " "est un booléen arbitraire expression qui sera exécutée si le motif " "correspond à :" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let pair = (2, -2);\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" " match pair {\n" " (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" " (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" " (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " "we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " "allow." msgstr "" "Les gardes de correspondance en tant que fonctionnalité de syntaxe distincte " "sont importants et nécessaires lorsque nous souhaitons exprimer de manière " "concise des idées plus complexes que ne le permettraient les modèles seuls." #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " "An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " "match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " "result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" "Ils ne sont pas identiques à une expression \"if\" séparée à l'intérieur du " "bras de match. Une expression `if` à l'intérieur du bloc de branche (après " "`=>`) se produit après la sélection du bras de correspondance. L'échec de la " "condition \"si\" à l'intérieur de ce bloc n'entraînera pas d'autres bras de " "l'expression \"match\" d'origine considérée." #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez utiliser les variables définies dans le modèle dans votre " "expression if." #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " "with an `|`." msgstr "" "La condition définie dans la garde s'applique à chaque expression dans un " "modèle avec un `|`." #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" msgstr "Jour 2 : Exercices du matin" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" msgstr "" "Nous nous intéresserons à la mise en œuvre des méthodes dans deux contextes :" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics." msgstr "Structure simple qui suit les statistiques de santé." #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." msgstr "Plusieurs structures et énumérations pour une bibliothèque de dessins." #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " "you need to keep track of users' health statistics." msgstr "" "Vous travaillez à la mise en place d'un système de surveillance de la santé. " "Dans le cadre de cela, vous besoin de suivre les statistiques de santé des " "utilisateurs." #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " "`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " "on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" "Vous commencerez avec quelques fonctions stub dans un bloc `impl` ainsi " "qu'un `User` définition de structure. Votre objectif est d'implémenter les " "méthodes tronquées sur le `User` `struct` défini dans le bloc `impl`." #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "methods:" msgstr "" "Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et remplissez " "les champs manquants méthodes :" #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub struct User {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u32,\n" " weight: f32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl User {\n" " pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_weight() {\n" " let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_set_age() {\n" " let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" " bob.set_age(33);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Polygon Struct" msgstr "Structure Polygone" #: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " "below to and fill in the missing methods to " "make the tests pass:" msgstr "" "Nous allons créer une structure `Polygon` contenant des points. Copiez le " "code ci-dessous à et remplissez les méthodes " "manquantes pour faire le les tests passent :" #: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub struct Point {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Point {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Polygon {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Polygon {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Circle {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Circle {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub enum Shape {\n" " Polygon(Polygon),\n" " Circle(Circle),\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" " (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_dist() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_add() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" " let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" " assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" " assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" "\n" " let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" " let shapes = vec![\n" " Shape::from(poly),\n" " Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" " ];\n" " let perimeters = shapes\n" " .iter()\n" " .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" " .map(round_two_digits)\n" " .collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[allow(dead_code)]\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " "part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " "the tests." msgstr "" "Étant donné que les signatures de méthode manquent dans les énoncés de " "problème, la partie clé de l'exercice consiste à les spécifier correctement. " "Vous n'avez pas à modifier les tests." #: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120 #, fuzzy msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" msgstr "Autres parties intéressantes de l'exercice :" #: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:122 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " "don't borrow their arguments." msgstr "" "Dérivez un trait `Copy` pour certaines structures, car dans les tests, les " "méthodes n'empruntent parfois pas leurs arguments." #: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:123 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " "via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." msgstr "" "Découvrez que le trait `Add` doit être implémenté pour que deux objets " "puissent être ajoutés via \"+\". Notez que nous ne discutons pas des " "génériques avant le Jour 3." #: src/control-flow.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " "evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " "becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " "work similarly in Rust." msgstr "" "Comme nous l'avons vu, `if` est une expression en Rust. Il est utilisé pour " "conditionnellement évaluer l'un des deux blocs, mais les blocs peuvent avoir " "une valeur qui devient alors la valeur de l'expression \"if\". D'autres " "expressions de flux de contrôle fonctionnent de manière similaire à Rust." #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " "and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" msgstr "" "Un bloc en Rust a une valeur et un type : la valeur est la dernière " "expression du bloc:" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = {\n" " let y = 10;\n" " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" " let z = {\n" " let w = {\n" " 3 + 4\n" " };\n" " println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" " y * w\n" " };\n" " println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" " z - y\n" " };\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26 msgid "" "If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " "`()`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " "return value:" msgstr "" "La même règle est utilisée pour les fonctions : la valeur du corps de la " "fonction est le valeur de retour :" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" " x + x\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " "Rust. " msgstr "" "Le but de cette diapositive est de montrer que les blocs ont un type et une " "valeur dans Rust." #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " "the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez montrer comment la valeur du bloc change en modifiant la " "dernière ligne du bloc. Par exemple, ajouter/supprimer un point-virgule ou " "utiliser un \"retour\"." #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`if` expressions" msgstr "expressions \"si\"" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" "if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x = x / 2;\n" " } else {\n" " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " "block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" "De plus, vous pouvez l'utiliser comme expression. Cela fait la même chose " "que ci-dessus:" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 msgid "" "Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " "branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " "add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`if let` expressions" msgstr "expressions `si nous allons`" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" "expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " "whether a value matches a pattern:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" " if let Some(value) = arg {\n" " println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" " } else {\n" " println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " "in Rust." msgstr "" "Voir [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) pour plus de détails sur les " "modèles dans Rouiller." #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " "it more concise than `match`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 msgid "" "Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" "flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " "assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " "normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" "}\n" " \n" "fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" " let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" " let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" " return None;\n" " };\n" " Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`while` loops" msgstr "Expressions `while`" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" "expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " while x != 1 {\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`while let` loops" msgstr "expressions `while let`" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " "repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" msgstr "" "Comme avec `if`, il existe une variante `while let` qui teste à plusieurs " "reprises une valeur contre un modèle :" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" "\n" " while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option` on " "every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " "it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " "items." msgstr "" "Ici, l'itérateur renvoyé par `v.iter()` renverra une `Option` à chaque " "appel à `next()`. Il renvoie `Some(x)` jusqu'à ce qu'il soit terminé, après " "quoi il renvoie \"Aucun\". Le `while let` nous permet de continuer à " "parcourir tous les éléments." #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " "matches the pattern." msgstr "" "Soulignez que la boucle `while let` continuera tant que la valeur correspond " "au modèle." #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " "statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " "The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez réécrire la boucle `while let` comme une boucle infinie avec une " "instruction if qui s'interrompt lorsqu'il n'y a pas de valeur à déballer " "pour `iter.next()`. Le `while let` fournit du sucre syntaxique pour le " "scénario ci-dessus." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`for` loops" msgstr "Boucles `for`" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " "related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " "automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" msgstr "" "L'expression `for` est étroitement liée à l'expression `while let`. Ce sera " "appelez automatiquement `into_iter()` sur l'expression, puis parcourez-la :" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" "\n" " for x in v {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " }\n" " \n" " for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" " println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser `break` et `continue` ici comme d'habitude." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." msgstr "" "L'itération d'index n'est pas une syntaxe spéciale dans Rust pour ce cas " "précis." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " msgstr "`(0..10)` est une plage qui implémente un trait `Iterator`." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " "element. " msgstr "" "`step_by` est une méthode qui renvoie un autre `Iterator` qui saute tous les " "autres éléments." #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." msgstr "" "Modifier les éléments du vecteur et expliquer les erreurs du compilateur. " "Modifiez le vecteur `v` pour qu'il soit modifiable et la boucle for en `for " "x in v.iter_mut()`." #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`loop` expressions" msgstr "\\# expressions de \"boucle\"" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" msgstr "" "Enfin, il existe un mot-clé `loop` qui crée une boucle sans fin. Ici, vous " "devez soit `break` ou `return` pour arrêter la boucle :" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " loop {\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" " if x == 1 {\n" " break;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " "value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " "`while` and `for` loops)." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`match` expressions" msgstr "expressions \"correspondantes\"" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" "expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " "sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" msgstr "" "Le mot clé `match` est utilisé pour faire correspondre une valeur à un ou " "plusieurs modèles. Dans en ce sens, cela fonctionne comme une série " "d'expressions \"if let\":" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" " Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" " Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" " Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" " Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" " None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " "expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" "Comme `if let`, chaque bras de correspondance doit avoir le même type. Le " "type est le dernier expression du bloc, le cas échéant. Dans l'exemple ci-" "dessus, le type est `()`." #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." msgstr "" "Enregistrez l'expression de correspondance dans une variable et imprimez-la." #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." msgstr "Supprimez `.as_deref()` et expliquez l'erreur." #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " "against `String`." msgstr "" "`std::env::args().next()` renvoie une `Option`, mais nous ne pouvons " "pas comparer `String`." #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " "this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." msgstr "" "`as_deref()` transforme une `Option` en `Option<&T::Target>`. Dans notre " "cas, cela transforme `Option` en `Option<&str>`." #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." msgstr "" "Nous pouvons maintenant utiliser le pattern matching pour faire correspondre " "le `&str` à l'intérieur de `Option`." #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`break` and `continue`" msgstr "`pause` et `continue`" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 msgid "" "If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 msgid "" "If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " "used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" "Si vous voulez quitter une boucle plus tôt, utilisez `break`, si vous voulez " "commencer immédiatement la prochaine itération utilise `continue`. " "`continue` et `break` peuvent éventuellement prenez un argument d'étiquette " "qui est utilisé pour sortir des boucles imbriquées :" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" " 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " let mut i = 0;\n" " while i < x {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" " i += 1;\n" " if i == 3 {\n" " break 'outer;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." msgstr "" "Dans ce cas, nous cassons la boucle externe après 3 itérations de la boucle " "interne." #: src/std.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " "types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " "together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" "Rust est livré avec une bibliothèque standard qui permet d'établir un " "ensemble de types communs utilisé par la bibliothèque et les programmes " "Rust. De cette façon, deux bibliothèques peuvent travailler ensemble en " "douceur car ils utilisent tous les deux le même type `String`." #: src/std.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" msgstr "Les types de vocabulaire courants comprennent :" #: src/std.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." msgstr "" "Types [`Option` et `Result`](std/option-result.md) : utilisés pour les " "valeurs facultatives et \\[gestion des erreurs\\] (error-handling.md)." #: src/std.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." msgstr "" "[`String`](std/string.md) : le type de chaîne par défaut utilisé pour les " "données détenues." #: src/std.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md) : un vecteur extensible standard." #: src/std.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " "algorithm." msgstr "" "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md) : un type de carte de hachage avec un hachage " "configurable algorithme." #: src/std.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." msgstr "" "[`Box`](std/box.md) : un pointeur propriétaire pour les données allouées par " "tas." #: src/std.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " "data." msgstr "" "[`Rc`](std/rc.md) : un pointeur partagé compté par référence pour les " "données allouées par tas." #: src/std.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " "`alloc` and `std`. " msgstr "" "En fait, Rust contient plusieurs couches de la bibliothèque standard : " "`core`, `alloc` et `std`." #: src/std.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " "`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " msgstr "" "`core` inclut les types et fonctions les plus basiques qui ne dépendent pas " "de `libc`, de l'allocateur ou même la présence d'un système d'exploitation." #: src/std.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " "`Box` and `Arc`." msgstr "" "`alloc` inclut les types qui nécessitent un allocateur de tas global, tels " "que `Vec`, `Box` et `Arc`." #: src/std.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" "Les applications Embedded Rust n'utilisent souvent que \"core\" et parfois " "\"alloc\"." #: src/std/option-result.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Option` and `Result`" msgstr "`Option` et `Résultat`" #: src/std/option-result.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The types represent optional data:" msgstr "Les types représentent des données facultatives :" #: src/std/option-result.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" " println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" "\n" " let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" " println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." msgstr "" "`Option` et `Result` sont largement utilisés, pas seulement dans la " "bibliothèque standard." #: src/std/option-result.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." msgstr "`Option<&T>` n'a aucune surcharge d'espace par rapport à `&T`." #: src/std/option-result.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " "Day 3." msgstr "" "`Result` est le type standard pour implémenter la gestion des erreurs, comme " "nous le verrons le jour 3." #: src/std/option-result.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." msgstr "`binary_search` renvoie `Result`." #: src/std/option-result.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." msgstr "Si trouvé, `Result::Ok` contient l'index où se trouve l'élément." #: src/std/option-result.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " "inserted." msgstr "" "Sinon, `Result::Err` contient l'index où un tel élément doit être inséré." #: src/std/string.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " "standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" msgstr "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) est le " "tampon de chaîne UTF-8 évolutif standard alloué par tas :" #: src/std/string.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut s1 = String::new();\n" " s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" " println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" "\n" " let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" " s2.push_str(&s1);\n" " s2.push('!');\n" " println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" "\n" " let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n" " println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" " s3.chars().count());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " "all `str` methods on a `String`." msgstr "" "`String` implémente [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), ce qui signifie que vous " "pouvez appeler tous Méthodes `str` sur une `String`." #: src/std/string.md:30 msgid "" "`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " "you know how much data you want to push to the string." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:31 msgid "" "`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " "different from its length in characters)." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:32 msgid "" "`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " "`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " "to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" "unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:33 msgid "" "When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " "`String`." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:34 msgid "" "When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " "transparently call methods from `T`." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:35 msgid "" "`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " "access to `str`'s methods." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:36 msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:37 msgid "" "`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " "operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " "with some extra guarantees." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:38 msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:39 msgid "" "To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " "out-of-bounds." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:40 msgid "" "To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " "boundaries or not." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Vec`" msgstr "`Vec`" #: src/std/vec.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " "resizable heap-allocated buffer:" msgstr "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) est le tampon " "standard redimensionnable alloué au tas :" #: src/std/vec.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" " v1.push(42);\n" " println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" "\n" " let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" " v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" " v2.push(9999);\n" " println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" "\n" " // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" " let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" "\n" " // Retain only the even elements.\n" " v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" " println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" "\n" " // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" " v3.dedup();\n" " println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " "methods on a `Vec`." msgstr "" "`Vec` implémente [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), ce qui signifie que vous pouvez " "appeler slice méthodes sur un `Vec`." #: src/std/vec.md:37 msgid "" "`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " "it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " "need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:40 msgid "" "Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " "explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " "during the first `push` call." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:42 msgid "" "`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " "supports adding initial elements to the vector." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:44 msgid "" "To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " "Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " "remove the last element." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:46 msgid "" "Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " "+= 50; }`" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "`HashMap`" msgstr "`HashMap`" #: src/std/hashmap.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" msgstr "" "Carte de hachage standard avec protection contre les attaques HashDoS :" #: src/std/hashmap.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::collections::HashMap;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " "207);\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" "\n" " if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" " println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" " page_counts.len());\n" " }\n" "\n" " for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " "Wonderland\"] {\n" " match page_counts.get(book) {\n" " Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" " None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" " for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " "Wonderland\"] {\n" " let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." "or_insert(0);\n" " *page_count += 1;\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:38 msgid "" "`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:39 msgid "" "Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " "hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " "the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:41 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " let pc1 = page_counts\n" " .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" " .unwrap_or(&336);\n" " let pc2 = page_counts\n" " .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" " .or_insert(374);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:49 msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:50 msgid "" "Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" "From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " "us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" " (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" " (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" " ]);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:59 msgid "" "Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" "value tuples." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:60 msgid "" "We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " "examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " "but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:62 msgid "" "Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " "compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Box`" msgstr "`Boîte`" #: src/std/box.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " "pointer to data on the heap:" msgstr "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) est un pointeur " "propriétaire vers des données sur le tas :" #: src/std/box.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let five = Box::new(5);\n" " println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:13 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": five : : :\n" ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" ": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " "methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." msgstr "" "`Box` implémente `Deref`, ce qui signifie que vous pouvez " "[appeler des méthodes depuis `T` directement sur une `Box`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." #: src/std/box.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " "not null. " msgstr "" "`Box` est comme `std::unique_ptr` en C++, sauf qu'il est garanti qu'il n'est " "pas nul." #: src/std/box.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " "statement thanks to `Deref`. " msgstr "" "Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, vous pouvez même omettre le `*` dans l'instruction " "`println!` grâce à `Deref`." #: src/std/box.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" msgstr "Une `Box` peut être utile lorsque vous :" #: src/std/box.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " "compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" "avoir un type dont la taille ne peut pas être connue au moment de la " "compilation, mais le compilateur Rust veut connaître une taille exacte." #: src/std/box.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " "amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " "so only the pointer is moved." msgstr "" "souhaitez transférer la propriété d'une grande quantité de données. Pour " "éviter de copier de grandes quantités de données sur la pile, stockez plutôt " "les données sur le tas dans une `Box` afin que seul le pointeur soit déplacé." #: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" msgstr "Boîte avec des structures de données récursives" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" msgstr "" "Les types de données récursifs ou les types de données avec des tailles " "dynamiques doivent utiliser une `Box` :" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum List {\n" " Cons(T, Box>),\n" " Nil,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" "new(List::Nil))));\n" " println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "list : : :\n" ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" "+ :\n" ": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " "| :\n" ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" "+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " "`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " "(`List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" "Si la `Box` n'a pas été utilisée ici et que nous avons essayé d'intégrer une " "`List` directement dans la `List`, le compilateur ne calculerait pas une " "taille fixe de la structure en mémoire, elle semblerait infinie." #: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " "just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." msgstr "" "`Box` résout ce problème car il a la même taille qu'un pointeur normal et " "pointe simplement vers le prochain élément de la `Liste` dans le tas." #: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " "\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " "reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." msgstr "" "Supprimez la `Box` dans la définition de la liste et affichez l'erreur du " "compilateur. \"Récursif avec indirection\" est un indice que vous voudrez " "peut-être utiliser une boîte ou une référence quelconque, au lieu de stocker " "une valeur directement." #: src/std/box-niche.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " "allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" msgstr "" "Une `Box` ne peut pas être vide, donc le pointeur est toujours valide et non " "`null`. Ce permet au compilateur d'optimiser la disposition de la mémoire :" #: src/std/box-niche.md:19 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "list : : :\n" ": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" "+ :\n" ": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " "| :\n" ": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" "+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Rc`" msgstr "`Rc`" #: src/std/rc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" "counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " "from multiple places:" msgstr "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) est un pointeur " "partagé compté par référence. Utilisez-le lorsque vous avez besoin de vous " "référer aux mêmes données depuis plusieurs endroits :" #: src/std/rc.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::rc::Rc;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" " let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n" "\n" " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the " "data in a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc." "md)." msgstr "" "Si vous avez besoin de muter les données à l'intérieur d'un `Rc`, vous " "devrez envelopper les données dans un type tel que [`Cell` ou `RefCell`](../" "concurrency/shared_state/arc.md)." #: src/std/rc.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are " "in a multi-threaded context." msgstr "" "Voir [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) si vous " "êtes dans un contexte multi-thread." #: src/std/rc.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez _rétrograder_ un pointeur partagé en un pointeur [`Weak`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pour créer des cycles " "qui va tomber." #: src/std/rc.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " "are references." msgstr "" "Le comptage de `Rc` garantit que sa valeur contenue est valide tant qu'il y " "a des références." #: src/std/rc.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "Comme `std::shared_ptr` de C++." #: src/std/rc.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " "increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " "be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" "`clone` est bon marché : il crée un pointeur vers la même allocation et " "augmente le nombre de références. Ne crée pas de clone profond et peut " "généralement être ignoré lors de la recherche de problèmes de performances " "dans le code." #: src/std/rc.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " "and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" "`make_mut` clone en fait la valeur interne si nécessaire (\"clone-on-" "write\") et renvoie une référence mutable." #: src/std/rc.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "Utilisez `Rc::strong_count` pour vérifier le nombre de références." #: src/std/rc.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Compare the different datatypes mentioned. `Box` enables (im)mutable borrows " "that are enforced at compile time. `RefCell` enables (im)mutable borrows " "that are enforced at run time and will panic if it fails at runtime." msgstr "" "Comparez les différents types de données mentionnés. `Box` active les " "emprunts (im)mutables qui sont appliqués au moment de la compilation. " "`RefCell` active les emprunts (im)mutables qui sont appliqués au moment de " "l'exécution et paniqueront s'ils échouent au moment de l'exécution." #: src/std/rc.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " "cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez `downgrader()` un `Rc` en un objet _faiblement compté en " "référence_ pour créer des cycles qui seront supprimés correctement " "(probablement en combinaison avec `RefCell`)." #: src/std/rc.md:41 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n" "use std::cell::RefCell;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Node {\n" " value: i64,\n" " parent: Option>>,\n" " children: Vec>>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n" " value: 42,\n" " parent: None,\n" " children: vec![],\n" " }));\n" " let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n" " value: 43,\n" " children: vec![],\n" " parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root))\n" " }));\n" " root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);\n" "\n" " println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "" "Nous avons vu comment les blocs `impl` nous permettent de faire fonctionner " "l'espace de noms sur un type." #: src/modules.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" msgstr "" "De même, `mod` nous permet d'utiliser des types et des fonctions d'espace de " "noms :" #: src/modules.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "mod foo {\n" " pub fn do_something() {\n" " println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "mod bar {\n" " pub fn do_something() {\n" " println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " foo::do_something();\n" " bar::do_something();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " "describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." msgstr "" "Les packages fournissent des fonctionnalités et incluent un fichier `Cargo." "toml` qui décrit comment créer un ensemble de 1+ caisses." #: src/modules.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " "a library crate compiles to a library." msgstr "" "Les caisses sont un arbre de modules, où une caisse binaire crée un " "exécutable et une caisse de bibliothèque se compile en une bibliothèque." #: src/modules.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "" "Les modules définissent l'organisation, la portée et sont au centre de cette " "section." #: src/modules/visibility.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" msgstr "Les modules sont une limite de confidentialité :" #: src/modules/visibility.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." msgstr "" "Les éléments du module sont privés par défaut (cache les détails " "d'implémentation)." #: src/modules/visibility.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." msgstr "Les éléments parents et frères sont toujours visibles." #: src/modules/visibility.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " "the descendants of `foo`." msgstr "" "En d'autres termes, si un élément est visible dans le module `foo`, il est " "visible dans tous les descendants de `foo`." #: src/modules/visibility.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "mod outer {\n" " fn private() {\n" " println!(\"outer::private\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn public() {\n" " println!(\"outer::public\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " mod inner {\n" " fn private() {\n" " println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn public() {\n" " println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" " super::private();\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " outer::public();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." msgstr "Utilisez le mot-clé `pub` pour rendre les modules publics." #: src/modules/visibility.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " "of public visibility." msgstr "" "De plus, il existe des spécificateurs avancés `pub(...)` pour restreindre la " "portée de la visibilité publique." #: src/modules/visibility.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." msgstr "" "Voir la [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." #: src/modules/visibility.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." msgstr "" "La configuration de la visibilité de `pub(crate)` est un modèle courant." #: src/modules/visibility.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." msgstr "" "Plus rarement, vous pouvez donner de la visibilité à un chemin spécifique." #: src/modules/visibility.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " "its descendants)." msgstr "" "Dans tous les cas, la visibilité doit être accordée à un module ancêtre (et " "à tous ses descendants)." #: src/modules/paths.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" msgstr "Les chemins sont résolus comme suit :" #: src/modules/paths.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "As a relative path:" msgstr "En tant que chemin relatif :" #: src/modules/paths.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," msgstr "`foo` ou `self::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module actuel," #: src/modules/paths.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." msgstr "`super::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module parent." #: src/modules/paths.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "As an absolute path:" msgstr "En tant que chemin absolu :" #: src/modules/paths.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," msgstr "`crate::foo` fait référence à `foo` à la racine du crate actuel," #: src/modules/paths.