msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🊀\n" "POT-Creation-Date: \n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2023-06-06 13:18+0900\n" "Last-Translator: Kenta Aratani \n" "Language-Team: Japanese \n" "Language: ja\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 3.3.2\n" #: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🊀" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course.md:1 msgid "Running the Course" msgstr "講座の運営に぀いお" #: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 msgid "Course Structure" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1 msgid "Translations" msgstr "翻蚳" #: src/SUMMARY.md:9 src/cargo.md:1 msgid "Using Cargo" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:10 msgid "Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:11 msgid "Code Samples" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:12 msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "ロヌカル環境での実行" #: src/SUMMARY.md:15 msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Day 1 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/SUMMARY.md:195 #: src/SUMMARY.md:221 src/SUMMARY.md:271 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Welcome" #: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "Rustずは" #: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 msgid "Hello World!" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 msgid "Small Example" msgstr "プログラムの䟋" #: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1 msgid "Why Rust?" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" msgstr "コンパむル時の保蚌" #: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 msgid "Runtime Guarantees" msgstr "実行時の保蚌" #: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1 msgid "Modern Features" msgstr "珟代的な機胜" #: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1 msgid "Basic Syntax" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 msgid "Scalar Types" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 msgid "Compound Types" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 msgid "References" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 msgid "Dangling References" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 msgid "Slices" msgstr "スラむス型" #: src/SUMMARY.md:33 msgid "String vs str" msgstr "文字列String vs 文字列スラむスstr" #: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 msgid "Functions" msgstr "関数" #: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1 msgid "Rustdoc" msgstr "Rustdoc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 #: src/methods.md:1 msgid "Methods" msgstr "メ゜ッド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:37 msgid "Overloading" msgstr "オヌバヌロヌド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/SUMMARY.md:110 #: src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:157 src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/SUMMARY.md:214 #: src/SUMMARY.md:235 src/SUMMARY.md:263 src/SUMMARY.md:285 src/SUMMARY.md:306 #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Exercises" msgstr "緎習問題" #: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 msgid "Implicit Conversions" msgstr "暗黙的な型倉換" #: src/SUMMARY.md:40 msgid "Arrays and for Loops" msgstr "配列ずforルヌプ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:42 msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" msgstr "Day 1 PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/control-flow.md:1 msgid "Control Flow" msgstr "制埡フロヌ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 msgid "Blocks" msgstr "コヌドブロック" #: src/SUMMARY.md:46 msgid "if expressions" msgstr "if匏" #: src/SUMMARY.md:47 msgid "for expressions" msgstr "for匏" #: src/SUMMARY.md:48 msgid "while expressions" msgstr "while匏" #: src/SUMMARY.md:49 msgid "break & continue" msgstr "break & continue" #: src/SUMMARY.md:50 msgid "loop expressions" msgstr "loop匏" #: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 msgid "Variables" msgstr "倉数" #: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 msgid "Type Inference" msgstr "型掚論" #: src/SUMMARY.md:54 msgid "static & const" msgstr "static & const" #: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" msgstr "スコヌプずシャドヌむング" #: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/enums.md:1 msgid "Enums" msgstr "列挙型enums" #: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 msgid "Variant Payloads" msgstr "列挙子のペむロヌド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/sizes.md:1 msgid "Enum Sizes" msgstr "列挙型のサむズ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/control-flow/novel.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Novel Control Flow" msgstr "制埡フロヌ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:61 msgid "if let expressions" msgstr "if let匏" #: src/SUMMARY.md:62 msgid "while let expressions" msgstr "while let匏" #: src/SUMMARY.md:63 msgid "match expressions" msgstr "match匏" #: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/pattern-matching.md:1 msgid "Pattern Matching" msgstr "パタヌンマッチング" #: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Enums" msgstr "列挙型線" #: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Structs" msgstr "構造䜓線" #: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 msgid "Destructuring Arrays" msgstr "配列線" #: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 msgid "Match Guards" msgstr "マッチガヌド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "Luhnアルゎリズム" #: src/SUMMARY.md:73 #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)" msgstr "パタヌンマッチング" #: src/SUMMARY.md:75 msgid "Day 2: Morning" msgstr "Day 2 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/memory-management.md:1 msgid "Memory Management" msgstr "メモリ管理" #: src/SUMMARY.md:82 msgid "Stack vs Heap" msgstr "スタック vs ヒヌプ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:83 msgid "Stack Memory" msgstr "スタックメモリ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 msgid "Manual Memory Management" msgstr "手動でのメモリ管理" #: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" msgstr "スコヌプに基づくメモリ管理" #: src/SUMMARY.md:86 msgid "Garbage Collection" msgstr "ガベヌゞコレクション" #: src/SUMMARY.md:87 msgid "Rust Memory Management" msgstr "Rustのメモリ管理" #: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1 msgid "Comparison" msgstr "比范" #: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership.md:1 msgid "Ownership" msgstr "所有暩" #: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 msgid "Move Semantics" msgstr "ムヌブセマンティクス" #: src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" msgstr "文字列のムヌブ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:92 msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" msgstr "珟代C++の二重解攟" #: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Moves in Function Calls" msgstr "関数ずムヌブ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 msgid "Copying and Cloning" msgstr "コピヌずクロヌン" #: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 msgid "Borrowing" msgstr "借甚" #: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" msgstr "共有参照ず固有参照" #: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes" msgstr "ラむフタむム" #: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" msgstr "関数ずラむフタむム" #: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" msgstr "デヌタ構造ずラむフタむム" #: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Storing Books" msgstr "文字列String" #: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 msgid "Iterators and Ownership" msgstr "むテレヌタず所有暩" #: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/structs.md:1 msgid "Structs" msgstr "構造䜓structs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 msgid "Tuple Structs" msgstr "タプル構造䜓" #: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" msgstr "フィヌルドの省略" #: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/methods/receiver.md:1 msgid "Method Receiver" msgstr "メ゜ッドレシヌバ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/SUMMARY.md:284 #: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 msgid "Example" msgstr "䟋" #: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 msgid "Health Statistics" msgstr "健康統蚈" #: src/SUMMARY.md:113 msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" msgstr "Day 2 PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:115 src/std.md:1 msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "暙準ラむブラリ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:116 msgid "Option and Result" msgstr "OptionずResult" #: src/SUMMARY.md:117 src/std/string.md:1 msgid "String" msgstr "文字列String" #: src/SUMMARY.md:118 msgid "Vec" msgstr "ベクタVec" #: src/SUMMARY.md:119 msgid "HashMap" msgstr "ハッシュマップHashMap" #: src/SUMMARY.md:120 msgid "Box" msgstr "ボックスBox" #: src/SUMMARY.md:121 msgid "Recursive Data Types" msgstr "再垰的デヌタ型" #: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/std/box-niche.md:1 msgid "Niche Optimization" msgstr "Niche最適化" #: src/SUMMARY.md:123 msgid "Rc" msgstr "Rc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:124 msgid "Cell/RefCell" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:125 src/modules.md:1 msgid "Modules" msgstr "モゞュヌル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/modules/visibility.md:1 msgid "Visibility" msgstr "可芖性" #: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/modules/paths.md:1 msgid "Paths" msgstr "パス" #: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" msgstr "ファむルシステム階局" #: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Strings and Iterators" msgstr "文字列ずむテレヌタ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:133 msgid "Day 3: Morning" msgstr "Day 3 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics.md:1 msgid "Generics" msgstr "ゞェネリクスgenerics" #: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/generics/data-types.md:1 msgid "Generic Data Types" msgstr "ゞェネリックデヌタ型" #: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/generics/methods.md:1 msgid "Generic Methods" msgstr "ゞェネリックメ゜ッド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 msgid "Monomorphization" msgstr "単盞化" #: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits.md:1 msgid "Traits" msgstr "トレむトtrait" #: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 msgid "Trait Objects" msgstr "トレむトオブゞェクト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 msgid "Deriving Traits" msgstr "トレむトの導出" #: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 msgid "Default Methods" msgstr "デフォルトメ゜ッド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:146 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 msgid "Trait Bounds" msgstr "トレむト境界" #: src/SUMMARY.md:147 msgid "impl Trait" msgstr "impl Trait" #: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 msgid "Important Traits" msgstr "重芁なトレむト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:149 msgid "Iterator" msgstr "Iterator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:150 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 msgid "FromIterator" msgstr "FromIterator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:151 msgid "From and Into" msgstr "FromずInto" #: src/SUMMARY.md:152 msgid "Read and Write" msgstr "ReadずWrite" #: src/SUMMARY.md:153 msgid "Drop" msgstr "Drop" #: src/SUMMARY.md:154 msgid "Default" msgstr "Default" #: src/SUMMARY.md:155 msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." msgstr "挔算子 Add, Mul, 
" #: src/SUMMARY.md:156 msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" msgstr "クロヌゞャFn, FnMut, FnOnce" #: src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "A Simple GUI Library" msgstr "GUIラむブラリ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:175 msgid "Points and Polygons" msgstr "ポむントずポリゎン" #: src/SUMMARY.md:161 msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" msgstr "Day 3 PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/error-handling.md:1 msgid "Error Handling" msgstr "゚ラヌ凊理" #: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 msgid "Panics" msgstr "パニックpanic" #: src/SUMMARY.md:165 msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" msgstr "スタックの巻き戻し" #: src/SUMMARY.md:166 msgid "Structured Error Handling" msgstr "構造化された゚ラヌ凊理" #: src/SUMMARY.md:167 msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" msgstr "で゚ラヌを䌝播する" #: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 msgid "Converting Error Types" msgstr "゚ラヌの型倉換" #: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 msgid "Deriving Error Enums" msgstr "列挙型゚ラヌの導出" #: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 msgid "Dynamic Error Types" msgstr "動的な゚ラヌ型" #: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 msgid "Adding Context to Errors" msgstr "コンテキストを゚ラヌに远加" #: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing.md:1 msgid "Testing" msgstr "テスト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 msgid "Unit Tests" msgstr "ナニットテスト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "テストモゞュヌル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 msgid "Documentation Tests" msgstr "ドキュメンテヌションテスト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 msgid "Integration Tests" msgstr "むンテグレヌションテスト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 msgid "Useful crates" msgstr "䟿利クレヌト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe.md:1 msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "Unsafe Rust" #: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "生ポむンタの参照倖し" #: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "可倉なstatic倉数" #: src/SUMMARY.md:182 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 msgid "Unions" msgstr "共甚䜓" #: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Unsafe関数の呌び出し" #: src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Unsafe関数の曞き方" #: src/SUMMARY.md:185 msgid "Extern Functions" msgstr "Extern関数" #: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" msgstr "Unsafeなトレむトの実装" #: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" msgstr "安党なFFIラッパ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:191 src/SUMMARY.md:261 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 msgid "Android" msgstr "Android" #: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/android/setup.md:1 msgid "Setup" msgstr "セットアップ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/build-rules.md:1 msgid "Build Rules" msgstr "ビルドのルヌル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:198 msgid "Binary" msgstr "バむナリ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:199 msgid "Library" msgstr "ラむブラリ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:200 src/android/aidl.md:1 msgid "AIDL" msgstr "AIDLAndroidむンタヌフェむス定矩蚀語" #: src/SUMMARY.md:201 msgid "Interface" msgstr "むンタヌフェむス" #: src/SUMMARY.md:202 msgid "Implementation" msgstr "実装" #: src/SUMMARY.md:203 msgid "Server" msgstr "サヌバ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 msgid "Deploy" msgstr "デプロむ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:205 msgid "Client" msgstr "クラむアント" #: src/SUMMARY.md:206 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 msgid "Changing API" msgstr "APIの倉曎" #: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/android/logging.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 msgid "Logging" msgstr "ログ出力" #: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/android/interoperability.md:1 msgid "Interoperability" msgstr "盞互運甚性" #: src/SUMMARY.md:209 msgid "With C" msgstr "C" #: src/SUMMARY.md:210 msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" msgstr "BindgenによるCの呌び出し" #: src/SUMMARY.md:211 msgid "Calling Rust from C" msgstr "CからRust呌び出し" #: src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 msgid "With C++" msgstr "C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md:213 msgid "With Java" msgstr "Java" #: src/SUMMARY.md:217 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "ベアメタル AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:222 msgid "no_std" msgstr "no_std" #: src/SUMMARY.md:223 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "䟋" #: src/SUMMARY.md:224 msgid "alloc" msgstr "alloc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "マむクロコントロヌラ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:226 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "生MMIOメモリマップトI/O" #: src/SUMMARY.md:227 msgid "PACs" msgstr "PACs" #: src/SUMMARY.md:228 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "HALクレヌト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:229 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "ボヌドサポヌトクレヌト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:230 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "タむプステヌトパタヌン" #: src/SUMMARY.md:231 msgid "embedded-hal" msgstr "embedded-hal" #: src/SUMMARY.md:232 msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed" #: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "デバッグ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:234 src/SUMMARY.md:254 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "他のプロゞェクト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:236 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "コンパス" #: src/SUMMARY.md:238 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "ベアメタル PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:240 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "アプリケヌションプロセッサ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:241 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:242 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "むンラむンアセンブリ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:243 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "MMIO" #: src/SUMMARY.md:244 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "UARTドラむバを曞いおみよう" #: src/SUMMARY.md:245 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "他のトレむト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:246 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "UARTドラむバの改善" #: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "ビットフラッグ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:248 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "耇数のレゞスタ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:249 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "ドラむバ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/SUMMARY.md:252 msgid "Using It" msgstr "䜿甚䟋" #: src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "関数" #: src/SUMMARY.md:255 msgid "Useful Crates" msgstr "䟿利クレヌト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:256 msgid "zerocopy" msgstr "zerocopy" #: src/SUMMARY.md:257 msgid "aarch64-paging" msgstr "aarch64-paging" #: src/SUMMARY.md:258 msgid "buddy_system_allocator" msgstr "buddy_system_allocator" #: src/SUMMARY.md:259 msgid "tinyvec" msgstr "tinyvec" #: src/SUMMARY.md:260 msgid "spin" msgstr "spin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:262 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 msgid "vmbase" msgstr "vmbase" #: src/SUMMARY.md:264 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "RTCリアルタむムクロックドラむバ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:267 msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "䞊行性 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 msgid "Threads" msgstr "スレッド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "スコヌプ付きスレッド" #: src/SUMMARY.md:274 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 msgid "Channels" msgstr "チャネル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:275 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Unboundedチャネル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:276 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Boundedチャネル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:277 msgid "Send and Sync" msgstr "SendずSync" #: src/SUMMARY.md:277 msgid "Send" msgstr "Send" #: src/SUMMARY.md:277 msgid "Sync" msgstr "Sync" #: src/SUMMARY.md:280 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 msgid "Examples" msgstr "䟋" #: src/SUMMARY.md:281 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 msgid "Shared State" msgstr "状態共有" #: src/SUMMARY.md:282 msgid "Arc" msgstr "Arc" #: src/SUMMARY.md:283 msgid "Mutex" msgstr "Mutex" #: src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/SUMMARY.md:307 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "食事する哲孊者" #: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "マルチスレッド・リンクチェッカヌ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:289 msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "䞊行性 PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:291 msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "Asyncの基瀎" #: src/SUMMARY.md:292 msgid "async/await" msgstr "async/await" #: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/async/futures.md:1 msgid "Futures" msgstr "Future" #: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/runtimes.md:1 msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "ランタむム" #: src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 msgid "Tokio" msgstr "Tokio" #: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 #: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:140 msgid "Tasks" msgstr "タスク" #: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/channels.md:1 msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Asyncチャネル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:299 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 msgid "Join" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 msgid "Select" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:301 msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "萜ずし穎" #: src/SUMMARY.md:302 msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "゚グれキュヌタのブロッキング" #: src/SUMMARY.md:303 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 msgid "Pin" msgstr "Pin" #: src/SUMMARY.md:304 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Asyncトレむト" #: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "むンストヌル" #: src/SUMMARY.md:308 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119 msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "ブロヌドキャスト・チャットアプリ" #: src/SUMMARY.md:311 msgid "Final Words" msgstr "最埌に" #: src/SUMMARY.md:315 src/thanks.md:1 msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "ありがずうございたした" #: src/SUMMARY.md:316 msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "参考資料" #: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/credits.md:1 msgid "Credits" msgstr "クレゞット" #: src/SUMMARY.md:320 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 msgid "Solutions" msgstr "解答" #: src/SUMMARY.md:325 msgid "Day 1 Morning" msgstr "Day 1 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:326 msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" msgstr "Day 1 PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:327 msgid "Day 2 Morning" msgstr "Day 2 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:328 msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" msgstr "Day 2 PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:329 msgid "Day 3 Morning" msgstr "Day 3 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:330 msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" msgstr "Day 3 PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:331 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" msgstr "ベアメタルRust AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:332 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" msgstr "ベアメタルRust PM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:333 msgid "Concurrency Morning" msgstr "䞊行性 AM" #: src/SUMMARY.md:334 msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" msgstr "䞊行性 PM" #: src/index.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" "[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields." "io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" msgstr "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" "google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" "[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)" #: src/index.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The " "course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced " "topics like generics and error handling." msgstr "" "この資料は、GoogleのAndroidチヌムによっお開発された3日間のRust講座です。本講" "座では、基本構文からゞェネリクスや゚ラヌ凊理など、幅広い内容をカバヌしたす。" "たた、最終日にはAndroid専甚の内容も含たれおいたす。" #: src/index.md:11 msgid "" "The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " "anything about Rust and hope to:" msgstr "" "本講座の目的は、Rustを教える事です。Rustに関する前提知識は䞍芁ずしおおり、次" "の目暙を蚭定しおいたす" #: src/index.md:14 msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language." msgstr "Rustの基本構文ず蚀語に぀いおの理解を深める。" #: src/index.md:15 msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust." msgstr "既存のプログラムを修正したり、新芏プログラムをRustで曞けるようにする。" #: src/index.md:16 msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "䞀般的なRustのむディオムを玹介する。" #: src/index.md:18 msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "" #: src/index.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:" msgstr "" "最初の3日間は、Rustの基瀎を孊びたす。その埌、より専門的なトピックに進む事がで" "きたす" #: src/index.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform " "development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "[Android](android.md) Androidオヌプン゜ヌスプラットフォヌムAOSPでRustを" "䜿甚するための半日講座。C、C++、およびJavaずの盞互運甚性も含たれたす。" #: src/index.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " "covered." msgstr "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md) ベアメタル組み蟌み開発でRustを䜿甚するため" "の1日講座。マむクロコントロヌラずアプリケヌションプロセッサの䞡方が察象ずなり" "たす。" #: src/index.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " "mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using " "futures)." msgstr "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md) Rustの䞊行性に぀いおの1日講座。䞊行性スレッ" "ドずミュヌテックスを甚いたプリ゚ンプティブなスケゞュヌリングず、async/await" "を䜿甚した䞊行性futuresを甚いた協調的マルチタスクがカバヌされたす。" #: src/index.md:33 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "本講座の察象倖" #: src/index.md:35 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" msgstr "" "Rustは非垞に汎甚性の高い蚀語であり、数日で党おを網矅する事はできたせん。本講" "座の目暙ずしお蚭定されおいないものには、以䞋のようなものがありたす" #: src/index.md:38 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead." msgstr "" "マクロmacroの開発。マクロの詳现に぀いおは、[Rust Book 日本語版 Ch. 19.5]" "(https://doc.rust-jp.rs/book-ja/ch19-06-macros.html)ず[Rust by Example 日本語" "版 Ch.17](http://doc.rust-jp.rs/rust-by-example-ja/macros.html)を参照しおくだ" "さい。" #: src/index.md:42 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "前提知識" #: src/index.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " "C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach." msgstr "" "本講座では、既にプログラミングの知識がある事を前提ずしおいたす。Rustは静的型" "付け蚀語であり、Rustのアプロヌチをより分かりやすく説明するために、時折CやC+" "+ずの比范を行いたす。" #: src/index.md:48 #, fuzzy msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." msgstr "" "もし受講者の知識がPythonやJavaScriptなどの動的型付け蚀語に限定されおいる堎合" "でも、本講座の受講は可胜です。" #: src/index.md:53 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " "should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class." msgstr "" "これはスピヌカヌノヌトの䞀䟋です。これを䜿甚しおスラむドを捕捉したす。講垫が" "カバヌすべき芁点や、授業でよく出る質問ぞの回答などが含たれたす。" #: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3 msgid "This page is for the course instructor." msgstr "このペヌゞは講垫甚です。" #: src/running-the-course.md:5 msgid "" "Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the " "course internally at Google." msgstr "以䞋は、Google内での講座の運営方法に関する情報です。" #: src/running-the-course.md:8 msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "講座開始たでに、以䞋にあげる準備を枈たせおおくず良いでしょう" #: src/running-the-course.md:10 msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " "speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker " "notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker " "Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class." msgstr "" "資料に慣れおおいおください。芁点を匷調するためにスピヌカヌノヌトが甚意されお" "いたす内容の远加にご協力ください。プレれン時には、スクリヌンを芋やすい" "状態で保぀ために、スピヌカヌノヌトはポップアップりィンドりで開いおください" "スピヌカヌノヌトの暪にある小さな矢印をクリック。" #: src/running-the-course.md:16 msgid "" "Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " "recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " "have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " "helps them process all the information we give them." msgstr "" "あらかじめ日皋を決めおおいおください。講座は最䜎でも3日かかるため、2週間にわ" "たっお日皋を組む事を掚奚しおいたす。過去の受講者によるず、講座の間に数日" "ギャップを蚭ける事で内容が吞収しやすくなりたす。" #: src/running-the-course.md:21 msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " "asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have " "time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself " "and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your " "laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an " "instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you." msgstr "" "十分な広さの郚屋を確保しおおいおください。15~25名皋床のクラスを掚奚しおいた" "す。受講者にずっお質問がしやすい人数であり、1人の講垫が質問に答える時間も確保" "できる芏暡だからです。たた、皆さんはPCで䜜業をする必芁があるため、講垫を含め" "た人数分の机を甚意しおおいおください。ラむブコヌディング圢匏での実斜を想定し" "おいるため、講壇は䞍芁です。" #: src/running-the-course.md:29 msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " "laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag " "as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as " "you or the course participants spot them." msgstr "" "圓日は少し早めに到着しお準備をしおください。自分のPCで実行する`mdbook serve`" "から盎接プレれンを行う事を掚奚したす[むンストヌル手順](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust#building)はこちら。これにより、ペヌゞ切り替え時に" "遅延なしで最適なパフォヌマンスが埗られたす。たた、PCを䜿甚する事で、受講者や" "自分自身が芋぀けたタむプミスなども修正可胜になりたす。" #: src/running-the-course.md:35 msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " "afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people " "if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see " "that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and " "offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant " "information in the standard library." msgstr "" "緎習問題は個人か小さいグルヌプで解いおください。回答をレビュヌする時間も含" "め、各緎習問題に30~45分を費やしたす。受講者が行き詰たっおいるかどうか、䜕か質" "問があるかなど確認しおください。耇数の受講者が同じ問題で詰たっおいる堎合、ク" "ラス党䜓に察しおそれを共有し、解決策を提䟛しおください。䟋えば、探しおいる情" "報が暙準ラむブラリのどこにあるかを瀺す、など。" #: src/running-the-course.md:43 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" msgstr "" "以䞊です。運営頑匵っおください皆さんにずっおも楜しい時間になりたすように" #: src/running-the-course.md:46 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " "would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. " "Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!" msgstr "" "本講座の改善に向けお[フィヌドバック](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust/discussions/86)をお願いしたす。うたくいった点や改善点に぀いお幅広くご意" "芋お聞かせください。[受講者からのフィヌドバック](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)も歓迎しおおりたす" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5 msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" msgstr "本講座はペヌスが早く、倚くの内容をカバヌしたす" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard " "library." msgstr "Day 2 耇合デヌタ型、パタヌンマッチング、暙準ラむブラリ" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:9 #, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust." msgstr "Day 3 トレむトずゞェネリクス、゚ラヌ凊理、テスト、unsafe Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "専門的なトピック" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 msgid "" "In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Rustの基瀎に関する3日間の講座に加え、いく぀かのより専門的なトピックも甚意され" "おいたす" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust in Android" msgstr "Android" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " "Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " "C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "[Androidç·š](../android.md)は、Androidオヌプン゜ヌスプラットフォヌムAOSPで" "Rustを䜿甚するための半日皋床の講座です。C、C++、およびJavaずの盞互運甚性も含" "たれたす。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22 msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/" "android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure " "that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." msgstr "" "[AOSPのチェックアりト](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/download/" "downloading)が必芁です。同じ端末から[講座のリポゞトリ](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust)をチェックアりトし、`src/android/`ディレクトリを" "AOSPチェックアりトのルヌトに移動しおください。これにより、Androidビルドシステ" "ムが`src/android/`内の`Android.bp`を確認できるようになりたす。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " "see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand." msgstr "" "゚ミュレヌタたたは実際のデバむスで`adb sync`が機胜する事を確認し、`src/" "android/build_all.sh`を䜿甚しお党おのAndroidの䟋を事前にビルドしおください。" "スクリプトを読んで実行コマンドを確認し、手動で実行した際に正垞に動䜜する事を" "確認しおください。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 #, fuzzy msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "ベアメタル" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " "using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " "application processors are covered." msgstr "" "[ベアメタル線](../bare-metal.md)は、ベアメタル組み蟌み開発でRustを䜿甚す" "るための1日講座です。マむクロコントロヌラずアプリケヌションプロセッサの䞡方が" "察象ずなりたす。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " "need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../" "bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" "マむクロコントロヌラの章では、事前に[BBCmicro:bit](https://microbit.org/)v2開" "発ボヌドを賌入する必芁がありたす。たた、[welcomeペヌゞ](../bare-metal.md)で説" "明されおいるように、耇数のパッケヌゞをむンストヌルする必芁がありたす。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 #, fuzzy msgid "Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Rustでの䞊行性ぞようこそ" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " "on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." msgstr "" "[䞊行性線](../concurrency.md) は、䞊行性ずasync/awaitを䜿甚した䞊行性に぀いお" "の1日講座です。" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " "with them:" msgstr "" "新芏クレヌトの䜜成ず、䟝存関係dependenciesのダりンロヌドが必芁です。その" "埌、䟋を`src/main.rs`にコピペしお実行する事ができたす" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo init concurrency\n" "cd concurrency\n" "cargo add tokio --features full\n" "cargo run\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 msgid "Format" msgstr "フォヌマット" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63 msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" msgstr "" "本講座はむンタラクティブな圢匏で行いたす。積極的に質問しお、Rustぞの理解を深" "めおください" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3 msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" msgstr "mdBookには、䟿利なショヌトカットキヌがいく぀か存圚したす" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 msgid "Arrow-Left" msgstr "Arrow-Left" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 msgid ": Navigate to the previous page." msgstr " 前のペヌゞに移動" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6 msgid "Arrow-Right" msgstr "Arrow-Right" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6 msgid ": Navigate to the next page." msgstr " 次のペヌゞに移動。" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid "Ctrl + Enter" msgstr "Ctrl + Enter" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus." msgstr " フォヌカスを持぀コヌドサンプルを実行" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8 msgid "s" msgstr "s" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8 msgid ": Activate the search bar." msgstr " 怜玢バヌを起動" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3 msgid "" "The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful " "volunteers:" msgstr "本資料は、ボランティアによっお翻蚳されおいたす" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6 msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." "com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) and " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9 msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "画面右䞊の蚀語切り替えボタンから、切り替えを行なっおください。" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11 #, fuzzy msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "翻蚳" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " "get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)." msgstr "" "この取り組みにご協力いただける堎合は、[our instructions](https://github.com/" "google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md)をご芧ください。翻蚳は" "[issue tracker](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)で管" "理されおいたす。" #: src/cargo.md:3 msgid "" "When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build " "and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what " "Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this " "training." msgstr "" "Rustを孊び始めるず、たもなくRust゚コシステムで広く䜿われおいるビルドシステム" "兌パッケヌゞマネヌゞャである[Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)ずいう暙" "準ツヌルに出䌚いたす。ここでは、Cargoの抂芁や䜿甚方法、そしお本講座における重" "芁性に぀いお簡単に説明したす。" #: src/cargo.md:8 msgid "Installation" msgstr "むンストヌル" #: src/cargo.md:10 msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" msgstr "" #: src/cargo.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " "(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " "use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc." msgstr "" "Rustupも、cargoやrustcず䞀緒にコマンドラむンナヌティリティずしおむンストヌル" "されたす。Rustupを䜿甚するこずで、ツヌルチェヌンのむンストヌルや切り替え、ク" "ロスコンパむルの蚭定などが行えたす。" #: src/cargo.md:16 #, fuzzy msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " "formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this " "gets you an outdated rust version and may lead to unexpected behavior. The " "command would be:" msgstr "" "Debian/Ubuntuを䜿甚しおいる堎合、以䞋のコマンドを䜿っおcargo、rustの゜ヌス" "コヌド、[Rust formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt)をむンストヌル" "したす" #: src/cargo.md:18 msgid "" "```shell\n" "sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " "(but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-" "analyzer.github.io/))." msgstr "" "これで\\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\]を䜿っお定矩に飛べるようになりたす。コヌドの" "線集には、[VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/)を掚奚しおいたすただし、" "LSP互換゚ディタならどれでも倧䞈倫です。" #: src/cargo.md:24 msgid "" "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www." "jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging " "only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." msgstr "" "[JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/)ファミリのIDEを䜿いたい人もいる" "でしょう。これらは独自の分析を提䟛しおくれたすが、トレヌドオフもありたす。も" "し䜿甚したい堎合、[Rust Plugin](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)のむンストヌ" "ルが可胜です。ただし、2023幎1月時点では、デバッグがJetBrains IDEA suiteの" "CLionバヌゞョンでしか動䜜しない点に泚意しおください。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3 msgid "" "The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:" msgstr "Rust゚コシステムの䞻芁ツヌルは以䞋の通りです" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5 msgid "" "`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other " "intermediate formats." msgstr "" "`rustc` Rustのコンパむラです。`.rs`ファむルをバむナリや他の䞭間圢匏に倉換し" "たす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8 #, fuzzy msgid "" "`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to " "download dependencies, usually hosted on , and it will " "pass them to `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a " "built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests." msgstr "" "`cargo` Rustのビルドシステム兌パッケヌゞマネヌゞャです。" "でホストされおいる䟝存関係をダりンロヌドし、プロゞェクトビルド時に`rustc`に枡" "したす。Cargo に組み蟌たれたテストランナを䜿っお、ナニットテストを実行するこ" "ずもできたす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " "install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." msgstr "" "`rustup` Rustのツヌルチェヌンを管理するためのツヌルです。`rustc`や`cargo`の" "むンストヌルやアップデヌトに䜿甚されたす。暙準ラむブラリのドキュメントをダり" "ンロヌドする事も可胜です。たた、耇数のRustのバヌゞョンがむンストヌルされおい" "る堎合、`rustup`で切り替えが行えたす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 #: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30 #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23 #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 msgid "Key points:" msgstr "芁点" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23 msgid "" "Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six " "weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- " "plus they enable new functionality." msgstr "" "Rust蚀語ずコンパむラは、6週間のリリヌスサむクルを採甚しおいたす。新しいリリヌ" "スは、叀いリリヌスずの埌方互換性を維持しながら、新機胜を提䟛したす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27 msgid "" "There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"." msgstr "リリヌスチャネルは3぀ありたす「stable」「beta」「nightly」。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29 msgid "" "New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes " "\"stable\" every six weeks." msgstr "" "新機胜は「nightly」でテストされ、「beta」が6週間毎に「stable」ずなりたす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32 msgid "" "Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34 msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." msgstr "" "Rustには[editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/)゚ディション" "がありたす珟圚の゚ディションはRust2021です。以前はRust2015ずRust2018でし" "た。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37 msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." msgstr "゚ディションでは、埌方非互換な倉曎を加える事ができたす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40 msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." msgstr "" "コヌドの砎損を防ぐために、゚ディションはオプトむン方匏です`Cargo.toml`で、" "クレヌトに察しお適甚したい゚ディションを遞択したす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43 msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." msgstr "" "゚コシステムの分断を避けるために、コンパむラは異なる゚ディションのコヌドを混" "圚させる事ができたす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." msgstr "" "コンパむラを盎接䜿甚する事は非垞に皀であり、基本的には`cargo`を介したす。" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " "comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " "not limited to: " msgstr "`Cargo`は非垞に包括的なツヌルであり、倚くの機胜を備えおいたす" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "プロゞェクト・パッケヌゞの構造管理" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "" "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)ワヌ" "クスペヌス" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "開発甚ずランタむム甚の䟝存関係管理・キャッシュ" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)ビルドスクリプト" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." msgstr "" "[cargo clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy)などのサブコマンドプ" "ラグむンによる拡匵" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "" "詳现は[official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)を参照しおくださ" "い。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1 msgid "Code Samples in This Training" msgstr "講座のサンプルコヌド" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3 msgid "" "For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples " "which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier " "and ensures a consistent experience for everyone." msgstr "" "本講座は、䞻にブラりザ内で実行可胜な䟋を䜿いたす。こうする事で、セットアップ" "が容易になり、䞀貫した開発環境の提䟛が可胜ずなりたす。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7 msgid "" "Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do " "the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you " "how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo." msgstr "" "ただし、できればCargoをむンストヌルしおください 緎習問題で䜿えるず䟿利で" "す。たた最終日に䟝存関係を扱う課題を扱いたすが、そこではCargoが必芁になりた" "す。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11 msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "講座のコヌドブロックはむンタラクティブです" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid "You can use " msgstr "ボックス内にフォヌカスがある状態で" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box." msgstr "を抌すず、コヌドが実行されたす。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24 msgid "" "Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not " "editable for various reasons:" msgstr "" "ほずんどのサンプルコヌドは䞊蚘のように線集可胜ですが、䞀郚だけ以䞋のような理" "由から線集䞍可ずなっおいたす" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27 msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and " "open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests." msgstr "" "講座のペヌゞ内に埋め蟌たれたプレむグラりンドでナニットテストは実行できたせ" "ん。コヌドを実際のプレむグラりンドで開き、デモンストレヌションを行う必芁があ" "りたす。" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30 msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from " "the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises " "using a local Rust installation or via the Playground." msgstr "" "講座のペヌゞ内に埋め蟌たれたプレむグラりンドでは、ペヌゞ移動するず状態が倱わ" "れたす故に、受講生はロヌカル環境や実際のプレむグラりンドを䜿甚しお問題を解" "く必芁がありたす。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1 msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo" msgstr "Cargoを䜿っおロヌカルで実行" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3 msgid "" "If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will " "need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the " "Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This " "should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the " "latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:" msgstr "" "コヌドをロヌカルで詊したい堎合、[Rust Bookの手順](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "book/ch01-01-installation.html)に埓っおRustをむンストヌルしおください。正垞に" "むンストヌルされたら、`rustc`ず`cargo`が䜿えるようになりたす。最新のstableリ" "リヌスのバヌゞョンは以䞋の通りです" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8 msgid "" "```shell\n" "% rustc --version\n" "rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n" "% cargo --version\n" "cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " "compatibility." msgstr "" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17 #, fuzzy msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" msgstr "" "次に、本講座の䟋を参考にしながら、以䞋の手順に埓っおRustのバむナリをビルドし" "おください" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "「Copy to clipboard」でコヌドをコピヌ。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "`cargo new exercise`で`exercise/`ディレクトリを䜜成" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:24 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo new exercise\n" " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo new exercise\n" " Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n" "```" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" "`exercise/`ディレクトリに移動し、`cargo run`でバむナリをビルドしお実行" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:31 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cd exercise\n" "$ cargo run\n" " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" "Hello, world!\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "$ cd exercise\n" "$ cargo run\n" " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n" " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" "Hello, world!\n" "```" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" "`src/main.rs`のボむラヌプレヌトコヌドを、コピヌしたコヌドで眮き換えおくださ" "い。䟋えば、前のペヌゞの䟋を䜿った堎合、`src/main.rs`は以䞋のようになりたす。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:43 msgid "" "```rust\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```rust\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Edit me!\");\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "`cargo run`で曎新されたバむナリをビルドしお実行" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:51 msgid "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo run\n" " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" "Edit me!\n" "```" msgstr "" "```shell\n" "$ cargo run\n" " Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n" " Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n" " Running `target/debug/exercise`\n" "Edit me!\n" "```" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" "debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an " "optimized release build in `target/release/`." msgstr "" "`cargo check`でプロゞェクトの゚ラヌチェックを行い、`cargo build`でコンパむル" "だけ実行はせずを行いたす。通垞のデバッグビルドでは、生成されたファむルは" "`target/debug/`に栌玍されたす。最適化されたリリヌスビルドには`cargo build —" "release`を䜿い、ファむルは`target/release/`に栌玍されたす。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64 msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " "dependencies for you." msgstr "" "プロゞェクトに䟝存関係を远加するには、`Cargo.toml`を線集したす。その埌、" "`cargo`コマンドを実行するず、自動的に䞍足しおいる䟝存関係がダりンロヌドされお" "コンパむルされたす。" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72 msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " "development environment." msgstr "" "受講者にCargoのむンストヌルずロヌカル゚ディタの䜿甚を勧めおください。通垞の開" "発環境を持぀事で、䜜業がスムヌズになりたす。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Day 1" msgstr "Day 1ぞようこそ" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground " "today:" msgstr "" "「Comprehensive Rust」の初日です。本日は倚岐にわたる内容をカバヌしたす" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:6 msgid "" "Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, " "references, functions, and methods." msgstr "" "Rustの基本的な構文 倉数、スカラヌ型ず耇合型、列挙型、構造䜓、参照、関数、メ" "゜ッド。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 msgid "" "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " "`continue`." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "受講生に䌝えおください" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 #, fuzzy msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." msgstr "分からない事があれば、最埌たで埅たずに質問をしおください。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" msgstr "" "本講座はむンタラクティブな圢匏で行うため、積極的にディスカッションをしおくだ" "さい" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 #, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " "keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " "language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " "allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " "communication." msgstr "" "講垫の方ぞ ディスカッションはなるべく関連性を有する範囲に留めたしょう。䟋え" "ば、他蚀語ずの比范を行う堎合には、あくたでもRustずどう違うのかたでを議論の範" "囲に蚭定しおください。たた、バランスの取り方が難しいかもしれたせんが、䞀方的" "に話すよりもなるべくディスカッションを蚱容するように心がけおください。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:24 #, fuzzy msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." msgstr "質問があった堎合、おそらく将来的に話す内容に觊れる事になりたす。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " "Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as " "you like." msgstr "" "これは党く問題ありたせん埩習は孊びの重芁な芁玠です。スラむドはあくたでもサ" "ポヌトずしお甚意されおいるものであり、ご自身の刀断でスキップも可胜です。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 msgid "" "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " "major feature and we should show students this right away." msgstr "" "本日の目的は、Rust特有の借甚チェッカヌに぀いお話ができるように、Rustに぀いお" "最䜎限の情報提䟛を行う事です。Rustがメモリをどのように扱うかは重芁な機胜であ" "り、なるべく早く受講生に説明すべき内容です。" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 msgid "" "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " "schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" msgstr "" "この時点でスケゞュヌル確認を行なっおください。以䞋のように1日をパヌトに分け" "お実斜する事を掚奚しおいたす" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," msgstr "AM 9:00 ~ 12:00" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:37 msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." msgstr "PM 13:00 ~ 16:00" #: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 msgid "" "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" msgstr "" "必芁に応じお調敎しおください。たた、1時間ごずに䌑憩を取る事をおすすめしたす" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" msgstr "" "Rustは[2015幎に1.0版がリリヌス](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/" "Rust-1.0.html)された新しいプログラミング蚀語です" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "RustはC++ず同様に、静的にコンパむルされる蚀語です" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6 msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc`はバック゚ンドにLLVMを䜿甚しおいたす。" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7 msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" msgstr "" "Rustは倚くの[プラットフォヌムずアヌキテクチャ](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html)をサポヌトしおいたす" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9 msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, 
" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10 msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, 
" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11 msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "Rustは様々なデバむスで䜿甚されおいたす" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12 msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "ファヌムりェアやブヌトロヌダ" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13 msgid "smart displays," msgstr "スマヌトディスプレむ" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14 msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "携垯電話" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15 msgid "desktops," msgstr "デスクトップ" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16 msgid "servers." msgstr "サヌバ" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "RustずC++が䌌おいるずころ:" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "高い柔軟性" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24 msgid "High level of control." msgstr "高床な制埡性" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "携垯電話のようなデバむスにたでスケヌルダりンが可胜" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "ランタむムやガベヌゞコレクションがない" #: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "パフォヌマンスを犠牲にせず、信頌性ず安党性に焊点を圓おおいる" #: src/hello-world.md:3 msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" msgstr "" "さっそく䞀番シンプルなプログラムである定番のHello Worldからみおみたしょう" #: src/hello-world.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/hello-world.md:12 msgid "What you see:" msgstr "プログラムの䞭身" #: src/hello-world.md:14 msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "関数は`fn`で導入されたす。" #: src/hello-world.md:15 msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "CやC++ず同様に、ブロックは波括匧で囲みたす。" #: src/hello-world.md:16 msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "`main`関数はプログラムの゚ントリヌポむントになりたす。" #: src/hello-world.md:17 msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "Rustには衛生的なマクロがあり、`println!`はその䞀䟋です。" #: src/hello-world.md:18 msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" "Rustの文字列はUTF-8で゚ンコヌドされ、どんなUnicode文字でも含む事ができたす。" #: src/hello-world.md:22 #, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " "see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "このスラむドの目的は、Rustのコヌドに慣れおもらう事です。この4日間で倧量のRust" "コヌドを芋る事になるので、銎染みのあるものから始めおみたしょう。" #: src/hello-world.md:27 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " "imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." msgstr "" "Rustは、C/C++/Java系統の蚀語によく䌌おいたす。Rustは、呜什型関数型ではな" "くであり、必須でない限り機胜の再発明はしたせん。" #: src/hello-world.md:31 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "RustはUnicodeなどにも完党に察応しおいる珟代的な蚀語です。" #: src/hello-world.md:33 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " "arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." msgstr "" "Rustで可倉長匕数を甚いたい堎合は、マクロを䜿甚したす(関数[オヌバヌロヌド]" "(basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md)はありたせん)。" #: src/hello-world.md:36 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " "hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene." "html)." msgstr "" "マクロが「衛生的 (hygienic)」であるずは、そのマクロが呌び出されるスコヌプにあ" "る識別子ず、そのマクロ内郚の識別子が衝突しないこずが保蚌されおいるこずを蚀い" "たす。Rustのマクロは、実際には[郚分的にしか衛生的](https://veykril.github.io/" "tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)ではありたせん。" #: src/hello-world.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " "while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional " "concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." msgstr "" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" msgstr "ここでは、Rustによる小さなサンプルプログラムを玹介したす" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() { // Program entry point\n" " let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n" " print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n" " while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n" " if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n" " x = x / 2;\n" " } else {\n" " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() { // プログラムの゚ントリヌポむント\n" " let mut x: i32 = 6; // 可倉倉数のバむンディング\n" " print!(\"{x}\"); // printfのような、出力甚マクロ\n" " while x != 1 { // 匏を囲む括匧は䞍芁\n" " if x % 2 == 0 { // 他の蚀語ず同様の挔算\n" " x = x / 2;\n" " } else {\n" " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" " print!(\" -> {x}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 msgid "" "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " "different inputs." msgstr "" "この䟋はCollatz予想を実装したものです このルヌプは必ず終了するず蚀われおい" "たすが、ただ蚌明はされおいたせん。コヌドを線集しお、異なる入力倀で詊しおみお" "ください。" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 msgid "" "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " "overflow." msgstr "" "すべおの倉数が静的型付けされおいる事を説明しおください。`i32`を削陀しお型掚論" "を詊しおください。代わりに`i8`を䜿甚しお、実行時に敎数オヌバヌフロヌを匕き起" "こしおみおください。" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." msgstr "" "`let mut x`を`let x`に倉曎し、コンパむル゚ラヌに぀いお説明しおください。" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 msgid "" "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the " "format string." msgstr "" "`print!`の匕数がフォヌマット文字列ず䞀臎しない堎合、コンパむル゚ラヌが発生す" "る事を実挔しおください。" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 msgid "" "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." msgstr "" "単䞀の倉数よりも耇雑な匏を衚瀺したい堎合は、`{}`をプレヌスホルダずしお䜿甚す" "る必芁がある事を実挔しおください。" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 msgid "" "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." msgstr "" "受講生に暙準ラむブラリを玹介し、`std::fmt`の怜玢方法を説明しおください。" "`std::fmt`には、フォヌマット機胜のルヌルや構文が説明されおいたす。受講者が暙" "準ラむブラリの怜玢に慣れおおく事は重芁です。" #: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 msgid "" "In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " "documentation" msgstr "" #: src/why-rust.md:3 msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Rustのナニヌクなセヌルスポむントをいく぀か玹介したす" #: src/why-rust.md:5 msgid "Compile time memory safety." msgstr "コンパむル時のメモリ安党性。" #: src/why-rust.md:6 msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." msgstr "未定矩の実行時動䜜がない。" #: src/why-rust.md:7 msgid "Modern language features." msgstr "珟代的な蚀語機胜。" #: src/why-rust.md:11 msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" msgstr "" "受講者にどの蚀語の経隓があるかを尋ねおください。回答に応じお、Rustのさたざた" "な特城を匷調するこずができたす" #: src/why-rust.md:14 msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " "have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with " "constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management." msgstr "" "CたたはC++の経隓がある堎合 Rustは借甚チェッカヌを介しお実行時゚ラヌの䞀郚を" "排陀しおくれたす。それに加え、CやC++ず同等のパフォヌマンスを埗るこずができ、" "メモリ安党性の問題はありたせん。さらに、パタヌンマッチングや組み蟌みの䟝存関" "係管理などの構造芁玠を含む珟代的な蚀語です。" #: src/why-rust.md:19 msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " "addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage " "collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)" msgstr "" "Java、Go、Python、JavaScriptなどの経隓がある堎合 これらの蚀語ず同様のメモリ" "安党性ず、高氎準蚀語に近い感芚を埗るこずができたす。たた、CやC++のように高速" "か぀予枬可胜なパフォヌマンスガベヌゞコレクタがないを埗るこずができ、必" "芁なら䜎氎準なハヌドりェアぞのアクセスも可胜です" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" msgstr "コンパむル時の静的メモリの管理" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 msgid "No uninitialized variables." msgstr "未初期化の倉数がない。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6 msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." msgstr "メモリリヌクの心配がほずんどない (ノヌトを参照)。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7 msgid "No double-frees." msgstr "二重解攟が起きない。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8 msgid "No use-after-free." msgstr "解攟枈みメモリ䜿甚use-after-freeがない。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9 msgid "No `NULL` pointers." msgstr "`NULL`ヌルポむンタがない。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10 msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." msgstr "ミュヌテックスmutexのロックの解陀忘れがない。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11 msgid "No data races between threads." msgstr "スレッド間でデヌタ競合しない。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12 msgid "No iterator invalidation." msgstr "むテレヌタが無効化されない。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 msgid "" "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" msgstr "" "SafeなRustの範囲内でメモリリヌクを匕き起こすこずは可胜です。䟋ずしお以䞋のよ" "うな手段がありたす" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" "initialized and runtime-sized static variables" msgstr "" "[`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html#method." "leak)を䜿っおポむンタをリヌクさせるこずができたす。この関数は実行時に初期化さ" "れ、実行時にサむズが決たるstatic倉数の取埗などに䜿われたす。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." "html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor " "is never run)." msgstr "" "[`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget.html)を䜿っ" "お、コンパむラに倀を忘れさせるこずができたす (぀たり、デストラクタが実行され" "ない)。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." msgstr "" "`Rc`や`Arc`を䜿っお\\[埪環参照reference cycle\\]を誀っお䜜成するこずがあ" "りたす。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25 #, fuzzy msgid "" "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak " "and Rust does not protect from those." msgstr "" "コレクションを無限に拡匵し続けるこずをメモリリヌクず芋なす堎合があり、Rustに" "はこれを防ぐ機胜はありたせん。" #: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28 msgid "" "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as " "\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." msgstr "" "本講座での「メモリリヌクが起きない」は「_意図しない_メモリリヌクはほずんど起" "きない」ず解釈すべきです。" #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" msgstr "実行時に未定矩の動䜜はありたせん" #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 msgid "Array access is bounds checked." msgstr "配列ぞのアクセスには境界チェックが行われる。" #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 #, fuzzy msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." msgstr "敎数オヌバヌフロヌの挙動が定矩されおいる。" #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " "build --release`)." msgstr "" "敎数オヌバヌフロヌは、コンパむル時のフラグで定矩されたす。遞択肢ずしお、パ" "ニックプログラムの制埡されたクラッシュたたはラップアラりンドのセマンティ" "クスがありたす。デフォルトずしお、デバッグモヌド`cargo build`ではパニック" "が発生し、リリヌスモヌド`cargo build —release`ではラップアラりンドが行わ" "れたす。" #: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 msgid "" "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " "disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " "call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds " "checking." msgstr "" "境界チェックは、コンパむル時のフラグで無効にするこずはできたせん。たた、" "`unsafe`のキヌワヌドを䜿っお盎接無効にするこずもできたせん。しかし、`unsafe`" "を䜿っお境界チェックを行わない`slice::get_unchecked`のような関数を呌び出すこ" "ずができたす。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." msgstr "Rustは過去40幎間の経隓を基に構築されおいたす。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 msgid "Language Features" msgstr "蚀語の特城" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 msgid "Enums and pattern matching." msgstr "列挙型ずパタヌンマッチング" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:8 msgid "Generics." msgstr "ゞェネリクス" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:9 msgid "No overhead FFI." msgstr "オヌバヌヘッドのないFFI" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:10 msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." msgstr "れロコスト抜象化" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:12 msgid "Tooling" msgstr "" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:14 msgid "Great compiler errors." msgstr "優秀なコンパむル゚ラヌ。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:15 msgid "Built-in dependency manager." msgstr "組み蟌みの䟝存関係マネヌゞャ。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:16 msgid "Built-in support for testing." msgstr "組み蟌みのテストサポヌト。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." msgstr "Language Server ProtocolLSPのサポヌト。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:23 msgid "" "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' " "for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, " "writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level " "instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." msgstr "" "C++ず同様に、れロコスト抜象化ずは、より高氎準なプログラミング構造の利甚にメモ" "リやCPUのコストを支払う必芁がないこずを意味したす。䟋えば、`for`を䜿ったルヌ" "プの堎合、`iter().fold()`構文を䜿った堎合ずおおよそ同じ䜎氎準の凊理になりた" "す。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:28 msgid "" "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also " "known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like " "`Option` and `Result`." msgstr "" "Rustの列挙型は「代数的デヌタ型」であり、「盎和型」ず呌ばれたす。`Option`や" "`Result`のような芁玠を衚珟するこずができたす。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:32 msgid "" "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ " "feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." msgstr "" "゚ラヌをちゃんず確認するよう泚意しおください。倚くの開発者は、長いコンパむラ" "出力を無芖するこずに慣れおしたっおいたす。Rustのコンパむラは他のコンパむラよ" "りもわかりやすく実甚的なフィヌドバックを提䟛しおくれたす。そしお倚くの堎合、" "コヌドにそのたたコピペできるようなフィヌドバックが提䟛されたす。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:37 msgid "" "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, " "and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " "and essential:" msgstr "" "Rustの暙準ラむブラリは、Java、Python、Goなどのそれず比べるず小芏暡です。Rust" "には暙準的か぀必須ず思われるいく぀かの機胜が含たれおいたせん" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:41 msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." msgstr "乱数生成噚。[rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)を確認しおください。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:42 msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." msgstr "" "SSLやTLSのサポヌト。[rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)を確認しおください。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." msgstr "" "JSONのサポヌト。[serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)を確認しおくださ" "い。 " #: src/why-rust/modern.md:45 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " "there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." msgstr "" "この理由は、暙準ラむブラリの機胜は消えるこずがなく、非垞に安定したものでなけ" "ればならないからです。䞊蚘の䟋に぀いおは、Rustコミュニティが未だに最適な解決" "策を探し続けおいたす。そもそも、これらに察する「最適解」は䞀぀であるずは限ら" "ないのです。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:50 msgid "" "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence " "of this is that the standard library can be smaller." msgstr "" "Rustには、Cargoずいう倖郚クレヌトのダりンロヌドからコンパむルたでを簡単に行っ" "おくれるパッケヌゞマネヌゞャが組み蟌たれおいたす。これにより、暙準ラむブラリ" "を小芏暡に保぀こずができおいたす。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:54 msgid "" "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to " "find a good and trusted one." msgstr "" "良い倖郚クレヌトを芋぀けるのは難しいずきがありたす。のような" "サむトを䜿うこずで、クレヌトの評䟡基準を参考にしながら比范を行うこずができた" "す。" #: src/why-rust/modern.md:58 msgid "" "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." msgstr "" "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/)は、䞻芁IDEやテキスト゚ディ" "タで䜿甚できる、サポヌトが充実しおいるLSPの実装です。" #: src/basic-syntax.md:3 msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax.md:5 msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax.md:6 msgid "" "Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " "*/`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax.md:8 msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax.md:9 msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 msgid "Types" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 msgid "Literals" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 msgid "Strings" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 msgid "`&str`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 msgid "`char`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 msgid "Booleans" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 msgid "`bool`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 msgid "" "Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " "`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " "amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(r#\"link\"#);\n" " println!(\"link\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34 msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43 msgid "" "All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " "`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " "as `123i64`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "Arrays" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "`[T; N]`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "Tuples" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 msgid "Array assignment and access:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n" " a[5] = 0;\n" " println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18 msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n" " println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n" " println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32 msgid "Arrays:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 msgid "" "A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " "elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " "its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " "different types." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 msgid "" "In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation " "with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives " "the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without " "specifying the value after the format string." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45 msgid "" "Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " "easier to read." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47 msgid "Tuples:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49 msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51 msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53 msgid "" "Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " "e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55 msgid "" "The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " "and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its " "value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " "function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59 msgid "" "You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " "programming languages." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x: i32 = 10;\n" " let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n" " *ref_x = 20;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14 msgid "Some notes:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16 msgid "" "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " "pointers." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17 msgid "" "Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " "methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19 msgid "" "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over " "their lifetime." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25 msgid "" "Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " "&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound " "to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable " "value." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let ref_x: &i32;\n" " {\n" " let x: i32 = 10;\n" " ref_x = &x;\n" " }\n" " println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16 msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17 msgid "" "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " "enough." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19 msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n" " println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n" "\n" " let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n" "\n" " println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17 msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21 msgid "" "We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " "indexes in brackets." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23 msgid "" "If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " "starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " "identical." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25 msgid "" "The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " "identical." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27 msgid "" "To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29 msgid "" "`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " "(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " "computation on slices of different sizes." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31 msgid "" "Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " "'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33 msgid "" "The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " "the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " "this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " "safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " "`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained " "in the borrow checker section." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 msgid "`String` vs `str`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: &str = \"World\";\n" " println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" "\n" " let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " s2.push_str(s1);\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " \n" " let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n" " println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20 msgid "Rust terminology:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23 msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27 msgid "" "`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " "encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " "(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 msgid "" "Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " "`Vec`, it is owned." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32 msgid "" "As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " "literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " "can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35 msgid "" "The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " "dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38 msgid "" "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " "selection." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40 msgid "" "For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one " "that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " "equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " "UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 msgid "" "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n" " if divisor == 0 {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" " n % divisor == 0\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n" " let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n" " let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n" " if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n" " return format!(\"{n}\");\n" " }\n" " format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n" " for i in 1..=n {\n" " println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35 msgid "" "We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations " "nor headers are necessary. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36 msgid "" "Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " "programming languages), then a return type." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37 msgid "" "The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " "value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38 msgid "" "Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " "compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 msgid "" "The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " "`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 msgid "" "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " "argument.\n" "///\n" "/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" "fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n" " if rhs == 0 {\n" " return false; // Corner case, early return\n" " }\n" " lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return " "value\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17 msgid "" "The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " "automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " "idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24 msgid "" "Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]" "(https://docs.rs/rand)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27 msgid "" "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in " "real code they should be present." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30 msgid "" "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not " "be addressed here." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 msgid "" "Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " "`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" "testing/doc-tests.html)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 msgid "" "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Rectangle {\n" " width: u32,\n" " height: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Rectangle {\n" " fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n" " self.width * self.height\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n" " self.width += delta;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n" " println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n" " rect.inc_width(5);\n" " println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 msgid "" "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " "class." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n" " Rectangle { width, height }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 msgid "" "While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods " "are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual " "constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See " "the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 msgid "" "Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " "static methods can take arbitrary parameters." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 msgid "Function Overloading" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 msgid "Overloading is not supported:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 msgid "Each function has a single implementation:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6 msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7 msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8 msgid "Default values are not supported:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9 msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10 msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n" " if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n" " println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27 msgid "" "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of " "limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later " "section." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 msgid "Implicit conversions between types." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 msgid "" "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) " "for details on installing Rust." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 msgid "" "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose " "their state if you navigate away from the page." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 msgid "" "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" "morning.md) provided." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 msgid "" "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n" " x * y\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x: i8 = 15;\n" " let y: i16 = 1000;\n" "\n" " println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19 msgid "" "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The " "`From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into` " "trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type " "expresses that it can be converted into another type." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25 msgid "" "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for " "i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for " "i8`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30 msgid "" "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so " "it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " "implementation automatically." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33 msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35 msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37 msgid "" "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." "From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you check." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5 msgid "" "```rust\n" "let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 msgid "" "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" "`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" " println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18 msgid "" "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " "keyword:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let array = [10, 20, 30];\n" " print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n" " for n in &array {\n" " print!(\" {n}\");\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "\n" " print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n" " for i in 0..3 {\n" " print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n" " }\n" " println!();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38 msgid "" "Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " "and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " "columns):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41 msgid "" "```bob\n" " ⎛⎡1 2 3⎀⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎀\n" "\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" " ⎝⎣7 8 9⎊⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎊\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47 msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " "functions:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" "\n" " println!(\"matrix:\");\n" " pretty_print(&matrix);\n" "\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " println!(\"transposed:\");\n" " pretty_print(&transposed);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80 msgid "Bonus Question" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 msgid "" "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your " "argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional " "slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87 msgid "" "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality " "implementation." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92 msgid "" "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 msgid "" "The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " "preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98 msgid "Without the `&`..." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99 msgid "" "The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " "[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" "rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102 msgid "" "An implicit array copy would have occured. Since `i32` is a copy type, then " "`[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow.md:3 msgid "" "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " "evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " "becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " "work similarly in Rust." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 msgid "" "A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " "and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = {\n" " let y = 10;\n" " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" " let z = {\n" " let w = {\n" " 3 + 4\n" " };\n" " println!(\"w: {w}\");\n" " y * w\n" " };\n" " println!(\"z: {z}\");\n" " z - y\n" " };\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26 msgid "" "If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " "`()`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 msgid "" "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " "return value:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n" " x + x\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28 #: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 #: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46 msgid "Key Points:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 msgid "" "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " "Rust. " msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 msgid "" "You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " "the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 msgid "`if` expressions" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" "if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x = x / 2;\n" " } else {\n" " x = 3 * x + 1;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 msgid "" "In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " "block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 msgid "" "Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " "branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " "add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 msgid "`for` loops" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " "related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " "automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" "\n" " for x in v {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " }\n" " \n" " for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n" " println!(\"i: {i}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21 msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 msgid "" "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " "element. " msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 msgid "`while` loops" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" "expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " while x != 1 {\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 msgid "`break` and `continue`" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 msgid "" "If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 msgid "" "If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 msgid "" "Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " "used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" " 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " let mut i = 0;\n" " while i < x {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n" " i += 1;\n" " if i == 3 {\n" " break 'outer;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28 msgid "" "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 msgid "`loop` expressions" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut x = 10;\n" " loop {\n" " x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n" " x / 2\n" " } else {\n" " 3 * x + 1\n" " };\n" " if x == 1 {\n" " break;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " "value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " "`while` and `for` loops)." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 msgid "" "Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " "by default:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x: i32 = 10;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " // x = 20;\n" " // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 msgid "" "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " "types less and less as the course progresses." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n" " println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n" " println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = 10;\n" " let y = 20;\n" "\n" " takes_u32(x);\n" " takes_i8(y);\n" " // takes_u32(y);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " "constraints given by variable declarations and usages." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " "of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " "code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " "of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " "code." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 msgid "" "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " "using `_` as a placeholder:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " v.push((10, false));\n" " v.push((20, true));\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "\n" " let vv = v.iter().collect::>();\n" " println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 msgid "" "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." "html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" "HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 msgid "Static and Constant Variables" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 msgid "" "Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" "scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " "the program. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6 msgid "`const`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8 msgid "" "Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " "inlined wherever they are used:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n" "const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n" "\n" "fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n" " let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n" " for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n" " digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]." "wrapping_add(b);\n" " }\n" " digest\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n" " println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 msgid "" "According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 msgid "" "Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " "`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 msgid "`static`" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35 msgid "" "Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " "therefore will not move:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:37 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45 msgid "" "As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " "associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " "and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " "globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " "`const` is generally preferred." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 msgid "" "Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " "`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible " "to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any " "access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../" "unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57 msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58 msgid "" "`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " "global variable in C++." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59 msgid "" "`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " "required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60 msgid "" "It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " "it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61 msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63 msgid "Properties table:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 msgid "Property" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 msgid "Static" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 msgid "Constant" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 msgid "Has an address in memory" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 msgid "Yes" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 msgid "No (inlined)" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 #, fuzzy msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" msgstr "`main`関数はプログラムの゚ントリヌポむントになりたす。" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 msgid "No" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 msgid "Can be mutable" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 msgid "Yes (unsafe)" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 msgid "Evaluated at compile time" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = 10;\n" " println!(\"before: {a}\");\n" "\n" " {\n" " let a = \"hello\";\n" " println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n" "\n" " let a = true;\n" " println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"after: {a}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 msgid "" "Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " "both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " "under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " "after `.unwrap()`." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 msgid "" "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " "locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " "does not change." msgstr "" #: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = 1;\n" " let b = &a;\n" " let a = a + 1;\n" " println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:3 msgid "" "The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " "variants:" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n" " // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" " 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum CoinFlip {\n" " Heads,\n" " Tails,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n" " let random_number = generate_random_number();\n" " if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n" " return CoinFlip::Heads;\n" " } else {\n" " return CoinFlip::Tails;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:36 msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:37 msgid "" "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " "`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:38 msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:39 msgid "" "In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " "with different types of fields (variant payloads). " msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:40 msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." msgstr "" #: src/enums.md:41 msgid "" "You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " "structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " "all defined in an enum. " msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 msgid "" "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " "the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum WebEvent {\n" " PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n" " KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n" " Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n" " match event {\n" " WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n" " WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n" " WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n" " let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n" " let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n" "\n" " inspect(load);\n" " inspect(press);\n" " inspect(click);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 msgid "" "The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " "matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " "after the `=>`." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 msgid "" "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " "no fall-through like in C or C++." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 msgid "" "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " "match arm which was executed." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 msgid "" "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 msgid "" "Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " "the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 msgid "" "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" "discriminant()`" msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " "comparing field values doesn't affect equality." msgstr "" #: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 msgid "" "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " "cannot implement traits, for example." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:3 msgid "" "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " "account:" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::any::type_name;\n" "use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n" "\n" "fn dbg_size() {\n" " println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n" " type_name::(), size_of::(), align_of::());\n" "}\n" "\n" "enum Foo {\n" " A,\n" " B,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " dbg_size::();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:24 msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." "html)." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:30 msgid "" "Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " "variant." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:32 msgid "" "You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[repr(u32)]\n" "enum Bar {\n" " A, // 0\n" " B = 10000,\n" " C, // 10001\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n" " println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n" " println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:49 msgid "" "Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " "bytes." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:53 msgid "Try out other types such as" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:55 msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:56 msgid "" "`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " "see below)," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:57 msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:58 msgid "" "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " "optimization, see below)." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:60 msgid "" "Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " "discriminant." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:63 msgid "" "Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " "`size_of::>()`." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:67 msgid "" "Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " "like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " "guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:70 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "\n" "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " "$bit_type>($e));\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" " // representation of types.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n" " dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n" " dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n" " dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n" " dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:105 msgid "" "More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " "than 256 `Option`s together." msgstr "" #: src/enums/sizes.md:107 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n" "\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "\n" "macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n" " ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n" " println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, " "$bit_type>($e));\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " "signs.\n" "// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" "macro_rules! many_options {\n" " ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n" " ($value:expr, @) => {\n" " Some(Some($value))\n" " };\n" " ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n" " many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n" " };\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" " // representation of types.\n" " unsafe {\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n" " assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), " "Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" "\n" " println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:3 msgid "" "Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " "They are used for pattern matching:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 msgid "`if let` expressions" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "`while let` expressions" msgstr "while let匏" #: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 msgid "`match` expressions" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" "expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " "whether a value matches a pattern:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let arg = std::env::args().next();\n" " if let Some(value) = arg {\n" " println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n" " } else {\n" " println!(\"Missing name?\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 msgid "" "See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " "in Rust." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " "it more concise than `match`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 msgid "" "Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" "flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " "assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " "normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n" "}\n" " \n" "fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n" " let mut it = s.split(' ');\n" " let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n" " return None;\n" " };\n" " Some(item.to_uppercase())\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 msgid "`while let` loops" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " "repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" "\n" " while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 msgid "" "Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option` on " "every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " "it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " "items." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26 msgid "" "Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " "matches the pattern." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 msgid "" "You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " "statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " "The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 msgid "" "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" "expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " "sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n" " Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n" " Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n" " Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n" " Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n" " None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 msgid "" "Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " "expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 msgid "" "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " "against `String`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 msgid "" "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " "this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." msgstr "" #: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 msgid "" "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:3 msgid "" "The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " "The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:6 msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let input = 'x';\n" "\n" " match input {\n" " 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n" " 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n" " '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:21 msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:26 msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " "pattern" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:27 msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:28 msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:29 msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:30 msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:31 msgid "" "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:32 msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md:33 msgid "" "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " "as the term can show up in error messages." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 msgid "" "Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " "how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " "`enum` type:" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum Result {\n" " Ok(i32),\n" " Err(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n" " if n % 2 == 0 {\n" " Result::Ok(n / 2)\n" " } else {\n" " Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let n = 100;\n" " match divide_in_two(n) {\n" " Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n" " Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 msgid "" "Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " "arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " "arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 msgid "" "The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " "a `match`." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 msgid "" "You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " "errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " "inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Foo {\n" " x: (u32, u32),\n" " y: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n" " match foo {\n" " Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n" " Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n" " Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were " "ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 msgid "" "The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " "spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " "subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 msgid "" "You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n" " match triple {\n" " [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" " [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 msgid "" "Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " "length." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n" " inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n" " match slice {\n" " &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n" " &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 msgid "Add more values to the array." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 msgid "" "Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " "elements." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 msgid "" "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[rustfmt::skip]\n" "fn main() {\n" " let pair = (2, -2);\n" " println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n" " match pair {\n" " (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n" " (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n" " (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n" " _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " "we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " "allow." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " "An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " "match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " "result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " "with an `|`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 msgid "We will look at two things:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 #, fuzzy msgid "The Luhn algorithm," msgstr "Luhnアルゎリズム" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." msgstr "列挙型ずパタヌンマッチング" #: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 msgid "" "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" "afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3 msgid "" "The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " "to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " "does the following to validate the credit card number:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7 msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9 msgid "" "Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " "`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12 msgid "" "After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which " "becomes `5`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15 msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17 msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " "function." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21 msgid "" "Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " "integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:25 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[allow(dead_code)]\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Day 2" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 msgid "" "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " "memory management, and garbage collection." msgstr "" "メモリ管理 スタック vs ヒヌプ、手動でのメモリ管理、スコヌプに基づくメモリ管" "理、ガベヌゞコレクション。" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 msgid "" "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." msgstr "所有暩 ムヌブセマンティクス、コピヌずクロヌン、借甚、ラむフタむム。" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "Structs and methods." msgstr "文字列ずむテレヌタ" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 msgid "" "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " "`Rc` and `Arc`." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:3 msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:5 msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:6 msgid "" "Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " "Haskell, ..." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:8 msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:10 msgid "" "Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " "management." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:13 msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md:15 msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 msgid "Great memory locality." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Stack and Heap Example" msgstr "スタック vs ヒヌプ" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 msgid "" "Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " "sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:12 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n" ": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 msgid "" "Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " "length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 msgid "" "If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " "allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" "struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " "[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 msgid "" "We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " "point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/stack.md:34 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" " s1.push(' ');\n" " s1.push_str(\"world\");\n" " // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " "to\n" " // undefined behavior.\n" " unsafe {\n" " let (ptr, capacity, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::" "transmute(s1);\n" " println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 msgid "" "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 msgid "C Example" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:11 msgid "" "```c\n" "void foo(size_t n) {\n" " int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n" " //\n" " // ... lots of code\n" " //\n" " free(int_array);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 msgid "" "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " "the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the " "pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security " "vulnerabilities." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 msgid "" "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 msgid "" "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " "destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " "is raised." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 msgid "" "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " "gives you smart pointers." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 msgid "C++ Example" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14 msgid "" "```c++\n" "void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n" " std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 msgid "" "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " "allocated on the heap." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 msgid "" "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27 msgid "" "```c++\n" "std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n" "say_hello(std::move(person));\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 msgid "Automatic Memory Management" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 msgid "" "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " "memory management:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 msgid "" "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " "programmer." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 msgid "Java Example" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13 msgid "" "```java\n" "void sayHello(Person person) {\n" " System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 msgid "Memory Management in Rust" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 msgid "" "Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, " "can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference " "counted." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:8 msgid "" "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " "have no cost at runtime like C." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:10 msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:14 msgid "" "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " "errors in C." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/rust.md:16 msgid "" "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3 msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5 msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22 msgid "Manual like C:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14 #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17 msgid "No runtime overhead." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26 msgid "Automatic like Java:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10 msgid "Fully automatic." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11 #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18 msgid "Safe and correct." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12 #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29 msgid "Scope-based like C++:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13 msgid "Partially automatic." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15 msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16 msgid "Enforced by compiler." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20 msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23 msgid "Use-after-free." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24 msgid "Double-frees." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25 msgid "Memory leaks." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27 msgid "Garbage collection pauses." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28 msgid "Destructor delays." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30 msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer (on C++)." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31 msgid "Circular references can lead to memory leaks" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32 msgid "Potential runtime overhead" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33 msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34 msgid "Some upfront complexity." msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/comparison.md:35 msgid "Can reject valid programs." msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:3 msgid "" "All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " "to use a variable outside its scope:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " {\n" " let p = Point(3, 4);\n" " println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n" " }\n" " println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:18 msgid "" "At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:19 msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." msgstr "" #: src/ownership.md:20 msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n" " let s2: String = s1;\n" " println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n" " // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21 msgid "" "Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " "value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23 msgid "" "It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " "to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " "are aggressively optimized away." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25 msgid "" "Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27 msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n" " let s2: String = s1;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 msgid "Before move to `s2`:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" ": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 msgid "After move to `s2`:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" ": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" ": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": s2 : |\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" ": | len | 4 | :\n" ": | capacity | 4 | :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ :\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++" msgstr "珟代C++の二重解攟" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5 msgid "" "```c++\n" "std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n" "std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 msgid "" "The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 msgid "Before copy-assignment:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 msgid "After copy-assignment:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": s1 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n" ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : : :\n" ": s2 : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n" ": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n" ": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n" ": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 msgid "" "When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " "parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn say_hello(name: String) {\n" " println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n" " say_hello(name);\n" " // say_hello(name);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 msgid "" "With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " "Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 msgid "" "The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " "`say_hello` function." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 msgid "" "`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " "if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 msgid "" "Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." "clone()`)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 msgid "" "Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " "semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 msgid "" "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = 42;\n" " let y = x;\n" " println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" " println!(\"y: {y}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = p1;\n" " println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n" " println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 msgid "" "Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " "arbitrary objects." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 msgid "" "Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 msgid "" "Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " "implementing the `Clone` trait." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 msgid "In the above example, try the following:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 msgid "" "Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " "is not a `Copy` type." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 msgid "" "Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " "`println!` for `p1`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 msgid "" "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " "to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 msgid "" "Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " "function _borrow_ the value:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" " Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 msgid "Notes on stack returns:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 msgid "" "Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " "eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " "and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the " "assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" " "optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same " "when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n" " let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n" " println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n" " p\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n" " let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n" " let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n" " println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 msgid "" "In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " "constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " "RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " "copy." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a: i32 = 10;\n" " let b: &i32 = &a;\n" "\n" " {\n" " let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n" " *c = 20;\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 msgid "" "The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " "`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 msgid "" "Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " "to make the code compile." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 msgid "" "After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " "the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " "checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 msgid "" "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " "lifetime `a`\"." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 msgid "" "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " "yourself." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 msgid "" "Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " "a valid solution." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 msgid "" "Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " "but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " "rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 msgid "" "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " "value:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" " let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 msgid "" "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 msgid "" "Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " "resulting in the following code:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n" " if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n" " let p3: &Point;\n" " {\n" " let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n" " p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n" " }\n" " println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 msgid "" "Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " "'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " "because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 msgid "Another way to explain it:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 msgid "" "Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " "returns another reference." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 msgid "" "It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 msgid "" "Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " "returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " "reference came from." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 msgid "" "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n" "\n" "fn erase(text: String) {\n" " println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." "\");\n" " let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n" " let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n" " // erase(text);\n" " println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n" " println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 msgid "" "In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " "underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " "`Highlight` that uses that data." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 msgid "" "If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " "the borrow checker throws an error." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 msgid "" "Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " "can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " "somewhat harder to use." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." msgstr "" #: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 msgid "" "Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " "annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " "relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " "of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3 msgid "" "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " "now, you just need to know part of its API:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n" " vec.push(30);\n" " let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n" " println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n" " for item in &vec {\n" " println!(\"item: {item}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18 msgid "" "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " " and update the types to make it compile:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "struct Library {\n" " books: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Book {\n" " title: String,\n" " year: u16,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Book {\n" " // This is a constructor, used below.\n" " fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" " Book {\n" " title: String::from(title),\n" " year,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" "// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" "//\n" "// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" "// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" "// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" "impl Library {\n" " fn new() -> Library {\n" " todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n" " }\n" "\n" " //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" " // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" " // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" " // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn print_books(self) {\n" " // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " "year\")\n" " //}\n" "\n" " //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" " //}\n" "}\n" "\n" "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" "// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" "// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" "// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let library = Library::new();\n" "\n" " //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." "is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " "library.is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //\n" " //library.print_books();\n" " //\n" " //match library.oldest_book() {\n" " // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" " // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" " //}\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" " //library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:102 msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 msgid "" "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "traits." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 msgid "`Iterator`" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 msgid "" "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " "`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " "back:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:13 msgid "" "```rust\n" "pub trait Iterator {\n" " type Item;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 msgid "You use this trait like this:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:22 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.iter();\n" "\n" " println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" " println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let mut iter = v.iter();\n" "\n" " let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" " println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 msgid "Why is this type used?" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 msgid "`IntoIterator`" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " "iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " "iterator:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:53 msgid "" "```rust\n" "pub trait IntoIterator {\n" " type Item;\n" " type IntoIter: Iterator;\n" "\n" " fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 msgid "" "The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " "declare two types:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 msgid "" "Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " "`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:73 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" "from(\"bar\")];\n" " let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n" "\n" " let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n" " println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 msgid "`for` Loops" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 msgid "" "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " "resulting iterator:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:89 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::" "from(\"bar\")];\n" "\n" " for word in &v {\n" " println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " for word in v {\n" " println!(\"word: {word}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 msgid "" "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " "IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for " "Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" "for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:3 msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut peter = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" " age: 27,\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" " \n" " peter.age = 28;\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n" " \n" " let jackie = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n" " ..peter\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:33 msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:34 msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:35 msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:36 msgid "" "Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " "slides." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:37 msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " "structs. " msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:38 msgid "" "Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " "value itself. " msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:39 msgid "" "The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " "not important." msgstr "" #: src/structs.md:40 msgid "" "The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Point(i32, i32);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p = Point(17, 23);\n" " println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n" "struct Newtons(f64);\n" "\n" "fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n" " todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n" " // ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let force = compute_thruster_force();\n" " set_thruster_force(force);\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 msgid "" "Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " "a primitive type, for example:" msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " "to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 msgid "" "Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " "single field in the newtype." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 msgid "" "Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " "for instance using booleans as integers." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "" #: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 msgid "" "The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 msgid "" "If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " "struct using a shorthand:" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n" " Person { name, age }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n" " println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 msgid "" "The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " "interchangeable with the struct type name" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n" " Self { name, age }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 msgid "" "Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " "default values for the other fields." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "impl Default for Person {\n" " fn default() -> Person {\n" " Person {\n" " name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n" " age: 0,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "fn create_default() {\n" " let tmp = Person {\n" " ..Person::default()\n" " };\n" " let tmp = Person {\n" " name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n" " ..Person::default()\n" " };\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 msgid "" "Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " "the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." msgstr "" #: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 msgid "" "Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:3 msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " "an `impl` block:" msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Person {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Person {\n" " fn say_hello(&self) {\n" " println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let peter = Person {\n" " name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n" " age: 27,\n" " };\n" " peter.say_hello();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:31 msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:32 msgid "" "Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " "first parameter represents the instance as `self`." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:33 msgid "" "Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " "syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " "all the implementation code in one predictable place." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:34 msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:35 msgid "" "Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " "the struct name could also be used." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:36 msgid "" "Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " "can be used elsewhere in the block." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:37 msgid "" "Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " "refer to individual fields." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:38 msgid "" "This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " "by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice." msgstr "" #: src/methods.md:39 msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:3 msgid "" "The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. " "There are other possible receivers for a method:" msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:6 msgid "" "`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:8 msgid "" "`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:10 msgid "" "`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " "method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " "(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " "transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:14 msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:15 msgid "" "No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " "create constructors which are called `new` by convention." msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:18 msgid "" "Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " "receiver types, such as `Box`." msgstr "" #: src/methods/receiver.md:24 msgid "" "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " "and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " "multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Race {\n" " name: String,\n" " laps: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Race {\n" " fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n" " Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write " "access to self\n" " self.laps.push(lap);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" " println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n" " for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n" " println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n" " let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n" " println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, " "total);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n" " race.add_lap(70);\n" " race.add_lap(68);\n" " race.print_laps();\n" " race.add_lap(71);\n" " race.print_laps();\n" " race.finish();\n" " // race.add_lap(42);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:47 msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:48 msgid "" "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:49 msgid "" "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:50 msgid "" "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " "referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " "in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." msgstr "" #: src/methods/example.md:51 msgid "" "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 msgid "" "You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " "you need to keep track of users' health statistics." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 msgid "" "You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " "`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " "on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "methods:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub struct User {\n" " name: String,\n" " age: u32,\n" " height: f32,\n" " visit_count: usize,\n" " last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Measurements {\n" " height: f32,\n" " blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n" " patient_name: &'a str,\n" " visit_count: u32,\n" " height_change: f32,\n" " blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl User {\n" " pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> " "HealthReport {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_height() {\n" " let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_set_age() {\n" " let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n" " bob.set_age(33);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_visit() {\n" " let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n" " assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n" " let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" " height: 156.1,\n" " blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n" " });\n" " assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n" " assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n" " assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n" "\n" " let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n" " height: 156.1,\n" " blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n" " });\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n" " assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std.md:3 msgid "" "Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " "types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " "together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:7 msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" msgstr "" #: src/std.md:9 msgid "" "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:12 msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:14 msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:16 msgid "" "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " "algorithm." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:19 msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:21 msgid "" "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " "data." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:25 msgid "" "In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " "`alloc` and `std`. " msgstr "" #: src/std.md:26 msgid "" "`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " "`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " msgstr "" #: src/std.md:28 msgid "" "`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " "`Box` and `Arc`." msgstr "" #: src/std.md:29 msgid "" "Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:1 msgid "`Option` and `Result`" msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:3 msgid "The types represent optional data:" msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n" " println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n" "\n" " let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n" " println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:18 msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:19 msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:20 msgid "" "`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " "Day 3." msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:21 msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:22 msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." msgstr "" #: src/std/option-result.md:23 msgid "" "Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " "inserted." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:3 msgid "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " "standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut s1 = String::new();\n" " s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n" " println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n" "\n" " let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n" " s2.push_str(&s1);\n" " s2.push('!');\n" " println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n" "\n" " let s3 = String::from(\"🇚🇭\");\n" " println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n" " s3.chars().count());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:22 msgid "" "`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " "all `str` methods on a `String`." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:30 msgid "" "`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " "you know how much data you want to push to the string." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:31 msgid "" "`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " "different from its length in characters)." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:32 msgid "" "`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " "`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " "to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" "unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:33 msgid "" "When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " "`String`." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:34 msgid "" "When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " "transparently call methods from `T`." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:35 msgid "" "`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " "access to `str`'s methods." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:36 msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:37 msgid "" "`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " "operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " "with some extra guarantees." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:38 msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:39 msgid "" "To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " "out-of-bounds." msgstr "" #: src/std/string.md:40 msgid "" "To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " "boundaries or not." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:1 msgid "`Vec`" msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:3 msgid "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " "resizable heap-allocated buffer:" msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n" " v1.push(42);\n" " println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n" "\n" " let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n" " v2.extend(v1.iter());\n" " v2.push(9999);\n" " println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n" "\n" " // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" " let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n" "\n" " // Retain only the even elements.\n" " v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n" " println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" "\n" " // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" " v3.dedup();\n" " println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:29 msgid "" "`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " "methods on a `Vec`." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:37 msgid "" "`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " "it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " "need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:40 msgid "" "Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " "explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " "during the first `push` call." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:42 msgid "" "`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " "supports adding initial elements to the vector." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:44 msgid "" "To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " "Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " "remove the last element." msgstr "" #: src/std/vec.md:46 msgid "" "Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " "+= 50; }`" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 msgid "`HashMap`" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:3 msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::collections::HashMap;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), " "207);\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n" " page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n" "\n" " if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n" " println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n" " page_counts.len());\n" " }\n" "\n" " for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " "Wonderland\"] {\n" " match page_counts.get(book) {\n" " Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n" " None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" " for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in " "Wonderland\"] {\n" " let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())." "or_insert(0);\n" " *page_count += 1;\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:38 msgid "" "`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:39 msgid "" "Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " "hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " "the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:41 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " let pc1 = page_counts\n" " .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n" " .unwrap_or(&336);\n" " let pc2 = page_counts\n" " .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n" " .or_insert(374);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:49 msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:50 msgid "" "Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" "From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " "us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n" " (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n" " (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n" " ]);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:59 msgid "" "Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" "value tuples." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:60 msgid "" "We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " "examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " "but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:62 msgid "" "Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " "compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" msgstr "" #: src/std/hashmap.md:64 msgid "" "This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" "collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " "Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " "to the `keys` method." msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:1 msgid "`Box`" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:3 msgid "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " "pointer to data on the heap:" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let five = Box::new(5);\n" " println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:13 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": five : : :\n" ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" ": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n" ": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:26 msgid "" "`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " "methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:34 msgid "" "`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " "not null. " msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:35 msgid "" "In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " "statement thanks to `Deref`. " msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:36 msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:37 msgid "" "have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " "compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" #: src/std/box.md:38 msgid "" "want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " "amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " "so only the pointer is moved." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 msgid "" "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum List {\n" " Cons(T, Box>),\n" " Nil,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::" "new(List::Nil))));\n" " println!(\"{list:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "list : : :\n" ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" "+ :\n" ": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " "| :\n" ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" "+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " "`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " "(`List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 msgid "" "`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " "just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 msgid "" "Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " "\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " "reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." msgstr "" #: src/std/box-niche.md:16 msgid "" "A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " "allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" msgstr "" #: src/std/box-niche.md:19 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "list : : :\n" ": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" "+ :\n" ": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " "| :\n" ": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" "+ :\n" ": : : :\n" ": : : :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "-'\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:1 msgid "`Rc`" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:3 msgid "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" "counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " "from multiple places:" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::rc::Rc;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n" " let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n" "\n" " println!(\"a: {a}\");\n" " println!(\"b: {b}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:18 msgid "" "See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " "context." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:19 msgid "" "You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:29 msgid "" "`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " "are references." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:30 msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:31 msgid "" "`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " "increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " "be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:32 msgid "" "`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " "and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:33 msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "" #: src/std/rc.md:34 msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " "cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, " "on the next slide)." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:1 msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:3 msgid "" "[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust " "calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:8 msgid "" "`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " "values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " "shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:12 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::cell::RefCell;\n" "use std::rc::Rc;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" "struct Node {\n" " value: i64,\n" " children: Vec>>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Node {\n" " fn new(value: i64) -> Rc> {\n" " Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value, ..Node::default() }))\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn sum(&self) -> i64 {\n" " self.value + self.children.iter().map(|c| c.borrow().sum()).sum::" "()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let root = Node::new(1);\n" " root.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(5));\n" " let subtree = Node::new(10);\n" " subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(11));\n" " subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(12));\n" " root.borrow_mut().children.push(subtree);\n" "\n" " println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n" " println!(\"graph sum: {}\", root.borrow().sum());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:47 msgid "" "If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " "to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " "This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, " "but it's not ergonomic." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:48 msgid "" "To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " "`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:49 msgid "" "Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." "children` (don't try to print it!)." msgstr "" #: src/std/cell.md:50 msgid "" "To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " "`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " "the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " "borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:3 msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:5 msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "mod foo {\n" " pub fn do_something() {\n" " println!(\"In the foo module\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "mod bar {\n" " pub fn do_something() {\n" " println!(\"In the bar module\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " foo::do_something();\n" " bar::do_something();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:28 msgid "" "Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " "describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:29 msgid "" "Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " "a library crate compiles to a library." msgstr "" #: src/modules.md:30 msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:3 msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:5 msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:6 msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:7 msgid "" "In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " "the descendants of `foo`." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "mod outer {\n" " fn private() {\n" " println!(\"outer::private\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn public() {\n" " println!(\"outer::public\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " mod inner {\n" " fn private() {\n" " println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn public() {\n" " println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n" " super::private();\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " outer::public();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:39 msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:41 msgid "" "Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " "of public visibility." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:43 msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:44 msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:45 msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." msgstr "" #: src/modules/visibility.md:46 msgid "" "In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " "its descendants)." msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:3 msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:5 msgid "As a relative path:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:6 msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:7 msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:9 msgid "As an absolute path:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:10 msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:11 msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:13 msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " "will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/paths.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::collections::HashSet;\n" "use std::mem::transmute;\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 msgid "" "Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "mod garden;\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 msgid "" "This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." "rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" "vegetables.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 msgid "The `crate` root is in:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 msgid "" "Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " "comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " "module." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:20 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " "germination\n" "//! implementation.\n" "\n" "// Re-export types from this module.\n" "pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n" "pub use garden::Garden;\n" "\n" "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" "pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n" "\n" "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" "pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 msgid "" "Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " "`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 msgid "" "The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." "rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:44 msgid "" "```ignore\n" "src/\n" "├── main.rs\n" "├── top_module.rs\n" "└── top_module/\n" " └── sub_module.rs\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 msgid "" "The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " "directive:" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:54 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n" "mod some_module;\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " "in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 msgid "" "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " "The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " "against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " "which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 msgid "" "Copy the following code to and make the tests " "pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" "abc-123\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" "books\"));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" "publishers\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" " ));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" "publishers\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" " ));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Day 3" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 msgid "" "Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " "traits." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 msgid "" "Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " "objects." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 msgid "" "Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " "functions." msgstr "" #: src/generics.md:3 msgid "" "Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " "(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:3 msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point {\n" " x: T,\n" " y: T,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n" " let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n" " println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:21 msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." msgstr "" #: src/generics/data-types.md:23 msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:3 msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Point(T, T);\n" "\n" "impl Point {\n" " fn x(&self) -> &T {\n" " &self.0 // + 10\n" " }\n" "\n" " // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p = Point(5, 10);\n" " println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:25 msgid "" "_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " "redundant?" msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:26 msgid "" "This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " "They are independently generic." msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:27 msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:28 msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " msgstr "" #: src/generics/methods.md:29 msgid "" "`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " "block will only be available for `Point`." msgstr "" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" msgstr "" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let integer = Some(5);\n" " let float = Some(5.0);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 msgid "behaves as if you wrote" msgstr "" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "enum Option_i32 {\n" " Some(i32),\n" " None,\n" "}\n" "\n" "enum Option_f64 {\n" " Some(f64),\n" " None,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n" " let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 msgid "" "This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " "had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." msgstr "" #: src/traits.md:3 msgid "" "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "" #: src/traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Pet {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String;\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Dog {\n" " name: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Cat;\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Dog {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " self.name.clone()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Cat {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " "anyway.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn greet(pet: &P) {\n" " println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n" " greet(&fido);\n" "\n" " let captain_floof = Cat;\n" " greet(&captain_floof);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 msgid "" "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " "collection:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Pet {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String;\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Dog {\n" " name: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Cat;\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Dog {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " self.name.clone()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Pet for Cat {\n" " fn name(&self) -> String {\n" " String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it " "anyway.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let pets: Vec> = vec![\n" " Box::new(Cat),\n" " Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n" " ];\n" " for pet in pets {\n" " println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40 msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42 msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -.\n" ": : : :\n" ": " "pets : : :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" "+ :\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " "| :\n" ": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" "+ :\n" ": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" "+ :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " "| :\n" ": : : | | | +---------------" "+ :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " "| :\n" " : | | | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : | | '---->| \"::name\" " "| :\n" " : | | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : | " "| : \n" " : | | +-" "+ : \n" " : | '-->|" "\\| : \n" " : | +-" "+ : \n" " : " "| : \n" " : | +----------------------" "+ : \n" " : '---->| \"::name\" " "| : \n" " : +----------------------" "+ :\n" " : :\n" " '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " "- -'\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 msgid "" "Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " "impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73 msgid "" "`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " "implements `Pet`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 msgid "" "In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. " "The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object " "and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of " "that particular object." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75 msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" " println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::" "());\n" " println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::" "<&Cat>());\n" " println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n" " println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the " "specified traits for a data structure." msgstr "" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n" "struct Player {\n" " name: String,\n" " strength: u8,\n" " hit_points: u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Player::default();\n" " let p2 = p1.clone();\n" " println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n" " if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "trait Equals {\n" " fn equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" " !self.equals(other)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Centimeter(i16);\n" "\n" "impl Equals for Centimeter {\n" " fn equals(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n" " self.0 == other.0\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = Centimeter(10);\n" " let b = Centimeter(20);\n" " println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equals(&b));\n" " println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equals(&b));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:32 msgid "" "Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users " "are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations " "can rely on required methods." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:35 msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:37 msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:38 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "trait NotEquals: Equals {\n" " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" " !self.equals(other)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:47 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "trait NotEquals {\n" " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl NotEquals for T where T: Equals {\n" " fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n" " !self.equals(other)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 msgid "" "With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " "trait for `NotEqual`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3 msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " "some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6 msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n" " (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Syntactic sugar for:\n" "// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" "fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into) -> i32 {\n" " x.into() + 42_000_000\n" "}\n" "\n" "// struct NotClonable;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n" " let pair = duplicate(foo);\n" " println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n" "\n" " let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n" " println!(\"{many}\");\n" " let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n" " println!(\"{many_more}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n" "where\n" " T: Clone,\n" "{\n" " (a.clone(), a.clone())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." msgstr "" #: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 msgid "" "If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " "be arbitrary, like `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 msgid "`impl Trait`" msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 msgid "" "Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " "arguments and return values:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::fmt::Display;\n" "\n" "fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n" " format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n" " println!(\"{x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 msgid "" "The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 msgid "" "For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " "trait bound." msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 msgid "" "For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " "implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " "don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 msgid "" "Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " "the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " "function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " "type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " "`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" ">()`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 msgid "" "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for " "this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what " "`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd " "need two independent generic parameters." msgstr "" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 msgid "" "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " "library:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 msgid "" "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " "used in `for` loops," msgstr "" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 msgid "" "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " "values," msgstr "" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 msgid "" "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," msgstr "" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 msgid "" "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " "overloading, and" msgstr "" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 msgid "" "[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " "defining destructors." msgstr "" #: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " "to construct a default instance of a type." msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:1 msgid "Iterators" msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:3 msgid "" "You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." "Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Fibonacci {\n" " curr: u32,\n" " next: u32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n" " type Item = u32;\n" "\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n" " self.curr = self.next;\n" " self.next = new_next;\n" " Some(self.curr)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n" " for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n" " println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:32 msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " "operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " "the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " "functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " "implementations." msgstr "" #: src/traits/iterator.md:37 msgid "" "`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " "collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " "and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " "vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 msgid "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " "lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n" " let prime_squares = primes\n" " .into_iter()\n" " .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n" " .collect::>();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 msgid "" "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 msgid "" "There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " "`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:1 msgid "`From` and `Into`" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:3 msgid "" "Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." "html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " "facilitate type conversions:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n" " let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n" " let one = i16::from(true);\n" " let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n" " println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:15 msgid "" "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " "automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:17 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n" " let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n" " let one: i16 = true.into();\n" " let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n" " println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:29 msgid "" "That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " "`Into` implementation too." msgstr "" #: src/traits/from-into.md:30 msgid "" "When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " "converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " "Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " "implement `Into`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/read-write.md:1 msgid "`Read` and `Write`" msgstr "" #: src/traits/read-write.md:3 msgid "" "Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " "abstract over `u8` sources:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/read-write.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n" "\n" "fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n" " let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n" " buf_reader.lines().count()\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" " let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n" " println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n" "\n" " let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n" " println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/read-write.md:23 msgid "" "Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " "you abstract over `u8` sinks:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/read-write.md:25 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::io::{Result, Write};\n" "\n" "fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n" " writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n" " writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<()> {\n" " let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n" " log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n" " log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n" " println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:1 msgid "The `Drop` Trait" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:3 msgid "" "Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." "html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "struct Droppable {\n" " name: &'static str,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Drop for Droppable {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n" " {\n" " let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n" " {\n" " let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n" " let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n" " println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n" " }\n" " drop(a);\n" " println!(\"Exiting main\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26 msgid "Discussion points:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:36 msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:37 msgid "" "Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " "block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" #: src/traits/drop.md:40 msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:1 msgid "The `Default` Trait" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:3 msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " "produces a default value for a type." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n" "struct Derived {\n" " x: u32,\n" " y: String,\n" " z: Implemented,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Implemented(String);\n" "\n" "impl Default for Implemented {\n" " fn default() -> Self {\n" " Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let default_struct = Derived::default();\n" " println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" " let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n" " y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n" " ..Derived::default()\n" " };\n" " println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n" "\n" " let nothing: Option = None;\n" " println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n" "}\n" "\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:40 msgid "" "It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:41 msgid "" "A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " "their default values." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:42 msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:43 msgid "" "Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " "`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:44 msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:45 msgid "" "Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " "provides convenience methods that use it." msgstr "" #: src/traits/default.md:46 msgid "" "the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" "with-struct-update-syntax)" msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:1 msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:3 msgid "" "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n" "struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n" " Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n" " let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n" " println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:28 msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:29 msgid "" "Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " "the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " "`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:33 msgid "" "Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " "method?" msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:34 msgid "" "Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " "associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " "trait." msgstr "" #: src/traits/operators.md:37 msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " "i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:1 msgid "Closures" msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:3 msgid "" "Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " "they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." "html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " "[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n" " println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n" " func(input)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n" " println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n" " println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n" "\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n" " v.push(x);\n" " v.iter().sum::()\n" " };\n" " println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n" " println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n" "\n" " let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::();\n" " println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:34 msgid "" "An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " "perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " "concurrently." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:37 msgid "" "An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " "multiple times, but not concurrently." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:40 msgid "" "If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " "might consume captured values." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:43 msgid "" "`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " "I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " "use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:47 msgid "" "The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " "`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:50 msgid "" "By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " "keyword makes them capture by value." msgstr "" #: src/traits/closures.md:52 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n" " return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n" " hi(\"there\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 msgid "" "We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and " "polygons." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 msgid "" "Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " "trait objects." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 msgid "" "`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " "button is pressed." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 msgid "" "Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " "`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub trait Widget {\n" " /// Natural width of `self`.\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" " fn draw(&self) {\n" " let mut buffer = String::new();\n" " self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" " println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Label {\n" " label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Label {\n" " fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" " Label {\n" " label: label.to_owned(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Button {\n" " label: Label,\n" " callback: Box,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Button {\n" " fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" " Button {\n" " label: Label::new(label),\n" " callback,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Window {\n" " title: String,\n" " widgets: Vec>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Window {\n" " fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" " Window {\n" " title: title.to_owned(),\n" " widgets: Vec::new(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" " self.widgets.push(widget);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" " std::cmp::max(\n" " self.title.chars().count(),\n" " self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" " )\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Label {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Button {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Widget for Window {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." "\")));\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" " \"Click me!\",\n" " Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" " )));\n" " window.draw();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132 msgid "" "```text\n" "========\n" "Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n" "========\n" "\n" "This is a small text GUI demo.\n" "\n" "| Click me! |\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142 msgid "" "If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " "particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " "and how you can control alignment:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let width = 10;\n" " println!(\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\", \"foo\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156 msgid "" "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158 msgid "" "```text\n" "+--------------------------------+\n" "| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n" "+================================+\n" "| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n" "| +-----------+ |\n" "| | Click me! | |\n" "| +-----------+ |\n" "+--------------------------------+\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1 msgid "Polygon Struct" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3 msgid "" "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " "below to and fill in the missing methods to " "make the tests pass:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "pub struct Point {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Point {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Polygon {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Polygon {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Circle {\n" " // add fields\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Circle {\n" " // add methods\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub enum Shape {\n" " Polygon(Polygon),\n" " Circle(Circle),\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" " (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_dist() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_add() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" " let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" " assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" " assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" "\n" " let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" " let shapes = vec![\n" " Shape::from(poly),\n" " Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" " ];\n" " let perimeters = shapes\n" " .iter()\n" " .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" " .map(round_two_digits)\n" " .collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[allow(dead_code)]\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117 msgid "" "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " "part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " "the tests." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120 msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122 msgid "" "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " "don't borrow their arguments." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123 msgid "" "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " "via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling.md:3 msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling.md:5 msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," msgstr "" #: src/error-handling.md:6 msgid "There are no exceptions." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,should_panic\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 msgid "" "Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 msgid "" "By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " "caught:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::panic;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" " println!(\"hello!\");\n" " });\n" " assert!(result.is_ok());\n" " \n" " let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n" " panic!(\"oh no!\");\n" " });\n" " assert!(result.is_err());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 msgid "" "This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " "request crashes." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/result.md:1 msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/result.md:3 msgid "" "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " "are expected as part of normal operation:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/result.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::fs;\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n" " match file {\n" " Ok(mut file) => {\n" " let mut contents = String::new();\n" " file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n" " println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n" " },\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/result.md:27 msgid "" "As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " "developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " "case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " "called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/result.md:30 msgid "" "`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " "is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " "that help functional-style programming. " msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 msgid "" "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " "turn the common" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "match some_expression {\n" " Ok(value) => value,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 msgid "into the much simpler" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "some_expression?\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n" " let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n" " Ok(file) => file,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err),\n" " };\n" "\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n" " Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n" " Err(err) => Err(err),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 msgid "" "Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " "file, file with username." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 msgid "" "The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " "functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " "can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " "`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " "`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " "apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57 msgid "" "You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " "`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " "`Result::err`." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 msgid "" "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " "indicated:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "expression?\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 msgid "works the same as" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "match expression {\n" " Ok(value) => value,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 msgid "" "The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " "type returned by the function:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n" "use std::fs::{self, File};\n" "use std::io::{self, Read};\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" " IoError(io::Error),\n" " EmptyUsername(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n" "\n" "impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n" " fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n" " match self {\n" " Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n" " Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username " "in {filename}\"),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n" " fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n" " ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" " File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n" " println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 msgid "" "It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " "implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " "`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" "rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57 msgid "" "It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " "possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " "this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 msgid "" "The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " "an error enum like we did on the previous page:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n" "enum ReadUsernameError {\n" " #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n" " IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n" " #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" " EmptyUsername(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 msgid "" "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " "optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " "`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 msgid "" "Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " "our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " "makes this easy." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::fs;\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n" "#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n" "struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n" " let mut username = String::new();\n" " fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 msgid "" "This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " "error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " "idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " "good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " "somewhere." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 msgid "" "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " "error types:" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::{fs, io};\n" "use std::io::Read;\n" "use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n" "\n" "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n" " fs::File::open(path)\n" " .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n" " .read_to_string(&mut username)\n" " .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n" " if username.is_empty() {\n" " bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n" " }\n" " Ok(username)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" " match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n" " Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 msgid "" "`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " "it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " "is widely used in applications." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 msgid "" "Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." msgstr "" #: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 msgid "" "Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " "developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " "error)` from Go." msgstr "" #: src/testing.md:3 msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "" #: src/testing.md:5 msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "" #: src/testing.md:7 msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" msgstr "" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,ignore\n" "fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n" " match text.find(' ') {\n" " Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n" " None => &text,\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_word() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_multiple_words() {\n" " assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." msgstr "" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 msgid "" "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" msgstr "" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n" " format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_helper() {\n" " assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "" #: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5 msgid "" "```rust\n" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" "/// ```\n" "/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" "/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" "/// ```\n" "pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n" " &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "" #: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." msgstr "" #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." msgstr "" #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" msgstr "" #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "use my_library::init;\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_init() {\n" " assert!(init().is_ok());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5 msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7 msgid "" "[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " "library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8 msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." msgstr "" #: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 msgid "" "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " "tests." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:3 msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:5 msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:6 msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " "violated." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:8 msgid "" "We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " "know what Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:11 msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " "carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:14 msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:16 msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:17 msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:18 msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:19 msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:20 msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:22 msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " "[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" "unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe.md:28 msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " "have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " "by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " "rules." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut num = 5;\n" "\n" " let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n" " let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n" "\n" " // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" " // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " "underlying\n" " // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" " // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" " // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n" " *r1 = 10;\n" " println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " "a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " "satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " "allocated object)." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " "must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " "static variables:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n" "\n" "fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n" " unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " add_to_counter(42);\n" "\n" " unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " "where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " "heap allocator or working with some C APIs." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "#[repr(C)]\n" "union MyUnion {\n" " i: u8,\n" " b: bool,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n" " println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n" " println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " "are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " "[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." "transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" "crates/zerocopy) crate." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " "you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "fn main() {\n" " let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n" "\n" " // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds " "of\n" " // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" " unsafe {\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n" " println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." "get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n" "\n" " // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" " // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" " // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." "get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n" " s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " "conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" "/// # Safety\n" "///\n" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" "unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n" " let temp = *a;\n" " *a = *b;\n" " *b = temp;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut a = 42;\n" " let mut b = 66;\n" "\n" " // Safe because ...\n" " unsafe {\n" " swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 msgid "" "We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " "with references." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 msgid "" "Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " "`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " "Try adding it and see what happens." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 msgid "Calling External Code" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 msgid "" "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " "them is thus unsafe:" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" " fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" " println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 msgid "" "This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " "pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " "function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " "must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " "like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::mem::size_of_val;\n" "use std::slice;\n" "\n" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" "pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n" " fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n" " unsafe {\n" " slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, " "size_of_val(self))\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" "unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " "the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " "complicated." msgstr "" #: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" "For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " "Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 msgid "" "To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "instructions." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 msgid "" "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" "afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " "interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " "functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " "exercise:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 msgid "Encoding" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 msgid "Use" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " "unknow data\"," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " "return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " "useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "functions and methods:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48 msgid "" "```rust,should_panic\n" "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" "#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" "\n" "mod ffi {\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" "\n" " // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct DIR {\n" " _data: [u8; 0],\n" " _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" "PhantomPinned)>,\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " "and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" " pub d_off: c_long,\n" " pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" " pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_fileno: u64,\n" " pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" " pub d_reclen: u16,\n" " pub d_namlen: u16,\n" " pub d_type: u8,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" " }\n" "\n" " extern \"C\" {\n" " pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" "\n" " #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " "on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" " #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" "use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct DirectoryIterator {\n" " path: CString,\n" " dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" " type Item = OsString;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " // Call closedir as needed.\n" " unimplemented!()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" " println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" msgstr "" #: src/android.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " "that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as " "extending existing services." msgstr "" #: src/android.md:7 msgid "" "We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to " "find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code " "to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something " "that parses some raw bytes would be ideal." msgstr "" #: src/android/setup.md:3 msgid "" "We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " "have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" #: src/android/setup.md:6 msgid "" "```shell\n" "source build/envsetup.sh\n" "lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n" "acloud create\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/setup.md:12 msgid "" "Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/" "setup/start) for details." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:3 msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:5 msgid "Module Type" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:5 msgid "Description" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:7 msgid "`rust_binary`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:7 msgid "Produces a Rust binary." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:8 msgid "`rust_library`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:8 msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:9 msgid "`rust_ffi`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:9 msgid "" "Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static " "and shared variants." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:10 msgid "`rust_proc_macro`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:10 msgid "" "Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler " "plugins." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:11 msgid "`rust_test`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:11 msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:12 msgid "`rust_fuzz`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:12 msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:13 msgid "`rust_protobuf`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:13 msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for " "a particular protobuf." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:14 msgid "`rust_bindgen`" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:14 msgid "" "Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C " "libraries." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules.md:16 msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 msgid "Rust Binaries" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3 msgid "" "Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " "create the following files:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13 msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18 msgid "" "```rust\n" "//! Rust demo.\n" "\n" "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:35 msgid "" "```text\n" "Hello from Rust!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 msgid "Rust Libraries" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3 msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5 msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7 msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below," msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8 msgid "" "`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]" "(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" "crates/)." msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"libgreetings\",\n" " \"libtextwrap\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "\n" "rust_library {\n" " name: \"libgreetings\",\n" " crate_name: \"greetings\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Rust demo.\n" "\n" "use greetings::greeting;\n" "use textwrap::fill;\n" "\n" "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Greeting library.\n" "\n" "/// Greet `name`.\n" "pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n" " format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/build-rules/library.md:67 msgid "" "```text\n" "Hello Bob, it is very\n" "nice to meet you!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl.md:3 msgid "" "The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." "com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl.md:6 msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl.md:7 msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1 msgid "AIDL Interfaces" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3 msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5 msgid "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7 msgid "" "```java\n" "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" "\n" "/** Birthday service interface. */\n" "interface IBirthdayService {\n" " /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "aidl_interface {\n" " name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n" " srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n" " unstable: true,\n" " backend: {\n" " rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n" " enabled: true,\n" " },\n" " },\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 msgid "" "Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " "vendor partition." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1 msgid "Service Implementation" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3 msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5 msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" "pub struct BirthdayService;\n" "\n" "impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n" "\n" "impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n" " fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::" "Result {\n" " Ok(format!(\n" " \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!" "\"\n" " ))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 #: src/android/aidl/client.md:37 msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_library {\n" " name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" " crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 msgid "AIDL Server" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:3 msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:5 msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Birthday service.\n" "use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" "\n" "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n" " let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n" " birthday_service,\n" " binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n" " );\n" " binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder." "as_binder())\n" " .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n" " binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/server.md:30 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"birthday_server\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " \"libbirthdayservice\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11 msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13 msgid "" "```shell\n" "adb shell service check birthdayservice\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:17 msgid "" "```text\n" "Service birthdayservice: found\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21 msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:23 msgid "" "```shell\n" "adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:27 msgid "" "```text\n" "Result: Parcel(\n" " 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n" " 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n" " 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n" " 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n" " 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n" " 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n" " 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n" " 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 msgid "AIDL Client" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:3 msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:5 msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Birthday service.\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::" "IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n" "use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n" "\n" "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n" "\n" "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" "pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::" "StatusCode> {\n" " binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Call the birthday service.\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n" " let name = std::env::args()\n" " .nth(1)\n" " .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n" " let years = std::env::args()\n" " .nth(2)\n" " .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n" " .unwrap_or(42);\n" "\n" " binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n" " let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to " "BirthdayService\");\n" " let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n" " println!(\"{msg}\");\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:39 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"birthday_client\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n" " \"libbinder_rs\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/client.md:62 msgid "" "```text\n" "Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 msgid "" "Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " "specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" msgstr "" #: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6 msgid "" "```java\n" "package com.example.birthdayservice;\n" "\n" "/** Birthday service interface. */\n" "interface IBirthdayService {\n" " /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n" " String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:3 msgid "" "You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " "or `stdout` (on-host):" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:6 msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:8 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"liblog_rust\",\n" " \"liblogger\",\n" " ],\n" " prefer_rlib: true,\n" " host_supported: true,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:22 msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:24 msgid "" "```rust,ignore\n" "//! Rust logging demo.\n" "\n" "use log::{debug, error, info};\n" "\n" "/// Logs a greeting.\n" "fn main() {\n" " logger::init(\n" " logger::Config::default()\n" " .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n" " .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n" " );\n" " debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n" " info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n" " error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:44 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_logs\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:50 msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:52 msgid "" "```shell\n" "adb logcat -s rust\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/logging.md:56 msgid "" "```text\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going " "fine.\n" "09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went " "wrong!\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability.md:3 msgid "" "Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " "means that you can:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability.md:6 msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability.md:7 msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability.md:9 msgid "" "When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " "_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1 msgid "Interoperability with C" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3 msgid "" "Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " "Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6 msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8 msgid "" "```rust\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" " fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let x = -42;\n" " let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n" " println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 msgid "" "We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" "safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23 msgid "" "This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " "production." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26 msgid "We will look at better options next." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1 msgid "Using Bindgen" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3 msgid "" "The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " "tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6 msgid "First create a small C library:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10 msgid "" "```c\n" "typedef struct card {\n" " const char* name;\n" " int years;\n" "} card;\n" "\n" "void print_card(const card* card);\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \n" "#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" "\n" "void print_card(const card* card) {\n" " printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" " printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n" " printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n" " printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "cc_library {\n" " name: \"libbirthday\",\n" " srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 msgid "" "Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " "example):" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_bindgen {\n" " name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n" " crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n" " wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n" " source_stem: \"bindings\",\n" " static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_binary {\n" " name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n" " srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "//! Bindgen demo.\n" "\n" "use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n" " let card = card {\n" " name: name.as_ptr(),\n" " years: 42,\n" " };\n" " unsafe {\n" " print_card(&card as *const card);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_test {\n" " name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" " srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n" " crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n" " test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n" " auto_gen_config: true,\n" " clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n" " lints: \"none\",\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122 msgid "" "```shell\n" "atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 msgid "Calling Rust" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3 msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5 msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" "#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n" "\n" "use std::os::raw::c_int;\n" "\n" "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n" " if x < y {\n" " println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n" " } else {\n" " println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26 msgid "" "```c\n" "#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n" "#define ANALYSE_H\n" "\n" "extern \"C\" {\n" "void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n" "}\n" "\n" "#endif\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_ffi {\n" " name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n" " crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n" " srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n" " include_dirs: [\".\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50 msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52 msgid "" "```c\n" "#include \"analyze.h\"\n" "\n" "int main() {\n" " analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n" " analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n" " return 0;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "cc_binary {\n" " name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n" " srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n" " static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" "adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" "tmp\"\n" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83 msgid "" "`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " "will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " "\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 msgid "" "The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " "interoperability between Rust and C++." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6 msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 msgid "" "See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of " "using this." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14 msgid "" "At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" "cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16 msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18 msgid "" "Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " "languages_." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20 msgid "" "Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings." "html):" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22 msgid "" "Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " "does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " "types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" "string`, making it very ergonomic to use." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28 msgid "" "Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " "which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 msgid "Interoperability with Java" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3 msgid "" "Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" "jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7 msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9 msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" "\n" "use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n" "use jni::sys::jstring;\n" "use jni::JNIEnv;\n" "\n" "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n" " env: JNIEnv,\n" " _class: JClass,\n" " name: JString,\n" ") -> jstring {\n" " let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n" " let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n" " let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n" " output.into_inner()\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62 msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "rust_ffi_shared {\n" " name: \"libhello_jni\",\n" " crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45 msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47 msgid "" "```java\n" "class HelloWorld {\n" " private static native String hello(String name);\n" "\n" " static {\n" " System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " public static void main(String[] args) {\n" " String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n" " System.out.println(output);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64 msgid "" "```javascript\n" "java_binary {\n" " name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n" " srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n" " main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n" " required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75 msgid "" "```shell\n" "m helloworld_jni\n" "adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n" "adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 msgid "" "This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " "and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6 msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8 msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12 msgid "" "No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " "in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" msgstr "ベアメタルRustぞようこそ" #: src/bare-metal.md:3 msgid "" "This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " "who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " "Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" "metal programming in some other language such as C." msgstr "" "こちらはベアメタルRustに関する独立した日コヌスです。察象ずしおいるのは、" "Rustの基本的な郚分に関しおは習埗枈みな人で䟋えば、本講座で、Cなどの他の蚀" "語でベアメタル開発の経隓があるず理想的です。" #: src/bare-metal.md:7 msgid "" "Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " "underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" msgstr "" "今日、取り扱うのは、ベアメタルRustです。すなわち、OSなしでRustのコヌドを実行" "したす。この章は以䞋のような構成になりたす:" #: src/bare-metal.md:10 msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" msgstr "`no_std` Rustずは?" #: src/bare-metal.md:11 msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." msgstr "マむクロコントロヌラ向けのファヌムりェア開発。" #: src/bare-metal.md:12 msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." msgstr "アプリケヌションプロセッサ向けのブヌトロヌダカヌネル開発。" #: src/bare-metal.md:13 msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." msgstr "ベアメタルRust開発に圹立぀クレヌトの玹介。" #: src/bare-metal.md:15 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" "tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " "with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " "an on-board SWD debugger." msgstr "" "マむクロコントロヌラ向けの孊習では[BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) v2を" "題材ずしお䜿いたす。これは、Nordic nRF51822マむコンベヌスの[開発ボヌド]" "(https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) で、いく぀かのLEDやボタンスむッチ、I2C" "接続の加速床センサやコンパス、そしおオンボヌドSWDデバッガを搭茉しおいたす。" #: src/bare-metal.md:20 msgid "" "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" "たずはじめに、埌ほど必芁ずなるいく぀かのツヌルをむンストヌルしたす。gLinuxた" "たはDebianの堎合は以䞋のようになりたす:" #: src/bare-metal.md:22 msgid "" "```bash\n" "sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-" "config qemu-system-arm\n" "rustup update\n" "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:30 msgid "" "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" "さらに、`plugdev`グルヌプにmicro:bitプログラム甚デバむスぞのアクセスを付䞎し" "たす:" #: src/bare-metal.md:32 msgid "" "```bash\n" "echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " "GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n" " sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n" "sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md:38 msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "MacOSの堎合は以䞋のようになりたす:" #: src/bare-metal.md:40 msgid "" "```bash\n" "xcode-select --install\n" "brew install gdb picocom qemu\n" "brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n" "rustup update\n" "rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n" "rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n" "cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 msgid "`no_std`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 msgid "`core`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 msgid "`alloc`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 msgid "`std`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24 msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25 msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26 msgid "`Option`, `Result`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27 msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29 msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30 msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31 msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32 msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33 msgid "`Duration`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38 msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39 msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40 msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45 msgid "`Error`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47 msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48 msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49 msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50 msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51 msgid "`net`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52 msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53 msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54 msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62 msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63 msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1 msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17 msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18 msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 msgid "" "Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " "avoid an error about `eh_personality`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 msgid "" "Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " "define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " "some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3 msgid "" "To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate alloc;\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use alloc::string::ToString;\n" "use alloc::vec::Vec;\n" "use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n" "\n" "#[global_allocator]\n" "static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n" "\n" "static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n" "\n" "pub fn entry() {\n" " // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called " "once.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" " HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n" " .lock()\n" " .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" " let mut v = Vec::new();\n" " v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " "hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41 msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43 msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " "the top-level binary crate." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45 msgid "" "`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " "crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47 msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3 msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " "Cortex M microcontrollers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "mod interrupts;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21 msgid "" "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " "abstraction." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25 msgid "" "The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" "> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27 msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3 msgid "" "Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " "turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "mod interrupts;\n" "\n" "use core::mem::size_of;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "\n" "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" "const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n" "\n" "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" "const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n" "const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n" "const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n" "\n" "// PIN_CNF fields\n" "const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n" "const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n" "const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n" "const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n" "const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::()) as *mut " "u32;\n" " let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::()) as *mut " "u32;\n" " // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " "and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" " unsafe {\n" " pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n" " DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " "SENSE_DISABLED,\n" " );\n" " pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n" " DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | " "SENSE_DISABLED,\n" " );\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n" " let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n" " // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, " "and\n" " // no aliases exist.\n" " unsafe {\n" " gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n" " gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n" " }\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64 msgid "" "GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " "to the first row." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34 msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin mmio\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3 msgid "" "[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " "wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" "pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" " let gpio0 = p.P0;\n" "\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n" " w.dir().output();\n" " w.input().disconnect();\n" " w.pull().disabled();\n" " w.drive().s0s1();\n" " w.sense().disabled();\n" " w\n" " });\n" " gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n" " w.dir().output();\n" " w.input().disconnect();\n" " w.pull().disabled();\n" " w.drive().s0s1();\n" " w.sense().disabled();\n" " w\n" " });\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n" " gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 msgid "" "SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " "silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51 msgid "" "They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " "descriptions, addresses and so on." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53 msgid "" "SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " "which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " "crates." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55 msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 msgid "" "If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " "pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin pac\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 msgid "HAL crates" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3 msgid "" "[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" "implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " "various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n" "use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n" "use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" " let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" "\n" " // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" " let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n" " let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" "\n" " // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" " col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" " row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39 msgid "" "`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 msgid "" "HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " "STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin hal\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 msgid "Board support crates" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3 msgid "" "Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " "board for convenience." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" "use microbit::Board;\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n" " board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28 msgid "" "In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " "and a bit of initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30 msgid "" "The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " "microcontroller itself." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32 msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin board_support\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n" " let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n" "\n" " let pin: P0_01 = gpio0.p0_01;\n" "\n" " // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" " let pin_input: P0_01> = pin.into_floating_input();\n" " if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n" " // ...\n" " }\n" " let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n" " .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " "Level::Low);\n" " pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n" " // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" "\n" " let _pin2: P0_02> = gpio0\n" " .p0_02\n" " .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, " "Level::Low);\n" " let _pin3: P0_03> = gpio0.p0_03." "into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32 msgid "" "Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " "exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34 msgid "" "Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " "can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36 msgid "" "The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " "the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " "the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " "way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " "caught at compile time." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40 msgid "" "You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " "not vice-versa." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41 msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 msgid "`embedded-hal`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 msgid "" "The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " "number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6 msgid "GPIO" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7 msgid "ADC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8 msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9 msgid "RNG" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10 msgid "Timers" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11 msgid "Watchdogs" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13 msgid "" "Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" "awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " "accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19 msgid "" "There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " "platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21 msgid "" "There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " "isn't stable yet." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 msgid "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " "like OpenOCD but better integrated." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 msgid "SWD" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 msgid " and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 msgid "DAP" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 msgid " server" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 msgid "Cargo integration" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 msgid "RTT" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 msgid "" " output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your " "project directory." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16 msgid "" "[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " "an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " "CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " "on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19 msgid "" "ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " "is a range from SEGGER." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21 msgid "" "The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " "Serial Wire Debug." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 msgid "" "probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " "want to." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23 msgid "" "The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" "adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " "supported microcontroller." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25 msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 msgid "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " "host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 msgid "Embed.toml:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[default.general]\n" "chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" "\n" "[debug.gdb]\n" "enabled = true\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13 msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 msgid "" "```sh\n" "cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19 msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21 msgid "" "```sh\n" "gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-" "command=\"target remote :1337\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29 msgid "" "```gdb\n" "b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n" "b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n" "b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n" "c\n" "c\n" "c\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 msgid "Other projects" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3 msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4 msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5 msgid "" "Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6 msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7 msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8 msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9 msgid "" "Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " "support" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10 msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 msgid "" "Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " "unprivileged drivers, IPC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13 msgid "" "Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." "github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18 msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19 msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 msgid "" "It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " "scheduling rather than a proper kernel." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 msgid "Cortex-M only." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23 msgid "" "Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 msgid "" "FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " "applications." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3 msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " "use the buttons somehow." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6 msgid "Hints:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8 msgid "" "Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" "latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" "microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." "org/hardware/)." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11 msgid "" "The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12 msgid "" "TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 msgid "" "The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" "blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" "microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17 msgid "" "You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 msgid "" "You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." "com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " "this exercise." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `compass` directory for the following files." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 msgid "`src/main.rs`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n" "\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Configure serial port.\n" " let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" " board.UARTE0,\n" " board.uart.into(),\n" " Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" " Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" " );\n" "\n" " // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" " // TODO\n" "\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" " // TODO\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" "\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"compass\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n" "embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n" "lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n" "microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n" "panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[default.general]\n" "chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" "\n" "[debug.gdb]\n" "enabled = true\n" "\n" "[debug.reset]\n" "halt_afterwards = true\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" "target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n" "\n" "[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n" "rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114 msgid "" "```sh\n" "picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120 msgid "" "```sh\n" "picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 msgid "Application processors" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3 msgid "" "So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " "Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " "with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" "virt.html) board." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9 msgid "" "Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " "privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " "processors do." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11 msgid "" "QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " "architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " "hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3 msgid "" "Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5 msgid "" "```armasm\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" " /*\n" " * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " "MMU and\n" " * caches.\n" " */\n" " adrp x30, idmap\n" " msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" " msr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" " /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" " mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" " bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" " msr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" " mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " "any\n" " * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" " */\n" " isb\n" " tlbi vmalle1\n" " ic iallu\n" " dsb nsh\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /*\n" " * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this\n" " * has completed.\n" " */\n" " msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" " mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" " orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" " msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" " isb\n" "\n" " /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" " adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" " adr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0: cmp x29, x30\n" " b.hs 1f\n" " stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" " b 0b\n" "\n" "1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" " adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" " mov sp, x30\n" "\n" " /* Set up exception vector. */\n" " adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" " msr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" " /* Call into Rust code. */\n" " bl main\n" "\n" " /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2: wfi\n" " b 2b\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77 msgid "" "This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " "zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79 msgid "" "The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " "object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " "initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " "on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " "them." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83 msgid "" "The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " "the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85 msgid "" "We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " "we don't:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 msgid "" "Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" "unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " "is not necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " "is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " "not VA or IPA.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94 msgid "" "For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " "identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " "for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " "memory layout that QEMU uses." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97 msgid "" "We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " "later." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98 msgid "" "All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " "(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " "modify `entry.S` accordingly." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1 msgid "Inline assembly" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3 msgid "" "Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " "Rust code. For example, to make an " msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 msgid "HVC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use core::arch::asm;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "\n" "const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" " // anything with memory.\n" " unsafe {\n" " asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n" " inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n" " inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n" " inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n" " options(nomem, nostack)\n" " );\n" " }\n" "\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 msgid "" "(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43 msgid "" "PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " "functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " "implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46 msgid "" "The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " "inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " "`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " "contents of the registers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49 msgid "" "This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " "it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51 msgid "" "`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " "used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " "According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " "\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " "arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " "special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1 msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3 msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4 msgid "Never hold a reference." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5 msgid "" "`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " "reference." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9 msgid "" "Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " "the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11 msgid "" "Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " "compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " "written, and not bother actually reading memory." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13 msgid "" "Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " "this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " "dereference it." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 msgid "" "Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " "struct." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1 msgid "Let's write a UART driver" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3 msgid "" "The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n" "const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n" "const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n" "\n" "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " base_address: *mut u8,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n" " Self { base_address }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n" " // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)." "read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 msgid "" "Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " "because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " "requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " "driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " "it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " "necessary preconditions." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60 msgid "" "We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " "`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " "place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63 msgid "" "This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " "the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " "number of places." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1 msgid "More traits" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3 msgid "" "We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " "traits too." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" "\n" "impl Write for Uart {\n" " fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" " for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" " self.write_byte(*c);\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24 msgid "" "Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " "`Uart` type." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1 msgid "A better UART driver" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3 msgid "" "The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " "offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " "read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " "structured way." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 msgid "Offset" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 msgid "Register name" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 msgid "Width" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 msgid "0x00" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 msgid "DR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 msgid "12" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 msgid "0x04" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 msgid "RSR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 msgid "4" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 msgid "0x18" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 msgid "FR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 msgid "9" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 msgid "0x20" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 msgid "ILPR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 msgid "8" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 msgid "0x24" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 msgid "IBRD" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 msgid "16" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 msgid "0x28" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 msgid "FBRD" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 msgid "6" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 msgid "0x2c" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 msgid "LCR_H" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 msgid "0x30" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 msgid "CR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 msgid "0x34" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 msgid "IFLS" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 msgid "0x38" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 msgid "IMSC" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 msgid "11" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 msgid "0x3c" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 msgid "RIS" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 msgid "0x40" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 msgid "MIS" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 msgid "0x44" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 msgid "ICR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 msgid "0x48" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 msgid "DMACR" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 msgid "3" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3 msgid "" "The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " "working with bitflags." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use bitflags::bitflags;\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct Flags: u16 {\n" " /// Clear to send.\n" " const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Data set ready.\n" " const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Data carrier detect.\n" " const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" " /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" " const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" " const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" " const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" " const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" " const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" " /// Ring indicator.\n" " const RI = 1 << 8;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37 msgid "" "The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " "with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1 msgid "Multiple registers" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3 msgid "" "We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " dr: u16,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" " rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" " fr: Flags,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" " ilpr: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " ibrd: u16,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" " fbrd: u8,\n" " _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" " lcr_h: u8,\n" " _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" " cr: u16,\n" " _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" " ifls: u8,\n" " _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" " imsc: u16,\n" " _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" " ris: u16,\n" " _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" " mis: u16,\n" " _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" " icr: u16,\n" " _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" " dmacr: u8,\n" " _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41 msgid "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " "following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " "predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " "(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3 msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " "received.\n" " pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" " if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" " None\n" " } else {\n" " let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." "read_volatile() };\n" " // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" " Some(data as u8)\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64 msgid "" "Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " "fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1 msgid "Using it" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3 msgid "" "Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " "and echo incoming bytes." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::error;\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" "\n" " writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " if let Some(byte) = uart.read_byte() {\n" " uart.write_byte(byte);\n" " match byte {\n" " b'\\r' => {\n" " uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n" " }\n" " b'q' => break,\n" " _ => {}\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 msgid "" "As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " "function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " "notes there for details." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3 msgid "" "It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " "`Log` trait." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" "};\n" "\n" "struct Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Log for Logger {\n" " fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" " true\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" " writeln!(\n" " self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" " \"[{}] {}\",\n" " record.level(),\n" " record.args()\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn flush(&self) {}\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" "pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " "SetLoggerError> {\n" " LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" "\n" " log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" " log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50 msgid "" "The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " "`set_logger`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3 msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n" "\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47 msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3 msgid "" "AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " "exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " "SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " "We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " "calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use log::error;\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65 msgid "" "For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " "EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 msgid "" "For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " "expect any of them to actually happen." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69 msgid "" "We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " "less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." "md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " "example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " "rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " "it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 msgid "" "[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" "raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 msgid "" "Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " "exception handling, page tables" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 msgid "" "Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " "necessarily a good example to copy for production code." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12 msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13 msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17 msgid "" "The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " "enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19 msgid "" "Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " "`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " "generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " "necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22 msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " "fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " "alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " "hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 msgid "" "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " "programming." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 msgid "`zerocopy`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 msgid "" "The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " "traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " "types." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n" "\n" "#[repr(u32)]\n" "#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" "enum RequestType {\n" " #[default]\n" " In = 0,\n" " Out = 1,\n" " Flush = 4,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[repr(C)]\n" "#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n" "struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n" " request_type: RequestType,\n" " reserved: u32,\n" " sector: u64,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n" " request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n" " sector: 42,\n" " ..Default::default()\n" " };\n" "\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " request.as_bytes(),\n" " &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n" " );\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40 msgid "" "This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " "but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " "DMA, or sent over some external interface." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45 msgid "" "`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " "valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47 msgid "" "Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " "`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " "all byte patterns are valid." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49 msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 msgid "`aarch64-paging`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 msgid "" "The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " "you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " "Architecture." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use aarch64_paging::{\n" " idmap::IdMap,\n" " paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n" "};\n" "\n" "const ASID: usize = 1;\n" "const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n" "\n" "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" "let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n" "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" "idmap.map_range(\n" " &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n" " Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n" ").unwrap();\n" "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" "idmap.activate();\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 msgid "" "For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " "be straightforward to add." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30 msgid "" "This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." "com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" "pvmfw/)." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31 msgid "" "There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " "or under QEMU." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 msgid "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " "is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " "be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" "buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " "the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " "allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " "space for PCI BARs:" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n" "use core::alloc::Layout;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n" " allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n" "\n" " let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n" " let bar = allocator\n" " .alloc_aligned(layout)\n" " .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n" " println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26 msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27 msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 msgid "`tinyvec`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 msgid "" "Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " "heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " "this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " "allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " "and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" " numbers.push(7);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" " numbers.remove(1);\n" " println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23 msgid "" "`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " "initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 msgid "`spin`" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 msgid "" "`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " "are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " "interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7 msgid "" "The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " "equivalents of many of these primitives." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static counter: SpinMutex = SpinMutex::new(0);\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" " *counter.lock() += 2;\n" " println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23 msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24 msgid "" "`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " "`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 msgid "" "The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " "useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " "`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28 msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android.md:3 msgid "" "To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " "`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " "with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " "to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android.md:7 msgid "" "```soong\n" "rust_ffi_static {\n" " name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n" " defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n" " crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" " srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" " rustlibs: [\n" " \"libvmbase\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "\n" "cc_binary {\n" " name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" " defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n" " srcs: [\n" " \"idmap.S\",\n" " ],\n" " static_libs: [\n" " \"libvmbase_example\",\n" " ],\n" " linker_scripts: [\n" " \"image.ld\",\n" " \":vmbase_sections\",\n" " ],\n" "}\n" "\n" "raw_binary {\n" " name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n" " stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n" " src: \":vmbase_example\",\n" " enabled: false,\n" " target: {\n" " android_arm64: {\n" " enabled: true,\n" " },\n" " },\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 msgid "" "For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." "googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" "master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " "build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "use vmbase::{main, println};\n" "\n" "main!(main);\n" "\n" "pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n" " println!(\"Hello world\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21 msgid "" "The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " "entry point." msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22 msgid "" "The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " "PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3 msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "RTC driver" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3 msgid "" "The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " "you should write a driver for it." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6 msgid "" "Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " "[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8 msgid "" "Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " "time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10 msgid "" "_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " "the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" "docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12 msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13 msgid "" "Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" "wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16 msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" "const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" "const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" " // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " "base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" " let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " "GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " gic.setup();\n" "\n" " // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" "\n" " // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" "\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 msgid "" "`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " "the exercise):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " trace!(\"irq_current\");\n" " let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending " "interrupt\");\n" " info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_current\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"sync_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"irq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n" " error!(\"serr_lower\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n" "use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n" "\n" "static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n" "};\n" "\n" "struct Logger {\n" " uart: SpinMutex>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Log for Logger {\n" " fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n" " true\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n" " writeln!(\n" " self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n" " \"[{}] {}\",\n" " record.level(),\n" " record.args()\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn flush(&self) {}\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" "pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), " "SetLoggerError> {\n" " LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n" "\n" " log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n" " log::set_max_level(max_level);\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "#![allow(unused)]\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n" "use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" "use bitflags::bitflags;\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct Flags: u16 {\n" " /// Clear to send.\n" " const CTS = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Data set ready.\n" " const DSR = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Data carrier detect.\n" " const DCD = 1 << 2;\n" " /// UART busy transmitting data.\n" " const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" " const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" " const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n" " /// Receive FIFO is full.\n" " const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n" " /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" " const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n" " /// Ring indicator.\n" " const RI = 1 << 8;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" "\n" "bitflags! {\n" " /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" " #[repr(transparent)]\n" " #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" " struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n" " /// Framing error.\n" " const FE = 1 << 0;\n" " /// Parity error.\n" " const PE = 1 << 1;\n" " /// Break error.\n" " const BE = 1 << 2;\n" " /// Overrun error.\n" " const OE = 1 << 3;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " dr: u16,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n" " rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n" " fr: Flags,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n" " ilpr: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " ibrd: u16,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n" " fbrd: u8,\n" " _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n" " lcr_h: u8,\n" " _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n" " cr: u16,\n" " _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n" " ifls: u8,\n" " _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n" " imsc: u16,\n" " _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n" " ris: u16,\n" " _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n" " mis: u16,\n" " _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n" " icr: u16,\n" " _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n" " dmacr: u8,\n" " _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Uart {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Uart {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" " pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n" " // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n" "\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe {\n" " // Write to the TX buffer.\n" " addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" " while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " "received.\n" " pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n" " if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n" " None\n" " } else {\n" " let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)." "read_volatile() };\n" " // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" " Some(data as u8)\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" "\n" "impl Write for Uart {\n" " fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n" " for c in s.as_bytes() {\n" " self.write_byte(*c);\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[workspace]\n" "\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"rtc\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n" "bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n" "chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n" "log = \"0.4.17\"\n" "smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n" "spin = \"0.9.8\"\n" "\n" "[build-dependencies]\n" "cc = \"1.0.73\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use cc::Build;\n" "use std::env;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n" " env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n" " env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n" "\n" " Build::new()\n" " .file(\"entry.S\")\n" " .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n" " .file(\"idmap.S\")\n" " .compile(\"empty\")\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" ".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" "\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" "\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" "\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" ".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" ".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" "\n" "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" "/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " "fault instead. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" "/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" ".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" "/*\n" " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate " "write-allocate\n" " * cacheable.\n" " */\n" ".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" "/*\n" " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate " "write-allocate\n" " * cacheable.\n" " */\n" ".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" "/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" ".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" ".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." "L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" ".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." "L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" "\n" "/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" "/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" "/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" "/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" "/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" "/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" "/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " "28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" ".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." "L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" ".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." "L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations " "required to prepare the\n" " * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " "registers x25 and above,\n" " * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " "vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" " * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" " */\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" ".global entry\n" "entry:\n" "\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU " "and caches. */\n" "\tadrp x30, idmap\n" "\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" "\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" "\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" "\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" "\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" "\n" "\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any " "potentially stale\n" "\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" "\t */\n" "\tisb\n" "\ttlbi vmalle1\n" "\tic iallu\n" "\tdsb nsh\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " "this has completed.\n" "\t */\n" "\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" "\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" "\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" "\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" "\tisb\n" "\n" "\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" "\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" "\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" "0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" "\tb.hs 1f\n" "\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" "\tb 0b\n" "\n" "1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" "\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" "\tmov sp, x30\n" "\n" "\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" "\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" "\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" "\n" "\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" "\tbl main\n" "\n" "\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" "2:\twfi\n" "\tb 2b\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " "instructions\n" " * left.\n" " *\n" " * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " "respectively,\n" " * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " "call.\n" " */\n" ".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" "\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" "\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" "\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" "\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" "\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" "\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" "\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" "\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" "\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" "\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" "\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n" "\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" "\t */\n" "\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" "\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n" " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving " "18\n" " * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" " * instructions to spare.\n" " */\n" ".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" "\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" "\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" "\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" "\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" "\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" "\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" "\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" "\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" "\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" "\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" "\n" "\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" "\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" "\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" "\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" "\n" "\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" "\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " "using\n" " * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " "doing\n" " * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" " *\n" " * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n" " * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " "implement\n" " * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" " */\n" ".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" "\tmsr spsel, #1\n" "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" "\tbl \\handler\n" "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\tmsr spsel, #0\n" "\teret\n" ".endm\n" "\n" "/**\n" " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " "using\n" " * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " "volatile\n" " * registers, then returns.\n" " *\n" " * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" " * non-volatile registers.\n" " *\n" " * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n" " * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " "whole\n" " * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" " */\n" ".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" "\tbl \\handler\n" "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" "\teret\n" ".endm\n" "\n" ".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" ".global vector_table_el1\n" ".balign 0x800\n" "vector_table_el1:\n" "sync_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_cur_sp0:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_cur_spx:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_lower_64:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "sync_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "irq_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "fiq_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" "\n" ".balign 0x80\n" "serr_lower_32:\n" "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 msgid "" "```armasm\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" ".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" "\n" "/* Access flag. */\n" ".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" "/* Not global. */\n" ".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" ".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" "\n" ".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" ".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " "shareable\n" "\n" ".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" ".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" "\n" ".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" ".global idmap\n" ".align 12\n" "idmap:\n" "\t/* level 1 */\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" "\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" "\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 msgid "" "```ld\n" "/*\n" " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" " *\n" " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" " *\n" " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" " *\n" " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" " * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" "\n" "/*\n" " * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " "the\n" " * image.\n" " */\n" "ENTRY(entry)\n" "\n" "MEMORY\n" "{\n" "\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" "}\n" "\n" "SECTIONS\n" "{\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together the code.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" "\t\t*(.init.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\t.text : {\n" "\t\t*(.text.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\ttext_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\t.got : {\n" "\t\t*(.got)\n" "\t} >image\n" "\trodata_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n" "\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" "\t */\n" "\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.data.*)\n" "\t\t/*\n" "\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" "\t\t * bytes long.\n" "\t\t */\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" "\t\tdata_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" "\tbin_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" "\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" "\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" "\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" "\t\t*(COMMON)\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" "\t\tbss_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" "\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" "\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" "\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" "\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" "\t} >image\n" "\n" "\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" "\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" "\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" "\t */\n" "\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" "\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" "\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" "\t\t*(.hash)\n" "\t\t*(.interp)\n" "\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" "\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" "\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" "\t}\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944 msgid "" "```makefile\n" "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "#\n" "# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "#\n" "# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "#\n" "# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "# limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n" "ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n" "\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n" "else\n" "\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n" "endif\n" "OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n" "\n" ".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n" "\n" "all: rtc.bin\n" "\n" "build:\n" "\tcargo build\n" "\n" "rtc.bin: build\n" "\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n" "\n" "qemu: rtc.bin\n" "\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio " "-display none -kernel $< -s\n" "\n" "clean:\n" "\tcargo clean\n" "\trm -f *.bin\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[build]\n" "target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n" "rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "Rustでの䞊行性ぞようこそ" #: src/concurrency.md:3 msgid "" "Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " "channels." msgstr "" "Rustはミュヌテックスずチャネルを甚いおOSスレッドを扱う䞊行性を十分にサポヌト" "しおいたす。" #: src/concurrency.md:6 msgid "" "The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " "compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " "you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." msgstr "" "Rustの型システムは倚くの䞊行性にた぀わるバグをコンパむル時のバグにずどめるず" "いう点で、重芁な圹割を果たしたす。これは時に _fearless concurrency_ 「怖く" "ない䞊行性」 ず呌ばれたす。なぜなら、コンパむラに実行時での正しさを保蚌する" "こずをたかせおよいためです。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgstr "Rustのスレッドは他の蚀語のスレッドず䌌た挙動をしたす:" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " thread::spawn(|| {\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" " }\n" " });\n" "\n" " for i in 1..5 {\n" " println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." msgstr "" "スレッドはすべおデヌモンスレッドで、メむンスレッドはそれらを埅ちたせん。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:25 msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." msgstr "スレッドパニックは互いに独立です。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:26 msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." msgstr "" "パニックはペむロヌドを保持しおいるこずがあり、それは`downcast_ref`で展開可胜" "です。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 msgid "" "Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " "not waiting." msgstr "" "スレッドはカりントが10に到達するたでに止められたす。メむンのスレッドは埅機し" "たせん。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 msgid "" "Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " "the thread to finish." msgstr "" "`let handle = thread::spawn(
)`ず埌に`handle.join()`を䜿っお、スレッドが完了" "するのを埅っおみおください。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." msgstr "" "スレッド内でパニックを匕き起こしおみお、それがどのように`main`に圱響しないか" "を芳察しおみおください。" #: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 msgid "" "Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " "panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/any/index.html)." msgstr "" "`handle.join()`の返り倀の`Result`を䜿っお、パニックペむロヌドぞのアクセスを埗" "おみおください。 これは[`Any`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)" "に぀いお話すのに良いタむミングです。" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "通垞のスレッドはそれらの環境から借甚するこずはできたせん:" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn foo() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" " thread::spawn(|| {\n" " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" " });\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " foo();\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 msgid "" "However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" "fn.scope.html) for this:" msgstr "" "しかし、そのために[スコヌプ付きスレッド](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "thread/fn.scope.html)を䜿うこずができたす:" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n" "\n" " thread::scope(|scope| {\n" " scope.spawn(|| {\n" " println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n" " });\n" " });\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 msgid "" "The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " "the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." msgstr "" "この理由は、関数`thread::scope`が完了するずき、党おのスレッドはjoinされるこず" "が保蚌されおいるので、スレッドが借甚したデヌタを返すこずができるためです。" #: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41 msgid "" "Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " "thread, or immutably by any number of threads." msgstr "" "通垞のRustの借甚のルヌルが適甚されたす:　䞀぀のスレッドがミュヌタブルで借甚す" "るこず、たたは任意の数のスレッドからむミュヌタブルで借甚するこず。" #: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 msgid "" "Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " "parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." msgstr "" "Rustのチャネルには二぀の郚品がありたす `Sender` ず`Receiver`です。こ" "の぀の郚品はチャネルによっお繋がっおいたすが、芋るこずができるのぱンドポ" "むントだけです。" #: src/concurrency/channels.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" "\n" " tx.send(10).unwrap();\n" " tx.send(20).unwrap();\n" "\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" "\n" " let tx2 = tx.clone();\n" " tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 msgid "" "`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " "implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " "not." msgstr "" "`mpsc` は Multi-Producer, Single-Consumerの略称です。 `Sender`ず`SyncSender`" "は`Clone`を実装しおいるよっお耇数のproducerが䜜成可胜のですが、`Receiver`" "に぀いおはそうではありたせん。" #: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 msgid "" "`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " "counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." msgstr "" "`send()`ず`recv()`は`Result`を返したす。もし`Err`が返された堎合、これは、察応" "する`Sender`か`Receiver`のいずれかがドロップされ、チャンネルが閉じられたこず" "を意味したす。" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "Unboundedで非同期的なチャネルは`mpsc::channel()`によっお埗られたす" #: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" " });\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "\n" " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 msgid "" "With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" msgstr "" "Boundedか぀同期的なチャネルを甚いたずき、`send`は珟圚のスレッドをブロック" "するこずがありたす" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::mpsc;\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " for i in 1..10 {\n" " tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n" " }\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n" " });\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "\n" " for msg in rx.iter() {\n" " println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " "channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " "is nobody who reads from the channel." msgstr "" "`send`を呌んだずきにチャネルに空きがなければ、珟圚のスレッドはブロックされた" "す。もし誰もチャネルから倀を読み取らない堎合は、このスレッドは無期限にブロッ" "クされるこずがありたす。" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 msgid "" "A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " "if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." msgstr "" "もしもチャネルが閉じられた堎合、`send`の呌び出しぱラヌずずもに䞭断したす。" "`send`が`Result`を返すのはこのためです。受け取り偎がドロップされたずき" "に、チャネルは閉じられたす。" #: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33 msgid "" "A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." msgstr "" "サむズがのBoundedチャネルは「ランデブヌチャネル」ず呌ばれたす。別のスレッド" "が`read`を呌ぶたでは、それぞれのsendは珟圚のスレッドをブロックしたす。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" msgstr "`Send`ず`Sync`" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 msgid "" "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " "two traits:" msgstr "" "Rustはどのようにスレッド間での倀の共有アクセスを犁止するのでしょうかその答" "えずなるのが、以䞋の぀のトレむトです" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 msgid "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " "is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): スレッド境界" "をたたいでの型`T`のムヌブが安党に行える堎合、型`T`は`Send`である。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 msgid "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " "is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): スレッド境界" "をたたいで`&T`のムヌブが安党に行える堎合、型`T`は`Sync`である。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 msgid "" "`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " "compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " "contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " "you know it is valid." msgstr "" "`Send`ず`Sync`は[unsafeなトレむト](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md)です。 あなたが" "新たに定矩する型が`Send`ず`Sync`の型のみを含む堎合、コンパむラはその新しい型" "に察しお`Send`ず`Sync`を自動的に導出したす。そうでなくおも劥圓であるならば" "`Send`ず`Sync`を自分自身で実装するこずもできたす。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 msgid "" "One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" "safety properties." msgstr "" "これらのトレむトは、ある型が特定のスレッドセヌフの特性を持っおいるこずを瀺す" "マヌカヌず考えるこずもできたす。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." msgstr "" "これらは通垞のトレむトず同じように、ゞェネリック境界の䞭で利甚するこずができ" "たす。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 msgid "`Send`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " "if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." msgstr "" "型`T`の倀を安党に別のスレッドにムヌブできる堎合、型`T`は[`Send`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html)である。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 msgid "" "The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " "run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " "thread and deallocate it in another." msgstr "" "所有暩を別のスレットにムヌブするずいうこずは、_デストラクタ_ がそのスレッドで" "実行されるずいうこずです。぀たり、あるスレッドでアロケヌトされた倀を別のス" "レッドで解攟しおも良いかずいうのが刀断基準になりたす。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13 msgid "" "As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " "a single thread." msgstr "" "䟋を挙げるず、SQLiteラむブラリぞのコネクションは、䞀぀のスレッドからのみアク" "セスされる必芁がありたす。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 msgid "`Sync`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " "if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." msgstr "" "型`T`の倀を耇数のスレッドから同時にアクセスしおも安党な堎合、型`T`は [`Sync`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) である。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" msgstr "より正確には、以䞋のような定矩です" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" msgstr "`&T`が`Send`である堎合、か぀その堎合に限り、`T`は`Sync`である" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 msgid "" "This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " "thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " "across threads." msgstr "" "これは぀たり、「ある型の共有がスレッドセヌフであれば、その参照をスレッド間で" "受け枡すこずもスレッドセヌフである」ずいうこずを手短に衚したものです。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 msgid "" "This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " "multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " "issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " "is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " "be accessed from any thread safely." msgstr "" "なぜなら、ある型がSyncである堎合、デヌタ競合や他の同期の問題などのリスクなし" "にその型を耇数のスレッド間で共有でき、その型を別のスレッドにムヌブしおも安党" "だからです。たた、型ぞの参照は別のスレッドにムヌブしおも安党です。それは、そ" "れが参照するデヌタは任意のスレッドから安党にアクセスするこずができるからで" "す。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 msgid "`Send + Sync`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" msgstr "芋かけるほずんどの型は`Send + Sync`です" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." msgstr "`Arc`: アトミック参照カりントにより、明瀺的にスレッドセヌフ。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." msgstr "`Mutex`: 内郚ロックにより明瀺的にスレッドセヌフ。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." msgstr "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, 