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." msgstr "`bar::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le crate `bar`." #: src/modules/paths.md:13 msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " "will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::collections::HashSet;\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The module content can be omitted:" msgstr "Le contenu du module peut être omis :" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "mod garden;\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:" msgstr "Le contenu du module \"jardin\" se trouve à :" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" msgstr "`src/garden.rs` (style Rust 2018 moderne)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" msgstr "`src/garden/mod.rs` (ancien style Rust 2015)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:" msgstr "De même, un module `garden::legumes` peut être trouvé à :" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)" msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (style Rust 2018 moderne)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)" msgstr "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (ancien style Rust 2015)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "The `crate` root is in:" msgstr "La racine `crate` se trouve dans :" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (pour une caisse de bibliothèque)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" msgstr "`src/main.rs` (pour un crate binaire)" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " "comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " "module." msgstr "" "Les modules définis dans les fichiers peuvent également être documentés à " "l'aide de \"commentaires de documentation internes\". Ceux-ci documentent " "l'élément qui les contient -- dans ce cas, un module." #: src/modules/filesystem.md:27 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " "germination\n" "//! implementation.\n" "\n" "// Re-export types from this module.\n" "pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n" "pub use garden::Garden;\n" "\n" "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" "pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" "\n" "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" "pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:44 msgid "" "The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of " "submodules in Rust 2018. (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:47 msgid "The following is valid:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:49 msgid "" "```ignore\n" "src/\n" "├── main.rs\n" "├── top_module.rs\n" "└── top_module/\n" " └── sub_module.rs\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:57 msgid "" "The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, " "which can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:60 msgid "" "Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but " "this can be changed with a compiler directive:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:63 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" "mod some_module { }\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:68 msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " "in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Jour 2 : Exercices de l'après-midi" #: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." msgstr "" "Les exercices de cet après-midi porteront sur les chaînes et les itérateurs." #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " "to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " "does the following to validate the credit card number:" msgstr "" "L'[algorithme de Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) est " "utilisé pour valider les numéros de carte de crédit. L'algorithme prend une " "chaîne en entrée et fait le suivant pour valider le numéro de carte " "bancaire :" #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." msgstr "" "Ignorer tous les espaces. Numéro de rejet comportant moins de deux chiffres." #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number `1234`, " "we double `3` and `1`." msgstr "" "En se déplaçant de droite à gauche, doubler tous les deux chiffres : pour le " "nombre `1234`, on double '3' et '1'." #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which " "becomes `5`." msgstr "" "Après avoir doublé un chiffre, additionnez les chiffres. Donc doubler '7' " "devient '14' ce qui devient '5'." #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." msgstr "Additionnez tous les chiffres non doublés et doublés." #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." msgstr "" "Le numéro de carte de crédit est valide si la somme se termine par '0'." #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the following code to and implement the " "function:" msgstr "" "Copiez le code suivant sur et implémentez le " "fonction:" #: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[allow(dead_code)]\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " "The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " "against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " "which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." msgstr "" "Dans cet exercice, vous implémentez un composant de routage d'un serveur " "Web. Le le serveur est configuré avec un certain nombre de _préfixes de " "chemin_ qui sont mis en correspondance _demander des chemins_. Les préfixes " "de chemin peuvent contenir un caractère générique qui correspond à un " "segment complet. Voir les tests unitaires ci-dessous." #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the following code to and make the tests " "pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" msgstr "" "Copiez le code suivant sur et faites les tests " "passer. Essayez d'éviter d'attribuer un \"Vec\" à vos résultats " "intermédiaires :" #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" "abc-123\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" "books\"));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" "publishers\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" " ));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" "publishers\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" " ));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 3" msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 3" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" msgstr "Aujourd'hui, nous aborderons quelques sujets plus avancés de Rust :" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " "traits." msgstr "" "Traits : traits dérivés, méthodes par défaut et bibliothèque standard " "importante caractéristiques." #: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " "objects." msgstr "" "Génériques : types de données génériques, méthodes génériques, " "monomorphisation et trait objets." #: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." msgstr "" "Gestion des erreurs : paniques, « Résultat » et l'opérateur d'essai « ? »." #: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." msgstr "" "Tests : tests unitaires, tests de documentation et tests d'intégration." #: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " "functions." msgstr "" "Unsafe Rust : pointeurs bruts, variables statiques, fonctions non sécurisées " "et extern les fonctions." #: src/generics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " "(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." msgstr "" "Rust prend en charge les génériques, ce qui vous permet d'abstraire un " "algorithme (comme le tri) sur les types utilisés dans l'algorithme." #: src/generics/data-types.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez utiliser des génériques pour résumer le type de champ concret :" #: src/generics/data-types.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point {\n" " x: T,\n" " y: T,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" " let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" " println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:21 msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:23 msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" msgstr "Vous pouvez déclarer un type générique sur votre bloc `impl` :" #: src/generics/methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(T, T);\n" "\n" "impl Point {\n" " fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" " &self.0 // + 10\n" " }\n" "\n" " // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p = Point(5, 10);\n" " println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " "redundant?" msgstr "" "_Q :_ Pourquoi `T` est spécifié deux fois dans `impl Point {}` ? N'est-" "ce pas redondant ?" #: src/generics/methods.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " "They are independently generic." msgstr "" "C'est parce qu'il s'agit d'une section d'implémentation générique pour le " "type générique. Ils sont indépendamment génériques." #: src/generics/methods.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." msgstr "Cela signifie que ces méthodes sont définies pour n'importe quel `T`." #: src/generics/methods.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " msgstr "Il est possible d'écrire `impl Point { .. }`." #: src/generics/methods.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " "block will only be available for `Point`." msgstr "" "`Point` est toujours générique et vous pouvez utiliser `Point`, mais " "les méthodes de ce bloc ne seront disponibles que pour `Point`." #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" msgstr "" "Le code générique est transformé en code non générique basé sur les sites " "d'appel :" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let integer = Some(5);\n" " let float = Some(5.0);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "behaves as if you wrote" msgstr "se comporte comme si vous écriviez" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum Option_i32 {\n" " Some(i32),\n" " None,\n" "}\n" "\n" "enum Option_f64 {\n" " Some(f64),\n" " None,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n" " let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " "had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." msgstr "" "Il s'agit d'une abstraction à coût nul : vous obtenez exactement le même " "résultat que si vous aviez codé à la main les structures de données sans " "l'abstraction." #: src/traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "" "Rust vous permet d'abstraire les types avec des traits. Ils sont similaires " "aux interfaces :" #: src/traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Pet {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String;\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Dog {\n" " name: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Cat;\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Dog {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " self.name.clone()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Cat {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " "anyway.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn greet(pet: &P) {\n" " println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n" " greet(&fido);\n" "\n" " let captain_floof = Cat;\n" " greet(&captain_floof);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " "collection:" msgstr "" "Les objets de trait autorisent des valeurs de différents types, par exemple " "dans une collection :" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Pet {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String;\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Dog {\n" " name: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Cat;\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Dog {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " self.name.clone()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Cat {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " "anyway.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" " Box::new(Cat),\n" " Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n" " ];\n" " for pet in pets {\n" " println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" msgstr "Disposition de la mémoire après l'allocation de `pets` :" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "pets : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" "+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " "| :\n" ": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" "+ :\n" ": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" "+ :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " "| :\n" ": : : | | | +---------------" "+ :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " "| :\n" " : | | | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : | | '---->| \"::name\" " "| :\n" " : | | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : | " "| : \n" " : | | +-" "+ : \n" " : | '-->|" "\\| : \n" " : | +-" "+ : \n" " : " "| : \n" " : | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : '---->| \"::name\" " "| : \n" " : +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : :\n" " '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 msgid "" "Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " "impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73 msgid "" "`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " "implements `Pet`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 msgid "" "In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. " "The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object " "and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of " "that particular object." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75 msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::" "());\n" " println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::" "<&Cat>());\n" " println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n" " println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez laisser le compilateur dériver un certain nombre de traits :" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" "struct Player {\n" " name: String,\n" " strength: u8,\n" " hit_points: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Player::default();\n" " let p2 = p1.clone();\n" " println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" " if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" msgstr "" "Les traits peuvent implémenter un comportement en termes d'autres méthodes " "de trait :" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Equals {\n" " fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" " fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" " !self.equal(other)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Centimeter(i16);\n" "\n" "impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" " fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" " self.0 == other.0\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = Centimeter(10);\n" " let b = Centimeter(20);\n" " println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n" " println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users " "are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations " "can rely on required methods." msgstr "" "Les caractéristiques peuvent spécifier des méthodes pré-implémentées (par " "défaut) et des méthodes que les utilisateurs sont tenus de suivre mettre en " "œuvre eux-mêmes. Les méthodes avec des implémentations par défaut peuvent " "s'appuyer sur les méthodes requises." #: src/traits/default-methods.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "Move method `not_equal` to a new trait `NotEqual`." msgstr "Déplacez la méthode `not_equal` vers un nouveau trait `NotEqual`." #: src/traits/default-methods.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEqual`." msgstr "Faites de `NotEqual` un super trait pour `Equal`." #: src/traits/default-methods.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "trait NotEqual: Equals {\n" " fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" " !self.equal(other)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "Fournir une implémentation globale de `NotEqual` pour `Equal`." #: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEqual` for `Equal`." msgstr "" "Avec l'implémentation globale, vous n'avez plus besoin de `NotEqual` comme " "super trait pour `Equal`." #: src/traits/default-methods.md:47 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "trait NotEqual {\n" " fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl NotEqual for T where T: Equals {\n" " fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" " !self.equal(other)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 msgid "" "With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " "trait for `NotEqual`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " "some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous travaillez avec des génériques, vous souhaitez souvent exiger " "que les types implémentent un trait, afin que vous puissiez appeler les " "méthodes de ce trait." #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" msgstr "Vous pouvez le faire avec `T: Trait` ou `impl Trait` :" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" " (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Syntactic sugar for:\n" "// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" "fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into) -> i32 {\n" " x.into() + 42_000_000\n" "}\n" "\n" "// struct NotClonable;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n" " let pair = duplicate(foo);\n" " println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n" "\n" " let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n" " println!(\"{many}\");\n" " let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n" " println!(\"{many_more}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." msgstr "" "Montrez une clause \"où\", les étudiants la rencontreront lors de la lecture " "du code." #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n" "where\n" " T: Clone,\n" "{\n" " (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." msgstr "" "Cela désencombre la signature de la fonction si vous avez beaucoup de " "paramètres." #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." msgstr "Il a des fonctionnalités supplémentaires qui le rendent plus puissant." #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " "be arbitrary, like `Option`." msgstr "" "Si quelqu'un demande, la fonctionnalité supplémentaire est que le type à " "gauche de \":\" peut être arbitraire, comme `Option`." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`impl Trait`" msgstr "`Trait d'implémentation`" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " "arguments and return values:" msgstr "" "Semblable aux limites de trait, une syntaxe `impl Trait` peut être utilisée " "dans la fonction arguments et valeurs de retour :" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::fmt::Display;\n" "\n" "fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n" " format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n" " println!(\"{x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." msgstr "" "`impl Trait` vous permet de travailler avec des types que vous ne pouvez pas " "nommer." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." msgstr "" "La signification de `impl Trait` est un peu différente dans les différentes " "positions." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " "trait bound." msgstr "" "Pour un paramètre, `impl Trait` est comme un paramètre générique anonyme " "avec un trait lié." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " "implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " "don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." msgstr "" "Pour un type de retour, cela signifie que le type de retour est un type " "concret qui implémente le trait, sans nommer le type. Cela peut être utile " "lorsque vous ne souhaitez pas exposer le type concret dans un API publique." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " "the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " "function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " "type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " "`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" ">()`." msgstr "" "L'inférence est difficile en position de retour. Une fonction renvoyant " "`impl Foo` sélectionne le type concret qu'il renvoie, sans l'écrire dans la " "source. Une fonction retourner un type générique comme `collect() -> B` " "peut retourner n'importe quel type satisfaisant `B`, et l'appelant peut " "avoir besoin d'en choisir un, comme avec `let x : Vec<_> = foo.collect()` ou " "avec le turbofish, `foo.collect ::>()`." #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for " "this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what " "`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd " "need two independent generic parameters." msgstr "" "Cet exemple est génial, car il utilise `impl Display` deux fois. Cela aide à " "expliquer que rien ici n'impose qu'il s'agisse du _même_ type `impl " "Display`. Si nous utilisions un seul `T: Display`, cela imposerait la " "contrainte selon laquelle l'entrée `T` et le type de retour `T` sont du même " "type. Cela ne fonctionnerait pas pour cette fonction particulière, car le " "type que nous attendons en entrée n'est probablement pas quel `format!` " "renvoie. Si nous voulions faire la même chose via la syntaxe `: Display`, " "nous aurions besoin de deux paramètres génériques indépendants." #: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " "library:" msgstr "" "Nous allons maintenant examiner certaines des caractéristiques les plus " "courantes de la bibliothèque standard Rust :" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "used in `for` loops," msgstr "" "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) et " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "utilisés dans les boucles `for`," #: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " "values," msgstr "" "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) et [`Into`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) utilisés pour " "convertir les valeurs," #: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," msgstr "" "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) et [`Write`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) utilisés pour IO," #: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " "overloading, and" msgstr "" "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... utilisé pour la surcharge de " "l'opérateur, et" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " "defining destructors." msgstr "" "[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) utilisé pour " "définir les destructeurs." #: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " "to construct a default instance of a type." msgstr "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " "utilisé pour construire une instance par défaut d'un type." #: src/traits/iterator.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Iterators" msgstr "Itérateurs" #: src/traits/iterator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." "Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez implémenter le trait [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "iter/trait.Iterator.html) sur vos propres types :" #: src/traits/iterator.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Fibonacci {\n" " curr: u32,\n" " next: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" " type Item = u32;\n" "\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" " self.curr = self.next;\n" " self.next = new_next;\n" " Some(self.curr)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" " for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" " println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " "operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " "the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " "functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " "implementations." msgstr "" "Le trait `Iterator` implémente de nombreuses opérations de programmation " "fonctionnelles courantes sur les collections (par exemple, `map`, `filter`, " "`reduce`, etc.). C'est le trait où vous pouvez trouver toute la " "documentation à propos d'eux. Dans Rust, ces fonctions devraient produire le " "code aussi efficace que l'impératif équivalent implémentations." #: src/traits/iterator.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " "collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " "and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " "vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." msgstr "" "`IntoIterator` est le trait qui fait fonctionner les boucles. Il est " "implémenté par des types de collection tels que `Vec` et leurs références " "telles que `&Vec` et `&[T]`. Les gammes l'implémentent également. C'est " "pourquoi vous pouvez itérer sur un vecteur avec `for i in some_vec { .. }` " "mais `some_vec.next()` n'existe pas." #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " "lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." msgstr "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " "vous permet de créer une collection à partir d'un [`Iterator`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" " let prime_squares = primes\n" " .into_iter()\n" " .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n" " .collect::>();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" msgstr "" "Implémente `Iterator` \\`fn collect\n" "\n" "(soi) -> B où B : FromIterator, Auto : dimensionné" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " "`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" "Il existe également des implémentations qui vous permettent de faire des " "choses sympas comme convertir un `Iterator>` en un " "`Result, E>`." #: src/traits/from-into.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`From` and `Into`" msgstr "`De` et `Dans`" #: src/traits/from-into.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." "html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " "facilitate type conversions:" msgstr "" "Les types implémentent [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." "From.html) et [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into." "html) pour faciliter les conversions de type :" #: src/traits/from-into.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" " let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" " let one = i16::from(true);\n" " let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" " println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " "automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" msgstr "" "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) est " "automatiquement implémenté lorsque [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "convert/trait.From.html) est implémenté :" #: src/traits/from-into.md:17 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" " let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" " let one: i16 = true.into();\n" " let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" " println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " "`Into` implementation too." msgstr "" "C'est pourquoi il est courant de n'implémenter que `From`, car votre type " "recevra également l'implémentation `Into`." #: src/traits/from-into.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " "converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " "Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " "implement `Into`." msgstr "" "Lors de la déclaration d'un type d'entrée d'argument de fonction comme " "\"tout ce qui peut être converti en `String`\", la règle est opposée, vous " "devez utiliser `Into`. Votre fonction acceptera les types qui implémentent " "`From` et ceux qui implémentent _uniquement_ `Into`." #: src/traits/read-write.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Read` and `Write`" msgstr "`Lire` et `Ecrire`" #: src/traits/read-write.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " "abstract over `u8` sources:" msgstr "" "En utilisant [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) et " "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), vous " "pouvez résumer les sources `u8` :" #: src/traits/read-write.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" "\n" "fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" " let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" " buf_reader.lines().count()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" " let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" " println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" "\n" " let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" " println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/read-write.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " "you abstract over `u8` sinks:" msgstr "" "De même, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) vous " "permet d'abstraire les puits `u8` :" #: src/traits/read-write.md:25 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" "\n" "fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" " writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" " writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" " let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" " log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" " log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" " println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "The `Drop` Trait" msgstr "Le trait `Lâcher`" #: src/traits/drop.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." "html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" "Les valeurs qui implémentent [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.Drop.html) peuvent spécifier le code à exécuter lorsqu'elles sortent " "de la portée :" #: src/traits/drop.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Droppable {\n" " name: &'static str,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Drop for Droppable {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" " {\n" " let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" " {\n" " let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" " let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" " println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" " }\n" " drop(a);\n" " println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "Discussion points:" msgstr "Points de discussion:" #: src/traits/drop.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" msgstr "Pourquoi `Drop::drop` ne prend-il pas `self` ?" #: src/traits/drop.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " "block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" "Réponse courte : si c'était le cas, `std::mem::drop` serait appelé à la fin " "de le bloc, résultant en un autre appel à `Drop :: drop`, et une pile " "débordement!" #: src/traits/drop.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." msgstr "Essayez de remplacer `drop(a)` par `a.drop()`." #: src/traits/default.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "The `Default` Trait" msgstr "Le trait \"par défaut\"" #: src/traits/default.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " "produces a default value for a type." msgstr "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " "fournit une implémentation par défaut d'un trait." #: src/traits/default.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" "struct Derived {\n" " x: u32,\n" " y: String,\n" " z: Implemented,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Implemented(String);\n" "\n" "impl Default for Implemented {\n" " fn default() -> Self {\n" " Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n" " println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" " let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" " y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" " ..Default::default()\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" " let nothing: Option = None;\n" " println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." msgstr "" "Il peut être implémenté directement ou il peut être dérivé via " "`#[derive(Default)]`." #: src/traits/default.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " "their default values." msgstr "" "L'implémentation dérivée produira une instance où tous les champs sont " "définis sur leurs valeurs par défaut." #: src/traits/default.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." msgstr "" "Cela signifie que tous les types de la structure doivent également " "implémenter `Default`." #: src/traits/default.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " "`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." msgstr "" "Les types Rust standard implémentent souvent `Default` avec des valeurs " "raisonnables (par exemple `0`, `\"\"`, etc.)." #: src/traits/default.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." msgstr "" "La copie de structure partielle fonctionne bien avec la valeur par défaut." #: src/traits/default.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " "provides convenience methods that use it." msgstr "" "La bibliothèque standard Rust est consciente que les types peuvent " "implémenter `Default` et fournit des méthodes pratiques qui l'utilisent." #: src/traits/operators.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." msgstr "`Ajouter`, `Mul`, ..." #: src/traits/operators.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" msgstr "" "La surcharge d'opérateur est implémentée via des traits dans [`std::ops`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html) :" #: src/traits/operators.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" "struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" " Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" " let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" " println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " msgstr "" "Vous pouvez implémenter `Add` pour `&Point`. Dans quelles situations est-ce " "utile ?" #: src/traits/operators.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " "the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " "`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." msgstr "" "Réponse : `Add:add` consomme `self`. Si tapez `T` pour lequel vous êtes la " "surcharge de l'opérateur n'est pas `Copy`, vous devriez envisager de " "surcharger l'opérateur pour `&T` également. Cela évite un clonage inutile " "sur le site d'appel. \\* Pourquoi `Output` est-il un type associé ? Pourrait-" "il en faire un paramètre de type?" #: src/traits/operators.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " "method?" msgstr "" "Réponse courte : les paramètres de type sont contrôlés par l'appelant, mais " "les types associés (comme `Output`) sont contrôlés par l'implémenteur d'un " "trait." #: src/traits/operators.md:34 msgid "" "Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " "associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " "trait." msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:37 msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " "i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Closures" msgstr "Fermetures" #: src/traits/closures.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " "they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." "html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " "[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" msgstr "" "Les fermetures ou les expressions lambda ont des types qui ne peuvent pas " "être nommés. Cependant, ils implémenter [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ops/trait.Fn.html) spécial, [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.FnMut.html), et [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." "FnOnce.html) :" #: src/traits/closures.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" " println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" " func(input)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" " println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" " println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n" "\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n" " v.push(x);\n" " v.iter().sum::()\n" " };\n" " println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n" " println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n" "\n" " let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::();\n" " println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " "perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " "concurrently." msgstr "" "Un `Fn` ne consomme ni ne modifie les valeurs capturées, ou peut-être ne " "capture rien du tout, il peut donc être appelé plusieurs fois simultanément." #: src/traits/closures.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " "multiple times, but not concurrently." msgstr "" "Un `FnMut` peut faire muter les valeurs capturées, vous pouvez donc " "l'appeler plusieurs fois mais pas simultanément." #: src/traits/closures.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " "might consume captured values." msgstr "" "Si vous avez un \"FnOnce\", vous ne pouvez l'appeler qu'une seule fois. Cela " "peut consommer des valeurs capturées." #: src/traits/closures.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " "I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " "use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." msgstr "" "`FnMut` est un sous-type de `FnOnce`. `Fn` est un sous-type de `FnMut` et " "`FnOnce`. C'est à dire. vous pouvez utiliser un `FnMut` partout où un " "`FnOnce` est appelé, et vous pouvez utiliser un `Fn` partout où un `FnMut` " "ou `FnOnce` est réclamé." #: src/traits/closures.md:47 msgid "" "The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " "`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:50 msgid "" "By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " "keyword makes them capture by value." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n" " return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n" " hi(\"there\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" msgstr "Jour 3 : Exercices du matin" #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects." msgstr "" "Nous allons concevoir une bibliothèque de traits et d'objets de traits " "d'interface graphique classique." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " "trait objects." msgstr "" "Concevons une bibliothèque d'interface graphique classique en utilisant nos " "nouvelles connaissances sur les traits et objets trait." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" msgstr "Nous aurons un certain nombre de widgets dans notre bibliothèque :" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." msgstr "`Window` : a un `title` et contient d'autres widgets." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " "button is pressed." msgstr "" "`Button` : a un `label` et une fonction de rappel qui est invoquée lorsque " "le bouton est enfoncé." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." msgstr "`Label` : a un `label`." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." msgstr "Les widgets implémenteront un trait `Widget`, voir ci-dessous." #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " "`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" msgstr "" "Copiez le code ci-dessous sur , remplissez les " "champs manquants méthodes `draw_into` afin que vous implémentiez le trait " "`Widget` :" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub trait Widget {\n" " /// Natural width of `self`.\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" " fn draw(&self) {\n" " let mut buffer = String::new();\n" " self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" " println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Label {\n" " label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Label {\n" " fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" " Label {\n" " label: label.to_owned(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Button {\n" " label: Label,\n" " callback: Box,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Button {\n" " fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" " Button {\n" " label: Label::new(label),\n" " callback,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Window {\n" " title: String,\n" " widgets: Vec>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Window {\n" " fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" " Window {\n" " title: title.to_owned(),\n" " widgets: Vec::new(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" " self.widgets.push(widget);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" " std::cmp::max(\n" " self.title.chars().count(),\n" " self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" " )\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Label {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Button {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Window {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." "\")));\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" " \"Click me!\",\n" " Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" " )));\n" " window.draw();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 #, fuzzy msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" msgstr "" "La sortie du programme ci-dessus peut être quelque chose de simple comme " "ceci :" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132 msgid "" "```text\n" "========\n" "Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n" "========\n" "\n" "This is a small text GUI demo.\n" "\n" "| Click me! |\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " "particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " "and how you can control alignment:" msgstr "" "Si vous voulez dessiner du texte aligné, vous pouvez utiliser le " "[remplissage/alignement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." "html#fillalignment) opérateurs de formatage. En particulier, notez comment " "vous pouvez compléter avec différents caractères (ici un `'/'`) et comment " "vous pouvez contrôler l'alignement :" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let width = 10;\n" " println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" msgstr "" "En utilisant de telles astuces d'alignement, vous pouvez par exemple " "produire une sortie comme celle-ci :" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158 msgid "" "```text\n" "+--------------------------------+\n" "| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n" "+================================+\n" "| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n" "| +-----------+ |\n" "| | Click me! | |\n" "| +-----------+ |\n" "+--------------------------------+\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" msgstr "" "La gestion des erreurs dans Rust est effectuée à l'aide d'un flux de " "contrôle explicite :" #: src/error-handling.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," msgstr "" "Les fonctions qui peuvent avoir des erreurs le listent dans leur type de " "retour," #: src/error-handling.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "There are no exceptions." msgstr "Il n'y a aucune exception." #: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" msgstr "" "Rust déclenchera une panique si une erreur fatale se produit lors de " "l'exécution :" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,should_panic\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." msgstr "Les paniques concernent les erreurs irrécupérables et inattendues." #: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." msgstr "Les paniques sont des symptômes de bogues dans le programme." #: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." msgstr "" "Utilisez des API qui ne paniquent pas (telles que `Vec::get`) si le plantage " "n'est pas acceptable." #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" msgstr "Attraper la pile qui se déroule" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " "caught:" msgstr "" "Par défaut, une panique entraînera le déroulement de la pile. Le déroulement " "peut être rattrapé :" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::panic;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" " println!(\"hello!\");\n" " });\n" " assert!(result.is_ok());\n" " \n" " let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" " panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" " });\n" " assert!(result.is_err());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " "request crashes." msgstr "" "Cela peut être utile dans les serveurs qui doivent continuer à fonctionner " "même si un seul la demande se bloque." #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "" "Cela ne fonctionne pas si `panic = 'abort'` est défini dans votre `Cargo." "toml`." #: src/error-handling/result.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" msgstr "Gestion structurée des erreurs avec `Result`" #: src/error-handling/result.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " "are expected as part of normal operation:" msgstr "" "Nous avons déjà vu l'énumération `Result`. Ceci est utilisé partout lorsque " "des erreurs sont prévu dans le cadre d'un fonctionnement normal :" #: src/error-handling/result.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::fs;\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" " match file {\n" " Ok(mut file) => {\n" " let mut contents = String::new();\n" " file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" " println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" " },\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/result.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " "developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " "case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " "called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." msgstr "" "Comme pour `Option`, la valeur réussie se trouve à l'intérieur de `Result`, " "obligeant le développeur à l'extraire explicitement. Cela encourage la " "vérification des erreurs. Dans le cas où une erreur ne devrait jamais se " "produire, `unwrap()` ou `expect()` peut être appelé, et c'est aussi un " "signal de l'intention du développeur." #: src/error-handling/result.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " "is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " "that help functional-style programming. " msgstr "" "La documentation `Result` est une lecture recommandée. Pas pendant le cours, " "mais cela vaut la peine d'être mentionné. Il contient de nombreuses méthodes " "et fonctions pratiques qui facilitent la programmation de style fonctionnel." #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" msgstr "Propagation des erreurs avec `?`" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " "turn the common" msgstr "" "L'opérateur try `?` est utilisé pour renvoyer des erreurs à l'appelant. Il " "vous permet de tourner le commun" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "match some_expression {\n" " Ok(value) => value,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "into the much simpler" msgstr "dans le plus simple" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "some_expression?\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" msgstr "" "Nous pouvons l'utiliser pour simplifier notre code de gestion des erreurs :" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" " let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" " Ok(file) => file,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" " };\n" "\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" " Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" " Err(err) => Err(err),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." msgstr "La variable `username` peut être soit `Ok(string)` soit `Err(error)`." #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " "file, file with username." msgstr "" "Utilisez l'appel `fs::write` pour tester les différents scénarios : pas de " "fichier, fichier vide, fichier avec nom d'utilisateur." #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " "indicated:" msgstr "" "L'expansion effective de `?` est un peu plus compliquée qu'indiqué " "précédemment :" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "expression?\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "works the same as" msgstr "fonctionne de la même manière que" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "match expression {\n" " Ok(value) => value,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " "type returned by the function:" msgstr "" "L'appel `From::from` ici signifie que nous essayons de convertir le type " "d'erreur en type renvoyé par la fonction :" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" "use std::fs::{self, File};\n" "use std::io::{self, Read};\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" " IoError(io::Error),\n" " EmptyUsername(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" "\n" "impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" " fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" " match self {\n" " Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" " Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " "in {filename}\"),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" " fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" " ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" " File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, " "which requires `Debug` and `Display`. It's generally helpful for them to " "implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where possible, to make life easier for tests " "and consumers of your library. In this case we can't easily do so, because " "`io::Error` doesn't implement them." msgstr "" "C'est une bonne pratique pour tous les types d'erreurs d'implémenter `std::" "error::Error`, qui nécessite `Debug` et 'Affichage'. Il est généralement " "utile pour eux d'implémenter `Clone` et `Eq` aussi lorsque cela est " "possible, pour faire la vie plus facile pour les testeurs et les " "consommateurs de votre bibliothèque. Dans ce cas, nous ne pouvons pas le " "faire facilement, car `io::Error` ne les implémente pas." #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " "an error enum like we did on the previous page:" msgstr "" "La caisse [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) est un moyen populaire de " "créer un error enum comme nous l'avons fait sur la page précédente :" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" " #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" " IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" " #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" " EmptyUsername(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " "optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " "`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." msgstr "" "La macro de dérivation de `thiserror` implémente automatiquement `std::" "error::Error` et éventuellement `Display` (si les attributs `#[error(...)]` " "sont fournis) et `From` (si l'attribut `#[from]` est ajouté). Cela " "fonctionne également pour les structures." #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." msgstr "" "Cela n'affecte pas votre API publique, ce qui le rend bon pour les " "bibliothèques." #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " "our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " "makes this easy." msgstr "" "Parfois, nous voulons permettre à tout type d'erreur d'être renvoyé sans " "écrire notre propre énumération couvrant toutes les différentes " "possibilités. `std::error::Error` rend cela facile." #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::fs;\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" "#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" "struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " "error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " "idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " "good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " "somewhere." msgstr "" "Cela permet d'économiser du code, mais abandonne la possibilité de gérer " "proprement différents cas d'erreur différemment dans le programme. En tant " "que tel, ce n'est généralement pas une bonne idée d'utiliser `Box` dans l'API publique d'un bibliothèque, mais cela peut être une bonne " "option dans un programme où vous voulez juste afficher le message d'erreur " "quelque part." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " "error types:" msgstr "" "La caisse [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) largement utilisée peut vous " "aider à ajouter des informations contextuelles à vos erreurs et vous permet " "d'avoir moins types d'erreur personnalisés :" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" " fs::File::open(path)\n" " .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" " .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" " .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." msgstr "" "`anyhow::Result` est un alias de type pour `Result`." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " "it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " "is widely used in applications." msgstr "" "`anyhow::Error` est essentiellement un wrapper autour de `Box`. " "En tant que tel, ce n'est généralement pas un bon choix pour l'API publique " "d'une bibliothèque, mais il est largement utilisé dans les applications." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." msgstr "" "Le type d'erreur réel à l'intérieur peut être extrait pour examen si " "nécessaire." #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " "developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " "error)` from Go." msgstr "" "La fonctionnalité fournie par `anyhow::Result` peut être familière aux " "développeurs Go, car elle fournit modèles d'utilisation et ergonomie " "similaires à `(T, erreur)` de Go." #: src/testing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "Rust et Cargo sont livrés avec un cadre de test unitaire simple :" #: src/testing.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "Les tests unitaires sont pris en charge dans tout votre code." #: src/testing.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "" "Les tests d'intégration sont pris en charge via le répertoire `tests/`." #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" msgstr "Marquez les tests unitaires avec `#[test]` :" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,ignore\n" "fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" " match text.find(' ') {\n" " Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" " None => &text,\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_word() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_multiple_words() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." msgstr "Utilisez `cargo test` pour rechercher et exécuter les tests unitaires." #: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" msgstr "" "Les tests unitaires sont souvent placés dans un module imbriqué (exécuter " "des tests sur le [Terrain de jeu](https://play.rust-lang.org/)) :" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" " format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_helper() {\n" " assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "Cela vous permet de tester unitairement les helpers privés." #: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" "L'attribut `#[cfg(test)]` n'est actif que lorsque vous lancez `cargo test`." #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "Rust a un support intégré pour les tests de documentation :" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 msgid "" "```rust\n" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" "/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" "pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" " &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "" "Les blocs de code dans les commentaires `///` sont automatiquement " "considérés comme du code Rust." #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "Le code sera compilé et exécuté dans le cadre du `cargo test`." #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." msgstr "" "Testez le code ci-dessus sur [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." msgstr "" "Si vous souhaitez tester votre bibliothèque en tant que client, utilisez un " "test d'intégration." #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" msgstr "Créez un fichier `.rs` sous `tests/` :" #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "use my_library::init;\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_init() {\n" " assert!(init().is_ok());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." msgstr "Ces tests n'ont accès qu'à l'API publique de votre crate." #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" msgstr "Caisses utiles" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." msgstr "Rust a un support intégré pour les tests de documentation :" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5 msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7 msgid "" "[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " "library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8 msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 msgid "" "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " "tests." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "Le langage Rust comporte deux parties :" #: src/unsafe.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "" "**Safe Rust :** mémoire sécurisée, aucun comportement indéfini possible." #: src/unsafe.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " "violated." msgstr "" "**Unsafe Rust :** peut déclencher un comportement indéfini si les conditions " "préalables ne sont pas respectées." #: src/unsafe.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " "know what Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" "Nous verrons principalement Rust sûr dans ce cours, mais il est important de " "savoir ce qu'est la rouille dangereuse." #: src/unsafe.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " "carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." msgstr "" "Le code dangereux est généralement petit et isolé, et son exactitude doit " "être soigneusement documenté. Il est généralement enveloppé dans une couche " "d'abstraction sûre." #: src/unsafe.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "Unsafe Rust vous donne accès à cinq nouvelles fonctionnalités :" #: src/unsafe.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "Déréférencer les pointeurs bruts." #: src/unsafe.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "Accéder ou modifier des variables statiques mutables." #: src/unsafe.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "Accéder aux champs \"union\"." #: src/unsafe.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "" "Appelez les fonctions `unsafe`, y compris les fonctions `extern`. \\* Mettre " "en œuvre les traits \" non sécurisés \"." #: src/unsafe.md:20 msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " "[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" "unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." msgstr "" "Nous aborderons ensuite brièvement les capacités dangereuses. Pour plus de " "détails, veuillez consulter [Chapitre 19.1 du Rust Book](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) et le [Rustonomicon](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." #: src/unsafe.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " "have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." msgstr "" "Unsafe Rust ne signifie pas que le code est incorrect. Cela signifie que les " "développeurs ont désactivé les fonctionnalités de sécurité du compilateur et " "doit écrire le code correct en eux-mêmes. Cela signifie que le compilateur " "n'applique plus les règles de sécurité de la mémoire de Rust." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" "La création de pointeurs est sûre, mais leur déréférencement nécessite " "`unsafe` :" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut num = 5;\n" "\n" " let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" " let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" "\n" " // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" " *r1 = 10;\n" " println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " "a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " "satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." msgstr "" "Il est recommandé (et requis par le guide de style Android Rust) d'écrire un " "commentaire pour chaque Bloc `unsafe` expliquant comment le code à " "l'intérieur satisfait aux exigences de sécurité de l'unsafe opérations qu'il " "effectue." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" msgstr "" "Dans le cas des déréférencements de pointeurs, cela signifie que les " "pointeurs doivent être [_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index." "html#safety), c'est-à-dire :" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "Le pointeur doit être non nul." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " "allocated object)." msgstr "" "Le pointeur doit être _dereferenceable_ (dans les limites d'un seul objet " "alloué)." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "L'objet ne doit pas avoir été désalloué." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "Il ne doit pas y avoir d'accès simultanés au même endroit." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " "must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." msgstr "" "Si le pointeur a été obtenu en transtypant une référence, l'objet sous-" "jacent doit être actif et non référence peut être utilisée pour accéder à la " "mémoire." #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "" "Dans la plupart des cas, le pointeur doit également être correctement aligné." #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "Il est sûr de lire une variable statique immuable :" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " "static variables:" msgstr "" "Cependant, étant donné que des courses de données peuvent se produire, il " "n'est pas sûr de lire et d'écrire mutable variables statiques :" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" "\n" "fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" " unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " add_to_counter(42);\n" "\n" " unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " "where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " "heap allocator or working with some C APIs." msgstr "" "L'utilisation d'une statique mutable est généralement une mauvaise idée, " "mais il y a des cas où cela peut avoir du sens dans le code `no_std` de bas " "niveau, comme l'implémentation d'un allocation de tas ou l'utilisation de " "certaines API C." #: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "" "Les unions sont comme des énumérations, mais vous devez suivre vous-même le " "champ actif :" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[repr(C)]\n" "union MyUnion {\n" " i: u8,\n" " b: bool,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" " println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" " println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " "are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." msgstr "" "Les unions sont très rarement nécessaires dans Rust car vous pouvez " "généralement utiliser une énumération. Ils sont parfois nécessaires pour " "interagir avec les API de la bibliothèque C." #: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " "[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." "transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" "crates/zerocopy) crate." msgstr "" "Si vous voulez simplement réinterpréter les octets comme un type différent, " "vous voudrez probablement [`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) ou un coffre-fort wrapper tel que la " "caisse [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." #: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " "you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" msgstr "" "Une fonction ou une méthode peut être marquée \"unsafe\" si elle a des " "conditions préalables supplémentaires que vous doit respecter pour éviter un " "comportement indéfini :" #: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" "\n" " // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " "of\n" " // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." "get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" "\n" " // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" " // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" " // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." "get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" " s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " "conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez marquer vos propres fonctions comme \"non sécurisées\" si elles " "nécessitent des conditions particulières pour éviter undefined comportement." #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" "unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" " let temp = *a;\n" " *a = *b;\n" " *b = temp;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a = 42;\n" " let mut b = 66;\n" "\n" " // Safe because ...\n" " unsafe {\n" " swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " "with references." msgstr "" "Nous n'utiliserions pas de pointeurs pour cela car cela peut être fait en " "toute sécurité avec des références." #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " "`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " "Try adding it and see what happens." msgstr "" "Notez que le code non sécurisé est autorisé dans une fonction non sécurisée " "sans bloc « non sécurisé ». Nous pouvons interdisez cela avec " "`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Essayez de l'ajouter et voyez ce qui se " "passe." #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Calling External Code" msgstr "Appeler le code externe" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " "them is thus unsafe:" msgstr "" "Les fonctions d'autres langages peuvent violer les garanties de Rust. Appel " "eux est donc dangereux :" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" " fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" " println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " "pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " "function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" "Ce n'est généralement un problème que pour les fonctions externes qui font " "des choses avec des pointeurs qui pourraient violer le modèle de mémoire de " "Rust, mais en général, toute fonction C peut avoir un comportement indéfini " "sous n'importe quel circonstances arbitraires." #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " "must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" "Comme avec les fonctions, vous pouvez marquer un trait comme \"non " "sécurisé\" si l'implémentation doit garantir conditions particulières pour " "éviter un comportement indéfini." #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " "like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" msgstr "" "Par exemple, la caisse \"zérocopie\" a un trait dangereux qui semble " "[quelque chose comme ça](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait." "AsBytes.html):" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" "use std::slice;\n" "\n" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" "pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" " fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" " unsafe {\n" " slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " "size_of_val(self))\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" "unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " "the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." msgstr "" "Il devrait y avoir une section `# Sécurité` sur le Rustdoc pour le trait " "expliquant les exigences pour le trait à mettre en œuvre en toute sécurité." #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " "complicated." msgstr "" "La section de sécurité actuelle pour `AsBytes` est plutôt plus longue et " "plus compliquée." #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "Les traits intégrés \"Envoyer\" et \"Synchroniser\" ne sont pas sûrs." #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Jour 3 : Exercices de l'après-midi" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" msgstr "Construisons un wrapper sûr pour lire le contenu du répertoire !" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" "For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " "Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 msgid "" "To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "instructions." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" "afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "" "Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution](solutions-" "afternoon.md) fournie." #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " "interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " "functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." msgstr "" "Rust a un excellent support pour appeler des fonctions via une fonction " "_foreign interface_ (FFI). Nous allons l'utiliser pour construire un wrapper " "sûr pour la `libc` fonctions que vous utiliseriez à partir de C pour lire " "les noms de fichiers d'un répertoire." #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "Vous voudrez consulter les pages de manuel :" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " "exercise:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 msgid "Encoding" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 msgid "Use" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " "unknow data\"," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " "return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " "useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "functions and methods:" msgstr "" "Copiez le code ci-dessous sur et remplissez " "les champs manquants fonctions et méthodes :" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "mod ffi {\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" "\n" " // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct DIR {\n" " _data: [u8; 0],\n" " _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" "PhantomPinned)>,\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " "and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" " pub d_off: c_long,\n" " pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" " pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_fileno: u64,\n" " pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" " pub d_reclen: u16,\n" " pub d_namlen: u16,\n" " pub d_type: u8,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" " }\n" "\n" " extern \"C\" {\n" " pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" "\n" " #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " "on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" " #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" "use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct DirectoryIterator {\n" " path: CString,\n" " dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" " type Item = OsString;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " // Call closedir as needed.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" " println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" msgstr "Bienvenue au jour 1" #: src/android.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " "that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as " "extending existing services." msgstr "" "Rust est pris en charge pour le développement de plates-formes natives sur " "Android. Cela signifie que vous pouvez écrire de nouveaux services de " "système d'exploitation dans Rust, ainsi que l'extension prestations " "existantes." #: src/android.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to " "find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code " "to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something " "that parses some raw bytes would be ideal." msgstr "" "Nous allons essayer d'appeler Rust depuis l'un de vos propres projets " "aujourd'hui. Alors essayez de trouvez un petit coin de votre base de code où " "nous pouvons déplacer quelques lignes de code vers Rouille. Moins il y a de " "dépendances et de types \"exotiques\", mieux c'est. Quelque chose que " "analyser quelques octets bruts serait idéal." #: src/android/setup.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " "have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" "Nous utiliserons un appareil virtuel Android pour tester notre code. Assurez-" "vous que vous avez accéder à un ou en créer un nouveau avec :" #: src/android/setup.md:6 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ source build/envsetup.sh\n" "$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n" "$ acloud create\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/setup.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/" "setup/start) for details." msgstr "" "Veuillez consulter le \\[Développeur Android Codelab\\] (https://source." "android.com/docs/setup/start) pour plus de détails." #: src/android/build-rules.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" msgstr "" "Le système de construction Android (Soong) prend en charge Rust via un " "certain nombre de modules :" #: src/android/build-rules.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Module Type" msgstr "Type de module" #: src/android/build-rules.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Description" msgstr "Descriptif" #: src/android/build-rules.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_binary`" msgstr "`rust_binaire`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust binary." msgstr "Produit un binaire Rust." #: src/android/build-rules.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_library`" msgstr "`rust_library`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants." msgstr "" "Produit une bibliothèque Rust et fournit les variantes `rlib` et `dylib`." #: src/android/build-rules.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_ffi`" msgstr "`rust_ffi`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static " "and shared variants." msgstr "" "Produit une bibliothèque Rust C utilisable par les modules `cc` et fournit " "des variantes statiques et partagées." #: src/android/build-rules.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_proc_macro`" msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler " "plugins." msgstr "" "Produit une bibliothèque Rust `proc-macro`. Ceux-ci sont analogues aux " "plugins du compilateur." #: src/android/build-rules.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_test`" msgstr "`test_rouille`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness." msgstr "" "Produit un binaire de test Rust qui utilise le harnais de test Rust standard." #: src/android/build-rules.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_fuzz`" msgstr "`rust_fuzz`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`." msgstr "Produit un exécutable Rust fuzz utilisant `libfuzzer`." #: src/android/build-rules.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_protobuf`" msgstr "`rust_protobuf`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for " "a particular protobuf." msgstr "" "Génère la source et produit une bibliothèque Rust qui fournit une interface " "pour un protobuf particulier." #: src/android/build-rules.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "`rust_bindgen`" msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" #: src/android/build-rules.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C " "libraries." msgstr "" "Génère la source et produit une bibliothèque Rust contenant des liaisons " "Rust aux bibliothèques C." #: src/android/build-rules.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." msgstr "Nous examinerons ensuite `rust_binary` et `rust_library`." #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust Binaries" msgstr "Binaires de rouille" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " "create the following files:" msgstr "" "Commençons par une application simple. A la racine d'une caisse AOSP, créez " "les fichiers suivants :" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_ :" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_ :" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18 msgid "" "```rust\n" "//! Rust demo.\n" "\n" "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" msgstr "Vous pouvez maintenant compiler, envoyer et exécuter le binaire :" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m hello_rust\n" "$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" "$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "Hello from Rust!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust Libraries" msgstr "Bibliothèques de rouille" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." msgstr "" "Vous utilisez `rust_library` pour créer une nouvelle bibliothèque Rust pour " "Android." #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" msgstr "Ici, nous déclarons une dépendance sur deux bibliothèques :" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below," msgstr "`libgreeting`, que nous définissons ci-dessous," #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]" "(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" "crates/)." msgstr "" "`libtextwrap`, qui est une caisse déjà vendue dans \\[`externe/rouille/" "caisses/`\\]\\[caisses\\]." #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"libgreetings\",\n" " \"libtextwrap\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "\n" "rust_library {\n" " name: \"libgreetings\",\n" " crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Rust demo.\n" "\n" "use greetings::greeting;\n" "use textwrap::fill;\n" "\n" "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_ :" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Greeting library.\n" "\n" "/// Greet `name`.\n" "pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" " format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 #, fuzzy msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" msgstr "Vous construisez, poussez et exécutez le binaire comme avant :" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n" "$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "Hello Bob, it is very\n" "nice to meet you!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." "com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:" msgstr "" "Le [langage de définition d'interface Android (AIDL)](https://developer." "android.com/guide/components/aidl) est pris en charge dans Rust :" #: src/android/aidl.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," msgstr "Le code Rust peut appeler des serveurs AIDL existants," #: src/android/aidl.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "Vous pouvez créer de nouveaux serveurs AIDL dans Rust." #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Interfaces" msgstr "Interfaces AIDL" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" msgstr "Vous déclarez l'API de votre service à l'aide d'une interface AIDL :" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" msgstr "" "_service_anniversaire/aidl/com/exemple/serviceanniversaire/IBirthdayService." "aidl_ :" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7 msgid "" "```java\n" "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" "\n" "/** Birthday service interface. */\n" "interface IBirthdayService {\n" " /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/aidl/Android.bp_ :" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "aidl_interface {\n" " name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" " srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" " unstable: true,\n" " backend: {\n" " rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" " enabled: true,\n" " },\n" " },\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " "vendor partition." msgstr "" "Ajoutez `vendor_available : true` si votre fichier AIDL est utilisé par un " "binaire dans le fournisseur cloison." #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Service Implementation" msgstr "Mise en œuvre des services" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant implémenter le service AIDL :" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/lib.rs_ :" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" "pub struct BirthdayService;\n" "\n" "impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n" "\n" "impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n" " fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::" "Result {\n" " Ok(format!(\n" " \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!" "\"\n" " ))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 #: src/android/aidl/client.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/Android.bp_ :" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_library {\n" " name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" " crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Server" msgstr "Serveur AIDL" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons créer un serveur qui expose le service :" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/server.rs_ :" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Birthday service.\n" "use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" "\n" "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n" " let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n" " birthday_service,\n" " binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n" " );\n" " binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder." "as_binder())\n" " .