: 特別なアトミック呜什を利甚。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 msgid "" "The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " "`Send + Sync`." msgstr "" "ゞェネリクスは、型パラメタが`Send + Sync`であるずき、通垞は`Send + Sync`で" "す。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 msgid "`Send + !Sync`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 msgid "" "These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " "Typically because of interior mutability:" msgstr "" "これらの型は別のスレッドにムヌブするこずができたすが、このようなムヌブはス" "レッドセヌフではありたせん。通垞は内郚可倉性がその原因です" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 msgid "`!Send + Sync`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 msgid "" "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" msgstr "" "このような型はスレッドセヌフですが、別のスレッドにムヌブするこずはできたせ" "ん" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 msgid "" "`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " "thread which created them." msgstr "" "`MutexGuard`: プリミティブを䜜成したスレッド自身により、割り圓おを解陀され" "るべきであるようなOSレベルのプリミティブを利甚。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgstr "" "このような型はスレッドセヌフではないため、別のスレッドにムヌブするこずはでき" "たせん" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 msgid "" "`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" "atomic reference count." msgstr "" "`Rc`: それぞれの `Rc` は`RcBox`ぞの参照を持っおいたす。これは、アト" "ミックでない参照カりントを持っおいたす。" #: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 msgid "" "`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " "considerations." msgstr "" "`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust は、生ポむンタヌは同時実行性に関する特別な考慮事項" "がある可胜性があるこずを仮定しおいたす。" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 msgid "" "Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " "primarily done via two types:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " "reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " "deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8 msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " "mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 msgid "`Arc`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " "read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" " let mut handles = Vec::new();\n" " for _ in 1..5 {\n" " let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n" " handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" " println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n" " }));\n" " }\n" "\n" " handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 msgid "" "`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " "that uses atomic operations." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31 msgid "" "`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " "and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33 msgid "" "`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " "after that the use of the `T` is free." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35 msgid "" "Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " "them." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 msgid "`Mutex`" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " "mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " "interface:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n" " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" "\n" " {\n" " let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n" " guard.push(40);\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 msgid "" "Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " "implementation." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 msgid "" "`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " "protected data." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 msgid "" "It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " "protected data." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 msgid "" "You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " "`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 msgid "" "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " "implements `Send`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 msgid "" "If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " "\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " "inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " "[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " "You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::thread;\n" "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n" " let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n" " v.push(10);\n" " });\n" " v.push(1000);\n" "\n" " handle.join().unwrap();\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25 msgid "" "```rust,editable\n" "use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n" "\n" " let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n" " let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n" " v2.push(10);\n" " });\n" "\n" " {\n" " let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n" " v.push(1000);\n" " }\n" "\n" " handle.join().unwrap();\n" "\n" " println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 msgid "Notable parts:" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 msgid "" "`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " "orthogonal." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 msgid "" "Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " "between threads." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 msgid "" "`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " "thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 msgid "" "Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " "possible." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3 msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5 msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7 msgid "" "Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " "download dependencies and then check links in parallel." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3 msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5 msgid "" "Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " "their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " "served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " "philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " "only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " "forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " "not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " "down both forks." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13 msgid "" "You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " "out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // Create forks\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" "\n" " // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3 msgid "" "Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " "should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " "should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " "until all pages have been validated." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8 msgid "" "For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" "reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo new link-checker\n" "cd link-checker\n" "cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 msgid "" "If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " "`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20 msgid "" "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." "rs/scraper/) for that:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo add scraper\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 msgid "" "Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" "(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo add thiserror\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 msgid "" "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"link-checker\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "publish = false\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" "tls\"] }\n" "scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" "thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50 msgid "" "You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" "www.google.org/`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53 msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" "use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" "enum Error {\n" " #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" " ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" " #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" " BadResponse(String),\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct CrawlCommand {\n" " url: Url,\n" " extract_links: bool,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " "Error> {\n" " println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" " let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" " if !response.status().is_success() {\n" " return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" " if !command.extract_links {\n" " return Ok(link_urls);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" " let body_text = response.text()?;\n" " let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" "\n" " let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" " let href_values = document\n" " .select(&selector)\n" " .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" " for href in href_values {\n" " match base_url.join(href) {\n" " Ok(link_url) => {\n" " link_urls.push(link_url);\n" " }\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " "{err}\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " Ok(link_urls)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let client = Client::new();\n" " let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n" " let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: " "true };\n" " match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n" " Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n" " Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120 msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:122 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo run\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128 msgid "" "Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " "channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130 msgid "" "Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." "org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " "being blocked by the site." msgstr "" #: src/async.md:1 msgid "Async Rust" msgstr "Asyncの基瀎" #: src/async.md:3 msgid "" "\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " "concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " "another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " "larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " "per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " "primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." msgstr "" "「Async」は耇数のタスクが䞊行凊理される䞊行性モデルです。それぞれのタスクはブ" "ロックされるたで実行され、そしお次に進むこずのできる他のタスクに切り替えるこ" "ずにより実珟されたす。このモデルは限られた数のスレッド䞊でより倚くのタスクを" "実行するこずを可胜にしたす。なぜなら、タスクごずのオヌバヌヘッドは通垞はずお" "も䜎く、効率的に実行可胜なI/Oを特定するために必芁なプリミティブをOSが提䟛しお" "くれるからです。" #: src/async.md:10 msgid "" "Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " "that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " "signal that they are complete." msgstr "" "Rustの非同期的な操䜜は「future」に基づいおいお、これは将来に完了するかもしれ" "ない䜜業を衚しおいたす。Futureは、タスクが完了したこずを知らせるシグナルが埗" "られるたでポヌリングされたす。" #: src/async.md:14 msgid "" "Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " "available." msgstr "" "Futureは非同期的なランタむムによりポヌリングされたす。ランタむムにはいく぀か" "の遞択肢がありたす。" #: src/async.md:17 msgid "Comparisons" msgstr "他の蚀語ずの比范" #: src/async.md:19 msgid "" "Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " "callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " "similar to a runtime in Rust." msgstr "" "Pythonには䌌たようなモデルが`asyncio`ずしお搭茉されおいたす。しかし、ここでの" "`Future`型はコヌルバックに基づくものであっお、ポヌリングによるものではありた" "せん。Pythonの非同期プログラムは「ルヌプ」を必芁ずし、Rustのランタむムに䌌お" "いたす。" #: src/async.md:23 msgid "" "JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " "runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " "resolution are hidden." msgstr "" "JavaScriptの`Promise`は䌌おいるものの、これもたたもやコヌルバックに基づきた" "す。 この蚀語のランタむムはむベントルヌプにより実装されおいるため、倚くの" "Promise解決の詳现は隠されおいたす。" #: src/async/async-await.md:1 msgid "`async`/`await`" msgstr "`async`/`await`" #: src/async/async-await.md:3 msgid "" "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " "code:" msgstr "" "おおたかには、Rustの非同期コヌドはほずんど「通垞の」逐次的なコヌドのように芋" "えたす:" #: src/async/async-await.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use futures::executor::block_on;\n" "\n" "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" " for i in 1..=count {\n" " println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n" " count_to(count).await;\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " block_on(async_main(10));\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/async-await.md:27 msgid "" "Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " "running operation or any real concurrency in it!" msgstr "" "これは構文を瀺すための単玔化された䟋であるこずに泚意しおください。長く実行さ" "れうる操䜜や本物の䞊行凊理はここには含たれたせん。" #: src/async/async-await.md:30 msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" msgstr "非同期の呌び出しの返り倀の型は" #: src/async/async-await.md:31 msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." msgstr "" "型を知るために`main`で`let future: () = async_main(10);`を䜿っおみおくださ" "い。" #: src/async/async-await.md:33 msgid "" "The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " "type with a future. " msgstr "" "「async」キヌワヌドは糖衣構文です。コンパむラは返り倀をfutureに眮き換えたす。" #: src/async/async-await.md:36 msgid "" "You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " "compiler on how to use the returned future." msgstr "" "コンパむラに察しお、返されたfutureの倀をその埌どう扱うべきかずいう、远加の指" "瀺を含めない限り、`main`をasyncにするこずはできたせん。" #: src/async/async-await.md:39 msgid "" "You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " "until the provided future has run to completion. " msgstr "" "非同期のコヌドを実行するためには、゚グれキュヌタが必芁です。`block_on`は、䞎" "えられたfutureが最埌たで実行されるたで、珟圚のスレッドをブロックしたす。" #: src/async/async-await.md:42 msgid "" "`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " "Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." msgstr "" "`.await`は非同期的に他の操䜜の完了を埅ちたす。`block_on`ずは異なり、`.await`" "は珟圚のスレッドをブロックしたせん。" #: src/async/async-await.md:45 msgid "" "`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " "introduced later). " msgstr "" "`.await`はasync関数(たたはasync ブロック)の䞭でのみ利甚できたす。(async関数・" "ブロックに぀いおは埌ほど玹介したす。)" #: src/async/futures.md:3 msgid "" "[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " "trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " "complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" "[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html)はトレむト" "であり、ただ完了しおないかもしれない操䜜を衚珟するオブゞェクトにより実装され" "たす。Futureはポヌリングされるこずがあり、`poll`は[`Poll`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)を返したす。" #: src/async/futures.md:8 msgid "" "```rust\n" "use std::pin::Pin;\n" "use std::task::Context;\n" "\n" "pub trait Future {\n" " type Output;\n" " fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll;\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub enum Poll {\n" " Ready(T),\n" " Pending,\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/futures.md:23 msgid "" "An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " "uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " "`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " "joining to it." msgstr "" "非同期の関数は`impl Future`を返したす。自分で定矩した型に察しお`Future`を実装" "するこずもあたりないこずですが可胜です。䟋えば、`tokio::spawn`から返され" "る`JoinHandle`は`Future`を実装するこずにより、joinするこずを可胜にしおいた" "す。" #: src/async/futures.md:27 msgid "" "The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " "to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." msgstr "" "Futureに適甚される`.await`キヌワヌドは、そのFutureの準備ができるたで、珟圚の" "非同期の関数の䞀時停止を起こし、そしおその出力を評䟡したす。" #: src/async/futures.md:32 msgid "" "The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " "links to show the implementations in the docs." msgstr "" "`Future`ず`Poll`の型はたさに瀺されたように実装されたす; ドキュメントの具䜓的" "な実装を芋るにはリンクをクリックしおください。" #: src/async/futures.md:35 msgid "" "We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " "code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" msgstr "" "`Pin`ず`Context`に぀いおは詳しくは扱いたせん。なぜなら、新しく非同期のプリミ" "ティブを䜜るよりも、非同期のコヌドを曞くこずに我々は重点を眮く぀もりだからで" "す。完結には以䞋で説明されたす" #: src/async/futures.md:38 msgid "" "`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " "event occurs." msgstr "" "`Context`は、特定のむベントが発生した時に、Futureが自分自身を再びポヌリングさ" "れるようにスケゞュヌルするこずを可胜にしたす。" #: src/async/futures.md:41 msgid "" "`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " "that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " "valid after an `.await`." msgstr "" "`Pin`はfutureぞのポむンタが有効であり続けるために、Futureがメモリの䞭で移動さ" "れないこずを確実にしたす。これは、参照が`.await`の埌に有効であり続けるために" "必芁です。" #: src/async/runtimes.md:3 msgid "" "A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " "_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " "does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" msgstr "" "_runtime_は非同期な挔算_reactor_のサポヌトを提䟛し、たた、futureを実行す" "るこず_executor_を担圓しおいたす。Rustには「ビルトむン」のランタむムはあ" "りたせんが、いく぀かのランタむムの遞択肢がありたす: " #: src/async/runtimes.md:7 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " "functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" "github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." msgstr "" "[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - パフォヌマンスが高い。HTTP向けの[Hyper](https://" "hyper.rs/)やgRPC向けの[Tonic](https://github.com/hyperium/tonic)のような発達" "した゚コシステムも持っおいる" #: src/async/runtimes.md:10 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " "a basic runtime in `async::task`." msgstr "" "[async-std](https://async.rs/) - 「async」のための「std」であるこずを目指した" "もの。たた、`async::task`に基本的なランタむムを含む。" #: src/async/runtimes.md:12 #, fuzzy msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" msgstr "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - シンプルで軜量" #: src/async/runtimes.md:14 msgid "" "Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" "(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" "async/src/lib.rs) already has one." msgstr "" "いく぀かのより巚倧なアプリケヌションは、独自のランタむムを備えおいたす。䟋え" "ば[Fuchsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/" "lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib.rs)はそのようなものをすでに備えおいたす。" #: src/async/runtimes.md:20 msgid "" "Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " "playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " "async things can't run in the playground." msgstr "" "䞊で挙げられたランタむムのうち、TokioのみがRustプレむグラりンドでサポヌトされ" "おいたす。このプレむグラりンドではいかなる入出力操䜜も蚱可されおいないため、" "倧抵の興味深い非同期のあれこれは、プレむグラりンドで実行するこずはできたせ" "ん。" #: src/async/runtimes.md:24 msgid "" "Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " "operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " "Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " "used." msgstr "" "Futureは、ポヌリングを行う゚グれキュヌタの存圚なしには䜕も行わない入出力操" "䜜さえ始めないずいう点で「怠惰」です。䟋えば、これは、゚グれキュヌタがなく" "ずも最埌たで実行されるJavaScriptのPromiseずは異なりたす。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4 msgid "Tokio provides: " msgstr "Tokioは以䞋を提䟛したす: " #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "非同期のコヌドを実行するためのマルチスレッドのランタむム。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "暙準ラむブラリの非同期バヌゞョン。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8 msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "倧きなラむブラリの゚コシステム。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "\n" "async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n" " for i in 1..=count {\n" " println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n" "\n" " for i in 1..5 {\n" " println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "`tokio::main`のマクロにより、`main`の非同期凊理を䜜るこずができたす。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35 msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "`spawn`関数は新しい䞊行の「タスク」を䜜成したす。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37 msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" "泚意`spawn`は`Future`を匕数に取るため、`count_to`に察しお`.await`を呌ぶこず" "はありたせん。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39 msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "**さらなる探求:**" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41 msgid "" "Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " "cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " "until it finishes." msgstr "" "どうしお`count_to`は通垞は10に蟿り着かないのでしょうかこれは非同期凊理" "のキャンセルの䟋です。 `tokio::spawn`は完了たで埅機するためのハンドラを返した" "す。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45 msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "" "プロセスを新しく䜜る代わりに、`count_to(10).await`を詊しおみおください。" #: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47 msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "`tokio::spawn`から返されたタスクを埅機しおみおください。" #: src/async/tasks.md:3 msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:5 msgid "" "A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " "progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " "method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " "task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " "and an I/O operation." msgstr "" "タスクには、単䞀のトップレベルのfutureがあり、これぱグれキュヌタが先に進む" "ためにポヌリングする察象ずなりたす。そのfutureには䞀぀たたは耇数のfutureがネ" "ストされおいるこずもあり、トップレベルのfutureの`poll`メ゜ッドがポヌリングす" "るこずになり、倧たかにはコヌルスタックに察応するず蚀えたす。タスクにおける䞊" "行凊理は、䟋えば競合タむマヌや入出力操䜜など、耇数の子のfutureをポヌリングす" "るこずにより可胜になりたす。" #: src/async/tasks.md:10 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n" "use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n" "\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" "\n" " println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n" "\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " return;\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n" " let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n" " Ok(n) => {\n" " let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()." "trim();\n" " format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n" " }\n" " Err(e) => {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " return;\n" " }\n" " };\n" "\n" " if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n" " println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 msgid "" "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" "この䟋を準備した`src/main.rs`にコピヌしお、そこから実行しおみたしょう。" #: src/async/tasks.md:54 msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " "a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" "䟋のサヌバヌがどのような状態の時に、いく぀かのクラむアントず接続された状態に" "あるのかを、可芖化するように受講者に指瀺しおください。どんなタスクが存圚しお" "いたすかそれらのfutureは䜕ですか" #: src/async/tasks.md:57 msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " "similar to an `async fn`. " msgstr "" "私たちが`async`ブロックを芋かけるのは初めおですね。これはクロヌゞャず䌌おいた" "すが、䜕も匕数は取りたせん。この返り倀はFutureであり、`async fn`ず䌌おいた" "す。" #: src/async/tasks.md:61 msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " "using `?`." msgstr "" "mainのasyncブロックを関数にリファクタしお、`?`を䜿った゚ラヌハンドリングを改" "善しおみたしょう。" #: src/async/channels.md:3 #, fuzzy msgid "" "Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" msgstr "" "いく぀かのクレヌトは`async`/`await`をサポヌトしおいたす。䟋えば、`tokio`チャ" "ネルは:" #: src/async/channels.md:5 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" "\n" "async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n" " let mut count: usize = 0;\n" "\n" " while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n" " count += 1;\n" " println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n" " }\n" "\n" " println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n" " for i in 0..10 {\n" " sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n" " println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n" " }\n" "\n" " drop(sender);\n" " ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler " "task.\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/channels.md:35 msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." msgstr "" "チャネルサむズを `3`に倉えおみお、これがどのように凊理に圱響するか確認しおみ" "たしょう。" #: src/async/channels.md:37 msgid "" "Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " "[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" "䞀般的に、このむンタヌフェヌスは、[朝の講座](concurrency/channels.md)で芋られ" "たような`sync`チャネルに䌌おいたす。" #: src/async/channels.md:40 msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" msgstr "" "`std::mem::drop`の呌び出しを陀いおみたしょう。䜕か起こるでしょうかそれはな" "ぜでしょうか" #: src/async/channels.md:42 msgid "" "The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " "implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " "for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." msgstr "" "[Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/)クレヌトには`sync`ず`async`や" "`send`ず`recv`の䞡方を実装するチャネルがありたす。 これは入出力ず重いCPUの凊" "理のタスクの䞡方を含む、耇雑なアプリケヌションで䟿利です。" #: src/async/channels.md:46 msgid "" "What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " "combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " "flow." msgstr "" "`async`チャネルを扱うこずを奜たしくするのは、チャネルず繋げるためにや、耇雑な" "コントロヌルフロヌを䜜るために、チャネルを他の`future`ず繋げられるこずです。" #: src/async/control-flow.md:1 msgid "Futures Control Flow" msgstr "Futureの制埡フロヌ" #: src/async/control-flow.md:3 msgid "" "Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " "We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " "execution." msgstr "" "䞊行蚈算フロヌグラフを生成するために、futureを組み合わせるこずができたす。す" "でに独立したスレッドずしお機胜するタスクを芋おきたした。" #: src/async/control-flow.md:6 msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow.md:7 msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3 msgid "" "A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " "a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " "JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" "Joinずいう操䜜では、futureの集合の準備が敎うたで埅機し、その埌に結果をたずめ" "お返したす。これはJavaScriptにおける `Promise.all` やPythonにおける`asyncio." "gather`に䌌おいたす。" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use anyhow::Result;\n" "use futures::future;\n" "use reqwest;\n" "use std::collections::HashMap;\n" "\n" "async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n" " let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n" " Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n" " \"https://google.com\",\n" " \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n" " \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n" " \"BAD_URL\",\n" " ];\n" " let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n" " let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n" " let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n" " urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 msgid "" "For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " "you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " "currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." msgstr "" "耇数の互いに玠な型のfutureに察しおは、`std::future::join!`を利甚できたす。し" "かし、いく぀のfutureがコンパむル時に存圚しおいるのかを把握しおおく必芁があり" "たす。これは珟圚`futures`クレヌトにありたすが、近いうちに`std::future`に統合" "される予定です。" #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42 msgid "" "The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " "cause your program to stall. " msgstr "" "`join`のリスクは、耇数のfutureのうちの぀でも解決されないずプログラムがス" "トヌルしおしたうずいうこずです。 " #: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45 msgid "" "You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " "requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " "`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " "timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " "demonstrates `join!`." msgstr "" "たた、`join_all`ず`join!`を組み合わせるこずもできたす。それは、䟋えばデヌタ" "ベヌスのク゚リず䞀緒にhttpサヌビスぞの党おのリク゚ストをjoinする堎合です。" "futureに`futures::join!`を甚いお、`tokio::time::sleep`を远加しおみおくださ" "い。これは次のチャプタヌで説明する、`select!`を必芁ずするタむムアりトでは" "ありたせんが、`join!`の良い実挔ずなっおいたす。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3 msgid "" "A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " "responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." "race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." "FIRST_COMPLETED)`." msgstr "" "Selectずいう操䜜では、futureの集合のうち、いずれか぀の準備が敎うたで埅機" "し、そのfutureが提䟛する結果に察しお応答したす。これはJavaScriptにおける" "`Promise.race`に䌌おいたす。たた、Pythonにおける `asyncio.wait(task_set, " "return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`ず比べるこずができたす。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8 msgid "" "Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " "each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " "ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " "the `future`'s result." msgstr "" "Matchステヌトメントのように、`select!`の本䜓にはいく぀かの 「腕」があり、それ" "ぞれは`pattern = future => statement`の圢をずっおいたす。 `future`の準備が" "敎った時、その`statement`は`future`の結果に玐づく`pattern`の倉数を甚いお実行" "されたす。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n" "enum Animal {\n" " Cat { name: String },\n" " Dog { name: String },\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n" " mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n" " mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n" ") -> Option {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n" " dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n" " cat_sender\n" " .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n" " });\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n" " dog_sender\n" " .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n" " });\n" "\n" " let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n" "\n" " println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " "`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " "whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " "that take 500ms seconds." msgstr "" "この䟋では、猫ず犬のレヌスを扱っおいたす。`first_animal_to_finish_race`は䞡方" "のチャネルをリッスンし、先に到着した方を遞びたす。犬は到着たで50msかかるの" "で、500msかかる猫に勝ちたす。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 msgid "" "You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " "to receive only one `send`." msgstr "" "この䟋では`oneshot`チャネルを䜿うこずもできたす。なぜなら、チャネルは䞀回きり" "の`send`を受け取るこずになっおいるからです。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 msgid "" "Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " "of futures." msgstr "" "レヌスに制限時間を远加するこずによっお、違う皮類のfutureをselectするこずを実" "挔しおみおください。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73 msgid "" "Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " "It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." msgstr "" "`select!`はマッチしなかったブランチをドロップするこずに泚意しおください。これ" "は、そうしたブランチのfutureがキャンセルされるこずに぀ながりたす。`select!`を" "毎回実行する際に新たなfutureが䜜成されるずきに、`select!`を䜿うのが最も簡単で" "す。" #: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76 msgid "" "An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " "this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." msgstr "" "Futureそのものでなく、`&mut future`を枡すずいう代替案もありたす。しかし、これ" "は問題に぀ながるこずもありたす。このこずはPinに関するスラむドで詳现に議論した" "す。" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:1 msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:3 msgid "" "Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " "asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " "with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " "chapter:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:5 msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:6 msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1 msgid "Blocking the executor" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3 msgid "" "Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " "CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " "being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " "possible." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use futures::future::join_all;\n" "use std::time::Instant;\n" "\n" "async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n" " std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n" " println!(\n" " \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n" " start.elapsed().as_millis()\n" " );\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let start = Instant::now();\n" " let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n" " join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 msgid "" "Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " "concurrently." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32 msgid "" "The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " "makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" "threaded flavor." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36 msgid "" "Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38 msgid "" "Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " "thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41 msgid "" "You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " "executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " "particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " "where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " "OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " "situations." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47 msgid "" "Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " "another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 msgid "" "When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " "stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " "async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " "pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 msgid "" "Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " "change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " "repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n" "use tokio::task::spawn;\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct Work {\n" " input: u32,\n" " respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" "async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n" " let mut iterations = 0;\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n" " work.respond_on\n" " .send(work.input * 1000)\n" " .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n" " iterations += 1;\n" " }\n" " // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" "async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n" " let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n" " work_queue\n" " .send(Work {\n" " input,\n" " respond_on: tx,\n" " })\n" " .await\n" " .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n" " rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" " spawn(worker(rx));\n" " for i in 0..100 {\n" " let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n" " println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 msgid "" "You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " "call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 msgid "" "This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " "time with it." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 msgid "" "Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " "the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77 msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:79 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "loop {\n" " select! {\n" " ..,\n" " _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " "`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" "pin`:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:92 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n" "loop {\n" " select! {\n" " ..,\n" " _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " "iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " "`timeout_fut` every time it expires." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106 msgid "" "Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " "stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " "but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110 msgid "" "Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " "will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 msgid "" "Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " "experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid " "term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-" "nightly.html))" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5 msgid "" "The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " "provides a workaround through a macro:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use async_trait::async_trait;\n" "use std::time::Instant;\n" "use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n" "\n" "#[async_trait]\n" "trait Sleeper {\n" " async fn sleep(&self);\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct FixedSleeper {\n" " sleep_ms: u64,\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[async_trait]\n" "impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n" " async fn sleep(&self) {\n" " sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, " "n_times: usize) {\n" " for _ in 0..n_times {\n" " println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n" " for sleeper in &sleepers {\n" " let start = Instant::now();\n" " sleeper.sleep().await;\n" " println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n" " Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n" " Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n" " ];\n" " run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 msgid "" "`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " "achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54 msgid "" "The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " "probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " "explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" "blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " "digging deeper." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60 msgid "" "Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " "time and adding it to the Vec." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3 msgid "" "Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " "_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " "ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " "example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8 msgid "" "```rust,editable,compile_fail\n" "use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n" "\n" "struct LinesReader {\n" " stream: DuplexStream,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl LinesReader {\n" " fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" " Self { stream }\n" " }\n" "\n" " async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" " let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n" " let mut buf = [0];\n" " while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n" " bytes.push(buf[0]);\n" " if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n" " break;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " if bytes.is_empty() {\n" " return Ok(None)\n" " }\n" " let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n" " .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not " "UTF-8\"))?;\n" " Ok(Some(s))\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::" "Result<()> {\n" " for b in source.bytes() {\n" " dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n" " tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n" " }\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n" " let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n" " let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), " "client));\n" "\n" " let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n" " let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n" " line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n" " print!(\"{}\", l)\n" " } else {\n" " break\n" " },\n" " }\n" " }\n" " handle.await.unwrap()?;\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 msgid "" "The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " "documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75 msgid "" "Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " "error-handling)." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78 msgid "The example loses parts of the string." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80 msgid "" "Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " "dropped." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82 msgid "" "`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by makeing `buf` part of the " "struct:" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "struct LinesReader {\n" " stream: DuplexStream,\n" " bytes: Vec,\n" " buf: [u8; 1],\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl LinesReader {\n" " fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n" " Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n" " }\n" " async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result> {\n" " // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" " // ...\n" " let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n" " let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n" " // ...\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 msgid "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " "tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107 msgid "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " "returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" #: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 msgid "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " "cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3 msgid "" "To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" "Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " "you are going to implement it with Async Rust." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8 msgid "" "A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " "experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 msgid "" "See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " "problem." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6 msgid "" "As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" "locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" "main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" "use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " async fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." "await\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" "\n" " async fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " // Create forks\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" "\n" " // Make them think and eat\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 msgid "" "Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " "\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72 msgid "" "Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " "from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77 msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 msgid "" "In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " "chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " "publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " "input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " "that it receives to all the clients." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9 msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" "(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) for the " "communication between the client and the server." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13 msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 msgid "`Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" "name = \"chat-async\"\n" "version = \"0.1.0\"\n" "edition = \"2021\"\n" "\n" "[dependencies]\n" "futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n" "http = \"0.2.9\"\n" "tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" "tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32 msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " "[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" "tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " "API. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 msgid "" "[WebsocketStream::next()](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" "tokio_websockets/proto/struct.WebsocketStream.html#method.next): for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 msgid "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" "trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " "asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41 msgid "" "[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." "html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " "standard input." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43 msgid "" "[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46 msgid "Two binaries" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48 msgid "" "Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." "rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " "for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " "but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " "For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " "(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" "targets.html#binaries)). " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55 msgid "" "Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" "bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " "described below. " msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:123 msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" "use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" "use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" "\n" "async fn handle_connection(\n" " addr: SocketAddr,\n" " mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" " bcast_tx: Sender,\n" ") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" "\n" " // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" "\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" "\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" " println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" " println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" " let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" " let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" "\n" " handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:208 msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:106 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" "use http::Uri;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" " let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" "from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" " .connect()\n" " .await?;\n" "\n" " let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" " let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" "\n" "\n" " // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" "\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127 msgid "Running the binaries" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128 msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo run --bin server\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134 msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:136 msgid "" "```shell\n" "cargo run --bin client\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142 msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 msgid "" "Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " "continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " "them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:147 msgid "" "Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " "performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " "sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " "displaying them for the user." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:151 msgid "" "Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " "clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" #: src/thanks.md:3 msgid "" "_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🊀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " "that it was useful." msgstr "" #: src/thanks.md:6 msgid "" "We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " "perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " "please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" "comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:1 msgid "Other Rust Resources" msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:3 msgid "" "The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " "online." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:6 msgid "Official Documentation" msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:8 msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:10 msgid "" "[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " "canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " "few projects for people to build." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:13 msgid "" "[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " "Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " "Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " "in the examples." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:17 msgid "" "[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " "of the standard library for Rust." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:19 msgid "" "[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " "book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:22 msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:24 msgid "" "[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " "including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " "(FFI)." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:27 msgid "" "[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " "covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " "Rust Book was written." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:30 msgid "" "[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " "an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " "system." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:33 msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:35 msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:37 msgid "" "[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " "from the perspective of low-level C programmers." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:39 msgid "" "[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" "rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " "firmware in C." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:42 msgid "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " "covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " "languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:45 msgid "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " "you learn Rust." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:47 msgid "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" "material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " "and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " "and async/await are also covered." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:52 msgid "" "[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" "series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." "microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " "new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " "11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:58 msgid "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " "rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." msgstr "" #: src/other-resources.md:63 msgid "" "Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " "for even more Rust books." msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:3 msgid "" "The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " "documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " "full list of useful resources." msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:7 msgid "" "The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " "2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" "rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details." msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:12 msgid "Rust by Example" msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:14 msgid "" "Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " "Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " "`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " "terms." msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:19 msgid "Rust on Exercism" msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:21 msgid "" "Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" "exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:26 msgid "CXX" msgstr "" #: src/credits.md:28 msgid "" "The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " "uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " "directory for details, including the license terms." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 msgid "" "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " "different or better solution than what is presented here." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 msgid "" "**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " "comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-" "use parts of the solutions as the exercises." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: transpose\n" "fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" " let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n" " for i in 0..3 {\n" " for j in 0..3 {\n" " result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n" " }\n" " }\n" " return result;\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" " for row in matrix {\n" " println!(\"{row:?}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: tests\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_transpose() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], //\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " transposed,\n" " [\n" " [101, 201, 301], //\n" " [102, 202, 302],\n" " [103, 203, 303],\n" " ]\n" " );\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: tests\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "fn main() {\n" " let matrix = [\n" " [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" " [201, 202, 203],\n" " [301, 302, 303],\n" " ];\n" "\n" " println!(\"matrix:\");\n" " pretty_print(&matrix);\n" "\n" " let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n" " println!(\"transposed:\");\n" " pretty_print(&transposed);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78 msgid "Bonus question" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 msgid "" "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" "of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " "function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " "return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 msgid "" "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " "out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84 msgid "" "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" "AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " "abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86 msgid "" "```rust\n" "use std::convert::AsRef;\n" "use std::fmt::Debug;\n" "\n" "fn pretty_print(matrix: Matrix)\n" "where\n" " T: Debug,\n" " // A line references a slice of items\n" " Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n" " // A matrix references a slice of lines\n" " Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n" "{\n" " for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n" " println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // &[&[i32]]\n" " pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n" " // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" " pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n" " // Vec>\n" " pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113 msgid "" "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " "the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: luhn\n" "pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" " let mut digits_seen = 0;\n" " let mut sum = 0;\n" " for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')." "enumerate() {\n" " match ch.to_digit(10) {\n" " Some(d) => {\n" " sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n" " let dd = d * 2;\n" " dd / 10 + dd % 10\n" " } else {\n" " d\n" " };\n" " digits_seen += 1;\n" " }\n" " None => return false,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " if digits_seen < 2 {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" "\n" " sum % 10 == 0\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n" " println!(\n" " \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n" " if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n" " );\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n" " assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n" " assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:97 #, fuzzy msgid "Pattern matching" msgstr "パタヌンマッチング" #: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:99 msgid "TBD." msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Designing a Library" msgstr "ラむブラリをデザむン" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "struct Library {\n" " books: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "struct Book {\n" " title: String,\n" " year: u16,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Book {\n" " // This is a constructor, used below.\n" " fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n" " Book {\n" " title: String::from(title),\n" " year,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" "// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" "//\n" "// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" "// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" "// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" "impl Library {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_new\n" " fn new() -> Library {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" " Library { books: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_len\n" " //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" " // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" " fn len(&self) -> usize {\n" " self.books.len()\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" " //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" " // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" " fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n" " self.books.is_empty()\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" " //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" " // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" " fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n" " self.books.push(book)\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" " //fn print_books(self) {\n" " // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " "year\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" " fn print_books(&self) {\n" " for book in &self.books {\n" " println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" " //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" " //}\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" " fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" " // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" " // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" "\n" " // Longer hand-written solution:\n" " let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n" " for book in self.books.iter() {\n" " if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n" " oldest = Some(book);\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " oldest\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" "// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" "// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" "// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" "fn main() {\n" " let library = Library::new();\n" "\n" " //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." "is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " "library.is_empty());\n" " //\n" " //\n" " //library.print_books();\n" " //\n" " //match library.oldest_book() {\n" " // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" " // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" " //}\n" " //\n" " //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" " //library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_len() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n" " assert!(library.is_empty());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n" " assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_is_empty() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert!(library.is_empty());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " assert!(!library.is_empty());\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_print_books() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" " // method to start with.\n" " library.print_books();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n" " let mut library = Library::new();\n" " assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" " Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n" " );\n" "\n" " library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " "1865));\n" " assert_eq!(\n" " library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n" " Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n" " );\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" "pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" "\n" " let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n" "\n" " for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n" " let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n" " return false;\n" " };\n" " if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n" " return false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " true\n" "\n" " // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " "prefix\n" " // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " "of\n" " // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " "request\n" " // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " "chain()\n" " // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " "segments,\n" " // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/" "abc-123\"));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/" "books\"));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/" "publishers\"));\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[test]\n" "fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n" " ));\n" " assert!(prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n" " ));\n" "\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/" "publishers\"));\n" " assert!(!prefix_matches(\n" " \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n" " \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n" " ));\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "pub trait Widget {\n" " /// Natural width of `self`.\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize;\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n" "\n" " /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" " fn draw(&self) {\n" " let mut buffer = String::new();\n" " self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n" " println!(\"{buffer}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Label {\n" " label: String,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Label {\n" " fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n" " Label {\n" " label: label.to_owned(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Button {\n" " label: Label,\n" " callback: Box,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Button {\n" " fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n" " Button {\n" " label: Label::new(label),\n" " callback,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "pub struct Window {\n" " title: String,\n" " widgets: Vec>,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Window {\n" " fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n" " Window {\n" " title: title.to_owned(),\n" " widgets: Vec::new(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n" " self.widgets.push(widget);\n" " }\n" "\n" " fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n" " std::cmp::max(\n" " self.title.chars().count(),\n" " self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n" " )\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" "impl Widget for Window {\n" " fn width(&self) -> usize {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" " // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" " self.inner_width() + 4\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" " let mut inner = String::new();\n" " for widget in &self.widgets {\n" " widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n" "\n" " // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" " // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" " // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:- usize {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" " self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" " let width = self.width();\n" " let mut label = String::new();\n" " self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n" "\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"+{:- usize {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" " self.label\n" " .lines()\n" " .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n" " .max()\n" " .unwrap_or(0)\n" " }\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" " fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" " writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "fn main() {\n" " let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo." "\")));\n" " window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n" " \"Click me!\",\n" " Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n" " )));\n" " window.draw();\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:177 msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:179 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n" "// ANCHOR: Point\n" "pub struct Point {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Point\n" " x: i32,\n" " y: i32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n" "impl Point {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n" " pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n" " Point { x, y }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n" " f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n" " (self - other).magnitude()\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" " Self {\n" " x: self.x + other.x,\n" " y: self.y + other.y,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n" " type Output = Self;\n" "\n" " fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n" " Self {\n" " x: self.x - other.x,\n" " y: self.y - other.y,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Polygon\n" "pub struct Polygon {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n" " points: Vec,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n" "impl Polygon {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n" " pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n" " Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n" " self.points.push(point);\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option {\n" " self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n" " self.points.iter()\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n" " if self.points.is_empty() {\n" " return 0.0;\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut result = 0.0;\n" " let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n" " for point in &self.points[1..] {\n" " result += last_point.dist(*point);\n" " last_point = *point;\n" " }\n" " result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n" " result\n" " // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as " "pairs\n" " // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last " "point\n" " // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as " "one of \n" " // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine " "Iterator::cycle\n" " // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and " "using map \n" " // and sum to calculate the total length.\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Circle\n" "pub struct Circle {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n" " center: Point,\n" " radius: i32,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n" "impl Circle {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n" " pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n" " Circle { center, radius }\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n" " 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n" " }\n" "\n" " pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n" " self.center.dist(other.center)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Shape\n" "pub enum Shape {\n" " Polygon(Polygon),\n" " Circle(Circle),\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n" "\n" "impl From for Shape {\n" " fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n" " Shape::Polygon(poly)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl From for Shape {\n" " fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n" " Shape::Circle(circle)\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Shape {\n" " pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n" " match self {\n" " Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n" " Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" "\n" " fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n" " (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_magnitude() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_dist() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n" " assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_point_add() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" " let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n" " assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" " assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_polygon_iter() {\n" " let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n" " let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n" "\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(p1);\n" " poly.add_point(p2);\n" "\n" " let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n" " let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n" " poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n" " let shapes = vec![\n" " Shape::from(poly),\n" " Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n" " ];\n" " let perimeters = shapes\n" " .iter()\n" " .map(Shape::perimeter)\n" " .map(round_two_digits)\n" " .collect::>();\n" " assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" "\n" "fn main() {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: ffi\n" "mod ffi {\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n" "\n" " // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct DIR {\n" " _data: [u8; 0],\n" " _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::" "PhantomPinned)>,\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t " "and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" " #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n" " pub d_off: c_long,\n" " pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n" " pub d_type: c_uchar,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n" " #[repr(C)]\n" " pub struct dirent {\n" " pub d_fileno: u64,\n" " pub d_seekoff: u64,\n" " pub d_reclen: u16,\n" " pub d_namlen: u16,\n" " pub d_type: u8,\n" " pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n" " }\n" "\n" " extern \"C\" {\n" " pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n" "\n" " #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section " "on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" " //\n" " // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " "refers\n" " // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " "PowerPC.\n" " #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n" " #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n" " pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n" "\n" " pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n" "use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct DirectoryIterator {\n" " path: CString,\n" " dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n" "impl DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn new(path: &str) -> Result {\n" " // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n" " let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: " "{err}\"))?;\n" " // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" " let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n" " if dir.is_null() {\n" " Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n" " } else {\n" " Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Iterator\n" "impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n" " type Item = OsString;\n" " fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n" " // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" " let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n" " if dirent.is_null() {\n" " // We have reached the end of the directory.\n" " return None;\n" " }\n" " // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" " // terminated.\n" " let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n" " let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n" " Some(os_str.to_owned())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Drop\n" "impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n" " fn drop(&mut self) {\n" " // Call closedir as needed.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n" " if !self.dir.is_null() {\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" " if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n" " panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n" " println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n" " Ok(())\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" "#[cfg(test)]\n" "mod tests {\n" " use super::*;\n" " use std::error::Error;\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n" " assert!(iter.is_err());\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" " tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" " )?;\n" " let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" " entries.sort();\n" " assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "\n" " #[test]\n" " fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo " "Diaries\\n\")?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"\\n\")?;\n" " std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n" " let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n" " tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n" " )?;\n" " let mut entries = iter.collect::>();\n" " entries.sort();\n" " assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo." "txt\"]);\n" " Ok(())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: top\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "extern crate panic_halt as _;\n" "\n" "use core::fmt::Write;\n" "use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n" "// ANCHOR_END: top\n" "use core::cmp::{max, min};\n" "use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n" "use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n" "use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n" "use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n" "use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n" "use microbit::hal::Timer;\n" "use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n" "use microbit::Board;\n" "\n" "const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n" "const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "#[entry]\n" "fn main() -> ! {\n" " let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Configure serial port.\n" " let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n" " board.UARTE0,\n" " board.uart.into(),\n" " Parity::EXCLUDED,\n" " Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n" " );\n" "\n" " // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: main\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n" " let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::" "K100);\n" " let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n" " imu.init().unwrap();\n" " imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" " imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n" " let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // Set up display and timer.\n" " let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n" " let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n" "\n" " let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n" " let mut button_pressed = false;\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: loop\n" " writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" " // ANCHOR_END: loop\n" " while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n" " && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n" " {}\n" " let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n" " let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n" " writeln!(\n" " serial,\n" " \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n" " compass_reading.x,\n" " compass_reading.y,\n" " compass_reading.z,\n" " accelerometer_reading.x,\n" " accelerometer_reading.y,\n" " accelerometer_reading.z,\n" " )\n" " .unwrap();\n" "\n" " let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n" " let (x, y) = match mode {\n" " Mode::Compass => (\n" " scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " "4) as usize,\n" " scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, " "4) as usize,\n" " ),\n" " Mode::Accelerometer => (\n" " scale(\n" " accelerometer_reading.x,\n" " -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " 0,\n" " 4,\n" " ) as usize,\n" " scale(\n" " -accelerometer_reading.y,\n" " -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n" " 0,\n" " 4,\n" " ) as usize,\n" " ),\n" " };\n" " image[y][x] = 255;\n" " display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n" "\n" " // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink " "all LEDs on.\n" " if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n" " if !button_pressed {\n" " mode = mode.next();\n" " display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n" " }\n" " button_pressed = true;\n" " } else {\n" " button_pressed = false;\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n" "enum Mode {\n" " Compass,\n" " Accelerometer,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Mode {\n" " fn next(self) -> Self {\n" " match self {\n" " Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n" " Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -" "> i32 {\n" " let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n" " let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n" " cap(\n" " min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n" " min_out,\n" " max_out,\n" " )\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n" " max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "`main.rs`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: top\n" "#![no_main]\n" "#![no_std]\n" "\n" "mod exceptions;\n" "mod logger;\n" "mod pl011;\n" "// ANCHOR_END: top\n" "mod pl031;\n" "\n" "use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n" "use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n" "use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n" "use core::hint::spin_loop;\n" "// ANCHOR: imports\n" "use crate::pl011::Uart;\n" "use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n" "use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n" "use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n" "use smccc::psci::system_off;\n" "use smccc::Hvc;\n" "\n" "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" "const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n" "const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" "const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n" "// ANCHOR_END: imports\n" "\n" "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" "const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n" "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" "const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: main\n" "#[no_mangle]\n" "extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n" " // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n" "\n" " info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n" "\n" " // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the " "base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" " let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, " "GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " gic.setup();\n" " // ANCHOR_END: main\n" "\n" " // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 " "device,\n" " // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" " let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n" " let timestamp = rtc.read();\n" " let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n" " info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n" "\n" " GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n" " gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n" " gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n" " irq_enable();\n" " gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n" "\n" " // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" " let target = timestamp + 3;\n" " rtc.set_match(target);\n" " info!(\n" " \"Waiting for {}\",\n" " Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" " );\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " while !rtc.matched() {\n" " spin_loop();\n" " }\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" "\n" " // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" " let target = timestamp + 6;\n" " info!(\n" " \"Waiting for {}\",\n" " Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n" " );\n" " rtc.set_match(target);\n" " rtc.clear_interrupt();\n" " rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n" " wfi();\n" " }\n" " trace!(\n" " \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n" " rtc.matched(),\n" " rtc.interrupt_pending()\n" " );\n" " info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: main_end\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[panic_handler]\n" "fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n" " error!(\"{info}\");\n" " system_off::().unwrap();\n" " loop {}\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149 msgid "`pl031.rs`:" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n" "\n" "#[repr(C, align(4))]\n" "struct Registers {\n" " /// Data register\n" " dr: u32,\n" " /// Match register\n" " mr: u32,\n" " /// Load register\n" " lr: u32,\n" " /// Control register\n" " cr: u8,\n" " _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" " imsc: u8,\n" " _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Raw Interrupt Status\n" " ris: u8,\n" " _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Masked Interrupt Status\n" " mis: u8,\n" " _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n" " /// Interrupt Clear Register\n" " icr: u8,\n" " _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n" "}\n" "\n" "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "pub struct Rtc {\n" " registers: *mut Registers,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl Rtc {\n" " /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at " "the\n" " /// given base address.\n" " ///\n" " /// # Safety\n" " ///\n" " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " "a\n" " /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " "process\n" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" " pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n" " Self {\n" " registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Reads the current RTC value.\n" " pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an " "interrupt\n" " /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" " pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " "not\n" " /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" " pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)." "read_volatile() };\n" " (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" " ///\n" " /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" " /// interrupt is masked.\n" " pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)." "read_volatile() };\n" " (ris & 0x01) != 0\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" " ///\n" " /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " "the\n" " /// interrupt is disabled.\n" " pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n" " let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)." "write_volatile(imsc) }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" " pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n" " // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" " unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" "unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7 msgid "" "```rust\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" "use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n" "use std::thread;\n" "use std::time::Duration;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" " left_fork: Arc>,\n" " right_fork: Arc>,\n" " thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" " fn eat(&self) {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" " println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n" " let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" " let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n" "\n" " let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n" " .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n" " .collect::>();\n" "\n" " for i in 0..forks.len() {\n" " let tx = tx.clone();\n" " let mut left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" " let mut right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()]);\n" "\n" " // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" " if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n" " std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let philosopher = Philosopher {\n" " name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n" " thoughts: tx,\n" " left_fork,\n" " right_fork,\n" " };\n" "\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " for _ in 0..100 {\n" " philosopher.eat();\n" " philosopher.think();\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "\n" " drop(tx);\n" " for thought in rx {\n" " println!(\"{thought}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:104 #, fuzzy msgid "Link Checker" msgstr "マルチスレッド・リンクチェッカヌ" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:106 msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:108 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "use std::{sync::Arc, sync::Mutex, sync::mpsc, thread};\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n" "use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n" "use thiserror::Error;\n" "\n" "#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n" "enum Error {\n" " #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n" " ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n" " #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n" " BadResponse(String),\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: visit_page\n" "#[derive(Debug)]\n" "struct CrawlCommand {\n" " url: Url,\n" " extract_links: bool,\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result, " "Error> {\n" " println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n" " let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n" " if !response.status().is_success() {\n" " return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n" " }\n" "\n" " let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n" " if !command.extract_links {\n" " return Ok(link_urls);\n" " }\n" "\n" " let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n" " let body_text = response.text()?;\n" " let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n" "\n" " let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n" " let href_values = document\n" " .select(&selector)\n" " .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n" " for href in href_values {\n" " match base_url.join(href) {\n" " Ok(link_url) => {\n" " link_urls.push(link_url);\n" " }\n" " Err(err) => {\n" " println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: " "{err}\");\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " Ok(link_urls)\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: visit_page\n" "\n" "struct CrawlState {\n" " domain: String,\n" " visited_pages: std::collections::HashSet,\n" "}\n" "\n" "impl CrawlState {\n" " fn new(start_url: &Url) -> CrawlState {\n" " let mut visited_pages = std::collections::HashSet::new();\n" " visited_pages.insert(start_url.as_str().to_string());\n" " CrawlState {\n" " domain: start_url.domain().unwrap().to_string(),\n" " visited_pages,\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" " fn should_extract_links(&self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" " let Some(url_domain) = url.domain() else {\n" " return false;\n" " };\n" " url_domain == self.domain\n" " }\n" "\n" " /// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n" " /// been visited.\n" " fn mark_visited(&mut self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n" " self.visited_pages.insert(url.as_str().to_string())\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "type CrawlResult = Result, (Url, Error)>;\n" "fn spawn_crawler_threads(\n" " command_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" " result_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" " thread_count: u32,\n" ") {\n" " let command_receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(command_receiver));\n" "\n" " for _ in 0..thread_count {\n" " let result_sender = result_sender.clone();\n" " let command_receiver = command_receiver.clone();\n" " thread::spawn(move || {\n" " let client = Client::new();\n" " loop {\n" " let command_result = {\n" " let receiver_guard = command_receiver.lock().unwrap();\n" " receiver_guard.recv()\n" " };\n" " let Ok(crawl_command) = command_result else {\n" " // The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" " break;\n" " };\n" " let crawl_result = match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) " "{\n" " Ok(link_urls) => Ok(link_urls),\n" " Err(error) => Err((crawl_command.url, error)),\n" " };\n" " result_sender.send(crawl_result).unwrap();\n" " }\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn control_crawl(\n" " start_url: Url,\n" " command_sender: mpsc::Sender,\n" " result_receiver: mpsc::Receiver,\n" ") -> Vec {\n" " let mut crawl_state = CrawlState::new(&start_url);\n" " let start_command = CrawlCommand { url: start_url, extract_links: " "true };\n" " command_sender.send(start_command).unwrap();\n" " let mut pending_urls = 1;\n" "\n" " let mut bad_urls = Vec::new();\n" " while pending_urls > 0 {\n" " let crawl_result = result_receiver.recv().unwrap();\n" " pending_urls -= 1;\n" "\n" " match crawl_result {\n" " Ok(link_urls) => {\n" " for url in link_urls {\n" " if crawl_state.mark_visited(&url) {\n" " let extract_links = crawl_state." "should_extract_links(&url);\n" " let crawl_command = CrawlCommand { url, " "extract_links };\n" " command_sender.send(crawl_command).unwrap();\n" " pending_urls += 1;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " Err((url, error)) => {\n" " bad_urls.push(url);\n" " println!(\"Got crawling error: {:#}\", error);\n" " continue;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " bad_urls\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn check_links(start_url: Url) -> Vec {\n" " let (result_sender, result_receiver) = mpsc::channel::();\n" " let (command_sender, command_receiver) = mpsc::channel::" "();\n" " spawn_crawler_threads(command_receiver, result_sender, 16);\n" " control_crawl(start_url, command_sender, result_receiver)\n" "}\n" "\n" "fn main() {\n" " let start_url = reqwest::Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\")." "unwrap();\n" " let bad_urls = check_links(start_url);\n" " println!(\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\", bad_urls);\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" "use std::sync::Arc;\n" "use tokio::time;\n" "use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n" "use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n" "\n" "struct Fork;\n" "\n" "struct Philosopher {\n" " name: String,\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" " left_fork: Arc>,\n" " right_fork: Arc>,\n" " thoughts: Sender,\n" "}\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" "impl Philosopher {\n" " async fn think(&self) {\n" " self.thoughts\n" " .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))." "await\n" " .unwrap();\n" " }\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" " async fn eat(&self) {\n" " // Pick up forks...\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" " let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n" " // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the " "execution\n" " // to transfer to another task\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n" " let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n" " println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n" " time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n" "\n" " // The locks are dropped here\n" " // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n" " &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" " // Create forks\n" " let mut forks = vec![];\n" " (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::" "new(Fork))));\n" "\n" " // Create philosophers\n" " let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n" " let mut philosophers = vec![];\n" " let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n" " for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n" " let left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n" " let right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS." "len()]);\n" " // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" " if i == 0 {\n" " std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n" " }\n" " philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n" " name: name.to_string(),\n" " left_fork,\n" " right_fork,\n" " thoughts: tx.clone(),\n" " });\n" " }\n" " (philosophers, rx)\n" " // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" " };\n" "\n" " // Make them think and eat\n" " for phil in philosophers {\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " for _ in 0..100 {\n" " phil.think().await;\n" " phil.eat().await;\n" " }\n" " });\n" "\n" " }\n" "\n" " // Output their thoughts\n" " while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n" " println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:125 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n" "use std::error::Error;\n" "use std::net::SocketAddr;\n" "use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n" "use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n" "// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n" "async fn handle_connection(\n" " addr: SocketAddr,\n" " mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream,\n" " bcast_tx: Sender,\n" ") -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n" "\n" " ws_stream\n" " .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n" " .await?;\n" " let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n" "\n" " // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) " "receiving\n" " // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" " // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" " match incoming {\n" " Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n" " let msg = msg.as_text()?;\n" " println!(\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\");\n" " bcast_tx.send(msg.into())?;\n" " }\n" " Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " None => return Ok(()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" " msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n" " ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n" " }\n" " }\n" " }\n" " // ANCHOR: main\n" "}\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> {\n" " let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n" "\n" " let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n" " println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n" "\n" " loop {\n" " let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n" " println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n" " let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n" " tokio::spawn(async move {\n" " // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" " let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n" "\n" " handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n" " });\n" " }\n" "}\n" "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" "```" msgstr "" #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:210 msgid "" "```rust,compile_fail\n" "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" "//\n" "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" "//\n" "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" "//\n" "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" "// limitations under the License.\n" "\n" "// ANCHOR: setup\n" "use futures_util::SinkExt;\n" "use http::Uri;\n" "use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n" "use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n" "\n" "#[tokio::main]\n" "async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n" " let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::" "from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n" " .connect()\n" " .await?;\n" "\n" " let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n" " let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n" "\n" " // ANCHOR_END: setup\n" " // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" " loop {\n" " tokio::select! {\n" " incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n" " match incoming {\n" " Some(Ok(msg)) => println!(\"From server: {}\", msg." "as_text()?),\n" " Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " None => return Ok(()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" " res = stdin.next_line() => {\n" " match res {\n" " Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n" " Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line." "to_string())).await?,\n" " Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n" " }\n" " }\n" "\n" " }\n" " }\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" #~ msgid "" #~ "[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" #~ "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" #~ "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img." #~ "shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)]" #~ "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" #~ msgstr "" #~ "[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" #~ "comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" #~ "comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img." #~ "shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)]" #~ "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" #~ msgid "" #~ "[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-" #~ "rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" #~ "stargazers)" #~ msgstr "" #~ "[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-" #~ "rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" #~ "stargazers)" #~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." #~ msgstr "Day 1 Rustの基本、所有暩ず借甚チェッカヌ" #~ msgid "Concurrency" #~ msgstr "䞊行性" #~ msgid "Rustup (Recommended)" #~ msgstr "Rustup (掚奚)" #~ msgid "" #~ "You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among " #~ "other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer." #~ "github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation." #~ msgstr "" #~ "[rustup](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/)ツヌルを䜿甚しお、cargoやrustコ" #~ "ンパむラなどの暙準゚コシステムツヌルをむンストヌルしたす。RustupはRust " #~ "Foundationによっおメンテナンスされおいたす。" #~ msgid "Package Managers" #~ msgstr "パッケヌゞマネヌゞャ" #~ msgid "" #~ "Runtimes have the concept of a \"task\", similar to a thread but much " #~ "less resource-intensive." #~ msgstr "" #~ "ランタむムには「タスク」ずいう抂念があり、スレッドに䌌おいるものの、スレッ" #~ "ドよりリ゜ヌスの消費ははるかに小さいです。"