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n" " binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:30 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"birthday_server\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant créer, pousser et démarrer le service :" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m birthday_server\n" "$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "Dans un autre terminal, vérifiez que le service s'exécute :" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n" "Service birthdayservice: found\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "Vous pouvez également appeler le service avec `service call` :" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n" "Result: Parcel(\n" " 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n" " 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n" " 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n" " 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n" " 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n" " 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n" " 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n" " 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "AIDL Client" msgstr "Client AIDL" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons créer un client Rust pour notre nouveau service." #: src/android/aidl/client.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "_service_anniversaire/src/client.rs_ :" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Birthday service.\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" "\n" "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" "pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::" "StatusCode> {\n" " binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Call the birthday service.\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n" " let name = std::env::args()\n" " .nth(1)\n" " .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n" " let years = std::env::args()\n" " .nth(2)\n" " .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n" " .unwrap_or(42);\n" "\n" " binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n" " let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to " "BirthdayService\");\n" " let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n" " println!(\"{msg}\");\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:39 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"birthday_client\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "Notez que le client ne dépend pas de `libbirthdayservice`." #: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "Créez, transférez et exécutez le client sur votre appareil :" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m birthday_client\n" "$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " "specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" msgstr "" "Étendons l'API avec plus de fonctionnalités : nous voulons laisser les " "clients spécifier un liste des lignes pour la carte d'anniversaire :" #: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6 msgid "" "```java\n" "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" "\n" "/** Birthday service interface. */\n" "interface IBirthdayService {\n" " /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " "or `stdout` (on-host):" msgstr "" "Vous devez utiliser la caisse `log` pour vous connecter automatiquement à " "`logcat` (sur l'appareil) ou `stdout` (sur l'hôte) :" #: src/android/logging.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_ :" #: src/android/logging.md:8 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"liblog_rust\",\n" " \"liblogger\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" " host_supported: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_ :" #: src/android/logging.md:24 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Rust logging demo.\n" "\n" "use log::{debug, error, info};\n" "\n" "/// Logs a greeting.\n" "fn main() {\n" " logger::init(\n" " logger::Config::default()\n" " .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n" " .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n" " );\n" " debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n" " info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n" " error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "Compilez, transférez et exécutez le binaire sur votre appareil :" #: src/android/logging.md:44 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m hello_rust_logs\n" "$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" msgstr "Les journaux s'affichent dans `adb logcat` :" #: src/android/logging.md:52 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ adb logcat -s rust\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going " "fine.\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went " "wrong!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " "means that you can:" msgstr "" "Rust a un excellent support pour l'interopérabilité avec d'autres langages. " "Ça signifie Que tu peux:" #: src/android/interoperability.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." msgstr "Appelez les fonctions Rust à partir d'autres langues." #: src/android/interoperability.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." msgstr "Fonctions d'appel écrites dans d'autres langages depuis Rust." #: src/android/interoperability.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " "_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous appelez des fonctions dans une langue étrangère, nous disons " "que vous utilisez un _interface de fonction étrangère_, également connue " "sous le nom de FFI." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Interoperability with C" msgstr "Interopérabilité avec C" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " "Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." msgstr "" "Rust prend entièrement en charge la liaison de fichiers objets avec une " "convention d'appel C. De même, vous pouvez exporter des fonctions Rust et " "les appeler depuis C." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "Vous pouvez le faire à la main si vous le souhaitez :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8 msgid "" "```rust\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" " fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = -42;\n" " let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n" " println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" "safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." msgstr "" "Nous avons déjà vu cela dans le [Safe FFI Wrapper exercice](../../exercises/" "day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " "production." msgstr "" "Cela suppose une parfaite connaissance de la plateforme cible. Non " "recommandé pour fabrication." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "We will look at better options next." msgstr "Nous examinerons ensuite de meilleures options." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Using Bindgen" msgstr "Utiliser Bindgen" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " "tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." msgstr "" "L'outil [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction." "html) peut générer automatiquement des liaisons à partir d'un fichier d'en-" "tête C." #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "First create a small C library:" msgstr "Créez d'abord une petite bibliothèque C :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10 msgid "" "```c\n" "typedef struct card {\n" " const char* name;\n" " int years;\n" "} card;\n" "\n" "void print_card(const card* card);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \n" "#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" "\n" "void print_card(const card* card) {\n" " printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" " printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n" " printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n" " printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" msgstr "Ajoutez ceci à votre fichier `Android.bp` :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/bindgen/Android.bp_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "cc_library {\n" " name: \"libbirthday\",\n" " srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " "example):" msgstr "" "Créez un fichier d'en-tête wrapper pour la bibliothèque (pas strictement " "nécessaire dans ce exemple):" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "Vous pouvez maintenant générer automatiquement les liaisons :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_bindgen {\n" " name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n" " wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n" " source_stem: \"bindings\",\n" " static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons utiliser les liaisons dans notre programme Rust :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n" " srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/bindgen/main.rs_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "//! Bindgen demo.\n" "\n" "use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n" " let card = card {\n" " name: name.as_ptr(),\n" " years: 42,\n" " };\n" " unsafe {\n" " print_card(&card as *const card);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m print_birthday_card\n" "$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" "Enfin, nous pouvons exécuter des tests générés automatiquement pour nous " "assurer que les liaisons fonctionnent :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_test {\n" " name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" " srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" " crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" " test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n" " auto_gen_config: true,\n" " clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n" " lints: \"none\",\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Calling Rust" msgstr "Appeler Rust" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" msgstr "Exporter des fonctions et des types Rust vers C est simple :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" "#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n" "\n" "use std::os::raw::c_int;\n" "\n" "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n" " if x < y {\n" " println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n" " } else {\n" " println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26 msgid "" "```c\n" "#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n" "#define ANALYSE_H\n" "\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" "void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#endif\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_ffi {\n" " name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n" " crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n" " srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n" " include_dirs: [\".\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant appeler cela à partir d'un binaire C :" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \"analyze.h\"\n" "\n" "int main() {\n" " analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n" " analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n" " return 0;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "_interopérabilité/rouille/analyse/Android.bp_" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "cc_binary {\n" " name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n" " srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n" " static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m analyze_numbers\n" "$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " "will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " "\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." msgstr "" "`#[no_mangle]` désactive la modification du nom habituel de Rust, de sorte " "que le symbole exporté sera simplement le nom de la fonction. Vous pouvez " "également utiliser `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` pour spécifier le nom " "que vous voulez." #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " "interoperability between Rust and C++." msgstr "" "La [caisse CXX](https://cxx.rs/) permet de faire une interopérabilité sûre " "entre Rust et C++." #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "L'approche globale ressemble à ceci:" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of " "using this." msgstr "" "Voir le \\[tutoriel CXX\\] [2](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) pour un exemple " "complet d'utilisation." #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Interoperability with Java" msgstr "Interopérabilité avec Java" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" "jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." msgstr "" "Java peut charger des objets partagés via [Java Native Interface (JNI)]" "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). Le [`jni` crate]" "(https://docs.rs/jni/) vous permet de créer une bibliothèque compatible." #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" msgstr "Tout d'abord, nous créons une fonction Rust à exporter vers Java :" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/src/lib.rs_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" "\n" "use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n" "use jni::sys::jstring;\n" "use jni::JNIEnv;\n" "\n" "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n" " env: JNIEnv,\n" " _class: JClass,\n" " name: JString,\n" ") -> jstring {\n" " let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n" " let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n" " let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n" " output.into_inner()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/Android.bp_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_ffi_shared {\n" " name: \"libhello_jni\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons appeler cette fonction depuis Java :" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/HelloWorld.java_ :" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47 msgid "" "```java\n" "class HelloWorld {\n" " private static native String hello(String name);\n" "\n" " static {\n" " System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " public static void main(String[] args) {\n" " String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n" " System.out.println(output);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "java_binary {\n" " name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n" " srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n" " main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n" " required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "Enfin, vous pouvez créer, synchroniser et exécuter le binaire :" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ m helloworld_jni\n" "$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n" "$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " "and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" msgstr "" "Pour le dernier exercice, nous examinerons l'un des projets sur lesquels " "vous travaillez. Laissez-nous regroupez-vous et faites-le ensemble. Quelques " "suggestions:" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." msgstr "Appelez votre service AIDL avec un client écrit en Rust." #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." msgstr "Déplacez une fonction de votre projet vers Rust et appelez-la." #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " "in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." msgstr "" "Aucune solution n'est proposée ici car celle-ci est ouverte : elle repose " "sur quelqu'un en la classe ayant un morceau de code que vous pouvez remettre " "à Rust à la volée." #: src/bare-metal.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" msgstr "Bienvenue dans Bare Metal Rust" #: src/bare-metal.md:3 msgid "" "This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " "who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " "Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" "metal programming in some other language such as C." msgstr "" "Il s'agit d'un cours autonome d'une journée sur la bare-metal Rust, destiné " "aux personnes familiarisées avec le bases de Rust (peut-être après avoir " "terminé le cours Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust)), et " "idéalement aussi avoir quelques expérience de la programmation bare-metal " "dans un autre langage tel que C." #: src/bare-metal.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " "underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" msgstr "" "Aujourd'hui, nous allons parler de Rust \"bare-metal\": exécuter du code " "Rust sans système d'exploitation sous nous. Cette volonté être divisé en " "plusieurs parties :" #: src/bare-metal.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" msgstr "Qu'est-ce que `no_std` Rust ?" #: src/bare-metal.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." msgstr "Ecriture de firmware pour microcontrôleurs." #: src/bare-metal.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." msgstr "" "Ecriture du bootloader / code noyau pour les processeurs d'application." #: src/bare-metal.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." msgstr "Quelques caisses utiles pour le développement de Rust en métal nu." #: src/bare-metal.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" "tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " "with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " "an on-board SWD debugger." msgstr "" "Pour la partie microcontrôleur du cours, nous utiliserons le [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 par exemple. C'est une [carte de développement]" "(https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) basée sur le Nordic Microcontrôleur " "nRF51822 avec quelques LED et boutons, un accéléromètre et une boussole " "connectés I2C, et un débogueur SWD intégré." #: src/bare-metal.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" "Pour commencer, installez quelques outils dont nous aurons besoin plus tard. " "Sous gLinux ou Debian :" #: src/bare-metal.md:22 msgid "" "```bash\n" "sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-" "config qemu-system-arm\n" "rustup update\n" "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" "Et donnez aux utilisateurs du groupe `plugdev` l'accès au programmeur micro:" "bit :" #: src/bare-metal.md:32 msgid "" "```bash\n" "echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " "GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" " sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" "sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "Sur MacOS :" #: src/bare-metal.md:40 msgid "" "```bash\n" "xcode-select --install\n" "brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" "brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" "rustup update\n" "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`no_std`" msgstr "`no_std`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`core`" msgstr "`noyau`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`alloc`" msgstr "`allouer`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`std`" msgstr "`std`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" msgstr "Tranches, `&str`, `CStr`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." msgstr "`NonZeroU8`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "`Option`, `Result`" msgstr "`Option`, `Résultat`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." msgstr "`Afficher`, `Déboguer`, `écrire !`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." msgstr "`panique !`, `assert_eq !`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" msgstr "`NonNull` et toutes les fonctions habituelles liées au pointeur" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" msgstr "`Future` et `async`/`wait`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." msgstr "`clôture`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "`Duration`" msgstr "`Durée`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" msgstr "`Boîte`, `Vache`, `Arc`, `Rc`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" msgstr "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" msgstr "`Chaîne`, `CString`, `format !`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "`Error`" msgstr "\"Erreur\"" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" msgstr "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrière`, `Une fois`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" msgstr "`File` et le reste de `fs`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" msgstr "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` et le reste de `io`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" msgstr "`Chemin`, `OsString`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "`net`" msgstr "\"net\"" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" msgstr "`Commande`, `Enfant`, `Code de sortie`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" msgstr "`spawn`, `sleep` et le reste de `thread`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" msgstr "`SystemTime`, `Instantané`" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62 #, fuzzy msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." msgstr "`HashMap` dépend de RNG." #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63 #, fuzzy msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." msgstr "`std` réexporte le contenu de `core` et `alloc`." #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "Un programme minimal `no_std`" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17 msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18 msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 msgid "" "Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " "avoid an error about `eh_personality`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 msgid "" "Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " "define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " "some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." msgstr "" "Pour utiliser `alloc` vous devez implémenter un [allocateur global (de tas)]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate alloc;\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use alloc::string::ToString;\n" "use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" "use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" "\n" "#[global_allocator]\n" "static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" "\n" "static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" "\n" "pub fn entry() {\n" " // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " "once.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" " HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" " .lock()\n" " .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " "hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41 msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43 msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " "the top-level binary crate." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45 msgid "" "`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " "crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47 msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " "Cortex M microcontrollers." msgstr "" "La caisse `cortex_m_rt` fournit (entre autres) un gestionnaire de " "réinitialisation pour les microcontrôleurs Cortex M." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "mod interrupts;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " "abstraction." msgstr "" "Ensuite, nous verrons comment accéder aux périphériques, avec des niveaux " "d'abstraction croissants." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" "> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." msgstr "" "La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` nécessite que la fonction ait le type `fn() -" "> !`, car le retour au gestionnaire de réinitialisation n'a pas de sens." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec `cargo embed --bin minimal`" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " "turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" msgstr "" "La plupart des microcontrôleurs accèdent aux périphériques via des E/S " "mappées en mémoire. Essayons d'allumer une LED sur notre micro:bit:" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "mod interrupts;\n" "\n" "use core::mem::size_of;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "\n" "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" "const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n" "\n" "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" "const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n" "const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n" "const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n" "\n" "// PIN_CNF fields\n" "const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n" "const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n" "const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n" "const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n" "const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::()) as *mut " "u32;\n" " let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::()) as *mut " "u32;\n" " // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " "and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" " unsafe {\n" " pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n" " DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " "SENSE_DISABLED,\n" " );\n" " pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n" " DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " "SENSE_DISABLED,\n" " );\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n" " let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n" " // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " "and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" " unsafe {\n" " gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n" " gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n" " }\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64 #, fuzzy msgid "" "GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " "to the first row." msgstr "" "La broche 21 du GPIO 0 est connectée à la première colonne de la matrice LED " "et la broche 28 à la première rangée." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin mmio\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" msgstr "Caisses d'accès périphérique" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " "wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" "pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." msgstr "" "[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) génère des wrappers Rust " "principalement sûrs pour périphériques mappés en mémoire de [CMSIS-SVD]" "(https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) des dossiers." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" " let gpio0 = p.P0;\n" "\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n" " w.dir().output();\n" " w.input().disconnect();\n" " w.pull().disabled();\n" " w.drive().s0s1();\n" " w.sense().disabled();\n" " w\n" " });\n" " gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n" " w.dir().output();\n" " w.input().disconnect();\n" " w.pull().disabled();\n" " w.drive().s0s1();\n" " w.sense().disabled();\n" " w\n" " });\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n" " gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " "silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." msgstr "" "Les fichiers SVD (System View Description) sont des fichiers XML " "généralement fournis par les fournisseurs de silicium qui décrire la carte " "mémoire de l'appareil." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " "descriptions, addresses and so on." msgstr "" "Ils sont organisés par périphérique, registre, champ et valeur, avec noms, " "descriptions, adresses et ainsi de suite." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " "which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " "crates." msgstr "" "Les fichiers SVD sont souvent bogués et incomplets, il existe donc divers " "projets qui corrigent le erreurs, ajoutez les détails manquants et publiez " "les caisses générées." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55 #, fuzzy msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." msgstr "`cortex-m-rt` fournit la table des vecteurs, entre autres choses." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " "pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." msgstr "" "Si vous \"installez cargo cargo-binutils\", vous pouvez exécuter `cargo " "objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` pour voir le binaire résultant." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin pac\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "HAL crates" msgstr "caisses HAL" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" "implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " "various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." msgstr "" "[Caisses HAL](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" "implementation-crates) pour de nombreux microcontrôleurs fournissent des " "wrappers autour de divers périphériques. Ceux-ci implémentent généralement " "des traits de [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n" "use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n" "use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" " let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" "\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n" " let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" " row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "" "`set_low` et `set_high` sont des méthodes sur le trait `embedded_hal` " "`OutputPin`." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " "STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." msgstr "" "Les caisses HAL existent pour de nombreux appareils Cortex-M et RISC-V, y " "compris divers STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, Microcontrôleurs MSP430, AVR et PIC." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin hal\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Board support crates" msgstr "Caisses support planche" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " "board for convenience." msgstr "" "Les caisses de support de planche offrent un niveau supplémentaire " "d'emballage pour une planche spécifique pour plus de commodité." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" "use microbit::Board;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" " board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " "and a bit of initialisation." msgstr "" "Dans ce cas, la caisse de support de carte fournit simplement des noms plus " "utiles, et un peu de initialisation." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " "microcontroller itself." msgstr "" "La caisse peut également inclure des pilotes pour certains périphériques " "embarqués en dehors du microcontrôleur lui-même." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "`microbit-v2` inclut un pilote simple pour la matrice LED." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin board_support\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "Le modèle d'état de type" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" " let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" "\n" " let pin: P0_01 = gpio0.p0_01;\n" "\n" " // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" " let pin_input: P0_01> = pin.into_floating_input();\n" " if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n" " // ...\n" " }\n" " let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n" " .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " "Level::Low);\n" " pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n" " // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" "\n" " let _pin2: P0_02> = gpio0\n" " .p0_02\n" " .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " "Level::Low);\n" " let _pin3: P0_03> = gpio0.p0_03." "into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " "exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." msgstr "" "Les broches n'implémentent pas `Copy` ou `Clone`, donc une seule instance de " "chacun peut exister. Une fois qu'une broche est déplacé hors de la structure " "du port, personne d'autre ne peut le prendre." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " "can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." msgstr "" "La modification de la configuration d'une broche consomme l'ancienne " "instance de broche, vous ne pouvez donc pas continuer à utiliser l'ancienne " "exemple par la suite." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " "the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " "the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " "way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " "caught at compile time." msgstr "" "Le type d'une valeur indique l'état dans lequel elle se trouve : par ex. " "dans ce cas, l'état de la configuration d'une broche GPIO. Cela encode la " "machine d'état dans le système de type et garantit que vous ne essayez " "d'utiliser une broche d'une certaine manière sans la configurer correctement " "au préalable. État illégal les transitions sont interceptées au moment de la " "compilation." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " "not vice-versa." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez appeler `is_high` sur une broche d'entrée et `set_high` sur une " "broche de sortie, mais pas l'inverse." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "De nombreuses caisses HAL suivent ce modèle." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`embedded-hal`" msgstr "`embedded-hal`" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " "number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals." msgstr "" "La caisse [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) fournit un " "certain nombre de caractéristiques couvrant les périphériques de " "microcontrôleur courants." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "GPIO" msgstr "GPIO" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "ADC" msgstr "ADC" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" msgstr "I2C, SPI, UART, PEUT" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "RNG" msgstr "GNA" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Timers" msgstr "Minuteries" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Watchdogs" msgstr "Chiens de garde" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" "awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " "accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation." msgstr "" "D'autres caisses mettent alors en œuvre [pilotes](https://github.com/rust-" "embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) en ce qui concerne ces traits, " "par ex. un pilote d'accéléromètre peut nécessiter une implémentation de bus " "I2C ou SPI." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " "platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." msgstr "" "Il existe des implémentations pour de nombreux microcontrôleurs, ainsi que " "pour d'autres plates-formes telles que Linux sur Tarte aux framboises." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " "isn't stable yet." msgstr "" "Il y a des travaux en cours sur une version `async` de `embedded-hal`, mais " "ce n'est pas encore stable." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " "like OpenOCD but better integrated." msgstr "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) est un ensemble d'outils pratique pour le " "débogage intégré, comme OpenOCD mais en mieux intégré." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "SWD" msgstr "SWD" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid " and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" msgstr " et JTAG via les sondes CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link et J-Link" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " msgstr "Stub GDB et serveur Microsoft " #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "DAP" msgstr "DAP" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid " server" msgstr "Intégration du fret" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 msgid "Cargo integration" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " msgstr "" "`cargo-embed` est une sous-commande cargo pour construire et flasher des " "binaires, enregistrer Sortie " #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "RTT" msgstr "RTT" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" " output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your " "project directory." msgstr "" " et connectez GDB. Il est configuré par un Fichier `Embed.toml` dans votre " "répertoire de projet." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " "an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " "CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " "on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." msgstr "" "[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) est " "une norme Arm protocole sur USB pour un débogueur en circuit pour accéder au " "port d'accès de débogage CoreSight de divers Processeurs Arm Cortex. C'est " "ce que le débogueur embarqué sur le BBC micro:bit utilise." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " "is a range from SEGGER." msgstr "" "ST-Link est une gamme de débogueurs en circuit de ST Microelectronics, J-" "Link est une gamme de SEGER." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " "Serial Wire Debug." msgstr "" "Le port d'accès au débogage est généralement une interface JTAG à 5 broches " "ou un débogage de fil série à 2 broches." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " "want to." msgstr "" "probe-rs est une bibliothèque que vous pouvez intégrer dans vos propres " "outils si vous le souhaitez." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" "adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " "supported microcontroller." msgstr "" "Le \\[protocole de l'adaptateur de débogage Microsoft\\] (https://microsoft." "github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) permet VSCode et d'autres IDE déboguent " "le code s'exécutant sur n'importe quel microcontrôleur pris en charge." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." msgstr "" "cargo-embed est un binaire construit à l'aide de la bibliothèque probe-rs." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " "host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." msgstr "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) est un mécanisme de transfert de données entre " "l'hôte de débogage et la cible à travers un certain nombre de tampons " "circulaires." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Embed.toml:" msgstr "Intégrer.toml :" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[default.general]\n" "chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" "\n" "[debug.gdb]\n" "enabled = true\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "Dans un terminal sous `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/` :" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "Dans un autre terminal du même répertoire :" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21 msgid "" "```sh\n" "gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-" "command=\"target remote :1337\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "Dans GDB, essayez d'exécuter :" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29 msgid "" "```gdb\n" "b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n" "b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n" "b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n" "c\n" "c\n" "c\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Other projects" msgstr "Autres projets" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" msgstr "\\* [RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4 #, fuzzy msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" msgstr "\"Concurrence pilotée par interruption en temps réel\"" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" msgstr "" "Gestion des ressources partagées, transmission de messages, planification " "des tâches, file d'attente du minuteur" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" msgstr "[Ambassade](https://embassy.dev/)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" msgstr "" "Exécuteurs \"asynchrones\" avec priorités, minuteries, mise en réseau, USB" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" msgstr "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " "support" msgstr "" "RTOS axé sur la sécurité avec planification préemptive et prise en charge de " "l'unité de protection de la mémoire" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " "unprivileged drivers, IPC" msgstr "" "Microkernel RTOS d'Oxide Computer Company avec protection de la mémoire, " "pilotes non privilégiés, IPC" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" msgstr "[Liaisons pour FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." "github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." msgstr "" "Certaines plates-formes ont des implémentations \"std\", par ex. [esp-idf]" "(https://esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." msgstr "RTIC peut être considéré comme un RTOS ou un cadre de concurrence." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." msgstr "Il n'inclut aucun HAL." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " "scheduling rather than a proper kernel." msgstr "" "Il utilise le Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) pour la " "planification plutôt qu'un noyau approprié." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "Cortex-M only." msgstr "Cortex-M uniquement." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." msgstr "" "Google utilise TockOS sur le microcontrôleur Haven pour les clés de sécurité " "Titan." #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " "applications." msgstr "" "FreeRTOS est principalement écrit en C, mais il existe des liaisons Rust " "pour écrire des applications." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port." msgstr "" "Nous lirons la direction à partir d'une boussole I2C et enregistrerons les " "lectures sur un port série." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " "use the buttons somehow." msgstr "" "Nous lirons la direction à partir d'une boussole I2C et enregistrerons les " "lectures sur un port série. Si tu as temps, essayez de l'afficher sur les " "LED d'une manière ou d'une autre, ou utilisez les boutons d'une manière ou " "d'une autre." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Hints:" msgstr "Astuces:" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" "latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" "microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." "org/hardware/)." msgstr "" "Consultez la documentation du [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/latest/" "lsm303agr/) et [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) " "caisses, ainsi que les [matériel micro:bit](https://tech.microbit.org/" "hardware/)." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "" "La centrale de mesure inertielle LSM303AGR est connectée au bus interne I2C." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "" "TWI est un autre nom pour I2C, donc le périphérique maître I2C s'appelle " "TWIM." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" "blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" "microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." msgstr "" "Le pilote LSM303AGR a besoin de quelque chose implémentant `embedded_hal::" "blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. Le [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" "microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) structure implémente cela." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." msgstr "" "Vous avez un [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) structure avec des champs pour les différentes broches et " "périphériques." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." "com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " "this exercise." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez également consulter le [fiche technique nRF52833](https://" "infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) si vous le souhaitez, " "mais cela ne devrait pas être nécessaire pour cet exercice." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `compass` directory for the following files." msgstr "" "Téléchargez le \\[modèle d'exercice\\] (../../comprehensive-rust-exercises." "zip) et regardez dans la `boussole` répertoire pour les fichiers suivants." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/main.rs`:" msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Configure serial port.\n" " let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" " board.UARTE0,\n" " board.uart.into(),\n" " Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" " Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" " );\n" "\n" " // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" " // TODO\n" "\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" " // TODO\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 #, fuzzy msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" "\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"compass\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n" "embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n" "lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n" "microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n" "panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 #, fuzzy msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Embed.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[default.general]\n" "chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" "\n" "[debug.gdb]\n" "enabled = true\n" "\n" "[debug.reset]\n" "halt_afterwards = true\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 #, fuzzy msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" "`.cargo/config.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" "target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n" "\n" "[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n" "rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 #, fuzzy msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "Voir la sortie série sur Linux avec :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114 msgid "" "```sh\n" "picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "" "Ou sur Mac OS quelque chose comme (le nom de l'appareil peut être légèrement " "différent) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120 msgid "" "```sh\n" "picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 #, fuzzy msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "Utilisez Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q pour quitter picocom." #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Application processors" msgstr "Processeurs d'application" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " "Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " "with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" "virt.html) board." msgstr "" "Jusqu'à présent, nous avons parlé de microcontrôleurs, tels que la série Arm " "Cortex-M. Essayons maintenant d'écrire quelque chose pour Cortex-A. Pour " "plus de simplicité, nous allons simplement travailler avec aarch64 de QEMU " "['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html)." #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " "privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " "processors do." msgstr "" "D'une manière générale, les microcontrôleurs n'ont pas de MMU ou plusieurs " "niveaux de privilège (exception niveaux sur les processeurs Arm, sonne sur " "x86), contrairement aux processeurs d'application." #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " "architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " "hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." msgstr "" "QEMU prend en charge l'émulation de différentes machines ou modèles de " "cartes pour chaque architecture. Le La carte 'virt' ne correspond à aucun " "matériel réel particulier, mais est conçue uniquement pour machines " "virtuelles." #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3 msgid "" "Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5 msgid "" "```armasm\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" " /*\n" " * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " "MMU and\n" " * caches.\n" " */\n" " adrp x30, idmap\n" " msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" " msr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" " /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" " mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" " bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" " msr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " "any\n" " * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" " */\n" " isb\n" " tlbi vmalle1\n" " ic iallu\n" " dsb nsh\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this\n" " * has completed.\n" " */\n" " msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" " mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" " orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" " msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" " adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" " adr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0: cmp x29, x30\n" " b.hs 1f\n" " stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" " b 0b\n" "\n" "1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" " adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" " mov sp, x30\n" "\n" " /* Set up exception vector. */\n" " adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" " msr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" " /* Call into Rust code. */\n" " bl main\n" "\n" " /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2: wfi\n" " b 2b\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77 msgid "" "This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " "zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79 msgid "" "The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " "object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " "initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " "on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " "them." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83 msgid "" "The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " "the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85 msgid "" "We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " "we don't:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 msgid "" "Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" "unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " "is not necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " "is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " "not VA or IPA.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94 msgid "" "For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " "identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " "for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " "memory layout that QEMU uses." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97 msgid "" "We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " "later." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98 msgid "" "All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " "(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " "modify `entry.S` accordingly." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Inline assembly" msgstr "Assemblage en ligne" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " "Rust code. For example, to make an " msgstr "" "Parfois, nous devons utiliser l'assemblage pour faire des choses qui ne sont " "pas possibles avec le code Rust. Par exemple, pour effectuer un " #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 #, fuzzy msgid "HVC" msgstr "HVC" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 #, fuzzy msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:" msgstr " pour indiquer au micrologiciel d'éteindre le système :" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use core::arch::asm;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "\n" "const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" " unsafe {\n" " asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n" " inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n" " inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n" " options(nomem, nostack)\n" " );\n" " }\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" msgstr "" "(Si vous voulez vraiment faire cela, utilisez le crate [`psci`](https://" "crates.io/crates/smccc) qui contient des wrappers pour toutes ces fonctions.)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43 #, fuzzy msgid "" "PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " "functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " "implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." msgstr "" "PSCI est l'interface de coordination de l'état de l'alimentation du bras, un " "ensemble standard de fonctions pour gérer le système et les états " "d'alimentation du processeur, entre autres. Il est implémenté par le " "firmware EL3 et les hyperviseurs sur de nombreux systèmes." #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " "inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " "`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " "contents of the registers." msgstr "" "La syntaxe `0 => _` signifie initialiser le registre à 0 avant d'exécuter le " "code assembleur en ligne, et ignorer son contenu par la suite. Nous devons " "utiliser `inout` plutôt que `in` car l'appel pourrait potentiellement " "encombrer le contenu des registres." #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " "it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." msgstr "" "Cette fonction `main` doit être `#[no_mangle]` et `extern \"C\"` car elle " "est appelée depuis notre point d'entrée dans `entry.S`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " "used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " "According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " "\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " "arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " "special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." msgstr "" "`_x0`–`_x3` sont les valeurs des registres `x0`–`x3`, qui sont classiquement " "utilisés par le bootloader pour passer des choses comme un pointeur vers " "l'arborescence des périphériques. Selon l'appel standard aarch64 convention " "(qui est ce que `extern \"C\"` spécifie d'utiliser), les registres `x0`–`x7` " "sont utilisés pour la 8 premiers arguments passés à une fonction, donc " "`entry.S` n'a rien de spécial à faire sauf assurez-vous qu'il ne modifie pas " "ces registres." #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" "Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu_psci` sous `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" msgstr "Accès mémoire volatile pour MMIO" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." msgstr "Utilisez `pointer::read_volatile` et `pointer::write_volatile`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4 #, fuzzy msgid "Never hold a reference." msgstr "Ne détenez jamais une référence." #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " "reference." msgstr "" "`addr_of!` vous permet d'obtenir des champs de structures sans créer de " "référence intermédiaire." #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " "the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." msgstr "" "Accès volatile : les opérations de lecture ou d'écriture peuvent avoir des " "effets secondaires, évitez donc que le compilateur ou matériel de les " "réorganiser, de les dupliquer ou de les supprimer." #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " "compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " "written, and not bother actually reading memory." msgstr "" "Habituellement, si vous écrivez puis lisez, par ex. via une référence " "mutable, le compilateur peut supposer que la valeur lue est la même que la " "valeur que vous venez d'écrire et ne vous souciez pas de lire la mémoire." #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " "this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " "dereference it." msgstr "" "Certaines caisses existantes pour l'accès volatile au matériel contiennent " "des références, mais ce n'est pas valable. Chaque fois qu'une référence " "existe, le compilateur peut choisir de la déréférencer." #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " "struct." msgstr "" "Utilisez la macro `addr_of!` pour obtenir des pointeurs de champ struct à " "partir d'un pointeur vers la struct." #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Let's write a UART driver" msgstr "Écrivons un pilote UART" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." msgstr "" "La machine QEMU 'virt' a un [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/" "ddi0183/g) UART, écrivons donc un pilote pour cela." #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n" "const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n" "const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n" "\n" "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " base_address: *mut u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n" " Self { base_address }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n" " // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)." "read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " "because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " "requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " "driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " "it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " "necessary preconditions." msgstr "" "Notez que `Uart::new` n'est pas sûr alors que les autres méthodes sont " "sûres. C'est parce que tant que le l'appelant de `Uart::new` garantit que " "ses exigences de sécurité sont respectées (c'est-à-dire qu'il n'y a jamais " "une instance du pilote pour un UART donné, et rien d'autre aliasant son " "espace d'adressage), alors il est toujours sûr d'appeler `write_byte` plus " "tard car nous pouvons supposer que le nécessaire conditions préalables." #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " "`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " "place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" msgstr "" "Nous aurions pu faire l'inverse (rendre `new` sûr mais `write_byte` non " "sûr), mais cela serait beaucoup moins pratique à utiliser car chaque endroit " "qui appelle `write_byte` aurait besoin de raisonner sur la sécurité" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " "the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " "number of places." msgstr "" "Il s'agit d'un modèle courant pour écrire des wrappers sûrs de code non " "sécurisé : déplacer la charge de la preuve pour solidité d'un grand nombre " "d'endroits à un plus petit nombre d'endroits." #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "More traits" msgstr "Plus de traits" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " "traits too." msgstr "" "Nous avons dérivé le trait `Debug`. Il serait également utile de mettre en " "œuvre quelques traits supplémentaires." #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" "\n" "impl Write for Uart {\n" " fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" " for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" " self.write_byte(*c);\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " "`Uart` type." msgstr "" "L'implémentation de `Write` nous permet d'utiliser les macros `write!` et " "`writeln!` avec notre type `Uart`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" "Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu_minimal` sous `src/bare-metal/" "aps/examples`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "A better UART driver" msgstr "Un meilleur pilote UART" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " "offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " "read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " "structured way." msgstr "" "Le PL011 a en fait \\[un tas de registres supplémentaires\\] [1](https://" "developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-" "registers), et ajoute des décalages pour construire des pointeurs pour " "accéder est sujette aux erreurs et difficile à lire. De plus, certains " "d'entre eux sont des champs de bits, ce qui serait bien de accéder de " "manière structurée." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Offset" msgstr "Décalage" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Register name" msgstr "Nom du registre" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "Width" msgstr "Largeur" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "0x00" msgstr "0x00" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "DR" msgstr "DR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "12" msgstr "12" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "0x04" msgstr "0x04" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "RSR" msgstr "RSR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "4" msgstr "4" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "0x18" msgstr "0x18" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "FR" msgstr "EN" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "9" msgstr "9" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "0x20" msgstr "0x20" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "ILPR" msgstr "ILPR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "8" msgstr "8" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "0x24" msgstr "0x24" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "IBRD" msgstr "BIRD" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "16" msgstr "16" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "0x28" msgstr "0x28" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "FBRD" msgstr "FBRD" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "6" msgstr "6" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "0x2c" msgstr "0x2c" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 #, fuzzy msgid "LCR_H" msgstr "LCR_H" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "0x30" msgstr "0x30" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "CR" msgstr "CR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "0x34" msgstr "0x34" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "IFLS" msgstr "IFLS" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "0x38" msgstr "0x38" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "IMSC" msgstr "IMSC" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "11" msgstr "11" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "0x3c" msgstr "0x3c" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "RIS" msgstr "SIR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "0x40" msgstr "0x40" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "MIS" msgstr "SIG" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "0x44" msgstr "0x44" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "ICR" msgstr "RIC" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "0x48" msgstr "0x48" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "DMACR" msgstr "DMACR" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "3" msgstr "3" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." msgstr "" "Il existe également des registres d'identification qui ont été omis par " "souci de brièveté." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " "working with bitflags." msgstr "" "Le crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) est utile pour " "travailler avec les bitflags." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use bitflags::bitflags;\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct Flags: u16 {\n" " /// Clear to send.\n" " const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Data set ready.\n" " const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Data carrier detect.\n" " const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" " /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" " const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" " const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" " const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" " const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" " const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" " /// Ring indicator.\n" " const RI = 1 << 8;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " "with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." msgstr "" "La macro `bitflags!` crée un nouveau type quelque chose comme `Flags(u16)`, " "avec un tas de méthodes implémentations pour obtenir et définir des drapeaux." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Multiple registers" msgstr "Plusieurs registres" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." msgstr "" "Nous pouvons utiliser une structure pour représenter la disposition de la " "mémoire des registres de l'UART." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " dr: u16,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" " rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" " fr: Flags,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" " ilpr: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " ibrd: u16,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" " fbrd: u8,\n" " _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" " lcr_h: u8,\n" " _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" " cr: u16,\n" " _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" " ifls: u8,\n" " _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" " imsc: u16,\n" " _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" " ris: u16,\n" " _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" " mis: u16,\n" " _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" " icr: u16,\n" " _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" " dmacr: u8,\n" " _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " "following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " "predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " "(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." msgstr "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) indique le compilateur pour disposer les champs struct dans " "l'ordre, en suivant les mêmes règles que C. Ceci est nécessaire pour que " "notre structure ait une mise en page prévisible, car la représentation Rust " "par défaut permet compilateur pour (entre autres) réorganiser les champs " "comme bon lui semble." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." msgstr "" "Utilisons maintenant la nouvelle structure `Registers` dans notre pilote." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " "received.\n" " pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" " if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" " None\n" " } else {\n" " let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." "read_volatile() };\n" " // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" " Some(data as u8)\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " "fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." msgstr "" "Notez l'utilisation de `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` pour obtenir des " "pointeurs vers des champs individuels sans créer une référence " "intermédiaire, qui serait malsaine." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Using it" msgstr "En l'utilisant" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " "and echo incoming bytes." msgstr "" "Écrivons un petit programme en utilisant notre pilote pour écrire sur la " "console série et écho entrant octets." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::error;\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" "\n" " writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " if let Some(b) = uart.read_byte() {\n" " uart.write_byte(b);\n" " match b {\n" " b'\\r' => {\n" " uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n" " }\n" " b'q' => break,\n" " _ => {}\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " "function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " "notes there for details." msgstr "" "Comme dans l'exemple [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md), cette " "fonction `main` est appelée depuis notre code du point d'entrée dans `entry." "S`. Voir les notes du conférencier pour plus de détails." #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" "Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu` sous `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " "`Log` trait." msgstr "" "Ce serait bien de pouvoir utiliser les macros de journalisation du crate " "[`log`](https://crates.io/crates/log). Nous pouvons le faire en implémentant " "le trait `Log`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" "};\n" "\n" "struct Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Log for Logger {\n" " fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" " true\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" " writeln!(\n" " self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" " \"[{}] {}\",\n" " record.level(),\n" " record.args()\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn flush(&self) {}\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" "pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " "SetLoggerError> {\n" " LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" "\n" " log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" " log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " "`set_logger`." msgstr "" "Le déballage dans `log` est sûr car nous initialisons `LOGGER` avant " "d'appeler `set_logger`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "Nous devons initialiser l'enregistreur avant de l'utiliser." #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n" "\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." msgstr "" "Notez que notre gestionnaire de panique peut désormais enregistrer les " "détails des paniques." #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" "Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu_logger` sous `src/bare-metal/" "aps/examples`." #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3 msgid "" "AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " "exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " "SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " "We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " "calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use log::error;\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65 msgid "" "For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " "EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 msgid "" "For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " "expect any of them to actually happen." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69 msgid "" "We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " "less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." "md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " "example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " "rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " "it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" msgstr "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 #, fuzzy msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" msgstr "\"coreboot sans le C\"" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." msgstr "Prend en charge x86, aarch64 et RISC-V." #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." msgstr "" "S'appuie sur LinuxBoot plutôt que d'avoir lui-même de nombreux pilotes." #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" "raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" msgstr "" "\\[Tutoriel Rust RaspberryPi OS\\] (https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" "raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " "exception handling, page tables" msgstr "" "Initialisation, pilote UART, chargeur de démarrage simple, JTAG, niveaux " "d'exception, gestion des exceptions, tables de pages" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " "necessarily a good example to copy for production code." msgstr "Pas tous très bien écrits, alors méfiez-vous." #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" msgstr "[`pile-appel-cargo`](https://crates.io/crates/pile-appel-cargo)" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." msgstr "Analyse statique pour déterminer l'utilisation maximale de la pile." #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17 msgid "" "The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " "enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19 msgid "" "Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " "`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " "necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " "alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " "hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " "programming." msgstr "" "Nous allons passer en revue quelques caisses qui résolvent certains " "problèmes courants de la programmation bare-metal." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`zerocopy`" msgstr "`zérocopie`" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " "traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " "types." msgstr "" "La caisse [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) (de Fuchsia) fournit des " "traits et des macros pour convertir en toute sécurité entre séquences " "d'octets et autres types." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n" "\n" "#[repr(u32)]\n" "#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" "enum RequestType {\n" " #[default]\n" " In = 0,\n" " Out = 1,\n" " Flush = 4,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[repr(C)]\n" "#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" "struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n" " request_type: RequestType,\n" " reserved: u32,\n" " sector: u64,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n" " request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n" " sector: 42,\n" " ..Default::default()\n" " };\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " request.as_bytes(),\n" " &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n" " );\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " "but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " "DMA, or sent over some external interface." msgstr "" "Ce n'est pas adapté pour MMIO (car il n'utilise pas de lectures et " "d'écritures volatiles), mais peut être utile pour travailler avec des " "structures partagées avec du matériel, par ex. par DMA, ou envoyé sur une " "interface externe." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " "valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." msgstr "" "`FromBytes` peut être implémenté pour les types pour lesquels n'importe quel " "modèle d'octet est valide, et peut donc être en toute sécurité converti à " "partir d'une séquence d'octets non fiable." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " "`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " "all byte patterns are valid." msgstr "" "Tenter de dériver `FromBytes` pour ces types échouerait, car `RequestType` " "n'utilise pas tous les valeurs u32 possibles comme discriminants, donc tous " "les modèles d'octets ne sont pas valides." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` a des types pour les primitives numériques sensibles à " "l'ordre des octets." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" "Exécutez l'exemple avec `cargo run` sous `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "zerocopy-example/`. (Ce ne sera pas exécuter dans le Playground en raison de " "la dépendance de la caisse.)" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`aarch64-paging`" msgstr "`aarch64-pagination`" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " "you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " "Architecture." msgstr "" "La caisse [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) vous " "permet de créer des tables de pages en fonction de la mémoire virtuelle " "AArch64 Architecture du système." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use aarch64_paging::{\n" " idmap::IdMap,\n" " paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n" "};\n" "\n" "const ASID: usize = 1;\n" "const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n" "\n" "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" "let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n" "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" "idmap.map_range(\n" " &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n" " Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n" ").unwrap();\n" "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" "idmap.activate();\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " "be straightforward to add." msgstr "" "Pour l'instant, il ne prend en charge que EL1, mais la prise en charge " "d'autres niveaux d'exception devrait être simple à ajouter." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." "com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" "pvmfw/)." msgstr "" "Ceci est utilisé dans Android pour le \\[micrologiciel de la machine " "virtuelle protégée\\] [2](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/" "superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/pvmfw/)." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " "or under QEMU." msgstr "" "Il n'y a pas de moyen simple d'exécuter cet exemple, car il doit être " "exécuté sur du matériel réel ou sous QEMU." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " "is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " "be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" "buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " "the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " "allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " "space for PCI BARs:" msgstr "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " "est une caisse tierce implémentant un système d'allocation de copains de " "base. Il peut être utilisé à la fois pour [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/" "buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) " "implémentant [`GlobalAlloc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait." "GlobalAlloc.html) afin que vous puissiez utiliser le caisse `alloc` standard " "(comme nous l'avons vu \\[avant\\] [4](../alloc.md)), ou pour allouer un " "autre espace d'adressage. Par exemple, nous pourrions vouloir allouer de " "l'espace MMIO pour les PCI BAR :" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n" "use core::alloc::Layout;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n" " allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n" "\n" " let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n" " let bar = allocator\n" " .alloc_aligned(layout)\n" " .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n" " println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "Les PCI BAR ont toujours un alignement égal à leur taille." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" "Exécutez l'exemple avec `cargo run` sous `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "allocator-example/`. (Ce ne sera pas exécuter dans le Playground en raison " "de la dépendance de la caisse.)" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`tinyvec`" msgstr "`tinyvec`" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " "heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " "this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " "allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " "and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." msgstr "" "Parfois, vous voulez quelque chose qui peut être redimensionné comme un " "`Vec`, mais sans allocation de tas. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/" "tinyvec) fournit ceci : un vecteur soutenu par un tableau ou une tranche, " "qui pourrait être statiquement alloué ou sur la pile, qui garde une trace du " "nombre d'éléments utilisés et panique si vous essayez de utiliser plus que " "ce qui est alloué." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" " numbers.push(7);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" " numbers.remove(1);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " "initialisation." msgstr "" "`tinyvec` nécessite que le type d'élément implémente `Default` pour " "l'initialisation." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" "Le Rust Playground inclut `tinyvec`, donc cet exemple fonctionnera bien en " "ligne." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`spin`" msgstr "`tourner`" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " "are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " "interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" msgstr "" "`std::sync::Mutex` et les autres primitives de synchronisation de `std::" "sync` ne sont pas disponibles dans `core` ou `alloc`. Comment gérer la " "synchronisation ou la mutabilité intérieure, comme pour le partage état " "entre différents processeurs ?" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " "equivalents of many of these primitives." msgstr "" "Le crate [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) fournit des équivalents " "basés sur des verrous d'attente de plusieurs de ces primitives." #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static counter: SpinMutex = SpinMutex::new(0);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" " *counter.lock() += 2;\n" " println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23 msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24 msgid "" "`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " "`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 msgid "" "The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " "useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " "`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " "`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " "with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " "to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." msgstr "" "Pour construire un binaire Rust bare-metal dans AOSP, vous devez utiliser " "une règle Soong `rust_ffi_static` pour construire votre code Rust, puis un " "`cc_binary` avec un script de liaison pour produire le binaire lui-même, " "puis un `raw_binary` pour convertir l'ELF en un binaire brut prêt à être " "exécuté." #: src/bare-metal/android.md:7 msgid "" "```soong\n" "rust_ffi_static {\n" " name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n" " defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n" " crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"libvmbase\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "\n" "cc_binary {\n" " name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" " defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n" " srcs: [\n" " \"idmap.S\",\n" " ],\n" " static_libs: [\n" " \"libvmbase_example\",\n" " ],\n" " linker_scripts: [\n" " \"image.ld\",\n" " \":vmbase_sections\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "\n" "raw_binary {\n" " name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n" " stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n" " src: \":vmbase_example\",\n" " enabled: false,\n" " target: {\n" " android_arm64: {\n" " enabled: true,\n" " },\n" " },\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." "googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" "master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " "build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." msgstr "" "Pour les machines virtuelles exécutées sous crosvm sur aarch64, la " "bibliothèque [vmbase](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/" "modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/master/vmbase/) fournit un script de " "liaison et des informations utiles. valeurs par défaut pour les règles de " "construction, ainsi qu'un point d'entrée, la journalisation de la console " "UART et plus encore." #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use vmbase::{main, println};\n" "\n" "main!(main);\n" "\n" "pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n" " println!(\"Hello world\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " "entry point." msgstr "" "La macro `main!` marque votre fonction principale, à appeler depuis le point " "d'entrée `vmbase`." #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " "PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." msgstr "" "Le point d'entrée `vmbase` gère l'initialisation de la console et émet un " "PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF pour l'arrêt la VM si votre fonction principale revient." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." msgstr "" "Nous allons écrire un pilote pour le dispositif d'horloge en temps réel " "PL031." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "RTC driver" msgstr "Pilote RTC" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " "you should write a driver for it." msgstr "" "La machine QEMU aarch64 virt a une horloge en temps réel \\[PL031\\] [1]" "(https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0224/c) à 0x9010000. Pour cet " "exercice, vous devrait écrire un pilote pour cela et l'utiliser pour " "imprimer l'heure actuelle sur la console série. Vous pouvez utiliser la " "caisse [`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) pour le formatage de la " "date/heure." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6 msgid "" "Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " "[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8 msgid "" "Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " "time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10 msgid "" "_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " "the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" "docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12 msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13 msgid "" "Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" "wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." msgstr "" "Téléchargez le \\[modèle d'exercice\\] (../../comprehensive-rust-exercises." "zip) et regardez dans le `rtc` répertoire pour les fichiers suivants." #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" "const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" "const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" " // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " "base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" " let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " "GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " gic.setup();\n" "\n" " // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" "\n" " // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" "\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " "the exercise):" msgstr "" "`src/exceptions.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " trace!(\"irq_current\");\n" " let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending " "interrupt\");\n" " info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" "};\n" "\n" "struct Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Log for Logger {\n" " fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" " true\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" " writeln!(\n" " self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" " \"[{}] {}\",\n" " record.level(),\n" " record.args()\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn flush(&self) {}\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" "pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " "SetLoggerError> {\n" " LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" "\n" " log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" " log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "#![allow(unused)]\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" "use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" "use bitflags::bitflags;\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct Flags: u16 {\n" " /// Clear to send.\n" " const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Data set ready.\n" " const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Data carrier detect.\n" " const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" " /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" " const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" " const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" " const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" " const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" " const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" " /// Ring indicator.\n" " const RI = 1 << 8;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n" " /// Framing error.\n" " const FE = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Parity error.\n" " const PE = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Break error.\n" " const BE = 1 << 2;\n" " /// Overrun error.\n" " const OE = 1 << 3;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " dr: u16,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" " rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" " fr: Flags,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" " ilpr: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " ibrd: u16,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" " fbrd: u8,\n" " _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" " lcr_h: u8,\n" " _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" " cr: u16,\n" " _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" " ifls: u8,\n" " _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" " imsc: u16,\n" " _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" " ris: u16,\n" " _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" " mis: u16,\n" " _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" " icr: u16,\n" " _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" " dmacr: u8,\n" " _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " "received.\n" " pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" " if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" " None\n" " } else {\n" " let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." "read_volatile() };\n" " // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" " Some(data as u8)\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" "\n" "impl Write for Uart {\n" " fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" " for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" " self.write_byte(*c);\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" "\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"rtc\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n" "bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n" "chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n" "log = \"0.4.17\"\n" "smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n" "spin = \"0.9.8\"\n" "\n" "[build-dependencies]\n" "cc = \"1.0.73\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 #, fuzzy msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`build.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use cc::Build;\n" "use std::env;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n" " env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n" " env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n" "\n" " Build::new()\n" " .file(\"entry.S\")\n" " .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n" " .file(\"idmap.S\")\n" " .compile(\"empty\")\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 #, fuzzy msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`entry.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" ".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" "\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" "\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" "\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" ".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" ".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" "\n" "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" "/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " "fault instead. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" "/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" "/*\n" " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate " "write-allocate\n" " * cacheable.\n" " */\n" ".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" "/*\n" " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate " "write-allocate\n" " * cacheable.\n" " */\n" ".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" "/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" ".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" ".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." "L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" ".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." "L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" "\n" "/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" "/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" "/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" "/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" "/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" "/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" "/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " "28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" ".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." "L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" ".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." "L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations " "required to prepare the\n" " * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " "registers x25 and above,\n" " * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " "vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" " * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" " */\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" "\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU " "and caches. */\n" "\tadrp x30, idmap\n" "\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" "\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" "\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" "\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" "\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" "\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any " "potentially stale\n" "\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" "\t */\n" "\tisb\n" "\ttlbi vmalle1\n" "\tic iallu\n" "\tdsb nsh\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this has completed.\n" "\t */\n" "\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" "\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" "\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" "\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" "\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" "\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" "\tb.hs 1f\n" "\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" "\tb 0b\n" "\n" "1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" "\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" "\tmov sp, x30\n" "\n" "\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" "\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" "\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" "\tbl main\n" "\n" "\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2:\twfi\n" "\tb 2b\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 #, fuzzy msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`exceptions.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " "instructions\n" " * left.\n" " *\n" " * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " "respectively,\n" " * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " "call.\n" " */\n" ".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" "\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" "\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" "\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" "\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" "\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" "\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" "\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" "\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" "\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" "\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" "\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n" "\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" "\t */\n" "\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" "\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n" " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving " "18\n" " * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" " * instructions to spare.\n" " */\n" ".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" "\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" "\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" "\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" "\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" "\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" "\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" "\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" "\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" "\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" "\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" "\n" "\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" "\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" "\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" "\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" "\n" "\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" "\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " "using\n" " * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " "doing\n" " * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" " *\n" " * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n" " * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " "implement\n" " * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" " */\n" ".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" "\tmsr spsel, #1\n" "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" "\tbl \\handler\n" "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\tmsr spsel, #0\n" "\teret\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " "using\n" " * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " "volatile\n" " * registers, then returns.\n" " *\n" " * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" " * non-volatile registers.\n" " *\n" " * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n" " * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " "whole\n" " * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" " */\n" ".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" "\tbl \\handler\n" "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\teret\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" ".global vector_table_el1\n" ".balign 0x800\n" "vector_table_el1:\n" "sync_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 #, fuzzy msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`idmap.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" "\n" "/* Access flag. */\n" ".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" "/* Not global. */\n" ".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" ".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" "\n" ".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" ".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " "shareable\n" "\n" ".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" ".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" "\n" ".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" ".global idmap\n" ".align 12\n" "idmap:\n" "\t/* level 1 */\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" "\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" "\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 #, fuzzy msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`image.ld` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 msgid "" "```ld\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" "/*\n" " * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " "the\n" " * image.\n" " */\n" "ENTRY(entry)\n" "\n" "MEMORY\n" "{\n" "\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" "}\n" "\n" "SECTIONS\n" "{\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together the code.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" "\t\t*(.init.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\t.text : {\n" "\t\t*(.text.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\ttext_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\t.got : {\n" "\t\t*(.got)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\trodata_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n" "\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.data.*)\n" "\t\t/*\n" "\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" "\t\t * bytes long.\n" "\t\t */\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" "\t\tdata_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" "\tbin_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" "\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" "\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" "\t\t*(COMMON)\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" "\t\tbss_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" "\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" "\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" "\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" "\t */\n" "\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" "\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" "\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" "\t\t*(.hash)\n" "\t\t*(.interp)\n" "\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" "\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" "\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" "\t}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 #, fuzzy msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "`Makefile` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944 msgid "" "```makefile\n" "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "#\n" "# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "#\n" "# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "#\n" "# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "# limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n" "ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n" "\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n" "else\n" "\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n" "endif\n" "OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n" "\n" ".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n" "\n" "all: rtc.bin\n" "\n" "build:\n" "\tcargo build\n" "\n" "rtc.bin: build\n" "\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n" "\n" "qemu: rtc.bin\n" "\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio " "-display none -kernel $< -s\n" "\n" "clean:\n" "\tcargo clean\n" "\trm -f *.bin\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" "target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n" "rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "Exécutez le code dans QEMU avec `make qemu`." #: src/concurrency.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Bienvenue à Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust) 🦀" #: src/concurrency.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " "channels." msgstr "" "Rust prend entièrement en charge la concurrence en utilisant des threads de " "système d'exploitation avec des mutex et canaux." #: src/concurrency.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " "compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " "you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." msgstr "" "Le système de type Rust joue un rôle important dans la création de nombreux " "bugs de concurrence bogues de temps de compilation. Ceci est souvent appelé " "_concurrence sans peur_ puisque vous peut compter sur le compilateur pour " "assurer l'exactitude au moment de l'exécution." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgstr "" "Les threads Rust fonctionnent de la même manière que les threads dans " "d'autres langages :" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " thread::spawn(|| {\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" " }\n" " });\n" "\n" " for i in 1..5 {\n" " println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." msgstr "" "Les threads sont tous des threads démons, le thread principal ne les attend " "pas." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." msgstr "Les thread panics sont indépendants les uns des autres." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." msgstr "" "Les paniques peuvent transporter une charge utile, qui peut être " "décompressée avec `downcast_ref`." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " "not waiting." msgstr "" "Notez que le thread est arrêté avant d'atteindre 10 — le thread principal " "est pas attendre." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " "the thread to finish." msgstr "" "Utilisez `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` et plus tard `handle.join()` pour " "attendre le fil pour finir." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." msgstr "" "Déclenchez une panique dans le fil, notez que cela n'affecte pas `main`." #: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " "panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/any/index.html)." msgstr "" "Utilisez la valeur de retour `Result` de `handle.join()` pour accéder à la " "panique charge utile. C'est le bon moment pour parler de \\[`Tous`\\]." #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "Les threads normaux ne peuvent pas emprunter à leur environnement :" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(|| {\n" " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" " });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" "fn.scope.html) for this:" msgstr "" "Cependant, vous pouvez utiliser un [fil de discussion de portée](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.scope.html) pour cela :" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "\n" " thread::scope(|scope| {\n" " scope.spawn(|| {\n" " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" " });\n" " });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " "the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." msgstr "" "La raison en est que lorsque la fonction `thread::scope` se termine, tous " "les threads sont garantis d'être joints, afin qu'ils puissent renvoyer des " "données empruntées." #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " "thread, or immutably by any number of threads." msgstr "" "Les règles d'emprunt normales de Rust s'appliquent : vous pouvez soit " "emprunter de manière mutable par un thread, soit de manière immuable par " "n'importe quel nombre de threads." #: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " "parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." msgstr "" "Les canaux Rust ont deux parties : un `Sender` et un `Receiver`. Les " "deux parties sont connectés via le canal, mais vous ne voyez que les " "extrémités." #: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" "\n" " tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" " tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" "\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" "\n" " let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" " tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " "implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " "not." msgstr "" "`mpsc` signifie Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` et `SyncSender` " "implémentent `Clone` (donc vous pouvez créer plusieurs producteurs) mais " "`Receiver` ne le fait pas." #: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " "counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." msgstr "" "`send()` et `recv()` renvoient `Result`. S'ils renvoient `Err`, cela " "signifie que la contrepartie `Sender` ou `Receiver` est supprimé et le canal " "est fermé." #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "Vous obtenez un canal illimité et asynchrone avec `mpsc::channel()` :" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" " });\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "\n" " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" msgstr "" "Les canaux bornés et synchrones font que \"send\" bloque le thread actuel :" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" " });\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "\n" " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " "channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " "is nobody who reads from the channel." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 msgid "" "A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " "if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33 msgid "" "A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" msgstr "`Envoyer` et `Synchroniser`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " "two traits:" msgstr "" "Comment Rust sait-il interdire l'accès partagé à travers le thread? La " "réponse est en deux traits :" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " "is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) : un type `T` " "est `Send` s'il est sûr de déplacer un `T` à travers un thread frontière." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " "is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) : un type `T` " "est `Sync` s'il est sûr de déplacer un `&T` à travers un thread frontière." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " "compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " "contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " "you know it is valid." msgstr "" "`Send` et `Sync` sont des \\[caractéristiques non sécurisées\\] [3](../" "unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). Le compilateur les dérivera automatiquement pour " "vos types tant qu'ils ne contiennent que les types `Send` et `Sync`. Vous " "pouvez également les implémenter manuellement lorsque vous sachez qu'il est " "valide." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" "safety properties." msgstr "" "On peut considérer ces traits comme des marqueurs indiquant que le type " "possède certaines propriétés de sécurité des threads." #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." msgstr "" "Ils peuvent être utilisés dans les contraintes génériques comme des traits " "normaux." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send`" msgstr "`Envoyer`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " "if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." msgstr "" "Un type `T` est [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send." "html) s'il est sûr de déplacer une valeur `T` vers un autre thread." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " "run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " "thread and deallocate it in another." msgstr "" "L'effet du déplacement de la propriété vers un autre thread est que " "_destructors_ s'exécutera dans ce fil. La question est donc de savoir quand " "vous pouvez allouer une valeur dans un thread et le désallouer dans un autre." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13 msgid "" "As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " "a single thread." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Sync`" msgstr "`Synchroniser`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " "if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." msgstr "" "Un type `T` est [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync." "html) s'il est sûr d'accéder à une valeur `T` à partir de plusieurs fils en " "même temps." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" msgstr "Plus précisément, la définition est :" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" msgstr "`T` est `Sync` si et seulement si `&T` est `Envoyer`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " "thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " "across threads." msgstr "" "Cette déclaration est essentiellement une manière abrégée de dire que si un " "type est thread-safe pour une utilisation partagée, il est également thread-" "safe pour en passer des références à travers les threads." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " "multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " "issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " "is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " "be accessed from any thread safely." msgstr "" "En effet, si un type est Sync, cela signifie qu'il peut être partagé sur " "plusieurs threads sans risque de courses de données ou d'autres problèmes de " "synchronisation, il est donc sûr de le déplacer vers un autre thread. Une " "référence au type peut également être déplacée en toute sécurité vers un " "autre thread, car les données auxquelles elle fait référence sont " "accessibles à partir de n'importe quel thread en toute sécurité." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send + Sync`" msgstr "`Envoyer + Synchroniser`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" msgstr "La plupart des types que vous rencontrez sont `Send + Sync` :" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " "`Send + Sync`." msgstr "" "Les types génériques sont généralement \"Send + Sync\" lorsque les " "paramètres de type sont `Envoyer + Synchroniser`." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "`Send + !Sync`" msgstr "`Envoyer + !Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " "Typically because of interior mutability:" msgstr "" "Ces types peuvent être déplacés vers d'autres threads, mais ils ne sont pas " "thread-safe. Typiquement à cause de la mutabilité intérieure :" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" msgstr "`mpsc::Expéditeur`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" msgstr "`mpsc::Récepteur`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "`Cellule`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "`RefCell`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "`!Send + Sync`" msgstr "` !Envoyer + Synchroniser`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" msgstr "" "Ces types sont thread-safe, mais ils ne peuvent pas être déplacés vers un " "autre thread :" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " "thread which created them." msgstr "" "`MutexGuard` : utilise des primitives au niveau du système d'exploitation " "qui doivent être désallouées sur le fil qui les a créés." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" msgstr "`!Envoyer + !Synchroniser`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgstr "" "Ces types ne sont pas thread-safe et ne peuvent pas être déplacés vers " "d'autres threads :" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" "atomic reference count." msgstr "" "`Rc` : chaque `Rc` a une référence à un `RcBox`, qui contient un " "comptage de référence non atomique." #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " "considerations." msgstr "" "`*const T`, `*mut T` : Rust suppose que les pointeurs bruts peuvent avoir " "des considérations de concurrence." #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " "primarily done via two types:" msgstr "" "Rust utilise le système de type pour appliquer la synchronisation des " "données partagées. C'est se fait principalement via deux types:" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " "reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " "deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), référence " "atomique comptée `T` : gère le partage entre les threads et prend soin de " "désallouer 'T' lorsque la dernière référence est supprimée," #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " "mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) : " "garantit un accès mutuellement exclusif à la valeur `T`." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Arc`" msgstr "`Arc`" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " "read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" msgstr "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) permet un " "accès partagé en lecture seule via sa méthode `clone` :" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" " let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" " for _ in 1..5 {\n" " let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" " handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" " }));\n" " }\n" "\n" " handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " "that uses atomic operations." msgstr "" "`Arc` signifie \"Atomic Reference Counted\", une version thread-safe de `Rc` " "qui utilise opérations." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " "and `Sync` iff `T` implements them both." msgstr "" "`Arc` implémente `Clone` que `T` le fasse ou non. Il implémente `Send` et " "`Sync` ssi `T` les met en œuvre tous les deux." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " "after that the use of the `T` is free." msgstr "" "`Arc::clone()` a le coût des opérations atomiques qui sont exécutées, mais " "après cela, l'utilisation du 'T' est libre." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " "them." msgstr "" "Méfiez-vous des cycles de référence, `Arc` n'utilise pas de ramasse-miettes " "pour les détecter." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` peut aider." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "`Mutex`" msgstr "`Mutex`" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " "mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " "interface:" msgstr "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) garantit " "l'exclusion mutuelle _et_ permet un accès mutable à `T` derrière une " "interface en lecture seule :" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" "\n" " {\n" " let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" " guard.push(40);\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " "implementation." msgstr "" "Remarquez comment nous avons une couverture [`impl Sync for " "Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-" "for-Mutex%3CT%3E) mise en œuvre." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " "protected data." msgstr "" "`Mutex` dans Rust ressemble à une collection avec un seul élément - les " "données protégées." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " "protected data." msgstr "" "Il n'est pas possible d'oublier d'acquérir le mutex avant d'accéder aux " "données protégées." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " "`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez obtenir un `&mut T` à partir d'un `&Mutex` en prenant le " "verrou. Le `MutexGuard` garantit que le `&mut T` ne survit pas au " "verrouillage en cours." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " "implements `Send`." msgstr "" "`Mutex` implémente à la fois `Send` et `Sync` ssi `T` implémente `Send`." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." msgstr "Un homologue de verrouillage en lecture-écriture - `RwLock`." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " msgstr "Pourquoi `lock()` renvoie-t-il un `Result` ?" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " "\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " "inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " "[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " "You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." msgstr "" "Si le thread qui contenait le `Mutex` a paniqué, le `Mutex` devient " "\"empoisonné\" pour signaler que les données qu'il protège peuvent être dans " "un état incohérent. Appel de `lock()` sur un mutex empoisonné échoue avec " "une [`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError." "html). Vous pouvez appeler `into_inner()` sur l'erreur pour récupérer les " "données indépendamment de." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "Voyons `Arc` et `Mutex` en action :" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::thread;\n" "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" " v.push(10);\n" " });\n" " v.push(1000);\n" "\n" " handle.join().unwrap();\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "Solution possible:" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" "\n" " let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" " let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" " v2.push(10);\n" " });\n" "\n" " {\n" " let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" " v.push(1000);\n" " }\n" "\n" " handle.join().unwrap();\n" "\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 #, fuzzy msgid "Notable parts:" msgstr "Parties notables :" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " "orthogonal." msgstr "" "`v` est enveloppé à la fois dans `Arc` et `Mutex`, car leurs préoccupations " "sont orthogonales." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " "between threads." msgstr "" "Envelopper un `Mutex` dans un `Arc` est un modèle courant pour partager un " "état mutable entre les threads." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " "thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." msgstr "" "`v: Arc<_>` doit être cloné en tant que `v2` avant de pouvoir être déplacé " "dans un autre thread. Remarque \"move\" a été ajouté à la signature lambda." #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " "possible." msgstr "" "Des blocs sont introduits pour réduire autant que possible la portée du " "\"LockGuard\"." #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" msgstr "" "Mettons en pratique nos nouvelles compétences en matière de concurrence avec" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." msgstr "Dîner philosophes : un problème classique de la concurrence." #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " "download dependencies and then check links in parallel." msgstr "" "Vérificateur de liens multithread : un projet plus vaste dans lequel vous " "utiliserez Cargo pour télécharger les dépendances puis vérifier les liens en " "parallèle." #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" msgstr "" "Le problème des philosophes de la restauration est un problème classique en " "concurrence :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " "their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " "served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " "philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " "only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " "forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " "not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " "down both forks." msgstr "" "Cinq philosophes dînent ensemble à la même table. Chaque philosophe a son " "propre place à table. Il y a une fourchette entre chaque assiette. Le plat " "servi est une sorte de spaghetti qui se mange avec deux fourchettes. Chaque " "philosophe peut seulement penser et manger alternativement. De plus, un " "philosophe ne peut que manger leur des spaghettis lorsqu'ils ont à la fois " "une fourchette gauche et droite. Ainsi deux fourches ne feront que être " "disponible lorsque ses deux voisins les plus proches pensent, ne mangent " "pas. Après un philosophe individuel finit de manger, ils poseront les deux " "fourchettes." #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " "out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" "Vous aurez besoin d'une [installation Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "locale pour cet exercice. Copiez le code ci-dessous dans un fichier appelé " "`src/main.rs`, remplissez le vides, et testez que `cargo run` ne se bloque " "pas :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // Create forks\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" "\n" " // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 #, fuzzy msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser le fichier `Cargo.toml` suivant :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " "should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " "should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " "until all pages have been validated." msgstr "" "Utilisons nos nouvelles connaissances pour créer un vérificateur de liens " "multi-thread. Cela devrait commencez par une page Web et vérifiez que les " "liens sur la page sont valides. Cela devrait vérifier récursivement d'autres " "pages sur le même domaine et continuer à le faire jusqu'à ce que tous les " "pages ont été validées." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" "reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" msgstr "" "Pour cela, vous aurez besoin d'un client HTTP tel que [`reqwest`](https://" "docs.rs/reqwest/). Créer un nouveau Projet Cargo et `reqwest` comme " "dépendance avec :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo new link-checker\n" "$ cd link-checker\n" "$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " "`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." msgstr "" "Si `cargo add` échoue avec `error: no such subcommand`, veuillez modifier le " "Fichier `Cargo.toml` à la main. Ajoutez les dépendances répertoriées ci-" "dessous." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." "rs/scraper/) for that:" msgstr "" "Vous aurez également besoin d'un moyen de trouver des liens. Nous pouvons " "utiliser [`scraper`](https://docs.rs/scraper/) pour cela :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo add scraper\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" "(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" msgstr "" "Enfin, nous aurons besoin d'un moyen de gérer les erreurs. Nous utilisons " "[`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) pour ce:" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo add thiserror\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" msgstr "" "Les appels `cargo add` mettront à jour le fichier `Cargo.toml` pour qu'il " "ressemble à ceci :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"link-checker\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" "tls\"] }\n" "scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" "thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" "www.google.org/`." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez maintenant télécharger la page de démarrage. Essayez avec un " "petit site comme `https://www.google.org/`." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53 #, fuzzy msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "Votre fichier `src/main.rs` devrait ressembler à ceci :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n" "use reqwest::Url;\n" "use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" "enum Error {\n" " #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" " ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result, Error> {\n" " let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" " let document = response.text()?;\n" " let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n" " let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n" " for element in html.select(&selector) {\n" " if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n" " match base_url.join(href) {\n" " Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: " "{err} (ignored)\",);\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " Ok(valid_urls)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" " let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n" " match extract_links(response) {\n" " Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:100 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "Exécutez le code dans `src/main.rs` avec" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo run\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:108 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " "channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." msgstr "" "Utilisez des threads pour vérifier les liens en parallèle : envoyez les URL " "à vérifier à un channel et laissez quelques threads vérifier les URL en " "parallèle." #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:110 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." "org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " "being blocked by the site." msgstr "" "Étendez ceci pour extraire de manière récursive les liens de toutes les " "pages du domaine \"www.google.org\". Fixez une limite supérieure de 100 " "pages environ afin que vous ne finissez pas par être bloqué par le site." #: src/async.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Async Rust" msgstr "Pourquoi Rust ?" #: src/async.md:3 msgid "" "\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " "concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " "another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " "larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " "per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " "primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:10 msgid "" "Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " "that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " "signal that they are complete." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:14 msgid "" "Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " "available." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "Comparisons" msgstr "Comparaison" #: src/async.md:19 msgid "" "Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " "callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " "similar to a runtime in Rust." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:23 msgid "" "JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " "runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " "resolution are hidden." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:1 msgid "`async`/`await`" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:3 msgid "" "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " "code:" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use futures::executor::block_on;\n" "\n" "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" " for i in 1..=count {\n" " println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" " count_to(count).await;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " block_on(async_main(10));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:27 msgid "" "Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " "running operation or any real concurrency in it!" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:30 msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:31 msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:33 msgid "" "The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " "type with a future. " msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:36 msgid "" "You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " "compiler on how to use the returned future." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:39 msgid "" "You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " "until the provided future has run to completion. " msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:42 msgid "" "`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " "Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:45 msgid "" "`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " "introduced later). " msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:3 msgid "" "[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " "trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " "complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:8 msgid "" "```rust\n" "use std::pin::Pin;\n" "use std::task::Context;\n" "\n" "pub trait Future {\n" " type Output;\n" " fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll;\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub enum Poll {\n" " Ready(T),\n" " Pending,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:23 msgid "" "An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " "uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " "`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " "joining to it." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:27 msgid "" "The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " "to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:32 msgid "" "The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " "links to show the implementations in the docs." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:35 msgid "" "We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " "code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:38 msgid "" "`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " "event occurs." msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:41 msgid "" "`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " "that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " "valid after an `.await`." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:3 msgid "" "A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " "_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " "does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:7 msgid "" "[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " "functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" "github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:10 msgid "" "[async-std](https://async.rs/) - aims to be a \"std for async\", and " "includes a basic runtime in `async::task`." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:12 msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - simple and lightweight" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:14 msgid "" "Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" "(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" "async/src/lib.rs) already has one." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:20 msgid "" "Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " "playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " "async things can't run in the playground." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes.md:24 msgid "" "Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " "operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " "Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " "used." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4 msgid "Tokio provides: " msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8 msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "\n" "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" " for i in 1..=count {\n" " println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n" "\n" " for i in 1..5 {\n" " println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35 msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37 msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39 msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41 msgid "" "Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " "cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " "until it finishes." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45 msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47 msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:3 msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:5 msgid "" "A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " "progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " "method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " "task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " "and an I/O operation." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n" "use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n" "\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" "\n" " println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n" "\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " return;\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n" " let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n" " Ok(n) => {\n" " let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()." "trim();\n" " format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n" " }\n" " Err(e) => {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " return;\n" " }\n" " };\n" "\n" " if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 msgid "" "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:54 msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " "a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:57 msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " "similar to an `async fn`. " msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:61 msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " "using `?`." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:3 msgid "" "Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" "\n" "async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n" " let mut count: usize = 0;\n" "\n" " while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n" " count += 1;\n" " println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n" " for i in 0..10 {\n" " sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n" " println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n" " }\n" "\n" " std::mem::drop(sender);\n" " ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler " "task.\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:35 msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:37 msgid "" "Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " "[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:40 msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:42 msgid "" "The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " "implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " "for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:46 msgid "" "What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " "combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " "flow." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Futures Control Flow" msgstr "Flux de contrôle" #: src/async/control-flow.md:3 msgid "" "Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " "We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " "execution." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow.md:6 msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow.md:7 msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3 msgid "" "A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " "a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " "JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use anyhow::Result;\n" "use futures::future;\n" "use reqwest;\n" "use std::collections::HashMap;\n" "\n" "async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n" " let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n" " Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n" " \"https://google.com\",\n" " \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n" " \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n" " \"BAD_URL\",\n" " ];\n" " let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n" " let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n" " let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n" " urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 msgid "" "For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " "you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " "currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42 msgid "" "The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " "cause your program to stall. " msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45 msgid "" "You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " "requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " "`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " "timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " "demonstrates `join!`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3 msgid "" "A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " "responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." "race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." "FIRST_COMPLETED)`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8 msgid "" "Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " "each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " "ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " "the `future`'s result." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n" "enum Animal {\n" " Cat { name: String },\n" " Dog { name: String },\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n" " mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n" " mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n" ") -> Option {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n" " dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n" " cat_sender\n" " .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n" " });\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n" " dog_sender\n" " .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n" " });\n" "\n" " let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n" "\n" " println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " "`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " "whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " "that take 500ms seconds." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 msgid "" "You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " "to receive only one `send`." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 msgid "" "Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " "of futures." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73 msgid "" "Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " "It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76 msgid "" "An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " "this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:1 msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:3 msgid "" "Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " "asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " "with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " "chapter:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:5 msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:6 msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1 msgid "Blocking the executor" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3 msgid "" "Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " "CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " "being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " "possible." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use futures::future::join_all;\n" "use std::time::Instant;\n" "\n" "async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n" " std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n" " println!(\n" " \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n" " start.elapsed().as_millis()\n" " );\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let start = Instant::now();\n" " let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n" " join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 msgid "" "Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " "concurrently." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32 msgid "" "The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " "makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" "threaded flavor." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36 msgid "" "Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38 msgid "" "Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " "thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41 msgid "" "You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " "executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " "particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " "where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " "OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " "situations." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47 msgid "" "Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " "another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 msgid "" "When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " "stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " "async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " "pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 msgid "" "Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " "change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " "repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n" "use tokio::task::spawn;\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Work {\n" " input: u32,\n" " respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" "async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n" " let mut iterations = 0;\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n" " work.respond_on\n" " .send(work.input * 1000)\n" " .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n" " iterations += 1;\n" " }\n" " // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" "async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n" " let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n" " work_queue\n" " .send(Work {\n" " input,\n" " respond_on: tx,\n" " })\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n" " rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" " spawn(worker(rx));\n" " for i in 0..100 {\n" " let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n" " println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 msgid "" "You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " "call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 msgid "" "This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " "time with it." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 msgid "" "Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " "the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77 msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:79 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "loop {\n" " select! {\n" " ..,\n" " _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " "`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" "pin`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:92 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n" "loop {\n" " select! {\n" " ..,\n" " _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " "iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " "`timeout_fut` every time it expires." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106 msgid "" "Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " "stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " "but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110 msgid "" "Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " "will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " "experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid " "term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-" "nightly.html))" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5 msgid "" "The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " "provides a workaround through a macro:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use async_trait::async_trait;\n" "use std::time::Instant;\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "#[async_trait]\n" "trait Sleeper {\n" " async fn sleep(&self);\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct FixedSleeper {\n" " sleep_ms: u64,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[async_trait]\n" "impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n" " async fn sleep(&self) {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, " "n_times: usize) {\n" " for _ in 0..n_times {\n" " println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n" " for sleeper in &sleepers {\n" " let start = Instant::now();\n" " sleeper.sleep().await;\n" " println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n" " Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n" " Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n" " ];\n" " run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 msgid "" "`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " "achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54 msgid "" "The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " "probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " "explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" "blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " "digging deeper." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60 msgid "" "Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " "time and adding it to the Vec." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3 msgid "" "Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " "_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " "ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " "example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n" "\n" "struct LinesReader {\n" " stream: DuplexStream,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl LinesReader {\n" " fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" " Self { stream }\n" " }\n" "\n" " async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" " let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n" " let mut buf = [0];\n" " while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n" " bytes.push(buf[0]);\n" " if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n" " break;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " if bytes.is_empty() {\n" " return Ok(None)\n" " }\n" " let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n" " .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not " "UTF-8\"))?;\n" " Ok(Some(s))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::" "Result<()> {\n" " for b in source.bytes() {\n" " dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n" " tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n" " let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n" " let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), " "client));\n" "\n" " let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n" " let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n" " line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n" " print!(\"{}\", l)\n" " } else {\n" " break\n" " },\n" " }\n" " }\n" " handle.await.unwrap()?;\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 msgid "" "The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " "documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75 msgid "" "Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " "error-handling)." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78 msgid "The example loses parts of the string." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80 msgid "" "Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " "dropped." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82 msgid "" "`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by makeing `buf` part of the " "struct:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "struct LinesReader {\n" " stream: DuplexStream,\n" " bytes: Vec,\n" " buf: [u8; 1],\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl LinesReader {\n" " fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" " Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n" " }\n" " async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" " // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" " // ...\n" " let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n" " let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n" " // ...\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 msgid "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " "tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107 msgid "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " "returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 msgid "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " "cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3 msgid "" "To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" "Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " "you are going to implement it with Async Rust." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8 msgid "" "A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " "experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" msgstr "Philosophes de la restauration" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 msgid "" "See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " "problem." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" "locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" "main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" "Vous aurez besoin d'une [installation Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "locale pour cet exercice. Copiez le code ci-dessous dans un fichier appelé " "`src/main.rs`, remplissez le vides, et testez que `cargo run` ne se bloque " "pas :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" "use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " async fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." "await\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " async fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " // Create forks\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" "\n" " // Make them think and eat\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 msgid "" "Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " "\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72 msgid "" "Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " "from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77 msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 msgid "" "In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " "chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " "publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " "input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " "that it receives to all the clients." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9 msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" "(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) for the " "communication between the client and the server." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13 msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 msgid "`Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"chat-async\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n" "http = \"0.2.9\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" "tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32 msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " "[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" "tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " "API. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 msgid "" "[WebsocketStream::next()](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" "tokio_websockets/proto/struct.WebsocketStream.html#method.next): for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 msgid "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" "trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " "asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41 msgid "" "[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." "html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " "standard input." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43 msgid "" "[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "Two binaries" msgstr "Binaires de rouille" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48 msgid "" "Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." "rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " "for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " "but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " "For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " "(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" "targets.html#binaries)). " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55 msgid "" "Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" "bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " "described below. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:117 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:" msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" "use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" "use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" "\n" "async fn handle_connection(\n" " addr: SocketAddr,\n" " mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" " bcast_tx: Sender,\n" ") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" "\n" " // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" "\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" "\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" " println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" " println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" " let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" " let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" "\n" " handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:202 #, fuzzy msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:" msgstr "`src/main.rs` :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:106 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" "use http::Uri;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" " let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" "from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" " .connect()\n" " .await?;\n" "\n" " let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" " let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" "\n" "\n" " // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" "\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127 #, fuzzy msgid "Running the binaries" msgstr "Exécution du parcours" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128 #, fuzzy msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo run --bin server\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134 #, fuzzy msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:136 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo run --bin client\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142 msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 msgid "" "Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " "continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " "them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:147 msgid "" "Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " "performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " "sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " "displaying them for the user." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:151 msgid "" "Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " "clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" #: src/thanks.md:3 msgid "" "_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " "that it was useful." msgstr "" "_Merci d'avoir pris Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust) 🦀!_ Nous " "espérons que vous l'avez apprécié et qu'il était utile." #: src/thanks.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " "perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " "please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." msgstr "" "Nous nous sommes beaucoup amusés à préparer le cours. Le cours n'est pas " "parfait, donc si vous avez repéré des erreurs ou avez des idées " "d'améliorations, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter [contactez-nous au GitHub]" "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nous aimerions " "d'avoir de tes nouvelles." #: src/other-resources.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Other Rust Resources" msgstr "Autres ressources de rouille" #: src/other-resources.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " "online." msgstr "" "La communauté Rust a créé une multitude de ressources gratuites et de haute " "qualité en ligne." #: src/other-resources.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Official Documentation" msgstr "Documents officiels" #: src/other-resources.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" msgstr "" "Le projet Rust héberge de nombreuses ressources. Celles-ci couvrent Rust en " "général :" #: src/other-resources.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " "canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " "few projects for people to build." msgstr "" "[Le langage de programmation Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/) : le " "livre canonique gratuit sur Rust. Couvre la langue en détail et comprend un " "peu de projets à construire." #: src/other-resources.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " "Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " "Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " "in the examples." msgstr "" "[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/) : couvre la " "rouille syntaxe via une série d'exemples qui présentent différentes " "constructions. Parfois comprend de petits exercices où l'on vous demande de " "développer le code dans le exemples." #: src/other-resources.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " "of the standard library for Rust." msgstr "" "[Bibliothèque standard Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/) : documentation " "complète de la bibliothèque standard de Rust." #: src/other-resources.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " "book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." msgstr "" "[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/) : un livre " "incomplet qui décrit la grammaire et le modèle de mémoire de Rust." #: src/other-resources.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" msgstr "Des guides plus spécialisés hébergés sur le site officiel de Rust :" #: src/other-resources.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " "including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " "(FFI)." msgstr "" "[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/) : couvre la rouille " "dangereuse, y compris le travail avec des pointeurs bruts et l'interfaçage " "avec d'autres langages (FFI)." #: src/other-resources.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " "covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " "Rust Book was written." msgstr "" "[Programmation asynchrone dans Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-" "book/) : couvre le nouveau modèle de programmation asynchrone qui a été " "introduit après la Rust Book a été écrit." #: src/other-resources.md:30 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " "an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " "system." msgstr "" "[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/) : " "un introduction à l'utilisation de Rust sur des appareils embarqués sans " "système d'exploitation." #: src/other-resources.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" msgstr "Matériel d'apprentissage non officiel" #: src/other-resources.md:35 #, fuzzy msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" msgstr "Une petite sélection d'autres guides et tutoriels pour Rust :" #: src/other-resources.md:37 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " "from the perspective of low-level C programmers." msgstr "" "[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/) : couvre " "Rust du point de vue des programmeurs C de bas niveau." #: src/other-resources.md:39 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" "rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " "firmware in C." msgstr "" "\\[Rouille pour Embedded C Programmeurs\\] (https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/" "ug/rust_for_c/) : couvre Rust de le point de vue des développeurs qui " "écrivent des firmwares en C." #: src/other-resources.md:42 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " "covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " "languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." msgstr "" "[Rust pour les professionnels](https://overexact.com/rust-for-" "professionals/): couvre la syntaxe de Rust en utilisant des comparaisons " "côte à côte avec d'autres langages tels que C, C++, Java, JavaScript et " "Python." #: src/other-resources.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " "you learn Rust." msgstr "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust) : plus de 100 exercices " "pour vous aider vous apprenez Rust." #: src/other-resources.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" "material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " "and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " "and async/await are also covered." msgstr "" "\\[Enseignement ferreux Matériel\\] (https://ferrous-systems.github.io/" "teaching-material/index.html) : un série de petites présentations couvrant à " "la fois la partie de base et avancée de la Langue de rouille. D'autres " "sujets tels que WebAssembly et async/wait sont également couvert." #: src/other-resources.md:52 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" "series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." "microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " "new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " "11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." msgstr "" "[Série débutant à Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" "series-to-rust/) et [Faites vos premiers pas avec Rust](https://docs." "microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/) : deux Guides Rust " "destinés aux nouveaux développeurs. Le premier est un ensemble de 35 vidéos " "et le le second est un ensemble de 11 modules qui couvre la syntaxe Rust et " "les constructions de base." #: src/other-resources.md:58 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " "rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." msgstr "" "\\[Apprenez Rust avec trop de liens Listes\\] (https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/) : en profondeur exploration des règles de gestion " "de la mémoire de Rust, en implémentant quelques différents types de " "structures de liste." #: src/other-resources.md:63 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " "for even more Rust books." msgstr "" "Veuillez consulter le [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/" "book/) pour encore plus de livres Rust." #: src/credits.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " "documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " "full list of useful resources." msgstr "" "Le matériel ici s'appuie sur les nombreuses sources de documentation de " "Rust. Voir la page sur \\[autres ressources\\] (other-resources.md) pour une " "liste complète des ressources utiles ressources." #: src/credits.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " "2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details." msgstr "" "Le matériel de Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust) est sous licence " "sous les termes de la licence d'Apache 2.0, veuillez consulter [`LICENSE`]" "(../LICENSE) pour plus de détails." #: src/credits.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust by Example" msgstr "Rouille par exemple" #: src/credits.md:14 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " "Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " "`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " "terms." msgstr "" "Quelques exemples et exercices ont été copiés et adaptés de [Rust by Exemple]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Veuillez consulter le " "Répertoire `third_party/rust-by-example/` pour plus de détails, y compris la " "licence conditions." #: src/credits.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust on Exercism" msgstr "Rouille sur l'exercice" #: src/credits.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" "exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" "Certains exercices ont été copiés et adaptés de \\[Rust on Exercice\\] " "(https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Veuillez consulter le Répertoire " "`third_party/rust-on-exercism/` pour plus de détails, y compris la licence " "conditions." #: src/credits.md:26 #, fuzzy msgid "CXX" msgstr "\\## CXX" #: src/credits.md:28 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " "uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" "La section [Interopérabilité avec C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) " "utilise un image de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Veuillez consulter le répertoire " "`third_party/cxx/` pour plus de détails, y compris les termes de la licence." #: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." msgstr "Vous trouverez les solutions aux exercices dans les pages suivantes." #: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " "different or better solution than what is presented here." msgstr "" "N'hésitez pas à poser des questions sur les solutions [sur GitHub](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Faites le nous savoir si " "vous avez une solution différente ou meilleure que celle présentée ici." #: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " "comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-" "use parts of the solutions as the exercises." msgstr "" "**Remarque :** Veuillez ignorer `// ANCHOR : libellé` et `// ANCHOR_END : " "libellé` commentaires que vous voyez dans les solutions. Ils sont là pour " "permettre de réutiliser des parties des solutions comme exercices." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" msgstr "Exercices du matin du jour 1" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](for-loops.md))" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: transpose\n" "fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" " let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" " for i in 0..3 {\n" " for j in 0..3 {\n" " result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" " }\n" " }\n" " return result;\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" " for row in matrix {\n" " println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: tests\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_transpose() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], //\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " transposed,\n" " [\n" " [101, 201, 301], //\n" " [102, 202, 302],\n" " [103, 203, 303],\n" " ]\n" " );\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: tests\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "fn main() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" "\n" " println!(\"matrix:\");\n" " pretty_print(&matrix);\n" "\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " println!(\"transposed:\");\n" " pretty_print(&transposed);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78 #, fuzzy msgid "Bonus question" msgstr "Question bonus" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 #, fuzzy msgid "" "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" "of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " "function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " "return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." msgstr "" "Cela nécessite des concepts plus avancés. Il pourrait sembler que nous " "pourrions utiliser une tranche de tranches (`&[&[i32]]`) comme type d'entrée " "à transposer et ainsi faire en sorte que notre fonction gère n'importe " "quelle taille de matrice. Cependant, cela tombe rapidement en panne : le " "type de retour ne peut pas être `&[&[i32]]` car il doit posséder les données " "que vous renvoyez." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " "out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez essayer d'utiliser quelque chose comme `Vec>`, mais " "cela ne fonctionne pas non plus : il est difficile de convertir " "`Vec>` en `&[ &[i32]]` vous ne pouvez donc plus utiliser facilement " "`pretty_print` non plus." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" "AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " "abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." msgstr "" "Une fois arrivés aux traits et aux génériques, nous pourrons utiliser le " "trait [`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." "AsRef.html) pour faire abstraction de tout ce qui peut être référencé en " "tant que tranche." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86 msgid "" "```rust\n" "use std::convert::AsRef;\n" "use std::fmt::Debug;\n" "\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" "where\n" " T: Debug,\n" " // A line references a slice of items\n" " Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" " // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" " Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" "{\n" " for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // &[&[i32]]\n" " pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" " // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" " pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" " // Vec>\n" " pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " "the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." msgstr "" "De plus, le type lui-même n'imposerait pas que les tranches enfants aient la " "même longueur, de sorte qu'une telle variable pourrait contenir une matrice " "non valide." #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Designing a Library" msgstr "Conception d'une bibliothèque" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](book-library.md))" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "struct Library {\n" " books: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Book {\n" " title: String,\n" " year: u16,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Book {\n" " // This is a constructor, used below.\n" " fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" " Book {\n" " title: String::from(title),\n" " year,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" "// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" "//\n" "// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" "// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" "// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" "impl Library {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_new\n" " fn new() -> Library {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" " Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_len\n" " //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" " // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" " fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" " self.books.len()\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" " //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" " // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" " fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" " self.books.is_empty()\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" " //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" " // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" " fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" " self.books.push(book)\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" " //fn print_books(self) {\n" " // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " "year\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" " fn print_books(&self) {\n" " for book in &self.books {\n" " println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" " //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" " fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" " // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" "\n" " // Longer hand-written solution:\n" " let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n" " for book in self.books.iter() {\n" " if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n" " oldest = Some(book);\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " oldest\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" "// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" "// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" "// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let library = Library::new();\n" "\n" " //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." "is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " "library.is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //\n" " //library.print_books();\n" " //\n" " //match library.oldest_book() {\n" " // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" " // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" " //}\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" " //library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_len() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" " assert!(library.is_empty());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" " assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert!(library.is_empty());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_print_books() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" " // method to start with.\n" " library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" " Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" " );\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" " Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" " );\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" msgstr "Exercices du matin du jour 2" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](points-polygones.md))" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" "// ANCHOR: Point\n" "pub struct Point {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Point\n" " x: i32,\n" " y: i32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n" "impl Point {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n" " pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n" " Point { x, y }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n" " f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n" " (self - other).magnitude()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" " Self {\n" " x: self.x + other.x,\n" " y: self.y + other.y,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" " Self {\n" " x: self.x - other.x,\n" " y: self.y - other.y,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Polygon\n" "pub struct Polygon {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n" " points: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n" "impl Polygon {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n" " pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n" " Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n" " self.points.push(point);\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option {\n" " self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n" " self.points.iter()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n" " if self.points.is_empty() {\n" " return 0.0;\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut result = 0.0;\n" " let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n" " for point in &self.points[1..] {\n" " result += last_point.dist(*point);\n" " last_point = *point;\n" " }\n" " result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" " result\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Circle\n" "pub struct Circle {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n" " center: Point,\n" " radius: i32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n" "impl Circle {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n" " pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n" " Circle { center, radius }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" " 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n" " self.center.dist(other.center)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Shape\n" "pub enum Shape {\n" " Polygon(Polygon),\n" " Circle(Circle),\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n" "\n" "impl From for Shape {\n" " fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n" " Shape::Polygon(poly)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl From for Shape {\n" " fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n" " Shape::Circle(circle)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Shape {\n" " pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n" " match self {\n" " Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n" " Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" " (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_dist() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_add() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" " let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" " assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" " assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" "\n" " let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" " let shapes = vec![\n" " Shape::from(poly),\n" " Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" " ];\n" " let perimeters = shapes\n" " .iter()\n" " .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" " .map(round_two_digits)\n" " .collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 2" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](luhn.md))" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: luhn\n" "pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" " let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" " let mut sum = 0;\n" " for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." "enumerate() {\n" " match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" " Some(d) => {\n" " sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" " let dd = d * 2;\n" " dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" " } else {\n" " d\n" " };\n" " digits_seen += 1;\n" " }\n" " None => return false,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " if digits_seen < 2 {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" "\n" " sum % 10 == 0\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" " println!(\n" " \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" " if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" " );\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:99 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](strings-iterators.md))" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:101 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" "pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" "\n" " let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n" "\n" " for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n" " let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n" " return false;\n" " };\n" " if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " true\n" "\n" " // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " "prefix\n" " // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " "of\n" " // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " "request\n" " // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " "chain()\n" " // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " "segments,\n" " // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" "abc-123\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" "books\"));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" "publishers\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" " ));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" "publishers\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" " ));\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" msgstr "Jour 3 Exercice du matin" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](simple-gui.md))" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "pub trait Widget {\n" " /// Natural width of `self`.\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" " fn draw(&self) {\n" " let mut buffer = String::new();\n" " self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" " println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Label {\n" " label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Label {\n" " fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" " Label {\n" " label: label.to_owned(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Button {\n" " label: Label,\n" " callback: Box,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Button {\n" " fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" " Button {\n" " label: Label::new(label),\n" " callback,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Window {\n" " title: String,\n" " widgets: Vec>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Window {\n" " fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" " Window {\n" " title: title.to_owned(),\n" " widgets: Vec::new(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" " self.widgets.push(widget);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" " std::cmp::max(\n" " self.title.chars().count(),\n" " self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" " )\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" "impl Widget for Window {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" " // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" " self.inner_width() + 4\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" " let mut inner = String::new();\n" " for widget in &self.widgets {\n" " widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n" "\n" " // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" " // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" " // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" " self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" " let width = self.width();\n" " let mut label = String::new();\n" " self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" "\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" " self.label\n" " .lines()\n" " .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" " .max()\n" " .unwrap_or(0)\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." "\")));\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" " \"Click me!\",\n" " Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" " )));\n" " window.draw();\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 3" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: ffi\n" "mod ffi {\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" "\n" " // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct DIR {\n" " _data: [u8; 0],\n" " _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" "PhantomPinned)>,\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " "and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" " pub d_off: c_long,\n" " pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" " pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_fileno: u64,\n" " pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" " pub d_reclen: u16,\n" " pub d_namlen: u16,\n" " pub d_type: u8,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" " }\n" "\n" " extern \"C\" {\n" " pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" "\n" " #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " "on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" " #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" "use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct DirectoryIterator {\n" " path: CString,\n" " dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n" "impl DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n" " let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " "{err}\"))?;\n" " // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" " let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" " if dir.is_null() {\n" " Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" " } else {\n" " Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Iterator\n" "impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" " type Item = OsString;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" " let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" " if dirent.is_null() {\n" " // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" " return None;\n" " }\n" " // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" " // terminated.\n" " let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" " let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" " Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Drop\n" "impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " // Call closedir as needed.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n" " if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" " if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" " panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" " println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" " use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n" " assert!(iter.is_err());\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" " tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" " )?;\n" " let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" " entries.sort();\n" " assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo " "Diaries\\n\")?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"\\n\")?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" " tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" " )?;\n" " let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" " entries.sort();\n" " assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo." "txt\"]);\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" msgstr "Exercice du matin sur la rouille du métal nu" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](compass.md))" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: top\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "// ANCHOR_END: top\n" "use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" "use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" "use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n" "use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" "use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n" "use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n" "use microbit::hal::Timer;\n" "use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n" "use microbit::Board;\n" "\n" "const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" "const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Configure serial port.\n" " let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" " board.UARTE0,\n" " board.uart.into(),\n" " Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" " Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" " );\n" "\n" " // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: main\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" " let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" "K100);\n" " let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" " imu.init().unwrap();\n" " imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" " imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" " let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Set up display and timer.\n" " let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" " let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" "\n" " let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" " let mut button_pressed = false;\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: loop\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: loop\n" " while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" " && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" " {}\n" " let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" " let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" " writeln!(\n" " serial,\n" " \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" " compass_reading.x,\n" " compass_reading.y,\n" " compass_reading.z,\n" " accelerometer_reading.x,\n" " accelerometer_reading.y,\n" " accelerometer_reading.z,\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" "\n" " let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" " let (x, y) = match mode {\n" " Mode::Compass => (\n" " scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " "4) as usize,\n" " scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " "4) as usize,\n" " ),\n" " Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" " scale(\n" " accelerometer_reading.x,\n" " -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " 0,\n" " 4,\n" " ) as usize,\n" " scale(\n" " -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" " -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " 0,\n" " 4,\n" " ) as usize,\n" " ),\n" " };\n" " image[y][x] = 255;\n" " display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" "\n" " // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " "all LEDs on.\n" " if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" " if !button_pressed {\n" " mode = mode.next();\n" " display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" " }\n" " button_pressed = true;\n" " } else {\n" " button_pressed = false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" "enum Mode {\n" " Compass,\n" " Accelerometer,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Mode {\n" " fn next(self) -> Self {\n" " match self {\n" " Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" " Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" "> i32 {\n" " let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" " let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" " cap(\n" " min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" " min_out,\n" " max_out,\n" " )\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" " max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`main.rs`:" msgstr "`main.rs` :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: top\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "// ANCHOR_END: top\n" "mod pl031;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n" "use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n" "use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" "use core::hint::spin_loop;\n" "// ANCHOR: imports\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" "const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" "const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "// ANCHOR_END: imports\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" "const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" "const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" " // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " "base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" " let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " "GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " gic.setup();\n" " // ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" " // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " let timestamp = rtc.read();\n" " let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n" " info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n" "\n" " GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n" " gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n" " gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n" " irq_enable();\n" " gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n" "\n" " // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" " let target = timestamp + 3;\n" " rtc.set_match(target);\n" " info!(\n" " \"Waiting for {}\",\n" " Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" " );\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " while !rtc.matched() {\n" " spin_loop();\n" " }\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" "\n" " // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" " let target = timestamp + 6;\n" " info!(\n" " \"Waiting for {}\",\n" " Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" " );\n" " rtc.set_match(target);\n" " rtc.clear_interrupt();\n" " rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n" " wfi();\n" " }\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: main_end\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149 #, fuzzy msgid "`pl031.rs`:" msgstr "`pl031.rs` :" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " /// Data register\n" " dr: u32,\n" " /// Match register\n" " mr: u32,\n" " /// Load register\n" " lr: u32,\n" " /// Control register\n" " cr: u8,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" " imsc: u8,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" " ris: u8,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" " mis: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" " icr: u8,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Rtc {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Rtc {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" " pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an " "interrupt\n" " /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" " pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " "not\n" " /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" " pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)." "read_volatile() };\n" " (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" " ///\n" " /// This should be true iff `matched` returns true and the interrupt is\n" " /// masked.\n" " pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)." "read_volatile() };\n" " (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" " ///\n" " /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " "the\n" " /// interrupt is disabled.\n" " pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n" " let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)." "write_volatile(imsc) }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" " pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" msgstr "Jour 3 Exercice du matin" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" "use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" " left_fork: Arc>,\n" " right_fork: Arc>,\n" " thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" " fn eat(&self) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" " println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n" " let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" " let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n" "\n" " let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n" " .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n" " .collect::>();\n" "\n" " for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" " let tx = tx.clone();\n" " let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n" " let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();\n" "\n" " // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" " if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n" " std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let philosopher = Philosopher {\n" " name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n" " thoughts: tx,\n" " left_fork,\n" " right_fork,\n" " };\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " for _ in 0..100 {\n" " philosopher.eat();\n" " philosopher.think();\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "\n" " drop(tx);\n" " for thought in rx {\n" " println!(\"{thought}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" msgstr "Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" "use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" " left_fork: Arc>,\n" " right_fork: Arc>,\n" " thoughts: Sender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " async fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." "await\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" " async fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" " let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n" " // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the " "execution\n" " // to transfer to another task\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n" " let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n" "\n" " // The locks are dropped here\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " // Create forks\n" " let mut forks = vec![];\n" " (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::" "new(Fork))));\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" " let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n" " let mut philosophers = vec![];\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" " for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n" " let left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n" " let right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS.len()].clone();\n" " philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n" " name: name.to_string(),\n" " left_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { left_fork.clone() } else " "{ right_fork.clone() },\n" " right_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { right_fork } else " "{ left_fork },\n" " thoughts: tx.clone(),\n" " });\n" " }\n" " (philosophers, rx)\n" " // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" " };\n" "\n" " // Make them think and eat\n" " for phil in philosophers {\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " for _ in 0..100 {\n" " phil.think().await;\n" " phil.eat().await;\n" " }\n" " });\n" "\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" " while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n" " println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:115 #, fuzzy msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" "use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" "use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" "// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n" "async fn handle_connection(\n" " addr: SocketAddr,\n" " mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" " bcast_tx: Sender,\n" ") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n" "\n" " ws_stream\n" " .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n" " .await?;\n" " let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n" "\n" " // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) " "receiving\n" " // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" " // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" " match incoming {\n" " Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" " let msg = msg.as_text()?;\n" " println!(\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\");\n" " bcast_tx.send(msg.into())?;\n" " }\n" " Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " None => return Ok(()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" " msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n" " ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " // ANCHOR: main\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" "\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" " println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" " println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" " let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" " let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" "\n" " handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:204 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" "use http::Uri;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" " let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" "from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" " .connect()\n" " .await?;\n" "\n" " let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" " let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" " // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" " match incoming {\n" " Some(Ok(msg)) => println!(\"From server: {}\", msg." "as_text()?),\n" " Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " None => return Ok(()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" " res = stdin.next_line() => {\n" " match res {\n" " Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n" " Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line." "to_string())).await?,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr ""