\n"
"Key points:"
msgstr ""
"
\n"
"Punti chiave:"
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x:\n"
" &mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound to\n"
" different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable value."
msgstr ""
"* Assicurati di notare la differenza tra `let mut ref_x: &i32` e `let ref_x:\n"
" &mut i32`. Il primo rappresenta un riferimento mutevole a cui può essere associato\n"
" valori diversi, mentre il secondo rappresenta un riferimento a un valore mutabile."
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
msgid "# Dangling References"
msgstr "# Riferimenti Penzolanti (Dangling References)"
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
msgstr "Rust proibirà staticamente i riferimenti penzolanti:"
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let ref_x: &i32;\n"
" {\n"
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
" ref_x = &x;\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to.\n"
"* Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long\n"
" enough.\n"
"* We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
msgstr ""
"* Si dice che un riferimento \"prenda in prestito\" il valore a cui si riferisce.\n"
"* Rust tiene traccia delle vite di tutti i riferimenti per assicurarsi che durino a lungo\n"
" Abbastanza.\n"
"* Parleremo di più del prestito quando arriveremo alla proprietà."
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
msgid "# Slices"
msgstr "# Slices"
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
msgstr "Una sezione ti offre una vista in una raccolta più ampia:"
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n"
"\n"
" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Slices borrow data from the sliced type.\n"
"* Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?"
msgstr ""
"* Le sezioni prendono in prestito i dati dal tipo a fette.\n"
"* Domanda: Cosa succede se modifichi `a[3]`?"
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending indexes in brackets.\n"
"\n"
"* If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the starting index, "
"meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are identical.\n"
" \n"
"* The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are identical.\n"
"\n"
"* To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`.\n"
"\n"
"* `s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` (`&[i32]`) no longer "
"mentions the array length. This allows us to perform computation on slices of different sizes.\n"
" \n"
"* Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain 'alive' (in scope) "
"for at least as long as our slice. \n"
" \n"
"* The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but the answer is that "
"for memory safety reasons\n"
" you cannot do it through `a` after you created a slice, but you can read the data from both `a` "
"and `s` safely. \n"
" More details will be explained in the borrow checker section."
msgstr ""
"* Creiamo una sezione prendendo in prestito `a` e specificando gli indici iniziale e finale tra "
"parentesi.\n"
"\n"
"* Se la slice inizia all'indice 0, la sintassi dell'intervallo di Rust ci consente di eliminare "
"l'indice iniziale, il che significa che `&a[0..a.len()]` e `&a[..a.len()]` sono identici .\n"
" \n"
"* Lo stesso vale per l'ultimo indice, quindi `&a[2..a.len()]` e `&a[2..]` sono identici.\n"
"\n"
"* Per creare facilmente una porzione dell'array completo, possiamo quindi utilizzare `&a[..]`.\n"
"\n"
"* `s` è un riferimento a una porzione di `i32`s. Si noti che il tipo di `s` (`&[i32]`) non "
"menziona più la lunghezza dell'array. Questo ci permette di eseguire il calcolo su fette di "
"diverse dimensioni.\n"
" \n"
"* Le fette prendono sempre in prestito da un altro oggetto. In questo esempio, `a` deve rimanere "
"'vivo' (nello scope) almeno quanto la nostra fetta.\n"
" \n"
"* La domanda sulla modifica di `a[3]` può innescare una discussione interessante, ma la risposta è "
"che per motivi di sicurezza della memoria\n"
" non puoi farlo tramite \"a\" dopo aver creato una sezione, ma puoi leggere i dati sia da \"a\" "
"che da \"s\" in modo sicuro.\n"
" Maggiori dettagli saranno spiegati nella sezione controllo del prestito."
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
msgid "# `String` vs `str`"
msgstr "# `String` vs `str`"
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
msgstr "Ora possiamo comprendere i due tipi di stringhe in Rust:"
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n"
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
"\n"
" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n"
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
" s2.push_str(s1);\n"
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
" \n"
" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
msgid "Rust terminology:"
msgstr "Terminologia di Rust:"
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `&str` an immutable reference to a string slice.\n"
"* `String` a mutable string buffer."
msgstr ""
"* `&str` un riferimento immutabile a uno slice di stringa.\n"
"* `String` un buffer di stringa mutabile."
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
msgid ""
"* `&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 encoded string data \n"
" stored in a block of memory. String literals (`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary.\n"
"\n"
"* Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a `Vec`, it is owned.\n"
" \n"
"* As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string literal; `String::"
"new()` \n"
" creates a new empty string, to which string data can be added using the `push()` and "
"`push_str()` methods.\n"
"\n"
"* The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from dynamic values. It \n"
" accepts the same format specification as `println!()`.\n"
" \n"
"* You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range selection.\n"
" \n"
"* For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one that always points \n"
" to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough equivalent of `std::string` from C++ \n"
" (main difference: it can only contain UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string "
"optimization).\n"
" "
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
msgid "# Functions"
msgstr "# Funzioni"
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) interview "
"question:"
msgstr ""
"Una versione Rust della famosa domanda dell'intervista [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Fizz_buzz):"
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n"
" if divisor == 0 {\n"
" return false;\n"
" }\n"
" n % divisor == 0\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n"
" let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
" let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
" if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n"
" return format!(\"{n}\");\n"
" }\n"
" format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n"
" for i in 1..=n {\n"
" println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35
msgid ""
"* We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations nor headers are "
"necessary. \n"
"* Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some programming languages), then "
"a return type.\n"
"* The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return value. Simply omit the "
"`;` at the end of the expression.\n"
"* Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The compiler will infer "
"this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted.\n"
"* The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains `=n`, which causes it "
"to include the upper bound."
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1
msgid "# Rustdoc"
msgstr "# Rustdoc"
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax."
msgstr ""
"Tutti gli elementi del linguaggio in Rust possono essere documentati usando la sintassi speciale "
"`///`."
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second argument.\n"
"///\n"
"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n"
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n"
" if rhs == 0 {\n"
" return false; // Corner case, early return\n"
" }\n"
" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return value\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are\n"
"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the\n"
"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is\n"
"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern."
msgstr ""
"I contenuti sono trattati come Markdown. Tutti i crate della libreria Rust pubblicati lo sono\n"
"documentato automaticamente in [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) utilizzando il file\n"
"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) strumento. È\n"
"idiomatico per documentare tutti gli elementi pubblici in un'API utilizzando questo modello."
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at\n"
" [`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand).\n"
"\n"
"* This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in\n"
" real code they should be present.\n"
"\n"
"* Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not\n"
" be addressed here."
msgstr ""
"* Mostra agli studenti i documenti generati per la cassa `rand` su\n"
" [`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand).\n"
"\n"
"* Questo corso non include rustdoc sulle diapositive, solo per risparmiare spazio, ma in\n"
" codice reale dovrebbero essere presenti.\n"
"\n"
"* I commenti interni al documento sono discussi più avanti (nella pagina sui moduli) e non sono "
"necessari\n"
" essere affrontato qui."
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 src/methods.md:1
msgid "# Methods"
msgstr "# Metodi"
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a method is\n"
"an instance of the type it is associated with:"
msgstr ""
"I metodi sono funzioni associate a un tipo. L'argomento `self` di un metodo è\n"
"un'istanza del tipo a cui è associata:"
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Rectangle {\n"
" width: u32,\n"
" height: u32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Rectangle {\n"
" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n"
" self.width * self.height\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n"
" self.width += delta;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n"
" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
" rect.inc_width(5);\n"
" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
#, fuzzy
msgid "* We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's class."
msgstr "* Approfondiremo maggiormente i metodi nell'esercizio di oggi e nella lezione di domani."
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34
msgid ""
"- Add a `Rectangle::new` constructor and call this from `main`:\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
" fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n"
" Rectangle { width, height }\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
"- Add a `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that\n"
" constructors can take arbitrary parameters."
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
msgid "# Function Overloading"
msgstr "# Overloading di Funzione"
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
msgstr "Overloading non è supportato:"
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Each function has a single implementation:\n"
" * Always takes a fixed number of parameters.\n"
" * Always takes a single set of parameter types.\n"
"* Default values are not supported:\n"
" * All call sites have the same number of arguments.\n"
" * Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
msgstr ""
"* Ogni funzione ha una singola implementazione:\n"
" * Accetta sempre un numero fisso di parametri.\n"
" * Accetta sempre un singolo set di tipi di parametro.\n"
"* I valori predefiniti non sono supportati:\n"
" * Tutti i siti di chiamata hanno lo stesso numero di argomenti.\n"
" * Le macro sono talvolta utilizzate come alternativa."
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
#, fuzzy
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
msgstr "Tuttavia, i parametri delle funzioni possono essere generici:"
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn pick_one(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n"
" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of limited\n"
" polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later section."
msgstr ""
"* Quando si usano i generici, `Into` della libreria standard può fornire una sorta di limited\n"
" polimorfismo sui tipi di argomento. Vedremo maggiori dettagli in una sezione successiva."
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
msgid "# Day 1: Morning Exercises"
msgstr "# Giorno 1: Esercizi Mattutini"
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
msgstr "In questi esercizi esploreremo due parti di Rust:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Implicit conversions between types.\n"
"\n"
"* Arrays and `for` loops."
msgstr ""
"* Conversioni implicite tra tipi.\n"
"\n"
"* Array e cicli `for`."
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
#, fuzzy
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
msgstr "Alcune cose da considerare durante la risoluzione degli esercizi:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get\n"
" auto-completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo] for details\n"
" on installing Rust.\n"
"\n"
"* Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
msgstr ""
"* Utilizzare un'installazione locale di Rust, se possibile. In questo modo puoi ottenere\n"
" completamento automatico nel tuo editor. Vedi la pagina su [Utilizzo del carico] per i dettagli\n"
" sull'installazione di Rust.\n"
"\n"
"* In alternativa, usa Rust Playground."
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose\n"
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
msgstr ""
"Gli snippet di codice non sono modificabili di proposito: gli snippet di codice in linea perdono\n"
"il loro stato se esci dalla pagina."
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions] provided."
msgstr "Dopo aver esaminato gli esercizi, puoi esaminare le [soluzioni] fornite."
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
msgid "# Implicit Conversions"
msgstr "# Conversioni Implicite"
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types ([unlike\n"
"C++][3]). You can see this in a program like this:"
msgstr ""
"Rust non applicherà automaticamente le _conversioni implicite_ tra i tipi ([a differenza di\n"
"C++][3]). Puoi vederlo in un programma come questo:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n"
" x * y\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let x: i8 = 15;\n"
" let y: i16 = 1000;\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`][1] and [`Into`][2]\n"
"traits to let us convert between them. The `From` trait has a single `from()`\n"
"method and similarly, the `Into` trait has a single `into()` method.\n"
"Implementing these traits is how a type expresses that it can be converted into\n"
"another type."
msgstr ""
"Tutti i tipi interi di Rust implementano [`From`][1] e [`Into`][2]\n"
"tratti per farci convertire tra di loro. Il tratto `From` ha un singolo `from()`\n"
"e allo stesso modo, il tratto `Into` ha un singolo metodo `into()`.\n"
"L'implementazione di questi tratti è il modo in cui un tipo esprime ciò in cui può essere "
"convertito\n"
"un altro tipo."
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which means\n"
"that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by calling \n"
"`i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for i16`\n"
"implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for i8`."
msgstr ""
"La libreria standard ha un'implementazione di `From for i16`, che significa\n"
"che possiamo convertire una variabile `x` di tipo `i8` in una `i16` chiamando\n"
"`i16::da(x)`. O, più semplicemente, con `x.into()`, perché `From for i16`\n"
"l'implementazione crea automaticamente un'implementazione di `Into per i8`."
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so it is\n"
"sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` implementation automatically."
msgstr ""
"Lo stesso vale per le tue implementazioni `From` per i tuoi tipi, così è\n"
"sufficiente implementare solo `From` per ottenere automaticamente una rispettiva implementazione "
"`Into`."
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"1. Execute the above program and look at the compiler error.\n"
"\n"
"2. Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion.\n"
"\n"
"3. Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`,\n"
" `i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try\n"
" converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the\n"
" [standard library documentation][1] to see if `From` is implemented for\n"
" the pairs you check."
msgstr ""
"1. Eseguire il programma precedente e osservare l'errore del compilatore.\n"
"\n"
"2. Aggiorna il codice sopra per utilizzare `into()` per eseguire la conversione.\n"
"\n"
"3. Cambia i tipi di `x` e `y` in altre cose (come `f32`, `bool`,\n"
" `i128`) per vedere quali tipi è possibile convertire in quali altri tipi. Tentativo\n"
" convertire caratteri piccoli in caratteri grandi e viceversa. Controlla il\n"
" [documentazione della libreria standard][1] per vedere se `From` è implementato per\n"
" le coppie che controlli."
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
msgid "# Arrays and `for` Loops"
msgstr "# Array e Cicli `for`"
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
msgstr "Abbiamo visto che un array può essere dichiarato in questo modo:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}`:"
msgstr "Puoi stampare un tale array chiedendo la sua rappresentazione di debug con `{:?}`:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for`\n"
"keyword:"
msgstr ""
"Rust ti consente di iterare cose come array e intervalli usando il `for`\n"
"parola chiave:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n"
" for n in array {\n"
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
" }\n"
" println!();\n"
"\n"
" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
" }\n"
" println!();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix and\n"
"a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):"
msgstr ""
"Usa quanto sopra per scrivere una funzione `pretty_print` che stampa in modo grazioso una matrice "
"e\n"
"una funzione `transpose` che traspone una matrice (trasforma le righe in colonne):"
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n"
"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n"
" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47
#, fuzzy
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
msgstr "Hard-code entrambe le funzioni per operare su matrici 3 × 3."
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to >();\n"
" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.collect) relies "
"on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
"implements."
msgstr ""
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.collect) si basa "
"su `FromIterator`, che [`HashSet`](https:/ /doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
"implementa."
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Static and Constant Variables"
msgstr "# Variabili statiche e costanti"
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables."
msgstr "Lo stato globale è gestito con variabili statiche e costanti."
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5
msgid "## `const`"
msgstr "## `const`"
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:"
msgstr "Puoi dichiarare costanti in fase di compilazione:"
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n"
"const ZERO: Option = Some(42);\n"
"\n"
"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n"
" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n"
" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n"
" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE].wrapping_add(b);\n"
" }\n"
" digest\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n"
" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid "According the the [Rust RFC Book][1] these are inlined upon use."
msgstr "Secondo il [Rust RFC Book][1] questi sono incorporati dopo l'uso."
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29
msgid "## `static`"
msgstr "## `static`"
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
msgid "You can also declare static variables:"
msgstr "Puoi anche dichiarare variabili statiche:"
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book][1], these are not inlined upon use and have an actual associated "
"memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and the variable lives through the "
"entirety of the program execution."
msgstr ""
"Come notato nel [Rust RFC Book][1], questi non sono allineati durante l'uso e hanno una posizione "
"di memoria associata effettiva. Questo è utile per il codice non sicuro e incorporato e la "
"variabile vive per tutta l'esecuzione del programma."
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../unsafe.md)."
msgstr "Esamineremo la modifica dei dati statici nel [capitolo su Unsafe Rust](../unsafe.md)."
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`.\n"
"* `static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable global variable in C+"
"+.\n"
"* It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but it is helpful and "
"safer than using a static."
msgstr ""
"* Menziona che `const` si comporta semanticamente in modo simile a `constexpr` del C++.\n"
"* `static`, d'altra parte, è molto più simile a una `const` o variabile globale mutabile in C++.\n"
"* Non è molto comune che si abbia bisogno di una costante valutata in fase di esecuzione, ma è "
"utile e più sicura rispetto all'utilizzo di una statica."
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
msgid "# Scopes and Shadowing"
msgstr "# Scopes (Ambiti) e Shadowing"
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from the\n"
"same scope:"
msgstr ""
"Puoi ombreggiare le variabili, sia quelle degli ambiti esterni che le variabili del file\n"
"stessa portata:"
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let a = 10;\n"
" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n"
"\n"
" {\n"
" let a = \"hello\";\n"
" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n"
"\n"
" let a = true;\n"
" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both variable's memory "
"locations exist at the same time. Both are available under the same name, depending where you use "
"it in the code. \n"
"* A shadowing variable can have a different type. \n"
"* Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values after `.unwrap()`.\n"
"* The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory locations when "
"shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type does not change."
msgstr ""
"* Definizione: l'ombreggiatura è diversa dalla mutazione, perché dopo l'ombreggiatura le locazioni "
"di memoria di entrambe le variabili esistono contemporaneamente. Entrambi sono disponibili con lo "
"stesso nome, a seconda di dove lo usi nel codice.\n"
"* Una variabile di ombreggiatura può avere un tipo diverso.\n"
"* L'ombreggiatura all'inizio sembra oscura, ma è utile per conservare i valori dopo `.unwrap()`.\n"
"* Il codice seguente dimostra perché il compilatore non può semplicemente riutilizzare le "
"posizioni di memoria durante lo shadowing di una variabile immutabile in un ambito, anche se il "
"tipo non cambia."
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let a = 1;\n"
" let b = &a;\n"
" let a = a + 1;\n"
" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management.md:1
msgid "# Memory Management"
msgstr "# Gestione della Memoria"
#: src/memory-management.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
msgstr "Tradizionalmente, le lingue sono state suddivise in due grandi categorie:"
#: src/memory-management.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ...\n"
"* Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..."
msgstr ""
"* Controllo completo tramite gestione manuale della memoria: C, C++, Pascal, ...\n"
"* Piena sicurezza tramite la gestione automatica della memoria in fase di esecuzione: Java, "
"Python, Go, Haskell, ..."
#: src/memory-management.md:8
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
msgstr "Rust offre un nuovo mix:"
#: src/memory-management.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"> Full control *and* safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory\n"
"> management."
msgstr ""
"> Pieno controllo *e* sicurezza tramite applicazione in fase di compilazione della memoria "
"corretta\n"
"> gestione."
#: src/memory-management.md:13
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
msgstr "Lo fa con un concetto di ownership (proprietà) esplicito."
#: src/memory-management.md:15
#, fuzzy
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
msgstr "Innanzitutto, aggiorniamo il funzionamento della gestione della memoria."
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
msgid "# The Stack vs The Heap"
msgstr "# Lo Stack (Pila) vs l’Heap"
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables.\n"
" * Values have fixed sizes known at compile time.\n"
" * Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer.\n"
" * Easy to manage: follows function calls.\n"
" * Great memory locality.\n"
"\n"
"* Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls.\n"
" * Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime.\n"
" * Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed.\n"
" * No guarantee of memory locality."
msgstr ""
"* Stack: area continua di memoria per le variabili locali.\n"
" * I valori hanno dimensioni fisse note al momento della compilazione.\n"
" * Estremamente veloce: basta spostare un puntatore dello stack.\n"
" * Facile da gestire: segue le chiamate alle funzioni.\n"
" * Ottima località di memoria.\n"
"\n"
"* Heap: archiviazione di valori al di fuori delle chiamate di funzione.\n"
" * I valori hanno dimensioni dinamiche determinate in fase di esecuzione.\n"
" * Leggermente più lento della pila: è necessaria un po' di contabilità.\n"
" * Nessuna garanzia di località di memoria."
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1
msgid "# Stack Memory"
msgstr "# Memoria sullo Stack"
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically sized\n"
"data on the heap:"
msgstr ""
"La creazione di una `Stringa` mette i dati di dimensioni fisse nello stack e dimensionati "
"dinamicamente\n"
"dati sull'heap:"
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": s1 : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n"
": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
msgid ""
"* Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and length and can grow if "
"mutable via reallocation on the heap.\n"
"\n"
"* If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap allocated using the "
"[System Allocator] and custom allocators can be implemented using the [Allocator API]\n"
"\n"
"* We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should point out that this is "
"rightfully unsafe!\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" fn main() {\n"
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
" s1.push(' ');\n"
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead to\n"
" // undefined behavior.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::transmute(s1);\n"
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" ```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:1
msgid "# Manual Memory Management"
msgstr "# Gestione manuale della Memoria"
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
msgstr "Allocate e de-allocate voi stessi la memoria dell'heap."
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
msgstr ""
"Se non fatto con cura, ciò può portare a arresti anomali, bug, vulnerabilità di sicurezza e "
"perdite di memoria."
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
msgid "## C Example"
msgstr "## Esempio C"
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
msgstr "Devi chiamare `free` su ogni puntatore allocato con `malloc`:"
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
" int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
" //\n"
" // ... lots of code\n"
" //\n"
" free(int_array);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: the\n"
"pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory."
msgstr ""
"La memoria viene persa se la funzione ritorna in anticipo tra `malloc` e `free`: the\n"
"puntatore è perso e non possiamo deallocare la memoria."
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
msgid "# Scope-Based Memory Management"
msgstr "# Gestione della memoria basata sullo Scope (ambito)"
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
msgstr "Costruttori e distruttori ti consentono di agganciarti alla vita di un oggetto."
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is\n"
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception is\n"
"raised."
msgstr ""
"Avvolgendo un puntatore in un oggetto, puoi liberare memoria quando l'oggetto è\n"
"distrutto. Il compilatore garantisce che ciò accada, anche se lo è un'eccezione\n"
"sollevato."
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and gives\n"
"you smart pointers."
msgstr ""
"Questo è spesso chiamato _l'acquisizione delle risorse è l'inizializzazione_ (RAII) e dà\n"
"puntatori intelligenti."
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
msgid "## C++ Example"
msgstr "## Esempio C++"
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14
msgid ""
"```c++\n"
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr person) {\n"
" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to\n"
" memory allocated on the heap.\n"
"* At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run.\n"
"* The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
msgstr ""
"* L'oggetto `std::unique_ptr` è allocato nello stack e punta a\n"
" memoria allocata nell'heap.\n"
"* Alla fine di `say_hello`, verrà eseguito il distruttore `std::unique_ptr`.\n"
"* Il distruttore libera l'oggetto `Person` a cui punta."
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
msgstr ""
"I costruttori di mosse speciali vengono utilizzati quando si passa la proprietà a una funzione:"
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27
msgid ""
"```c++\n"
"std::unique_ptr person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
msgid "# Automatic Memory Management"
msgstr "# Gestione automatica della Memoria"
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic memory\n"
"management:"
msgstr ""
"Un'alternativa alla gestione della memoria manuale e basata sull'ambito è la memoria automatica\n"
"gestione:"
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly.\n"
"* A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the programmer."
msgstr ""
"* Il programmatore non alloca o dealloca mai la memoria in modo esplicito.\n"
"* Un Garbage Collector trova la memoria inutilizzata e la dealloca per il programmatore."
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
msgid "## Java Example"
msgstr "## Esempio Java"
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
#, fuzzy
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
msgstr "L'oggetto `person` non viene deallocato dopo che `sayHello` restituisce:"
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
msgid "# Memory Management in Rust"
msgstr "# Gestione della Memoria in Rust"
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
msgstr "La gestione della memoria in Rust è un mix:"
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector.\n"
"* Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, can be a single "
"unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference counted.\n"
"* Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence.\n"
"* A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even have no cost at "
"runtime like C."
msgstr ""
"* Sicuro e corretto come Java, ma senza un garbage collector.\n"
"* A seconda dell'astrazione (o combinazione di astrazioni) scelta, può trattarsi di un singolo "
"puntatore univoco, del conteggio dei riferimenti o del conteggio dei riferimenti atomici.\n"
"* Basato sull'ambito come C++, ma il compilatore applica la piena aderenza.\n"
"* Un utente Rust può scegliere l'astrazione giusta per la situazione, alcuni addirittura non hanno "
"alcun costo in fase di esecuzione come C."
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
msgstr "Raggiunge questo modellando _ownership_ in modo esplicito."
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually handled by RAII wrapper "
"types such as [Box], [Vec], [Rc], or [Arc]. These encapsulate ownership and memory allocation via "
"various means, and prevent the potential errors in C.\n"
"\n"
"* You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop] trait is the Rust equivalent."
msgstr ""
"* Se ti viene chiesto come a questo punto, puoi menzionare che in Rust questo è solitamente "
"gestito da tipi di wrapper RAII come [Box], [Vec], [Rc] o [Arc]. Questi incapsulano la proprietà e "
"l'allocazione della memoria tramite vari mezzi e prevengono i potenziali errori in C.\n"
"\n"
"* Qui ti potrebbe essere chiesto dei distruttori, il tratto [Drop] è l'equivalente di Rust."
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:1
msgid "# Comparison"
msgstr "# Confronto"
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques."
msgstr "Ecco un confronto approssimativo delle tecniche di gestione della memoria."
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5
msgid "## Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques"
msgstr "## Vantaggi di Tecniche differenti di gestione della Memoria"
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Manual like C:\n"
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
" * Fully automatic.\n"
" * Safe and correct.\n"
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
" * Partially automatic.\n"
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
"* Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:\n"
" * Enforced by compiler.\n"
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
" * Safe and correct."
msgstr ""
"* Manuale come C:\n"
" * Nessun sovraccarico di runtime.\n"
"* Automatico come Java:\n"
" * Completamente automatico.\n"
" * Sicuro e corretto.\n"
"* Basato sull'ambito come C++:\n"
" * Parzialmente automatico.\n"
" * Nessun sovraccarico di runtime.\n"
"* Basato sull'ambito imposto dal compilatore come Rust:\n"
" * Applicato dal compilatore.\n"
" * Nessun sovraccarico di runtime.\n"
" * Sicuro e corretto."
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid "## Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques"
msgstr "## Contro di diverse tecniche di gestione della memoria"
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Manual like C:\n"
" * Use-after-free.\n"
" * Double-frees.\n"
" * Memory leaks.\n"
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
" * Garbage collection pauses.\n"
" * Destructor delays.\n"
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
" * Complex, opt-in by programmer.\n"
" * Potential for use-after-free.\n"
"* Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:\n"
" * Some upfront complexity.\n"
" * Can reject valid programs."
msgstr ""
"* Manuale come C:\n"
" * Usa-dopo-gratis.\n"
" * Doppia libera.\n"
" * Perdite di memoria.\n"
"* Automatico come Java:\n"
" * La raccolta dei rifiuti si interrompe.\n"
" * Ritardi del distruttore.\n"
"* Basato sull'ambito come C++:\n"
" * Complesso, opt-in dal programmatore.\n"
" * Potenziale per uso dopo-gratis.\n"
"* Applicato al compilatore e basato sull'ambito come Rust:\n"
" * Qualche complessità iniziale.\n"
" * Può rifiutare programmi validi."
#: src/ownership.md:1
msgid "# Ownership"
msgstr "# Ownership (Proprietà)"
#: src/ownership.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error to\n"
"use a variable outside its scope:"
msgstr ""
"Tutte le associazioni di variabili hanno un _scope_ in cui sono valide ed è un errore\n"
"usa una variabile al di fuori del suo ambito:"
#: src/ownership.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" {\n"
" let p = Point(3, 4);\n"
" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed.\n"
"* A destructor can run here to free up resources.\n"
"* We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
msgstr ""
"* Alla fine dell'ambito, la variabile viene _eliminata_ ei dati vengono liberati.\n"
"* Un distruttore può essere eseguito qui per liberare risorse.\n"
"* Diciamo che la variabile _possiede_ il valore."
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
msgid "# Move Semantics"
msgstr "# Semantica di Move (Spostamento)"
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:"
msgstr "Un'assegnazione trasferirà la proprietà tra le variabili:"
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership.\n"
"* The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible.\n"
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership.\n"
"* When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed.\n"
"* There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
msgstr ""
"* L'assegnazione di \"s1\" a \"s2\" trasferisce la proprietà.\n"
"* I dati sono stati _spostati_ da `s1` e `s1` non è più accessibile.\n"
"* Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla: non ha proprietà.\n"
"* Quando `s2` esce dall'ambito, i dati della stringa vengono liberati.\n"
"* C'è sempre _esattamente_ un legame di variabile che possiede un valore."
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by value unless you use "
"`std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!).\n"
"\n"
"* In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
msgstr ""
"* Menziona che questo è l'opposto dei valori predefiniti in C++, che copia per valore a meno che "
"tu non usi `std::move` (e il costruttore di movimento è definito!).\n"
"\n"
"* In Rust, i cloni sono espliciti (utilizzando `clone`)."
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
msgid "# Moved Strings in Rust"
msgstr "# Stringhe mosse/spostate in Rust"
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`.\n"
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
msgstr ""
"* I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono riutilizzati per `s2`.\n"
"* Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla (è stato spostato da)."
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
msgstr "Prima di muovere a `s2`:"
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": s1 : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
": :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
msgstr "Dopo il muovere a `s2`:"
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
": s2 : |\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
": | len | 4 | :\n"
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
": :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
msgid "# Double Frees in Modern C++"
msgstr "# Double Free in C++ moderno"
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
msgstr "C++ moderno risolve questo problema in modo diverso:"
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5
msgid ""
"```c++\n"
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy.\n"
"* When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
msgstr ""
"* I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono duplicati e `s2` ottiene la propria copia indipendente.\n"
"* Quando `s1` e `s2` escono dall'ambito, ciascuno libera la propria memoria."
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
msgstr "Prima dell'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):"
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": s1 : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
msgstr "Dopo l'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):"
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": s1 : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
": : : :\n"
": s2 : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Moves in Function Calls"
msgstr "# Sposta nelle chiamate di funzione"
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function\n"
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
msgstr ""
"Quando si passa un valore a una funzione, il valore viene assegnato alla funzione\n"
"parametro. Questo trasferisce la proprietà:"
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n"
" say_hello(name);\n"
" // say_hello(name);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. Afterwards, `name` "
"cannot be used anymore within `main`.\n"
"* The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the `say_hello` function.\n"
"* `main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and if `say_hello` "
"accepts a reference as a parameter.\n"
"* Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name.clone()`).\n"
"* Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move semantics the "
"default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
msgstr ""
"* Con la prima chiamata a `say_hello`, `main` rinuncia alla proprietà di `name`. Successivamente, "
"`name` non può più essere utilizzato all'interno di `main`.\n"
"* La memoria heap allocata per `name` verrà liberata alla fine della funzione `say_hello`.\n"
"* `main` può mantenere la proprietà se passa `name` come riferimento (`&name`) e se `say_hello` "
"accetta un riferimento come parametro.\n"
"* In alternativa, `main` può passare un clone di `name` nella prima chiamata (`name.clone()`).\n"
"* Rust rende più difficile del C++ creare copie inavvertitamente rendendo la semantica di "
"spostamento l'impostazione predefinita e costringendo i programmatori a rendere espliciti i cloni."
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Copying and Cloning"
msgstr "# Copia e clonazione"
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
msgstr ""
"Sebbene la semantica di spostamento sia l'impostazione predefinita, alcuni tipi vengono copiati "
"per impostazione predefinita:"
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let x = 42;\n"
" let y = x;\n"
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
msgstr "Questi tipi implementano il tratto `Copy`."
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
msgstr "Puoi acconsentire esplicitamente ai tuoi tipi per utilizzare la semantica della copia:"
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
" let p2 = p1;\n"
" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n"
" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data.\n"
"* We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
msgstr ""
"* Dopo l'assegnazione, sia `p1` che `p2` possiedono i propri dati.\n"
"* Possiamo anche usare `p1.clone()` per copiare esplicitamente i dati."
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
msgstr "Copiare e clonare non sono la stessa cosa:"
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on arbitrary objects.\n"
"* Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++).\n"
"* Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by implementing the "
"`Clone` trait.\n"
"* Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
msgstr ""
"* La copia si riferisce a copie bit per bit di aree di memoria e non funziona su oggetti "
"arbitrari.\n"
"* La copia non consente la logica personalizzata (a differenza dei costruttori di copia in C++).\n"
"* La clonazione è un'operazione più generale e consente anche un comportamento personalizzato "
"implementando il tratto `Clone`.\n"
"* La copia non funziona sui tipi che implementano il tratto `Drop`."
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
msgstr "Nell'esempio precedente, prova quanto segue:"
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` is not a `Copy` "
"type.\n"
"* Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the `println!` for "
"`p1`.\n"
"* Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
msgstr ""
"* Aggiungi un campo `String` a `struct Point`. Non verrà compilato perché `String` non è un tipo "
"`Copy`.\n"
"* Rimuovi `Copy` dall'attributo `derive`. L'errore del compilatore è ora in `println!` per `p1`.\n"
"* Dimostra che funziona se invece cloni `p1`."
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way to generate code in "
"Rust\n"
"at compile time. In this case the default implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are "
"generated."
msgstr ""
"Se gli studenti chiedono informazioni su `derive`, è sufficiente dire che questo è un modo per "
"generare codice in Rust\n"
"in fase di compilazione. In questo caso vengono generate le implementazioni predefinite dei tratti "
"`Copy` e `Clone`."
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Borrowing"
msgstr "# Prendere in prestito"
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a\n"
"function _borrow_ the value:"
msgstr ""
"Invece di trasferire la proprietà quando chiami una funzione, puoi lasciare che a\n"
"funzione _prende in prestito_ il valore:"
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point.\n"
"* The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
msgstr ""
"* La funzione `add` _prende in prestito_ due punti e restituisce un nuovo punto.\n"
"* Il chiamante mantiene la proprietà degli ingressi."
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
msgstr "Note sui resi dello stack:"
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28
msgid ""
"* Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can eliminate the copy "
"operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses and run it on the [Playground]. In the "
"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same when changing "
"to the \"RELEASE\" setting:\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
" struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
" fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n"
" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n"
" p\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn main() {\n"
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
"* The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO).\n"
"* In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because constructors can "
"have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If RVO did not happen, Rust will always "
"performs a simple and efficient `memcpy` copy."
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Shared and Unique Borrows"
msgstr "# Prestiti condivisi e unici"
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
msgstr "Rust pone dei vincoli sui modi in cui puoi prendere in prestito i valori:"
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_\n"
"* You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
msgstr ""
"* Puoi avere uno o più valori `&T` in qualsiasi momento, _oppure_\n"
"* Puoi avere esattamente un valore `&mut T`."
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
" let b: &i32 = &a;\n"
"\n"
" {\n"
" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
" *c = 20;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through `c`) and as "
"immutable (through `b`) at the same time.\n"
"* Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` to make the code "
"compile.\n"
"* After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before the new mutable "
"borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow checker called \"non-lexical "
"lifetimes\"."
msgstr ""
"* Il codice precedente non viene compilato perché `a` è preso in prestito come mutabile "
"(attraverso `c`) e come immutabile (attraverso `b`) allo stesso tempo.\n"
"* Sposta l'istruzione `println!` per `b` prima dell'ambito che introduce `c` per far compilare il "
"codice.\n"
"* Dopo tale modifica, il compilatore si rende conto che `b` è sempre e solo usato prima del nuovo "
"prestito mutabile da `a` a `c`. Questa è una caratteristica del controllo del prestito chiamata "
"\"vita non lessicale\"."
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Lifetimes"
msgstr "# Vite"
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
msgstr "Un valore preso in prestito ha una _durata_:"
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
msgid ""
"* The lifetime can be elided: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`.\n"
"* Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`.\n"
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
"* Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime\n"
" yourself.\n"
" * Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is\n"
" a valid solution."
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Lifetimes in Function Calls"
msgstr "# Durata delle chiamate di funzione"
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed value:"
msgstr ""
"Oltre a prendere in prestito i suoi argomenti, una funzione può restituire un valore preso in "
"prestito:"
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler.\n"
"* Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name.\n"
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
" * The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
msgstr ""
"* `'a` è un parametro generico, viene dedotto dal compilatore.\n"
"* Le durate iniziano con `'` e `'a` è un tipico nome predefinito.\n"
"* Leggi `&'a Point` come \"un `Punto` preso in prestito che è valido almeno per il\n"
" vita `a`\".\n"
" * La parte _almeno_ è importante quando i parametri si trovano in ambiti diversi."
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31
msgid ""
"* Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a a new scope (`{ ... }`), resulting in the following "
"code:\n"
" ```rust,ignore\n"
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
" struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
" fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn main() {\n"
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
" let p3: &Point;\n"
" {\n"
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
" Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`.\n"
"\n"
"* Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, "
"p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile because the relationship between the lifetimes "
"`'a` and `'b` is unclear.\n"
"* Another way to explain it:\n"
" * Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function returns\n"
" another reference.\n"
" * It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable).\n"
" * Which one is it? The compiler needs to to know, so at the call site the returned reference is "
"not used\n"
" for longer than a variable from where the reference came from."
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Lifetimes in Data Structures"
msgstr "# Durata nelle strutture dati"
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
msgstr "Se un tipo di dati memorizza dati presi in prestito, deve essere annotato con una durata:"
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
"\n"
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\");\n"
" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
" // erase(text);\n"
" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data underlying the "
"contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of `Highlight` that uses that data.\n"
"* If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), the borrow checker "
"throws an error.\n"
"* Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This can be useful for "
"creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them somewhat harder to use.\n"
"* When possible, make data structures own their data directly.\n"
"* Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime annotation. This "
"can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime relationships between the references "
"themselves, in addition to the lifetime of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
msgstr ""
"* Nell'esempio precedente, l'annotazione su \"Highlight\" impone che i dati sottostanti a \"&str\" "
"contenuti durino almeno quanto qualsiasi istanza di \"Highlight\" che utilizza quei dati.\n"
"* Se `text` viene consumato prima della fine della vita di `fox` (o `dog`), il controllo del "
"prestito genera un errore.\n"
"* I tipi con dati presi in prestito costringono gli utenti a conservare i dati originali. Questo "
"può essere utile per creare viste leggere, ma in genere le rende un po' più difficili da usare.\n"
"* Quando possibile, fare in modo che le strutture dati possiedano direttamente i propri dati.\n"
"* Alcune strutture con più riferimenti all'interno possono avere più di un'annotazione di durata. "
"Ciò può essere necessario se è necessario descrivere le relazioni di durata tra i riferimenti "
"stessi, oltre alla durata della struttura stessa. Questi sono casi d'uso molto avanzati."
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "# Giorno 1: Esercizi pomeridiani"
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will look at two things:"
msgstr "Vedremo due cose:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* A small book library,\n"
"\n"
"* Iterators and ownership (hard)."
msgstr ""
"* Una piccola biblioteca di libri,\n"
"\n"
"* Iteratori e proprietà (hard)."
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Designing a Library"
msgstr "# Progettare una libreria"
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For now,\n"
"you just need to know part of its API:"
msgstr ""
"Impareremo molto di più sulle strutture e sul tipo `Vec` domani. Per adesso,\n"
"devi solo conoscere parte della sua API:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n"
" vec.push(30);\n"
" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n"
" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n"
" for item in &vec {\n"
" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Use this to create a library application. Copy the code below to\n"
",\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Book {\n"
" title: String,\n"
" year: u16,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Book {\n"
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
" Book {\n"
" title: String::from(title),\n"
" year,\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
"//\n"
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
"impl Library {\n"
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
" //}\n"
"\n"
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
" //}\n"
"\n"
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
" //}\n"
"\n"
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and year\")\n"
" //}\n"
"\n"
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
" //}\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let library = Library::new();\n"
"\n"
" //println!(\"The library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
" //\n"
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
" //\n"
" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
" //\n"
" //\n"
" //library.print_books();\n"
" //\n"
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
" //}\n"
" //\n"
" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
" //library.print_books();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:102
#, fuzzy
msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
msgstr "[Soluzione](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Iterators and Ownership"
msgstr "# Iteratori e proprietà"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the\n"
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and\n"
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html)\n"
"traits."
msgstr ""
"Il modello di proprietà di Rust influisce su molte API. Un esempio di questo è il\n"
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) e\n"
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html)\n"
"tratti."
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid "## `Iterator`"
msgstr "## `Iteratore`"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The\n"
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` back:"
msgstr ""
"I tratti sono come interfacce: descrivono il comportamento (metodi) per un tipo. IL\n"
"Il tratto \"Iterator\" dice semplicemente che puoi chiamare \"next\" fino a quando non ottieni "
"\"Nessuno\":"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"pub trait Iterator {\n"
" type Item;\n"
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
msgstr "Usi questo tratto in questo modo:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
#, fuzzy
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
msgstr "Qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore? Metti alla prova la tua risposta qui:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v: Vec = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
"\n"
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
#, fuzzy
msgid "Why is this type used?"
msgstr "Perché viene utilizzato questo tipo?"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
#, fuzzy
msgid "## `IntoIterator`"
msgstr "## `IntoIterator`"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an\n"
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the iterator:"
msgstr ""
"Il tratto `Iterator` ti dice come _iterare_ una volta che hai creato un file\n"
"iteratore. Il tratto correlato `IntoIterator` ti dice come creare l'iteratore:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"pub trait IntoIterator {\n"
" type Item;\n"
" type IntoIter: Iterator- ;\n"
"\n"
" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must\n"
"declare two types:"
msgstr ""
"La sintassi qui significa che ogni implementazione di \"IntoIterator\" deve\n"
"dichiarare due tipi:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,\n"
"* `IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
msgstr ""
"* `Item`: il tipo su cui iteriamo, come `i8`,\n"
"* `IntoIter`: il tipo `Iterator` restituito dal metodo `into_iter`."
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same\n"
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option
- `"
msgstr ""
"Nota che \"IntoIter\" e \"Item\" sono collegati: l'iteratore deve avere lo stesso\n"
"Tipo `Item`, che significa che restituisce `Option
- `"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
#, fuzzy
msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?"
msgstr "Come prima, qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore?"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v: Vec
= vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::from(\"bar\")];\n"
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
"\n"
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
#, fuzzy
msgid "## `for` Loops"
msgstr "## cicli `for`"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` loops.\n"
"They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the resulting\n"
"iterator:"
msgstr ""
"Ora che conosciamo sia `Iterator` che `IntoIterator`, possiamo creare cicli `for`.\n"
"Chiamano `into_iter()` su un'espressione e itera sul risultato\n"
"iteratore:"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v: Vec = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::from(\"bar\")];\n"
"\n"
" for word in &v {\n"
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" for word in v {\n"
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
#, fuzzy
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
msgstr "Qual è il tipo di \"parola\" in ogni ciclo?"
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl\n"
"IntoIterator for\n"
"&Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
"%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
"and [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
"Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
"to check your answers."
msgstr ""
"Sperimenta con il codice sopra e poi consulta la documentazione per [`impl\n"
"IntoIteratore per\n"
"&Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
"%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
"e [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
"Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
"per controllare le tue risposte."
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Welcome to Day 2"
msgstr "# Benvenuto al giorno 2"
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
msgstr "Ora che abbiamo visto una discreta quantità di ruggine, continueremo con:"
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Structs, enums, methods.\n"
"\n"
"* Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays.\n"
"\n"
"* Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and\n"
" `continue`.\n"
"\n"
"* The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc`\n"
" and `Arc`.\n"
"\n"
"* Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
msgstr ""
"* Struct, enum, metodi.\n"
"\n"
"* Pattern matching: destrutturazione di enum, struct e array.\n"
"\n"
"* Costrutti del flusso di controllo: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break` e\n"
" `continua`.\n"
"\n"
"* La libreria standard: `String`, `Option` e `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc`\n"
" e \"Arco\".\n"
"\n"
"* Moduli: visibilità, percorsi e gerarchia del filesystem."
#: src/structs.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Structs"
msgstr "# Strutture"
#: src/structs.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
msgstr "Come C e C++, Rust supporta le strutture personalizzate:"
#: src/structs.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Person {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut peter = Person {\n"
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
" age: 27,\n"
" };\n"
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
" \n"
" peter.age = 28;\n"
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
" \n"
" let jackie = Person {\n"
" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n"
" ..peter\n"
" };\n"
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/structs.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"
\n"
"Key Points: "
msgstr ""
"\n"
"Punti chiave:"
#: src/structs.md:32
msgid ""
"* Structs work like in C or C++.\n"
" * Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type.\n"
" * Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs.\n"
"* Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following slides.\n"
"* This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of structs. \n"
" * Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a trait on some type "
"but don’t have any data that you want to store in the value itself. \n"
" * The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are not important.\n"
"* The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the old struct without "
"having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be the last element."
msgstr ""
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Tuple Structs"
msgstr "# Strutture di tuple"
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
msgstr "Se i nomi dei campi non sono importanti, puoi utilizzare una struttura di tupla:"
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let p = Point(17, 23);\n"
" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
msgstr "Questo è spesso usato per i wrapper a campo singolo (chiamati newtypes):"
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n"
"struct Newtons(f64);\n"
"\n"
"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n"
" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n"
" // ...\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n"
" set_thruster_force(force);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in a primitive type, "
"for example:\n"
" * The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above.\n"
" * The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have to validate it "
"again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`.\n"
"* Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the single field in the "
"newtype.\n"
" * Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or for instance "
"using booleans as integers.\n"
" * Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics). "
msgstr ""
"* I newtype sono un ottimo modo per codificare informazioni aggiuntive sul valore in un tipo "
"primitivo, ad esempio:\n"
" * Il numero è misurato in alcune unità: `Newton` nell'esempio precedente.\n"
" * Il valore ha superato una certa convalida quando è stato creato, quindi non è più necessario "
"convalidarlo nuovamente a ogni utilizzo: 'Numero di telefono (Stringa)` o `Numero dispari (u32)`.\n"
"* Dimostra come aggiungere un valore `f64` a un tipo `Newtons` accedendo al singolo campo nel "
"newtype.\n"
" * A Rust in genere non piacciono le cose inesplicite, come l'unwrapping automatico o, ad "
"esempio, l'uso di valori booleani come numeri interi.\n"
" * Il sovraccarico degli operatori viene discusso il giorno 3 (generici)."
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Field Shorthand Syntax"
msgstr "# Sintassi abbreviata dei campi"
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the\n"
"struct using a shorthand:"
msgstr ""
"Se disponi già di variabili con i nomi corretti, puoi creare il file\n"
"struct usando una scorciatoia:"
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Person {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Person {\n"
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n"
" Person { name, age }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n"
" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
msgid ""
"* The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is interchangeable with the "
"struct type name\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
" struct Person {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" age: u8,\n"
" }\n"
" impl Person {\n"
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n"
" Self { name, age }\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" ``` \n"
"* Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the default values for "
"the other fields.\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
" struct Person {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" age: u8,\n"
" }\n"
" impl Default for Person {\n"
" fn default() -> Person {\n"
" Person {\n"
" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n"
" age: 0,\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" fn create_default() {\n"
" let tmp = Person {\n"
" ..Default::default()\n"
" };\n"
" let tmp = Person {\n"
" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n"
" ..Default::default()\n"
" };\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
"* Methods are defined in the `impl` block.\n"
"* Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that the variable `peter` "
"will no longer be accessible afterwards.\n"
"* Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation."
msgstr ""
#: src/enums.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Enums"
msgstr "# Enum"
#: src/enums.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few\n"
"different variants:"
msgstr ""
"La parola chiave `enum` consente la creazione di un tipo che ne ha alcuni\n"
"diverse varianti:"
#: src/enums.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
" Heads,\n"
" Tails,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
" } else {\n"
" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/enums.md:33 src/enums/sizes.md:29 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46
#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 src/control-flow/blocks.md:42
#, fuzzy
msgid "Key Points:"
msgstr "Punti chiave:"
#: src/enums.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type\n"
"* This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and `Tail`. You might note "
"the namespace when using variants.\n"
"* This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:\n"
" * In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one with different "
"types of fields (variant payloads). \n"
" * In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block.\n"
" * You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate structs but then they "
"wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were all defined in an enum. "
msgstr ""
"* Le enumerazioni consentono di raccogliere un insieme di valori in un unico tipo\n"
"* Questa pagina offre un tipo di enum `CoinFlip` con due varianti `Heads` e `Tail`. Potresti "
"notare lo spazio dei nomi quando usi le varianti.\n"
"* Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per confrontare Struct ed Enum:\n"
" * In entrambi, puoi avere una versione semplice senza campi (unit struct) o una con diversi tipi "
"di campi (variant payload).\n"
" * In entrambi, le funzioni associate sono definite all'interno di un blocco `impl`.\n"
" * Potresti persino implementare le diverse varianti di un'enumerazione con strutture separate, "
"ma non sarebbero dello stesso tipo che sarebbero se fossero tutte definite in un'enumerazione."
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Variant Payloads"
msgstr "# Payload varianti"
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use the\n"
"`match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
msgstr ""
"È possibile definire enumerazioni più ricche in cui le varianti contengono dati. È quindi "
"possibile utilizzare il\n"
"istruzione `match` per estrarre i dati da ciascuna variante:"
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"enum WebEvent {\n"
" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n"
" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n"
" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n"
" match event {\n"
" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n"
" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n"
" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n"
" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n"
" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n"
"\n"
" inspect(load);\n"
" inspect(press);\n"
" inspect(click);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern matched. The pattern "
"binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" after the `=>`.\n"
" * The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is no fall-through "
"like in C or C++.\n"
" * The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the match arm which was "
"executed.\n"
" * Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run the code following "
"the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. \n"
"* Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage the Rust compiler "
"provides by confirming when all cases are handled. \n"
"* `match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`.\n"
"* It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::discriminant()`\n"
" * This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where comparing field "
"values doesn't affect equality.\n"
"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::Click(Click)` with a top level "
"`struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version cannot implement traits, for example. \n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* È possibile accedere ai valori nelle varianti enum solo dopo essere stati abbinati al modello. "
"Il modello lega i riferimenti ai campi nel \"match arm\" dopo il `=>`.\n"
" * L'espressione viene confrontata con i modelli dall'alto verso il basso. Non c'è fall-through "
"come in C o C++.\n"
" * L'espressione di corrispondenza ha un valore. Il valore è l'ultima espressione nel braccio di "
"corrispondenza che è stata eseguita.\n"
" * Partendo dall'alto cerchiamo quale modello corrisponde al valore, quindi eseguiamo il codice "
"seguendo la freccia. Una volta trovata una corrispondenza, ci fermiamo.\n"
"* Dimostrare cosa succede quando la ricerca è inesauribile. Nota il vantaggio fornito dal "
"compilatore Rust confermando quando tutti i casi vengono gestiti.\n"
"* `match` ispeziona un campo discriminante nascosto in `enum`.\n"
"* È possibile recuperare il discriminante chiamando `std::mem::discriminant()`\n"
" * Ciò è utile, ad esempio, se si implementa `PartialEq` per strutture in cui il confronto dei "
"valori dei campi non influisce sull'uguaglianza.\n"
"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` non è esattamente la stessa cosa di `WebEvent::Click(Click)` con una "
"`struct Click { ... }` di primo livello. La versione inline non può implementare tratti, per "
"esempio.\n"
" "
#: src/enums/sizes.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Enum Sizes"
msgstr "# Enum Dimensioni"
#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into account:"
msgstr ""
"Gli enum di Rust sono imballati strettamente, tenendo conto dei vincoli dovuti all'allineamento:"
#: src/enums/sizes.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n"
"\n"
"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n"
" ($t:ty) => {\n"
" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n"
" stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n"
" };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"enum Foo {\n"
" A,\n"
" B,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" dbg_size!(Foo);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/enums/sizes.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid "* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html)."
msgstr "* Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html)."
#: src/enums/sizes.md:31
msgid ""
" * Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum variant.\n"
"\n"
" * You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):\n"
" \n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" #[repr(u32)]\n"
" enum Bar {\n"
" A, // 0\n"
" B = 10000,\n"
" C, // 10001\n"
" }\n"
" \n"
" fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n"
" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n"
" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
" Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2\n"
" bytes.\n"
"\n"
"\n"
" * Try out other types such as\n"
" \n"
" * `dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes,\n"
" * `dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, see below),\n"
" * `dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine),\n"
" * `dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer optimization, see "
"below).\n"
"\n"
" * Niche optimization: Rust will merge use unused bit patterns for the enum\n"
" discriminant.\n"
"\n"
" * Null pointer optimization: For [some\n"
" types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/#representation), Rust guarantees\n"
" that `size_of::()` equals `size_of::>()`.\n"
"\n"
" Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation *may* look like in practice.\n"
" It's important to note that the compiler provides no guarantees regarding this "
"representation, therefore this is totally unsafe.\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" use std::mem::transmute;\n"
"\n"
" macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, $bit_type>($e));\n"
" };\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn main() {\n"
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
" // representation of types.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n"
" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n"
" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option\");\n"
" dbg_bits!(None::, u8);\n"
" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option>\");\n"
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
" dbg_bits!(Some(None::), u8);\n"
" dbg_bits!(None::>, u8);\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
" More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more than 256 "
"`Option`s together.\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" #![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n"
"\n"
" use std::mem::transmute;\n"
" \n"
" macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, $bit_type>($e));\n"
" };\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" signs.\n"
" // Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n"
" macro_rules! many_options {\n"
" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n"
" ($value:expr, @) => {\n"
" Some(Some($value))\n"
" };\n"
" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n"
" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n"
" };\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn main() {\n"
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
" // representation of types.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n"
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n"
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n"
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n"
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n"
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" ```"
msgstr ""
#: src/methods.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with an\n"
"`impl` block:"
msgstr ""
"Rust ti consente di associare funzioni ai tuoi nuovi tipi. Lo fai con un\n"
"Blocco `impl`:"
#: src/methods.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Person {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Person {\n"
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let peter = Person {\n"
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
" age: 27,\n"
" };\n"
" peter.say_hello();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/methods.md:31
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions.\n"
" * Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the first parameter "
"represents the instance as `self`.\n"
" * Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver syntax and to help "
"keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep all the implementation code in one "
"predictable place.\n"
"* Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. \n"
" * Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show how the struct name "
"could also be used. \n"
" * Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and can be used "
"elsewhere in the block.\n"
" * Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to refer to individual "
"fields.\n"
" * This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` by modifying the "
"code and trying to run say_hello twice. \n"
"* We describe the distinction between method receivers next.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Può essere utile introdurre metodi confrontandoli con funzioni.\n"
" * I metodi vengono chiamati su un'istanza di un tipo (come struct o enum), il primo parametro "
"rappresenta l'istanza come `self`.\n"
" * Gli sviluppatori possono scegliere di utilizzare i metodi per sfruttare la sintassi del "
"ricevitore del metodo e per mantenerli più organizzati. Utilizzando i metodi possiamo mantenere "
"tutto il codice di implementazione in un posto prevedibile.\n"
"* Sottolinea l'uso della parola chiave `self`, un ricevitore di metodo.\n"
" * Mostra che è un termine abbreviato per `self:&Self` e forse mostra come potrebbe essere usato "
"anche il nome struct.\n"
" * Spiega che `Self` è un alias di tipo per il tipo in cui si trova il blocco `impl` e può essere "
"utilizzato altrove nel blocco.\n"
" * Nota come `self` viene utilizzato come altre strutture e la notazione con punto può essere "
"utilizzata per fare riferimento a singoli campi.\n"
" * Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per dimostrare in che modo `&self` differisce da `self` "
"modificando il codice e provando a eseguire say_hello due volte.\n"
"* Di seguito descriviamo la distinzione tra ricevitori di metodi.\n"
" "
#: src/methods/receiver.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Method Receiver"
msgstr "# Ricevitore del metodo"
#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. There\n"
"are other possible receivers for a method:"
msgstr ""
"Il `&self` sopra indica che il metodo prende in prestito l'oggetto in modo immutabile. Là\n"
"sono altri possibili ricevitori per un metodo:"
#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable\n"
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
"* `&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable\n"
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
"* `self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The\n"
" method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped (deallocated)\n"
" when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly\n"
" transmitted.\n"
"* `mut self`: same as above, but while the method owns the object, it can\n"
" mutate it too. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability.\n"
"* No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to\n"
" create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
msgstr ""
"* `&self`: prende in prestito l'oggetto dal chiamante usando un oggetto condiviso e immutabile\n"
" riferimento. L'oggetto può essere riutilizzato in seguito.\n"
"* `&mut self`: prende in prestito l'oggetto dal chiamante usando un oggetto unico e mutabile\n"
" riferimento. L'oggetto può essere riutilizzato in seguito.\n"
"* `self`: assume la proprietà dell'oggetto e lo allontana dal chiamante. IL\n"
" metodo diventa il proprietario dell'oggetto. L'oggetto verrà eliminato (deallocato)\n"
" quando il metodo ritorna, a meno che la sua proprietà non sia esplicita\n"
" trasmesso.\n"
"* `mut self`: come sopra, ma mentre il metodo possiede l'oggetto, può farlo\n"
" muta anche questo. Proprietà completa non significa automaticamente mutabilità.\n"
"* Nessun ricevitore: questo diventa un metodo statico sulla struttura. Tipicamente utilizzato per\n"
" creare costruttori che sono chiamati \"nuovi\" per convenzione."
#: src/methods/receiver.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also\n"
"[special wrapper types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html)\n"
"allowed to be receiver types, such as `Box`."
msgstr ""
"Oltre alle varianti su \"self\", ci sono anche\n"
"[tipi di wrapper speciali](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html)\n"
"possono essere tipi di ricevitore, come `Box`."
#: src/methods/receiver.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". These constraints always "
"come\n"
"together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to\n"
"reference a struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it."
msgstr ""
"Prendi in considerazione l'enfasi su \"condiviso e immutabile\" e \"unico e mutevole\". Questi "
"vincoli arrivano sempre\n"
"insieme in Rust a causa delle regole del correttore in prestito, e \"self\" non fa eccezione. Non "
"è possibile\n"
"fare riferimento a una struttura da più posizioni e chiamare un metodo mutante (`&mut self`) su di "
"essa."
#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Example"
msgstr "# Esempio"
#: src/methods/example.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Race {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" laps: Vec,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Race {\n"
" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n"
" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n"
" self.laps.push(lap);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n"
" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n"
" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n"
" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::();\n"
" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, total);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n"
" race.add_lap(70);\n"
" race.add_lap(68);\n"
" race.print_laps();\n"
" race.add_lap(71);\n"
" race.print_laps();\n"
" race.finish();\n"
" // race.add_lap(42);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/methods/example.md:47
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* All four methods here use a different method receiver.\n"
" * You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the variable values and if/"
"how it can be used again in `main`.\n"
" * You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice.\n"
"* Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static functions are called the "
"same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling "
"methods. Rust automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method "
"signature.\n"
"* You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated over. We describe "
"vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
msgstr ""
"* Tutti e quattro i metodi qui usano un ricevitore metodo diverso.\n"
" * Puoi indicare come ciò cambia ciò che la funzione può fare con i valori delle variabili e se/"
"come può essere riutilizzata in `main`.\n"
" * Puoi mostrare l'errore che appare quando provi a chiamare `finish` due volte.\n"
"* Si noti che sebbene i destinatari del metodo siano diversi, le funzioni non statiche sono "
"chiamate allo stesso modo nel corpo principale. Rust abilita la referenziazione e la "
"dereferenziazione automatica quando si chiamano i metodi. Rust aggiunge automaticamente `&`, `*`, "
"`muts` in modo che quell'oggetto corrisponda alla firma del metodo.\n"
"* Potresti sottolineare che `print_laps` sta usando un vettore che viene iterato. Descriviamo i "
"vettori in modo più dettagliato nel pomeriggio."
#: src/pattern-matching.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Pattern Matching"
msgstr "# Corrispondenza modello"
#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. The\n"
"comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
msgstr ""
"La parola chiave `match` ti consente di confrontare un valore con uno o più _pattern_. IL\n"
"i confronti vengono effettuati dall'alto verso il basso e vince la prima partita."
#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
msgstr "I modelli possono essere valori semplici, in modo simile a `switch` in C e C++:"
#: src/pattern-matching.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let input = 'x';\n"
"\n"
" match input {\n"
" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n"
" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n"
" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n"
" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
msgstr "Il modello `_` è un modello di caratteri jolly che corrisponde a qualsiasi valore."
#: src/pattern-matching.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a pattern\n"
" * `|` as an `or`\n"
" * `..` can expand as much as it needs to be\n"
" * `1..=5` represents an inclusive range\n"
" * `_` is a wild card\n"
"* It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a wildcard character with "
"a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`.\n"
"* You can demonstrate matching on a reference.\n"
"* This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, as the term can show "
"up in error messages.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Potresti sottolineare come vengono utilizzati alcuni caratteri specifici quando in uno schema\n"
" * `|` come `o`\n"
" * `..` può espandersi quanto deve essere\n"
" * `1..=5` rappresenta un intervallo inclusivo\n"
" * `_` è un carattere jolly\n"
"* Può essere utile mostrare come funziona l'associazione, ad esempio sostituendo un carattere "
"jolly con una variabile o rimuovendo le virgolette intorno a `q`.\n"
"* Puoi dimostrare la corrispondenza su un riferimento.\n"
"* Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per far emergere il concetto di modelli inconfutabili, "
"poiché il termine può apparire nei messaggi di errore.\n"
" "
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Destructuring Enums"
msgstr "# Destrutturazione delle enum"
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is how\n"
"you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple `enum` type:"
msgstr ""
"I modelli possono anche essere usati per associare variabili a parti dei tuoi valori. Questo è "
"come\n"
"ispezioni la struttura dei tuoi tipi. Iniziamo con un semplice tipo `enum`:"
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"enum Result {\n"
" Ok(i32),\n"
" Err(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n"
" if n % 2 == 0 {\n"
" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n"
" } else {\n"
" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let n = 100;\n"
" match divide_in_two(n) {\n"
" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n"
" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first\n"
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second arm,\n"
"`msg` is bound to the error message."
msgstr ""
"Qui abbiamo usato le braccia per _destrutturare_ il valore `Result`. Nel primo\n"
"arm, \"half\" è legato al valore all'interno della variante \"Ok\". Nel secondo braccio,\n"
"`msg` è associato al messaggio di errore."
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with a `match`.\n"
"* You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the errors when running "
"the code. Point out the places where your code is now inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to "
"give you hints."
msgstr ""
"* L'espressione `if`/`else` restituisce un enum che viene successivamente decompresso con un "
"`match`.\n"
"* Puoi provare ad aggiungere una terza variante alla definizione enum e visualizzare gli errori "
"durante l'esecuzione del codice. Indica i punti in cui il tuo codice è ora inesausto e come il "
"compilatore cerca di darti suggerimenti."
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Destructuring Structs"
msgstr "# Strutture destrutturanti"
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
msgstr "Puoi anche destrutturare `structs`:"
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Foo {\n"
" x: (u32, u32),\n"
" y: u32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n"
" match foo {\n"
" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n"
" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n"
" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns.\n"
"* Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed.\n"
"* The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to\n"
" spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it subtly\n"
" doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again."
msgstr ""
"* Cambia i valori letterali in `foo` in modo che corrispondano agli altri modelli.\n"
"* Aggiungi un nuovo campo a \"Foo\" e apporta le modifiche al modello secondo necessità.\n"
"* La distinzione tra una cattura e un'espressione costante può essere difficile da fare\n"
" macchiare. Prova a cambiare il \"2\" nel secondo braccio in una variabile e osservalo "
"sottilmente\n"
" non funziona. Cambialo in un `const` e guardalo funzionare di nuovo."
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Destructuring Arrays"
msgstr "# Array destrutturanti"
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
msgstr "Puoi destrutturare array, tuple e slice abbinando i loro elementi:"
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
" match triple {\n"
" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
msgid ""
"* Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed length.\n"
"\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" fn main() {\n"
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n"
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" #[rustfmt::skip]\n"
" fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n"
" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n"
" match slice {\n"
" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
" \n"
"* Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. \n"
"* Add more values to the array.\n"
"* Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of elements.\n"
"* Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`"
msgstr ""
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Match Guards"
msgstr "# Partita Guardie"
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary Boolean\n"
"expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
msgstr ""
"Durante la corrispondenza, puoi aggiungere una _guard_ a un pattern. Questo è un booleano "
"arbitrario\n"
"espressione che verrà eseguita se il modello corrisponde:"
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let pair = (2, -2);\n"
" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n"
" match pair {\n"
" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n"
" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n"
" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n"
" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when we wish to concisely "
"express more complex ideas than patterns alone would allow.\n"
"* They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. An `if` expression "
"inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the match arm is selected. Failing the `if` "
"condition inside of that block won't result in other arms\n"
"of the original `match` expression being considered. \n"
"* You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression.\n"
"* The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern with an `|`."
msgstr ""
"* Le guardie di corrispondenza come caratteristica di sintassi separata sono importanti e "
"necessarie quando desideriamo esprimere in modo conciso idee più complesse di quanto i soli schemi "
"consentirebbero.\n"
"* Non sono la stessa cosa dell'espressione `if` separata all'interno del braccio della "
"corrispondenza. Un'espressione `if` all'interno del blocco di diramazione (dopo `=>`) si verifica "
"dopo che è stato selezionato il braccio di corrispondenza. Il fallimento della condizione \"if\" "
"all'interno di quel blocco non comporterà altre braccia\n"
"dell'espressione `match` originale considerata.\n"
"* È possibile utilizzare le variabili definite nel modello nell'espressione if.\n"
"* La condizione definita nella guardia si applica a ogni espressione in un modello con un `|`."
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Day 2: Morning Exercises"
msgstr "# Giorno 2: Esercizi mattutini"
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
msgstr "Esamineremo i metodi di implementazione in due contesti:"
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Simple struct which tracks health statistics.\n"
"\n"
"* Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library."
msgstr ""
"* Struttura semplice che tiene traccia delle statistiche sulla salute.\n"
"\n"
"* Strutture multiple ed enum per una libreria di disegni."
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Health Statistics"
msgstr "# Statistiche sanitarie"
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, you\n"
"need to keep track of users' health statistics."
msgstr ""
"Stai lavorando all'implementazione di un sistema di monitoraggio sanitario. Come parte di questo, "
"tu\n"
"necessità di tenere traccia delle statistiche sulla salute degli utenti."
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a `User`\n"
"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods on the\n"
"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
msgstr ""
"Inizierai con alcune funzioni stubbed in un blocco `impl` così come in un `User`\n"
"definizione di struttura. Il tuo obiettivo è implementare i metodi eliminati sul file\n"
"`User` `struct` definito nel blocco `impl`."
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to >();\n"
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" #[test]\n"
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
" let shapes = vec![\n"
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
" ];\n"
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
" .iter()\n"
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
" .collect::>();\n"
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
"fn main() {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key part\n"
"of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify the tests."
msgstr ""
"Poiché le firme del metodo mancano nelle dichiarazioni del problema, la parte chiave\n"
"dell'esercizio è specificarli correttamente. Non è necessario modificare i test."
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120
#, fuzzy
msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:"
msgstr "Altre parti interessanti dell'esercizio:"
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:122
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes don't borrow their "
"arguments.\n"
"* Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable via \"+\". Note that "
"we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
msgstr ""
"* Deriva un tratto `Copy` per alcune strutture, poiché nei test i metodi a volte non prendono in "
"prestito i loro argomenti.\n"
"* Scopri che il tratto `Add` deve essere implementato affinché due oggetti possano essere aggiunti "
"tramite \"+\". Si noti che non discuteremo di farmaci generici fino al giorno 3."
#: src/control-flow.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Control Flow"
msgstr "# Flusso di controllo"
#: src/control-flow.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally\n"
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then becomes\n"
"the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions work similarly\n"
"in Rust."
msgstr ""
"Come abbiamo visto, \"if\" è un'espressione in Rust. È usato in modo condizionale\n"
"valutare uno dei due blocchi, ma i blocchi possono avere un valore che poi diventa\n"
"il valore dell'espressione \"if\". Altre espressioni del flusso di controllo funzionano in modo "
"simile\n"
"a Ruggine."
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Blocks"
msgstr "# Blocchi"
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A block in Rust has a value and a type: the value is the last expression of the\n"
"block:"
msgstr ""
"Un blocco in Rust ha un valore e un tipo: il valore è l'ultima espressione del\n"
"bloccare:"
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let x = {\n"
" let y = 10;\n"
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
" let z = {\n"
" let w = {\n"
" 3 + 4\n"
" };\n"
" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
" y * w\n"
" };\n"
" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
" z - y\n"
" };\n"
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the\n"
"return value:"
msgstr ""
"La stessa regola viene utilizzata per le funzioni: il valore del corpo della funzione è the\n"
"valore di ritorno:"
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
" x + x\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:38
msgid "However if the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is `()`."
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in Rust. \n"
"* You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in the block. For "
"instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Lo scopo di questa diapositiva è mostrare che i blocchi hanno un tipo e un valore in Rust.\n"
"* Puoi mostrare come cambia il valore del blocco cambiando l'ultima riga nel blocco. Ad esempio, "
"aggiungendo/rimuovendo un punto e virgola o utilizzando un `return`.\n"
" "
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `if` expressions"
msgstr "# Espressioni `if`"
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You use [`if`\n"
"expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions)\n"
"exactly like `if` statements in other languages:"
msgstr ""
"Tu usi [`if`\n"
"espressioni](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions)\n"
"esattamente come le dichiarazioni `if` in altre lingue:"
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut x = 10;\n"
" if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
" x = x / 2;\n"
" } else {\n"
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each\n"
"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:"
msgstr ""
"Inoltre, puoi usare \"if\" come espressione. L'ultima espressione di ciascuno\n"
"block diventa il valore dell'espressione `if`:"
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut x = 10;\n"
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
" x / 2\n"
" } else {\n"
" 3 * x + 1\n"
" };\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35
msgid ""
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its branch blocks must have "
"the same type. Consider showing what happens if you add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example."
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `if let` expressions"
msgstr "# Espressioni `if let`"
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`if let`\n"
"expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-let-expressions)\n"
"lets you execute different code depending on whether a value matches a pattern:"
msgstr ""
"Il [`se lasciato`\n"
"espressione](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-let-expressions)\n"
"ti consente di eseguire codice diverso a seconda che un valore corrisponda a un modello:"
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
" if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
" } else {\n"
" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns in\n"
"Rust."
msgstr ""
"Vedi [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) per maggiori dettagli sui pattern in\n"
"Ruggine."
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23
msgid ""
"* `if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is interesting. In contrast, "
"`match` requires all branches to be covered.\n"
"* A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`.\n"
"* Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching.\n"
"* Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/let_else."
"html) construct allows to do a destructuring assignment, or if it fails, have a non-returning "
"block branch (panic/return/break/continue):\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,editable\n"
" fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n"
" }\n"
" \n"
" fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option {\n"
" let mut it = s.split(' ');\n"
" let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n"
" return None;\n"
" };\n"
" Some(item.to_uppercase())\n"
" }"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `while` loops"
msgstr "# `while` si ripete"
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-"
"loops)\n"
"works very similar to other languages:"
msgstr ""
"La [parola chiave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#predicate-loops)\n"
"funziona in modo molto simile ad altre lingue:"
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut x = 10;\n"
" while x != 1 {\n"
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
" x / 2\n"
" } else {\n"
" 3 * x + 1\n"
" };\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `while let` loops"
msgstr "# `while let` va in loop"
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-"
"expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops)\n"
"variant which repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:"
msgstr ""
"Come con `if let`, c'è un [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#predicate-pattern-loops)\n"
"variante che verifica ripetutamente un valore rispetto a un modello:"
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
"\n"
" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option` on every\n"
"call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which it will\n"
"return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all items."
msgstr ""
"Qui l'iteratore restituito da `v.iter()` restituirà una `Option` su ogni\n"
"chiamata a `next()`. Restituisce `Some(x)` finché non è finito, dopodiché lo farà\n"
"restituire \"Nessuno\". Il `while let` ci consente di continuare a scorrere tutti gli elementi."
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value matches the pattern.\n"
"* You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if statement that breaks when "
"there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the "
"above scenario.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Fai notare che il ciclo `while let` continuerà finché il valore corrisponde al modello.\n"
"* Potresti riscrivere il ciclo `while let` come un ciclo infinito con un'istruzione if che si "
"interrompe quando non c'è alcun valore da scartare per `iter.next()`. Il `while let` fornisce lo "
"zucchero sintattico per lo scenario di cui sopra.\n"
" "
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `for` loops"
msgstr "# Cicli `for`"
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely\n"
"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expression.md). It will\n"
"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:"
msgstr ""
"Il [ciclo `for`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) è strettamente\n"
"relativo al [ciclo `while let`](while-let-expression.md). Lo farà\n"
"chiama automaticamente `into_iter()` sull'espressione e quindi itera su di essa:"
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"\n"
" for x in v {\n"
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
" }\n"
" \n"
" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
msgstr "Puoi usare `break` e `continue` qui come al solito."
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case.\n"
"* `(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. \n"
"* `step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other element. \n"
"* Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change vector `v` to be "
"mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
msgstr ""
"* L'iterazione dell'indice non è una sintassi speciale in Rust solo per quel caso.\n"
"* `(0..10)` è un intervallo che implementa un tratto `Iterator`.\n"
"* `step_by` è un metodo che restituisce un altro `Iterator` che salta ogni altro elemento.\n"
"* Modifica gli elementi nel vettore e spiega gli errori del compilatore. Cambia il vettore `v` in "
"modo che sia mutabile e il ciclo for in `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `loop` expressions"
msgstr "# Espressioni `loop`"
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#infinite-loops)\n"
"which creates an endless loop."
msgstr ""
"Infine, c'è una [parola chiave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#infinite-loops)\n"
"che crea un loop infinito."
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
msgstr "Qui devi \"break\" o \"return\" per interrompere il ciclo:"
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut x = 10;\n"
" loop {\n"
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
" x / 2\n"
" } else {\n"
" 3 * x + 1\n"
" };\n"
" if x == 1 {\n"
" break;\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out.\n"
"* Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial\n"
" value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike\n"
" `while` and `for` loops)."
msgstr ""
"* Interrompi il `loop` con un valore (ad es. `break 8`) e stampalo.\n"
"* Si noti che `loop` è l'unico costrutto di ciclo che restituisce un valore non banale\n"
" valore. Questo perché è garantito che venga inserito almeno una volta (a differenza di\n"
" cicli `while` e `for`)."
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `match` expressions"
msgstr "# Espressioni `match`"
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-expr.html)\n"
"is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that sense, it works\n"
"like a series of `if let` expressions:"
msgstr ""
"La [parola chiave `match`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-expr.html)\n"
"viene utilizzato per confrontare un valore con uno o più modelli. In questo senso funziona\n"
"come una serie di espressioni `if let`:"
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last\n"
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
msgstr ""
"Come `if let`, ogni braccio di corrispondenza deve avere lo stesso tipo. Il tipo è l'ultimo\n"
"espressione del blocco, se esiste. Nell'esempio precedente, il tipo è `()`."
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Save the match expression to a variable and print it out.\n"
"* Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error.\n"
" * `std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match against "
"`String`.\n"
" * `as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, this turns "
"`Option` into `Option<&str>`.\n"
" * We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`."
msgstr ""
"* Salva l'espressione di corrispondenza in una variabile e stampala.\n"
"* Rimuovi `.as_deref()` e spiega l'errore.\n"
" * `std::env::args().next()` restituisce un `Option`, ma non possiamo confrontare "
"`String`.\n"
" * `as_deref()` trasforma una `Opzione` in `Opzione<&T::Target>`. Nel nostro caso, questo "
"trasforma `Option` in `Option<&str>`.\n"
" * Ora possiamo usare il pattern matching per confrontare con `&str` all'interno di `Option`."
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `break` and `continue`"
msgstr "# `interrompi` e `continua`"
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"- If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
"loop-expr.html#break-expressions),\n"
"- If you want to immediately start\n"
"the next iteration use [`continue`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#continue-expressions)."
msgstr ""
"- Se vuoi uscire prima da un ciclo, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
"loop-expr.html#break-expressions),\n"
"- Se vuoi iniziare subito\n"
"l'iterazione successiva usa [`continue`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#continue-expressions)."
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is used\n"
"to break out of nested loops:"
msgstr ""
"Sia `continue` che `break` possono facoltativamente accettare un argomento label che viene "
"utilizzato\n"
"per uscire dai cicli nidificati:"
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
" let mut i = 0;\n"
" while i < x {\n"
" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
" i += 1;\n"
" if i == 3 {\n"
" break 'outer;\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28
#, fuzzy
msgid "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
msgstr "In questo caso interrompiamo il ciclo esterno dopo 3 iterazioni del ciclo interno."
#: src/std.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Standard Library"
msgstr "# Libreria standard"
#: src/std.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common types\n"
"used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work together\n"
"smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
msgstr ""
"Rust viene fornito con una libreria standard che aiuta a stabilire un insieme di tipi comuni\n"
"utilizzato dalla libreria e dai programmi Rust. In questo modo, due librerie possono lavorare "
"insieme\n"
"senza problemi perché entrambi usano lo stesso tipo `Stringa`."
#: src/std.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
msgstr "I tipi di vocabolario comuni includono:"
#: src/std.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* [`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional values\n"
" and [error handling](error-handling.md).\n"
"\n"
"* [`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data.\n"
"\n"
"* [`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector.\n"
"\n"
"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing\n"
" algorithm.\n"
"\n"
"* [`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data.\n"
"\n"
"* [`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated data."
msgstr ""
"* [Tipi `Option` e `Result`](std/option-result.md): usati per valori facoltativi\n"
" e [gestione degli errori](error-handling.md).\n"
"\n"
"* [`String`](std/string.md): il tipo di stringa predefinito utilizzato per i dati di proprietà.\n"
"\n"
"* [`Vec`](std/vec.md): un vettore estensibile standard.\n"
"\n"
"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): un tipo di mappa hash con un hash configurabile\n"
" algoritmo.\n"
"\n"
"* [`Box`](std/box.md): un puntatore di proprietà per i dati allocati nell'heap.\n"
"\n"
"* [`Rc`](std/rc.md): un puntatore con conteggio dei riferimenti condiviso per i dati allocati "
"nell'heap."
#: src/std.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, `alloc` and `std`. \n"
" * `core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on `libc`, allocator or\n"
" even the presence of an operating system. \n"
" * `alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, `Box` and `Arc`.\n"
" * Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
msgstr ""
" * Infatti, Rust contiene diversi strati della Libreria Standard: `core`, `alloc` e `std`.\n"
" * `core` include i tipi e le funzioni più basilari che non dipendono da `libc`, allocator o\n"
" anche la presenza di un sistema operativo.\n"
" * `alloc` include tipi che richiedono un allocatore heap globale, come `Vec`, `Box` e `Arc`.\n"
" * Le applicazioni embedded di Rust spesso usano solo `core` e talvolta `alloc`."
#: src/std/option-result.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Option` and `Result`"
msgstr "# `Opzione` e `Risultato`"
#: src/std/option-result.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
msgstr "I tipi rappresentano dati facoltativi:"
#: src/std/option-result.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n"
" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n"
"\n"
" let idx: Result = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n"
" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/option-result.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library.\n"
"* `Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`.\n"
"* `Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on Day 3.\n"
"* `binary_search` returns `Result`.\n"
" * If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found.\n"
" * Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be inserted."
msgstr ""
"* `Option` e `Result` sono ampiamente usati non solo nella libreria standard.\n"
"* `Option<&T>` ha un sovraccarico di spazio pari a zero rispetto a `&T`.\n"
"* `Result` è il tipo standard per implementare la gestione degli errori, come vedremo il giorno "
"3.\n"
"* `binary_search` restituisce `Result`.\n"
" * Se trovato, `Result::Ok` contiene l'indice in cui si trova l'elemento.\n"
" * Altrimenti, `Result::Err` contiene l'indice in cui tale elemento dovrebbe essere inserito."
#: src/std/string.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# String"
msgstr "# Corda"
#: src/std/string.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "[`String`][1] is the standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
msgstr "[`String`][1] è il buffer di stringa UTF-8 espandibile allocato nell'heap standard:"
#: src/std/string.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut s1 = String::new();\n"
" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n"
" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n"
"\n"
" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n"
" s2.push_str(&s1);\n"
" s2.push('!');\n"
" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n"
"\n"
" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n"
" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n"
" s3.chars().count());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/string.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`String` implements [`Deref`][2], which means that you can call all\n"
"`str` methods on a `String`."
msgstr ""
"`String` implementa [`Deref`][2], il che significa che puoi chiamare tutti\n"
"metodi `str` su una `stringa`."
#: src/std/string.md:30
msgid ""
"* `String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when you know how much "
"data you want to push to the string.\n"
"* `String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be different from its length "
"in characters).\n"
"* `String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a `char` can be "
"different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due to [grapheme clusters](https://docs."
"rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html).\n"
"* When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or `String`. \n"
"* When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you transparently call methods "
"from `T`.\n"
" * `String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it access to `str`'s "
"methods.\n"
" * Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;.\n"
"* `String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the operations you see "
"supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but with some extra guarantees.\n"
"* Compare the different ways to index a `String`:\n"
" * To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, out-of-bounds.\n"
" * To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character boundaries or not."
msgstr ""
#: src/std/vec.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Vec`"
msgstr "# `Vec`"
#: src/std/vec.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "[`Vec`][1] is the standard resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
msgstr "[`Vec`][1] è il buffer ridimensionabile allocato nell'heap standard:"
#: src/std/vec.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n"
" v1.push(42);\n"
" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n"
"\n"
" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n"
" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n"
" v2.push(9999);\n"
" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n"
"\n"
" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n"
"\n"
" // Retain only the even elements.\n"
" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n"
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
"\n"
" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
" v3.dedup();\n"
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/vec.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`Vec` implements [`Deref`][2], which means that you can call slice\n"
"methods on a `Vec`."
msgstr ""
"`Vec` implementa [`Deref`][2], il che significa che puoi chiamare slice\n"
"metodi su un `Vec`."
#: src/std/vec.md:37
msgid ""
"* `Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data it contains is "
"stored\n"
" on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't need to be known at compile time. It can "
"grow\n"
" or shrink at runtime.\n"
"* Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` explicitly. As "
"always\n"
" with Rust type inference, the `T` was established during the first `push` call.\n"
"* `vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it supports adding initial\n"
" elements to the vector.\n"
"* To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. Alternatively, using\n"
" `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will remove the last element.\n"
"* Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value:\n"
" `for e in &mut v { *e += 50; }`"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/hashmap.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `HashMap`"
msgstr "# `Mappa hash`"
#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
msgstr "Mappa hash standard con protezione dagli attacchi HashDoS:"
#: src/std/hashmap.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n"
" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), 207);\n"
" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n"
" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n"
"\n"
" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n"
" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n"
" page_counts.len());\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] {\n"
" match page_counts.get(book) {\n"
" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n"
" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] {\n"
" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string()).or_insert(0);\n"
" *page_count += 1;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
msgid ""
"* `HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope.\n"
"* Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the hashmap and if not "
"return an alternative value. The second line will insert the alternative value in the hashmap if "
"the book is not found.\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,ignore\n"
" let pc1 = page_counts\n"
" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n"
" .unwrap_or(&336);\n"
" let pc2 = page_counts\n"
" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n"
" .or_insert(374);\n"
" ```\n"
"* Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro.\n"
" * Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`][1], which allows us to "
"easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,ignore\n"
" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n"
" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n"
" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n"
" ]);\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
" * Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-value tuples.\n"
"* We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make examples easier. "
"Using references in collections can, of course, be done,\n"
" but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker.\n"
" * Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still compiles. Where do you "
"think we might run into issues?"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/box.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Box`"
msgstr "# `Scatola`"
#: src/std/box.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "[`Box`][1] is an owned pointer to data on the heap:"
msgstr "[`Box`][1] è un puntatore di proprietà ai dati sull'heap:"
#: src/std/box.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let five = Box::new(5);\n"
" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/box.md:13
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": five : : :\n"
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n"
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
": : : :\n"
": : : :\n"
"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/box.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call methods\n"
"from `T` directly on a `Box`][2]."
msgstr ""
"`Box` implementa `Deref`, il che significa che puoi [chiamare metodi\n"
"da `T` direttamente su un `Box`][2]."
#: src/std/box.md:34
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be not null. \n"
"* In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` statement thanks to "
"`Deref`. \n"
"* A `Box` can be useful when you:\n"
" * have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust compiler wants to "
"know an exact size.\n"
" * want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large amounts of data "
"on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` so only the pointer is moved."
msgstr ""
"* `Box` è come `std::unique_ptr` in C++, tranne per il fatto che è garantito che non sia nullo.\n"
"* Nell'esempio sopra, puoi anche tralasciare `*` nell'istruzione `println!` grazie a `Deref`.\n"
"* Una `Box` può essere utile quando:\n"
" * hanno un tipo la cui dimensione non può essere conosciuta in fase di compilazione, ma il "
"compilatore Rust vuole conoscere una dimensione esatta.\n"
" * desidera trasferire la proprietà di una grande quantità di dati. Per evitare di copiare "
"grandi quantità di dati nello stack, archivia invece i dati nell'heap in un \"Box\" in modo che "
"venga spostato solo il puntatore."
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Box with Recursive Data Structures"
msgstr "# Box con strutture dati ricorsive"
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
msgstr ""
"I tipi di dati ricorsivi o i tipi di dati con dimensioni dinamiche devono utilizzare un `Box`:"
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum List {\n"
" Cons(T, Box>),\n"
" Nil,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let list: List = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));\n"
" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": list : : :\n"
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----+ :\n"
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // | :\n"
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----+ :\n"
": : : :\n"
": : : :\n"
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* If the `Box` was not used here and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the `List`,\n"
"the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory, it would look infinite.\n"
"\n"
"* `Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and just points at the "
"next\n"
"element of the `List` in the heap.\n"
"\n"
"* Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. \"Recursive with "
"indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or reference of some kind, instead of storing "
"a value directly. \n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Se la `Box` non è stata utilizzata qui e abbiamo tentato di incorporare una `Lista` direttamente "
"nella `Lista`,\n"
"il compilatore non calcolerebbe una dimensione fissa della struttura in memoria, sembrerebbe "
"infinita.\n"
"\n"
"* `Box` risolve questo problema poiché ha le stesse dimensioni di un normale puntatore e punta "
"solo al successivo\n"
"elemento della \"Lista\" nell'heap.\n"
"\n"
"* Rimuovi il `Box` nella definizione dell'elenco e mostra l'errore del compilatore. \"Ricorsivo "
"con indiretto\" è un suggerimento che potresti voler utilizzare un Box o un riferimento di qualche "
"tipo, invece di memorizzare direttamente un valore.\n"
" "
#: src/std/box-niche.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Niche Optimization"
msgstr "# Ottimizzazione di nicchia"
#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This\n"
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
msgstr ""
"Un `Box` non può essere vuoto, quindi il puntatore è sempre valido e non `null`. Questo\n"
"consente al compilatore di ottimizzare il layout della memoria:"
#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": list : : :\n"
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------+ :\n"
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null | :\n"
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------+ :\n"
": : : :\n"
": : : :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/rc.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Rc`"
msgstr "# `Rc`"
#: src/std/rc.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[`Rc`][1] is a reference-counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer\n"
"to the same data from multiple places:"
msgstr ""
"[`Rc`][1] è un puntatore condiviso con conteggio dei riferimenti. Usalo quando hai bisogno di fare "
"riferimento\n"
"agli stessi dati da più posizioni:"
#: src/std/rc.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::rc::Rc;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n"
" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/std/rc.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the data in\n"
" a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`][2].\n"
"* See [`Arc`][3] if you are in a multi-threaded context.\n"
"* You can *downgrade* a shared pointer into a [`Weak`][4] pointer to create cycles\n"
" that will get dropped."
msgstr ""
"* Se hai bisogno di mutare i dati all'interno di un `Rc`, dovrai racchiudere i dati\n"
" un tipo come [`Cell` o `RefCell`][2].\n"
"* Vedere [`Arc`][3] se ci si trova in un contesto multi-thread.\n"
"* Puoi *declassare* un puntatore condiviso in un puntatore [`Weak`][4] per creare cicli\n"
" che verrà abbandonato."
#: src/std/rc.md:31
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there are references.\n"
"* Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`.\n"
"* `Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and increases the reference "
"count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally be ignored when looking for performance issues "
"in code.\n"
"* `make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") and returns a "
"mutable reference.\n"
"* Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count.\n"
"* Compare the different datatypes mentioned. `Box` enables (im)mutable borrows that are enforced "
"at compile time. `RefCell` enables (im)mutable borrows that are enforced at run time and will "
"panic if it fails at runtime.\n"
"* `Rc::downgrade` gives you a *weakly reference-counted* object to\n"
" create cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with\n"
" `RefCell`)."
msgstr ""
"* Il conteggio di `Rc` assicura che il suo valore contenuto sia valido finché ci sono "
"riferimenti.\n"
"* Come `std::shared_ptr` di C++.\n"
"* `Rc::clone` è economico: crea un puntatore alla stessa allocazione e aumenta il conteggio dei "
"riferimenti. Non crea un clone profondo e generalmente può essere ignorato quando si cercano "
"problemi di prestazioni nel codice.\n"
"* `make_mut` in realtà clona il valore interno se necessario (\"clone-on-write\") e restituisce un "
"riferimento mutabile.\n"
"* Usa `Rc::strong_count` per controllare il conteggio dei riferimenti.\n"
"* Confronta i diversi tipi di dati menzionati. `Box` abilita i prestiti (im)mutabili che vengono "
"applicati in fase di compilazione. `RefCell` abilita i prestiti (im)mutabili che vengono applicati "
"in fase di esecuzione e andranno in panico se falliscono in fase di esecuzione.\n"
"* `Rc::downgrade` fornisce un oggetto *debolmente contato* a\n"
" creare cicli che verranno eliminati correttamente (probabilmente in combinazione con\n"
" `RefCella`)."
#: src/std/rc.md:41
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n"
"use std::cell::RefCell;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Node {\n"
" value: i64,\n"
" parent: Option>>,\n"
" children: Vec>>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
" value: 42,\n"
" parent: None,\n"
" children: vec![],\n"
" }));\n"
" let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
" value: 43,\n"
" children: vec![],\n"
" parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root))\n"
" }));\n"
" root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/modules.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Modules"
msgstr "# Moduli"
#: src/modules.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
msgstr ""
"Abbiamo visto come i blocchi `impl` ci permettono di utilizzare lo spazio dei nomi per un tipo."
#: src/modules.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
msgstr "Allo stesso modo, `mod` ci consente tipi e funzioni dello spazio dei nomi:"
#: src/modules.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"mod foo {\n"
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"mod bar {\n"
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" foo::do_something();\n"
" bar::do_something();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/modules.md:28
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that describes how to build a "
"bundle of 1+ crates.\n"
"* Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and a library crate "
"compiles to a library.\n"
"* Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
msgstr ""
"* I pacchetti forniscono funzionalità e includono un file `Cargo.toml` che descrive come costruire "
"un pacchetto di 1+ casse.\n"
"* I crate sono un albero di moduli, in cui un crate binario crea un eseguibile e un crate di "
"libreria viene compilato in una libreria.\n"
"* I moduli definiscono l'organizzazione, l'ambito e sono il fulcro di questa sezione."
#: src/modules/visibility.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Visibility"
msgstr "# Visibilità"
#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
msgstr "I moduli sono un limite di privacy:"
#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Module items are private by default (hides implementation details).\n"
"* Parent and sibling items are always visible.\n"
"* In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all the\n"
" descendants of `foo`."
msgstr ""
"* Gli elementi del modulo sono privati per impostazione predefinita (nasconde i dettagli di "
"implementazione).\n"
"* Gli elementi dei genitori e dei fratelli sono sempre visibili.\n"
"* In altre parole, se un elemento è visibile nel modulo `foo`, è visibile in tutti i file\n"
" discendenti di `foo`."
#: src/modules/visibility.md:10
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"mod outer {\n"
" fn private() {\n"
" println!(\"outer::private\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" pub fn public() {\n"
" println!(\"outer::public\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" mod inner {\n"
" fn private() {\n"
" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" pub fn public() {\n"
" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n"
" super::private();\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" outer::public();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
#, fuzzy
msgid "* Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
msgstr "* Usa la parola chiave `pub` per rendere pubblici i moduli."
#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope of public visibility."
msgstr ""
"Inoltre, ci sono specificatori avanzati `pub(...)` per restringere l'ambito della visibilità "
"pubblica."
#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-privacy.html#pubin-"
"path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself).\n"
"* Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern.\n"
"* Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path.\n"
"* In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of its descendants)."
msgstr ""
"* Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-privacy."
"html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself).\n"
"* La configurazione della visibilità di `pub(crate)` è un modello comune.\n"
"* Meno comunemente, puoi dare visibilità a un percorso specifico.\n"
"* In ogni caso, la visibilità deve essere concessa a un modulo predecessore (ea tutti i suoi "
"discendenti)."
#: src/modules/paths.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Paths"
msgstr "# Percorsi"
#: src/modules/paths.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
msgstr "I percorsi sono risolti come segue:"
#: src/modules/paths.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"1. As a relative path:\n"
" * `foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,\n"
" * `super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module.\n"
"\n"
"2. As an absolute path:\n"
" * `crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,\n"
" * `bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
msgstr ""
"1. Come percorso relativo:\n"
" * `foo` o `self::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nel modulo corrente,\n"
" * `super::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nel modulo genitore.\n"
"\n"
"2. Come percorso assoluto:\n"
" * `crate::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nella radice del crate corrente,\n"
" * `bar::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nella cassa `bar`."
#: src/modules/paths.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`.\n"
"You will typically see something like this at the top of each module:"
msgstr ""
"Un modulo può portare i simboli di un altro modulo nell'ambito con `use`.\n"
"In genere vedrai qualcosa di simile nella parte superiore di ogni modulo:"
#: src/modules/paths.md:16
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::collections::HashSet;\n"
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Filesystem Hierarchy"
msgstr "# Gerarchia del file system"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The module content can be omitted:"
msgstr "Il contenuto del modulo può essere omesso:"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"mod garden;\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:"
msgstr "Il contenuto del modulo `garden` si trova in:"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
msgstr ""
"* `src/garden.rs` (moderno stile Rust 2018)\n"
"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (vecchio stile Rust 2015)"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:"
msgstr "Allo stesso modo, un modulo `garden::vegetables` può essere trovato in:"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
msgstr ""
"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (moderno stile Rust 2018)\n"
"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (vecchio stile Rust 2015)"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
msgstr "La radice di `crate` è in:"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)\n"
"* `src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
msgstr ""
"* `src/lib.rs` (per un crate di libreria)\n"
"* `src/main.rs` (per una cassa binaria)"
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc comments\".\n"
"These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a module."
msgstr ""
"Anche i moduli definiti nei file possono essere documentati utilizzando \"commenti interni al "
"documento\".\n"
"Questi documentano l'elemento che li contiene, in questo caso un modulo."
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant germination\n"
"//! implementation.\n"
"\n"
"// Re-export types from this module.\n"
"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n"
"pub use garden::Garden;\n"
"\n"
"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n"
"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec) { todo!() }\n"
"\n"
"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n"
"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44
msgid ""
"* The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of submodules in Rust "
"2018.\n"
" (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)\n"
"\n"
" The following is valid:\n"
"\n"
" ```ignore\n"
" src/\n"
" ├── main.rs\n"
" ├── top_module.rs\n"
" └── top_module/\n"
" └── sub_module.rs\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
"* The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, which can be hard\n"
" to distinguish in IDEs.\n"
"\n"
"* Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but this can be changed\n"
" with a compiler directive:\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,ignore\n"
" #[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n"
" mod some_module { }\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
" This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module in a file named\n"
" `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "# Giorno 2: Esercizi pomeridiani"
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
msgstr "Gli esercizi di questo pomeriggio si concentreranno su stringhe e iteratori."
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Luhn Algorithm"
msgstr "# Algoritmo di Luhn"
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used to\n"
"validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and does the\n"
"following to validate the credit card number:"
msgstr ""
"L'[algoritmo di Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) viene utilizzato per\n"
"convalidare i numeri di carta di credito. L'algoritmo prende una stringa come input e fa il\n"
"seguente per convalidare il numero della carta di credito:"
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits.\n"
"\n"
"* Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number `1234`,\n"
" we double `3` and `1`.\n"
"\n"
"* After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which\n"
" becomes `5`.\n"
"\n"
"* Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits.\n"
"\n"
"* The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
msgstr ""
"* Ignora tutti gli spazi. Rifiuta il numero con meno di due cifre.\n"
"\n"
"* Spostandoti da destra a sinistra, raddoppia ogni seconda cifra: per il numero `1234`,\n"
" raddoppiamo \"3\" e \"1\".\n"
"\n"
"* Dopo aver raddoppiato una cifra, somma le cifre. Quindi raddoppiando \"7\" diventa \"14\" which\n"
" diventa \"5\".\n"
"\n"
"* Somma tutte le cifre non raddoppiate e raddoppiate.\n"
"\n"
"* Il numero della carta di credito è valido se la somma termina con `0`."
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copy the following code to {\n"
" x: T,\n"
" y: T,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n"
" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n"
" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/generics/data-types.md:21
msgid ""
"* Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`.\n"
"\n"
"* Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types."
msgstr ""
#: src/generics/methods.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Generic Methods"
msgstr "# Metodi generici"
#: src/generics/methods.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
msgstr "Puoi dichiarare un tipo generico sul tuo blocco `impl`:"
#: src/generics/methods.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(T, T);\n"
"\n"
"impl Point {\n"
" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n"
" &self.0 // + 10\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let p = Point(5, 10);\n"
" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/generics/methods.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* *Q:* Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that redundant?\n"
" * This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. They are "
"independently generic.\n"
" * It means these methods are defined for any `T`.\n"
" * It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. \n"
" * `Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this block will only "
"be available for `Point`."
msgstr ""
"* *D:* Perché `T` è specificato due volte in `impl Point {}`? Non è ridondante?\n"
" * Questo perché si tratta di una sezione di implementazione generica per un tipo generico. "
"Sono indipendentemente generici.\n"
" * Significa che questi metodi sono definiti per qualsiasi `T`.\n"
" * È possibile scrivere `impl Point { .. }`.\n"
" * `Point` è ancora generico e puoi usare `Point`, ma i metodi in questo blocco saranno "
"disponibili solo per `Point`."
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Monomorphization"
msgstr "# Monomorfizzazione"
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
msgstr "Il codice generico viene trasformato in codice non generico in base ai siti di chiamata:"
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let integer = Some(5);\n"
" let float = Some(5.0);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
#, fuzzy
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
msgstr "si comporta come se scrivessi"
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"enum Option_i32 {\n"
" Some(i32),\n"
" None,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"enum Option_f64 {\n"
" Some(f64),\n"
" None,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n"
" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had\n"
"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
msgstr ""
"Questa è un'astrazione a costo zero: ottieni esattamente lo stesso risultato che se avessi\n"
"codificato a mano le strutture dati senza l'astrazione."
#: src/traits.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Traits"
msgstr "# Tratti"
#: src/traits.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
msgstr "Rust ti consente di astrarre sui tipi con tratti. Sono simili alle interfacce:"
#: src/traits.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"trait Pet {\n"
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Dog {\n"
" name: String,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Cat;\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
" self.name.clone()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it anyway.\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn greet(pet: &P) {\n"
" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n"
" greet(&fido);\n"
"\n"
" let captain_floof = Cat;\n"
" greet(&captain_floof);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Trait Objects"
msgstr "# Oggetti tratto"
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a collection:"
msgstr "Gli oggetti tratto consentono valori di tipi diversi, ad esempio in una raccolta:"
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"trait Pet {\n"
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Dog {\n"
" name: String,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Cat;\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
" self.name.clone()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it anyway.\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let pets: Vec> = vec![\n"
" Box::new(Cat),\n"
" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n"
" ];\n"
" for pet in pets {\n"
" println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40
#, fuzzy
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:"
msgstr "Layout della memoria dopo l'allocazione di \"animali domestici\":"
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
": : : :\n"
": pets : : :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ :\n"
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | :\n"
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ :\n"
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------+ :\n"
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" | :\n"
": : : | | | +---------------+ :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | :\n"
" : | | | +----------------------+ : \n"
" : | | '---->| \"::name\" | :\n"
" : | | +----------------------+ : \n"
" : | | : \n"
" : | | +-+ : \n"
" : | '-->|\\| : \n"
" : | +-+ : \n"
" : | : \n"
" : | +----------------------+ : \n"
" : '---->| \"::name\" | : \n"
" : +----------------------+ :\n"
" : :\n"
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72
msgid ""
"* Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it impossible to have "
"things like `Vec` in the example above.\n"
"* `dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that implements `Pet`.\n"
"* In the example, `pets` holds *fat pointers* to objects that implement `Pet`. The fat pointer "
"consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object and a pointer to the virtual method "
"table for the `Pet` implementation of that particular object.\n"
"* Compare these outputs in the above example:\n"
" ```rust,ignore\n"
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::(), std::mem::size_of::());\n"
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::<&Cat>());\n"
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n"
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::>());\n"
" ```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Deriving Traits"
msgstr "# Tratti derivati"
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:"
msgstr "Puoi lasciare che il compilatore derivi una serie di tratti:"
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n"
"struct Player {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" strength: u8,\n"
" hit_points: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let p1 = Player::default();\n"
" let p2 = p1.clone();\n"
" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n"
" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Default Methods"
msgstr "# Metodi predefiniti"
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
msgstr "I tratti possono implementare il comportamento in termini di altri metodi di tratto:"
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"trait Equals {\n"
" fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
" !self.equal(other)\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Centimeter(i16);\n"
"\n"
"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n"
" fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n"
" self.0 == other.0\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let a = Centimeter(10);\n"
" let b = Centimeter(20);\n"
" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n"
" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users are required to\n"
" implement themselves. Methods with default implementations can rely on required methods.\n"
"\n"
"* Move method `not_equal` to a new trait `NotEqual`.\n"
"\n"
"* Make `NotEqual` a super trait for `Equal`.\n"
"\n"
"* Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEqual` for `Equal`.\n"
" * With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `NotEqual` as a super trait for `Equal`."
msgstr ""
"* I tratti possono specificare metodi pre-implementati (predefiniti) e metodi richiesti agli "
"utenti\n"
" implementare se stessi. I metodi con implementazioni predefinite possono fare affidamento sui "
"metodi richiesti.\n"
"\n"
"* Sposta il metodo `not_equal` in un nuovo tratto `NotEqual`.\n"
"\n"
"* Rendi `NotEqual` un super tratto per `Equal`.\n"
"\n"
"* Fornire un'implementazione globale di \"NotEqual\" per \"Equal\".\n"
" * Con l'implementazione coperta, non hai più bisogno di \"NotEqual\" come super tratto per "
"\"Equal\"."
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Trait Bounds"
msgstr "# Limiti dei tratti"
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement\n"
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
msgstr ""
"Quando si lavora con i generici, spesso si desidera richiedere i tipi da implementare\n"
"qualche tratto, in modo da poter chiamare i metodi di questo tratto."
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
msgstr "Puoi farlo con `T: Trait` o `impl Trait`:"
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n"
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Syntactic sugar for:\n"
"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n"
"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into) -> i32 {\n"
" x.into() + 42_000_000\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// struct NotClonable;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n"
" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n"
" println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n"
"\n"
" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n"
" println!(\"{many}\");\n"
" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n"
" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
msgstr "Mostra una clausola `where`, gli studenti la incontreranno durante la lettura del codice."
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"fn duplicate(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
"where\n"
" T: Clone,\n"
"{\n"
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters.\n"
"* It has additional features making it more powerful.\n"
" * If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can be arbitrary, "
"like `Option`.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Riordina la firma della funzione se hai molti parametri.\n"
"* Ha funzionalità aggiuntive che lo rendono più potente.\n"
" * Se qualcuno lo chiede, la caratteristica extra è che il tipo a sinistra di \":\" può essere "
"arbitrario, come `Option`.\n"
" "
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `impl Trait`"
msgstr "# `Impl Tratto`"
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function\n"
"arguments and return values:"
msgstr ""
"Simile ai limiti dei tratti, in funzione può essere utilizzata una sintassi `impl Trait`\n"
"argomenti e valori restituiti:"
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::fmt::Display;\n"
"\n"
"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n"
" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n"
" println!(\"{x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid "* `impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
msgstr "* `impl Trait` ti permette di lavorare con tipi che non puoi nominare."
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid "The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
msgstr "Il significato di \"impl Trait\" è leggermente diverso nelle diverse posizioni."
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a trait bound.\n"
"\n"
"* For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that implements the "
"trait,\n"
" without naming the type. This can be useful when you don't want to expose the concrete type in "
"a\n"
" public API.\n"
"\n"
" Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks\n"
" the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A function\n"
" returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any type\n"
" satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with `let x:\n"
" Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::>()`."
msgstr ""
"* Per un parametro, `impl Trait` è come un parametro generico anonimo con un tratto associato.\n"
"\n"
"* Per un tipo restituito, significa che il tipo restituito è un tipo concreto che implementa il "
"tratto,\n"
" senza nominare il tipo. Questo può essere utile quando non vuoi esporre il tipo concreto in a\n"
" API pubblica.\n"
"\n"
" L'inferenza è difficile nella posizione di ritorno. Una funzione che restituisce le scelte `impl "
"Foo`\n"
" il tipo concreto che restituisce, senza scriverlo nella fonte. Una funzione\n"
" restituire un tipo generico come `collect() -> B` può restituire qualsiasi tipo\n"
" soddisfacente `B`, e il chiamante potrebbe aver bisogno di sceglierne uno, come con `let x:\n"
" Vec<_> = foo.collect()` o con il turbofish, `foo.collect::>()`."
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to explain that\n"
"nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` type. If we used a single \n"
"`T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint that input `T` and return `T` type are the same "
"type.\n"
"It would not work for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not\n"
"what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd need two\n"
"independent generic parameters."
msgstr ""
"Questo esempio è fantastico, perché utilizza `impl Display` due volte. Aiuta a spiegarlo\n"
"nulla qui impone che sia _lo stesso_ tipo `impl Display`. Se usiamo un singolo\n"
"`T: Display`, imporrebbe il vincolo secondo cui l'input `T` e il tipo restituito `T` sono dello "
"stesso tipo.\n"
"Non funzionerebbe per questa particolare funzione, poiché probabilmente non lo è il tipo che ci "
"aspettiamo come input\n"
"quale `formato!` restituisce. Se volessimo fare lo stesso tramite la sintassi `: Display`, ne "
"avremmo bisogno di due\n"
"parametri generici indipendenti."
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Important Traits"
msgstr "# Tratti importanti"
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard library:"
msgstr "Vedremo ora alcuni dei tratti più comuni della libreria standard di Rust:"
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* [`Iterator`][1] and [`IntoIterator`][2] used in `for` loops,\n"
"* [`From`][3] and [`Into`][4] used to convert values,\n"
"* [`Read`][5] and [`Write`][6] used for IO,\n"
"* [`Add`][7], [`Mul`][8], ... used for operator overloading, and\n"
"* [`Drop`][9] used for defining destructors.\n"
"* [`Default`][10] used to construct a default instance of a type."
msgstr ""
"* [`Iterator`][1] e [`IntoIterator`][2] usati nei cicli `for`,\n"
"* [`From`][3] e [`Into`][4] utilizzati per convertire i valori,\n"
"* [`Read`][5] e [`Write`][6] usati per IO,\n"
"* [`Add`][7], [`Mul`][8], ... utilizzato per l'overload degli operatori e\n"
"* [`Drop`][9] usato per definire i distruttori.\n"
"* [`Default`][10] utilizzato per costruire un'istanza predefinita di un tipo."
#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Iterators"
msgstr "# Iteratori"
#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can implement the [`Iterator`][1] trait on your own types:"
msgstr "Puoi implementare il tratto [`Iterator`][1] sui tuoi tipi:"
#: src/traits/iterator.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Fibonacci {\n"
" curr: u32,\n"
" next: u32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n"
" type Item = u32;\n"
"\n"
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n"
" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n"
" self.curr = self.next;\n"
" self.next = new_next;\n"
" Some(self.curr)\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n"
" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n"
" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming operations over collections \n"
" (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is the trait where you can find all the "
"documentation\n"
" about them. In Rust these functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent "
"imperative\n"
" implementations.\n"
" \n"
"* `IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by collection types "
"such as\n"
" `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is "
"why\n"
" you can iterate over a vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but\n"
" `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist."
msgstr ""
"* Il tratto `Iterator` implementa molte comuni operazioni di programmazione funzionale sulle "
"raccolte\n"
" (ad es. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, ecc.). Questo è il tratto in cui puoi trovare tutta la "
"documentazione\n"
" su di loro. In Rust queste funzioni dovrebbero produrre il codice tanto efficiente quanto "
"imperativo equivalente\n"
" implementazioni.\n"
" \n"
"* `IntoIterator` è la caratteristica che fa funzionare i cicli for. È implementato da tipi di "
"raccolta come\n"
" `Vec` e riferimenti ad essi come `&Vec` e `&[T]`. Anche le gamme lo implementano. Ecco "
"perché\n"
" puoi iterare su un vettore con `for i in some_vec { .. }` ma\n"
" `some_vec.next()` non esiste."
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# FromIterator"
msgstr "# FromIterator"
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "[`FromIterator`][1] lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`][2]."
msgstr "[`FromIterator`][1] consente di creare una raccolta da un [`Iterator`][2]."
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n"
" let prime_squares = primes\n"
" .into_iter()\n"
" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n"
" .collect::>();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`Iterator` implements\n"
"`fn collect(self) -> B\n"
"where\n"
" B: FromIterator,\n"
" Self: Sized`"
msgstr ""
"Implementa `Iterator`\n"
"`fn collect(self) -> B\n"
"Dove\n"
" B: FromIterator,\n"
" Sé: dimensionato`"
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an\n"
"`Iterator- >` into a `Result
, E>`."
msgstr ""
"Ci sono anche implementazioni che ti permettono di fare cose interessanti come convertire un file\n"
"`Iterator- >` in un `Result
, E>`."
#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `From` and `Into`"
msgstr "# `Da` e `Into`"
#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Types implement [`From`][1] and [`Into`][2] to facilitate type conversions:"
msgstr "I tipi implementano [`From`][1] e [`Into`][2] per facilitare le conversioni di tipo:"
#: src/traits/from-into.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n"
" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n"
" let one = i16::from(true);\n"
" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n"
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
#, fuzzy
msgid "[`Into`][2] is automatically implemented when [`From`][1] is implemented:"
msgstr "[`Into`][2] viene implementato automaticamente quando [`From`][1] è implementato:"
#: src/traits/from-into.md:17
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n"
" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n"
" let one: i16 = true.into();\n"
" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n"
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/from-into.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get `Into` implementation "
"too.\n"
"* When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be converted into a "
"`String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`.\n"
" Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ implement `Into`.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Ecco perché è comune implementare solo `From`, poiché anche il tuo tipo otterrà "
"l'implementazione di `Into`.\n"
"* Quando si dichiara un tipo di input per l'argomento di una funzione come \"qualsiasi cosa che "
"può essere convertita in una `Stringa`\", la regola è opposta, si dovrebbe usare `Into`.\n"
" La tua funzione accetterà tipi che implementano `From` e quelli che _solo_ implementano `Into`.\n"
" "
#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Read` and `Write`"
msgstr "# `Leggi` e `Scrivi`"
#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Using [`Read`][1] and [`BufRead`][2], you can abstract over `u8` sources:"
msgstr "Usando [`Read`][1] e [`BufRead`][2], puoi astrarre su fonti `u8`:"
#: src/traits/read-write.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n"
"\n"
"fn count_lines(reader: R) -> usize {\n"
" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n"
" buf_reader.lines().count()\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n"
" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n"
"\n"
" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n"
" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n"
" Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid "Similarly, [`Write`][3] lets you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
msgstr "Allo stesso modo, [`Write`][3] ti consente di astrarre sui sink `u8`:"
#: src/traits/read-write.md:25
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n"
"\n"
"fn log(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n"
" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n"
" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n"
" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n"
" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n"
" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n"
" Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/drop.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# The `Drop` Trait"
msgstr "# Il tratto `Drop`"
#: src/traits/drop.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Values which implement [`Drop`][1] can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
msgstr ""
"I valori che implementano [`Drop`][1] possono specificare il codice da eseguire quando escono "
"dall'ambito:"
#: src/traits/drop.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Droppable {\n"
" name: &'static str,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Drop for Droppable {\n"
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n"
" {\n"
" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n"
" {\n"
" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n"
" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n"
" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n"
" }\n"
" drop(a);\n"
" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid "Discussion points:"
msgstr "Punti di discussione:"
#: src/traits/drop.md:36
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?\n"
" * Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of\n"
" the block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack\n"
" overflow!\n"
"* Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
msgstr ""
"* Perché `Drop::drop` non accetta `self`?\n"
" * Risposta breve: se così fosse, `std::mem::drop` verrebbe chiamato alla fine di\n"
" il blocco, risultando in un'altra chiamata a `Drop::drop` e uno stack\n"
" traboccare!\n"
"* Prova a sostituire `drop(a)` con `a.drop()`."
#: src/traits/default.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# The `Default` Trait"
msgstr "# Il tratto `Predefinito`"
#: src/traits/default.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "[`Default`][1] trait provides a default implementation of a trait."
msgstr "Il tratto [`Default`][1] fornisce un'implementazione predefinita di un tratto."
#: src/traits/default.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
"struct Derived {\n"
" x: u32,\n"
" y: String,\n"
" z: Implemented,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Implemented(String);\n"
"\n"
"impl Default for Implemented {\n"
" fn default() -> Self {\n"
" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n"
" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n"
"\n"
" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n"
" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n"
" ..Default::default()\n"
" };\n"
" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n"
"\n"
" let nothing: Option = None;\n"
" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/default.md:40
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`.\n"
" * Derived implementation will produce an instance where all fields are set to their default "
"values.\n"
" * This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too.\n"
" * Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. `0`, `\"\"`, etc).\n"
" * The partial struct copy works nicely with default.\n"
" * Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and provides convenience "
"methods that use it."
msgstr ""
" * Può essere implementato direttamente o può essere derivato tramite `#[derive(Default)]`.\n"
" * L'implementazione derivata produrrà un'istanza in cui tutti i campi sono impostati sui valori "
"predefiniti.\n"
" * Ciò significa che anche tutti i tipi nella struttura devono implementare `Default`.\n"
" * I tipi Rust standard spesso implementano `Default` con valori ragionevoli (ad esempio `0`, "
"`\"\"`, ecc.).\n"
" * La copia parziale della struttura funziona bene con default.\n"
" * La libreria standard di Rust sa che i tipi possono implementare `Default` e fornisce comodi "
"metodi che lo utilizzano."
#: src/traits/operators.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Add`, `Mul`, ..."
msgstr "# `Aggiungi`, `Mul`, ..."
#: src/traits/operators.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`][1]:"
msgstr "L'overload degli operatori è implementato tramite i tratti in [`std::ops`][1]:"
#: src/traits/operators.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n"
"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n"
"\n"
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
" type Output = Self;\n"
"\n"
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n"
" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n"
" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n"
" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/operators.md:28
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? \n"
" * Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are\n"
" overloading the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading\n"
" the operator for `&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the\n"
" call site.\n"
"* Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter?\n"
" * Short answer: Type parameters are controlled by the caller, but\n"
" associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a\n"
" trait."
msgstr ""
"* Puoi implementare `Aggiungi` per `&Punto`. In quali situazioni è utile?\n"
" * Risposta: `Add:add` consuma `self`. Se digita \"T\" per cui sei\n"
" l'overloading dell'operatore non è `Copy`, dovresti considerare l'overloading\n"
" anche l'operatore per `&T`. Ciò evita inutili clonazioni sul file\n"
" sito di chiamata.\n"
"* Perché `Output` è un tipo associato? Potrebbe essere reso un parametro di tipo?\n"
" * Risposta breve: i parametri di tipo sono controllati dal chiamante, ma\n"
" i tipi associati (come `Output`) sono controllati dall'implementatore di a\n"
" tratto."
#: src/traits/closures.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Closures"
msgstr "# Chiusure"
#: src/traits/closures.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, they\n"
"implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html),\n"
"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and\n"
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
msgstr ""
"Le chiusure o le espressioni lambda hanno tipi che non possono essere nominati. Tuttavia, loro\n"
"implementare speciali [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html),\n"
"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html) e\n"
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) caratteristiche:"
#: src/traits/closures.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n"
" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n"
" func(input)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n"
" let mul_5 = |x| x * 5;\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n"
" println!(\"mul_5: {}\", apply_with_log(mul_5, 20));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/traits/closures.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid "If you have an `FnOnce`, you may only call it once. It might consume captured values."
msgstr "Se hai un `FnOnce`, puoi chiamarlo solo una volta. Potrebbe consumare i valori acquisiti."
#: src/traits/closures.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"An `FnMut` might mutate captured values, so you can call it multiple times but not concurrently."
msgstr ""
"Un `FnMut` potrebbe mutare i valori catturati, quindi puoi chiamarlo più volte ma non "
"contemporaneamente."
#: src/traits/closures.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"An `Fn` neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or perhaps captures nothing at all, so it "
"can\n"
"be called multiple times concurrently."
msgstr ""
"Un \"Fn\" non consuma né muta i valori acquisiti, o forse non cattura nulla, quindi può farlo\n"
"essere chiamato più volte contemporaneamente."
#: src/traits/closures.md:32
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. I.e. you can use an\n"
"`FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or "
"`FnOnce`\n"
"is called for."
msgstr ""
"\"FnMut\" è un sottotipo di \"FnOnce\". \"Fn\" è un sottotipo di \"FnMut\" e \"FnOnce\". Cioè. "
"puoi usare un\n"
"`FnMut` ovunque sia richiesto un `FnOnce` e puoi usare un `Fn` ovunque sia `FnMut` o `FnOnce`\n"
"è richiesto."
#: src/traits/closures.md:36
#, fuzzy
msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`."
msgstr "Le chiusure `move` implementano solo `FnOnce`."
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Day 3: Morning Exercises"
msgstr "# Giorno 3: Esercizi mattutini"
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects."
msgstr "Progetteremo una libreria GUI classica di tratti e oggetti di tratto."
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# A Simple GUI Library"
msgstr "# Una semplice libreria GUI"
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and\n"
"trait objects."
msgstr ""
"Progettiamo una libreria GUI classica utilizzando la nostra nuova conoscenza dei tratti e\n"
"oggetti di tratto."
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
msgstr "Avremo una serie di widget nella nostra libreria:"
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets.\n"
"* `Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the\n"
" button is pressed.\n"
"* `Label`: has a `label`."
msgstr ""
"* `Window`: ha un `title` e contiene altri widget.\n"
"* `Button`: ha una `label` e una funzione di callback che viene richiamata quando il\n"
" pulsante viene premuto.\n"
"* `Etichetta`: ha una `etichetta`."
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
msgstr "I widget implementeranno un tratto `Widget`, vedi sotto."
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to ,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Button {\n"
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box) -> Button {\n"
" Button {\n"
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
" callback,\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Window {\n"
" title: String,\n"
" widgets: Vec>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Window {\n"
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
" Window {\n"
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box) {\n"
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
" std::cmp::max(\n"
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
" )\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo.\")));\n"
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
" \"Click me!\",\n"
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
" )));\n"
" window.draw();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
#, fuzzy
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
msgstr "L'output del programma sopra può essere qualcosa di semplice come questo:"
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132
msgid ""
"```text\n"
"========\n"
"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n"
"========\n"
"\n"
"This is a small text GUI demo.\n"
"\n"
"| Click me! |\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the\n"
"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment)\n"
"formatting operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different\n"
"characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:"
msgstr ""
"Se vuoi disegnare un testo allineato, puoi usare il\n"
"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment)\n"
"operatori di formattazione. In particolare, nota come puoi riempire con diversi\n"
"caratteri (qui un `'/'`) e come puoi controllare l'allineamento:"
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let width = 10;\n"
" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/ {\n"
" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n"
" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
" Ok(file) => file,\n"
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
" };\n"
"\n"
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
" Err(err) => Err(err),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`.\n"
"* Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty file, file with "
"username."
msgstr ""
"* La variabile `username` può essere `Ok(string)` o `Err(error)`.\n"
"* Usa la chiamata `fs::write` per testare i diversi scenari: nessun file, file vuoto, file con "
"nome utente."
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Converting Error Types"
msgstr "# Conversione dei tipi di errore"
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously indicated:"
msgstr "L'effettiva espansione di `?` è un po' più complicata di quanto precedentemente indicato:"
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"expression?\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid "works the same as"
msgstr "funziona allo stesso modo di"
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"match expression {\n"
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the\n"
"type returned by the function:"
msgstr ""
"La chiamata `From::from` qui significa che tentiamo di convertire il tipo di errore in\n"
"tipo restituito dalla funzione:"
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
" IoError(io::Error),\n"
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n"
"\n"
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n"
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n"
" match self {\n"
" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n"
" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username in {filename}\"),\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl From for ReadUsernameError {\n"
" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n"
" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n"
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
" }\n"
" Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` "
"and\n"
"`Display`. It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where possible, to "
"make\n"
"life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In this case we can't easily do so, because\n"
"`io::Error` doesn't implement them."
msgstr ""
"È buona pratica per tutti i tipi di errore implementare `std::error::Error`, che richiede `Debug` "
"e\n"
"`Display`. In genere è utile per loro implementare anche `Clone` e `Eq`, ove possibile, per fare\n"
"vita più facile per i test e i consumatori della tua libreria. In questo caso non possiamo farlo "
"facilmente, perché\n"
"`io::Error` non li implementa."
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Deriving Error Enums"
msgstr "# Derivazione delle enumerazioni degli errori"
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create an\n"
"error enum like we did on the previous page:"
msgstr ""
"Il crate [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) è un modo popolare per creare un\n"
"error enum come abbiamo fatto nella pagina precedente:"
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n"
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n"
" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n"
" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n"
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
" }\n"
" Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and optionally `Display`\n"
"(if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is "
"added).\n"
"It also works for structs."
msgstr ""
"La macro deriva di `thiserror` implementa automaticamente `std::error::Error` e facoltativamente "
"`Display`\n"
"(se vengono forniti gli attributi `#[error(...)]`) e `From` (se viene aggiunto l'attributo "
"`#[from]`).\n"
"Funziona anche per le strutture."
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
#, fuzzy
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
msgstr "Non influisce sulla tua API pubblica, il che lo rende utile per le librerie."
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Dynamic Error Types"
msgstr "# Tipi di errori dinamici"
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing our own enum covering\n"
"all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` makes this easy."
msgstr ""
"A volte vogliamo consentire la restituzione di qualsiasi tipo di errore senza scrivere la nostra "
"copertura enum\n"
"tutte le diverse possibilità. `std::error::Error` lo rende facile."
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n"
"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result> {\n"
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n"
" }\n"
" Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different error cases differently "
"in\n"
"the program. As such it's generally not a good idea to use `Box` in the public API of "
"a\n"
"library, but it can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error "
"message\n"
"somewhere."
msgstr ""
"Ciò consente di risparmiare sul codice, ma rinuncia alla possibilità di gestire in modo pulito "
"diversi casi di errore in modo diverso\n"
"il programma. Pertanto, generalmente non è una buona idea utilizzare `Box` nell'API "
"pubblica di a\n"
"library, ma può essere una buona opzione in un programma in cui si desidera solo visualizzare il "
"messaggio di errore\n"
"in qualche luogo."
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Adding Context to Errors"
msgstr "# Aggiunta di contesto agli errori"
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add\n"
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer\n"
"custom error types:"
msgstr ""
"La cassa ampiamente utilizzata [comunque](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) può aiutarti ad aggiungere\n"
"informazioni contestuali ai tuoi errori e ti permette di averne meno\n"
"tipi di errore personalizzati:"
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result {\n"
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
" fs::File::open(path)\n"
" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n"
" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n"
" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n"
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n"
" }\n"
" Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`.\n"
"* `anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such it's again generally "
"not\n"
" a good choice for the public API of a library, but is widely used in applications.\n"
"* Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary.\n"
"* Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go developers, as it provides\n"
" similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, error)` from Go."
msgstr ""
"* `comunque::Risultato` è un alias di tipo per `Risultato`.\n"
"* `anyhow::Error` è essenzialmente un wrapper attorno a `Box`. In quanto tale, "
"generalmente non lo è\n"
" una buona scelta per l'API pubblica di una libreria, ma è ampiamente utilizzata nelle "
"applicazioni.\n"
"* Il tipo di errore effettivo all'interno di esso può essere estratto per l'esame, se necessario.\n"
"* La funzionalità fornita da `anyhow::Result` potrebbe essere familiare agli sviluppatori Go, "
"in quanto fornisce\n"
" modelli di utilizzo ed ergonomia simili a `(T, errore)` di Go."
#: src/testing.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Testing"
msgstr "# Test"
#: src/testing.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
msgstr "Rust e Cargo sono dotati di un semplice framework di unit test:"
#: src/testing.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Unit tests are supported throughout your code.\n"
"\n"
"* Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
msgstr ""
"* I test unitari sono supportati in tutto il codice.\n"
"\n"
"* I test di integrazione sono supportati tramite la directory `tests/`."
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Unit Tests"
msgstr "# Test unitari"
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
msgstr "Contrassegna i test unitari con `#[test]`:"
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,ignore\n"
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
" None => &text,\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_empty() {\n"
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_multiple_words() {\n"
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
msgstr "Usa `cargo test` per trovare ed eseguire i test unitari."
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Test Modules"
msgstr "# Moduli di prova"
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the\n"
"[Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
msgstr ""
"I test unitari vengono spesso inseriti in un modulo nidificato (esegui test sul file\n"
"[Parco giochi](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n"
" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
"mod tests {\n"
" use super::*;\n"
"\n"
" #[test]\n"
" fn test_helper() {\n"
" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* This lets you unit test private helpers.\n"
"* The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
msgstr ""
"* Questo ti consente di testare unitamente gli aiutanti privati.\n"
"* L'attributo `#[cfg(test)]` è attivo solo quando esegui `cargo test`."
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Documentation Tests"
msgstr "# Test di documentazione"
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
msgstr "Rust ha il supporto integrato per i test di documentazione:"
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
"///\n"
"/// ```\n"
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
"/// ```\n"
"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n"
" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code.\n"
"* The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`.\n"
"* Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
msgstr ""
"* I blocchi di codice nei commenti `///` sono visti automaticamente come codice Rust.\n"
"* Il codice verrà compilato ed eseguito come parte di `cargo test`.\n"
"* Prova il codice precedente su [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Integration Tests"
msgstr "# Test di integrazione"
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
msgstr "Se desideri testare la tua libreria come client, utilizza un test di integrazione."
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
msgstr "Crea un file `.rs` in `tests/`:"
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"use my_library::init;\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_init() {\n"
" assert!(init().is_ok());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
msgstr "Questi test hanno accesso solo all'API pubblica del tuo crate."
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "## Useful crates for writing tests"
msgstr "# Casse utili"
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests."
msgstr "Rust ha il supporto integrato per i test di documentazione:"
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5
msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:"
msgstr ""
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7
msgid ""
"* [googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion library in the tradition "
"of GoogleTest for C++.\n"
"* [proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust.\n"
"* [rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised tests."
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Unsafe Rust"
msgstr "# Ruggine non sicura"
#: src/unsafe.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
msgstr "Il linguaggio Rust ha due parti:"
#: src/unsafe.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* **Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible.\n"
"* **Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are violated."
msgstr ""
"* **Safe Rust:** memoria sicura, nessun comportamento indefinito possibile.\n"
"* **Unsafe Rust:** può attivare un comportamento indefinito se vengono violate le precondizioni."
#: src/unsafe.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know\n"
"what Unsafe Rust is."
msgstr ""
"Vedremo Rust per lo più sicuro in questo corso, ma è importante saperlo\n"
"cos'è Unsafe Rust."
#: src/unsafe.md:11
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be carefully\n"
"documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
msgstr ""
"Il codice non sicuro è solitamente piccolo e isolato e la sua correttezza dovrebbe essere "
"attentamente\n"
"documentato. Di solito è racchiuso in uno strato di astrazione sicuro."
#: src/unsafe.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
msgstr "Unsafe Rust ti dà accesso a cinque nuove funzionalità:"
#: src/unsafe.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Dereference raw pointers.\n"
"* Access or modify mutable static variables.\n"
"* Access `union` fields.\n"
"* Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions.\n"
"* Implement `unsafe` traits."
msgstr ""
"* Dereferenzia i puntatori grezzi.\n"
"* Accedi o modifica variabili statiche mutabili.\n"
"* Accedi ai campi `union`.\n"
"* Richiama funzioni `non sicure`, comprese le funzioni `extern`.\n"
"* Implementa i tratti \"non sicuri\"."
#: src/unsafe.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see\n"
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html)\n"
"and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
msgstr ""
"Tratteremo brevemente le capacità non sicure in seguito. Per tutti i dettagli, vedere\n"
"[Capitolo 19.1 nel Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html)\n"
"e il [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
#: src/unsafe.md:28
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers have\n"
"turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code by\n"
"themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety rules."
msgstr ""
"Unsafe Rust non significa che il codice non sia corretto. Significa che gli sviluppatori hanno\n"
"ha disattivato le funzionalità di sicurezza del compilatore e deve scrivere il codice corretto\n"
"loro stessi. Significa che il compilatore non applica più le regole di sicurezza della memoria di "
"Rust."
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
msgstr "# Dereferenziazione dei puntatori grezzi"
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
msgstr "La creazione di puntatori è sicura, ma la loro dereferenziazione richiede `unsafe`:"
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut num = 5;\n"
"\n"
" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n"
" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n"
"\n"
" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n"
" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects underlying\n"
" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n"
" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n"
" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n"
" *r1 = 10;\n"
" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write a comment for each\n"
"`unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe\n"
"operations it is doing."
msgstr ""
"È buona norma (e richiesto dalla guida allo stile di Android Rust) scrivere un commento per "
"ciascuno\n"
"Blocco `unsafe` che spiega come il codice al suo interno soddisfi i requisiti di sicurezza "
"dell'unsafe\n"
"operazioni che sta compiendo."
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be\n"
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
msgstr ""
"Nel caso di dereferenze puntatore, ciò significa che i puntatori devono essere\n"
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), ovvero:"
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * The pointer must be non-null.\n"
" * The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single allocated object).\n"
" * The object must not have been deallocated.\n"
" * There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location.\n"
" * If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object must be live and no\n"
" reference may be used to access the memory."
msgstr ""
" * Il puntatore deve essere diverso da null.\n"
" * Il puntatore deve essere _dereferenceable_ (entro i limiti di un singolo oggetto allocato).\n"
" * L'oggetto non deve essere stato deallocato.\n"
" * Non devono esserci accessi contemporanei alla stessa posizione.\n"
" * Se il puntatore è stato ottenuto lanciando un riferimento, l'oggetto sottostante deve essere "
"live e no\n"
" riferimento può essere utilizzato per accedere alla memoria."
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41
#, fuzzy
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
msgstr "Nella maggior parte dei casi anche il puntatore deve essere correttamente allineato."
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Mutable Static Variables"
msgstr "# Variabili statiche mutabili"
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
msgstr "È sicuro leggere una variabile statica immutabile:"
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable\n"
"static variables:"
msgstr ""
"Tuttavia, poiché possono verificarsi corse di dati, non è sicuro leggere e scrivere mutabili\n"
"variabili statiche:"
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n"
"\n"
"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n"
" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" add_to_counter(42);\n"
"\n"
" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases where it might make "
"sense\n"
"in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
msgstr ""
"L'uso di una statica mutabile è generalmente una cattiva idea, ma ci sono alcuni casi in cui "
"potrebbe avere senso\n"
"nel codice `no_std` di basso livello, come implementare un allocatore di heap o lavorare con "
"alcune API C."
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Unions"
msgstr "# Sindacati"
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
msgstr "Le unioni sono come le enum, ma devi monitorare tu stesso il campo attivo:"
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[repr(C)]\n"
"union MyUnion {\n"
" i: u8,\n"
" b: bool,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n"
" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n"
" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They are occasionally "
"needed\n"
"for interacting with C library APIs."
msgstr ""
"Le unioni sono molto raramente necessarie in Rust poiché di solito puoi usare un enum. "
"Occasionalmente sono necessari\n"
"per interagire con le API della libreria C."
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want\n"
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) or a safe\n"
"wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy) crate."
msgstr ""
"Se vuoi solo reinterpretare i byte come un tipo diverso, probabilmente lo vuoi\n"
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) o una "
"cassaforte\n"
"wrapper come la cassa [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)."
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Calling Unsafe Functions"
msgstr "# Chiamata di funzioni non sicure"
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions you\n"
"must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
msgstr ""
"Una funzione o un metodo può essere contrassegnato come \"non sicuro\" se ha precondizioni "
"aggiuntive\n"
"deve sostenere per evitare comportamenti indefiniti:"
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n"
"\n"
" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n"
" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n"
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n"
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n"
"\n"
" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n"
" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Writing Unsafe Functions"
msgstr "# Scrittura di funzioni non sicure"
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular conditions to avoid "
"undefined\n"
"behaviour."
msgstr ""
"Puoi contrassegnare le tue funzioni come \"non sicure\" se richiedono condizioni particolari per "
"evitare undefined\n"
"comportamento."
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
"///\n"
"/// # Safety\n"
"///\n"
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n"
" let temp = *a;\n"
" *a = *b;\n"
" *b = temp;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut a = 42;\n"
" let mut b = 66;\n"
"\n"
" // Safe because ...\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
#, fuzzy
msgid "We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely with references."
msgstr ""
"In realtà non useremmo i puntatori per questo perché può essere fatto in sicurezza con i "
"riferimenti."
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an `unsafe` block. We can\n"
"prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Try adding it and see what happens."
msgstr ""
"Si noti che il codice non sicuro è consentito all'interno di una funzione non sicura senza un "
"blocco `unsafe`. Noi possiamo\n"
"proibiscilo con `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Prova ad aggiungerlo e guarda cosa succede."
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Calling External Code"
msgstr "# Chiamata codice esterno"
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling\n"
"them is thus unsafe:"
msgstr ""
"Le funzioni di altri linguaggi potrebbero violare le garanzie di Rust. Chiamata\n"
"loro è quindi pericoloso:"
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"extern \"C\" {\n"
" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n"
" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with pointers which might\n"
"violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have undefined behaviour under "
"any\n"
"arbitrary circumstances."
msgstr ""
"Questo di solito è solo un problema per le funzioni esterne che fanno cose con i puntatori che "
"potrebbero\n"
"violare il modello di memoria di Rust, ma in generale qualsiasi funzione C potrebbe avere un "
"comportamento indefinito sotto qualsiasi\n"
"circostanze arbitrarie."
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
msgid ""
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI;\n"
"[other ABIs are available too](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Implementing Unsafe Traits"
msgstr "# Implementazione di tratti non sicuri"
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation must guarantee\n"
"particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
msgstr ""
"Come con le funzioni, puoi contrassegnare un tratto come \"non sicuro\" se l'implementazione deve "
"garantire\n"
"condizioni particolari per evitare comportamenti indefiniti."
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks\n"
"[something like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
msgstr ""
"Ad esempio, la cassa \"zerocopy\" ha un tratto non sicuro che sembra\n"
"[qualcosa del genere](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n"
"use std::slice;\n"
"\n"
"/// ...\n"
"/// # Safety\n"
"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n"
"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n"
" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, size_of_val(self))\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n"
"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining the requirements for\n"
"the trait to be safely implemented."
msgstr ""
"Dovrebbe esserci una sezione `# Safety` su Rustdoc per il tratto che spiega i requisiti per\n"
"il tratto da implementare in modo sicuro."
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
#, fuzzy
msgid "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more complicated."
msgstr "L'attuale sezione sulla sicurezza per `AsBytes` è piuttosto lunga e complicata."
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
msgstr "I tratti incorporati \"Invia\" e \"Sincronizza\" non sono sicuri."
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "# Giorno 3: Esercizi pomeridiani"
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
msgstr "Costruiamo un wrapper sicuro per leggere il contenuto della directory!"
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution] provided."
msgstr "Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la [soluzione] fornita."
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Safe FFI Wrapper"
msgstr "# Wrapper FFI sicuro"
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function\n"
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc`\n"
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
msgstr ""
"Rust ha un ottimo supporto per le funzioni di chiamata attraverso una funzione _foreign\n"
"interfaccia_ (FFI). Lo useremo per costruire un wrapper sicuro per `libc`\n"
"funzioni che useresti da C per leggere i nomi dei file di una directory."
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
msgstr "Ti consigliamo di consultare le pagine di manuale:"
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n"
"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n"
"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
msgstr ""
"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n"
"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n"
"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`] module. There you find a number of\n"
"string types which you need for the exercise:"
msgstr ""
"Dovrai anche sfogliare il modulo [`std::ffi`]. Lì trovi un numero di\n"
"tipi di stringa necessari per l'esercizio:"
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"| Types | Encoding | Use |\n"
"|----------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------|\n"
"| [`str`] and [`String`] | UTF-8 | Text processing in Rust |\n"
"| [`CStr`] and [`CString`] | NUL-terminated | Communicating with C functions |\n"
"| [`OsStr`] and [`OsString`] | OS-specific | Communicating with the OS |"
msgstr ""
"| Tipi | Codifica | Usa |\n"
"|----------------------------|----------------|--- -----------------------------|\n"
"| [`str`] e [`String`] | UTF-8 | Elaborazione del testo in Rust |\n"
"| [`CStr`] e [`CString`] | con terminazione NUL | Comunicare con le funzioni C |\n"
"| [`OsStr`] e [`OsString`] | specifico del sistema operativo | Comunicazione con il sistema "
"operativo |"
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid "You will convert between all these types:"
msgstr "Potrai convertire tra tutti questi tipi:"
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"- `&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` character,\n"
"- `CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions,\n"
"- `*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` character,\n"
"- `&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some unknow data\",\n"
"- `&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use\n"
" [`OsStrExt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html)\n"
" to create it,\n"
"- `&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to return it and call\n"
" `readdir` again."
msgstr ""
"- Da `&str` a `CString`: è necessario allocare spazio per un carattere finale `\\0`,\n"
"- Da `CString` a `*const i8`: è necessario un puntatore per chiamare le funzioni C,\n"
"- Da `*const i8` a `&CStr`: hai bisogno di qualcosa che possa trovare il carattere finale `\\0`,\n"
"- da `&CStr` a `&[u8]`: una fetta di byte è l'interfaccia universale per \"alcuni dati "
"sconosciuti\",\n"
"- Da `&[u8]` a `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` è un passo verso `OsString`, usa\n"
" [`OsStrExt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html)\n"
" per crearlo,\n"
"- `&OsStr` a `OsString`: è necessario clonare i dati in `&OsStr` per poterlo restituire e "
"chiamare\n"
" `readdir` di nuovo."
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34
#, fuzzy
msgid "The [Nomicon] also has a very useful chapter about FFI."
msgstr "Il [Nomicon] ha anche un capitolo molto utile su FFI."
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to {\n"
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
" type Item = OsString;\n"
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n"
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
" unimplemented!()\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::>());\n"
" Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Welcome to Rust in Android"
msgstr "# Benvenuto in Rust su Android"
#: src/android.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means that\n"
"you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as extending\n"
"existing services."
msgstr ""
"Rust è supportato per lo sviluppo della piattaforma nativa su Android. Ciò significa che\n"
"puoi scrivere nuovi servizi del sistema operativo in Rust, oltre ad estenderli\n"
"servizi esistenti."
#: src/android.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"> We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to\n"
"> find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code to\n"
"> Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something that\n"
"> parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
msgstr ""
"> Oggi tenteremo di chiamare Rust da uno dei tuoi progetti. Quindi prova a\n"
"> trova un piccolo angolo della tua base di codice in cui possiamo spostare alcune righe di "
"codice\n"
"> Ruggine. Minori sono le dipendenze e i tipi \"esotici\", meglio è. Qualcosa che\n"
"> analizza alcuni byte grezzi sarebbe l'ideale."
#: src/android/setup.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Setup"
msgstr "# Impostare"
#: src/android/setup.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you have\n"
"access to one or create a new one with:"
msgstr ""
"Useremo un dispositivo virtuale Android per testare il nostro codice. Assicurati di avere\n"
"accedi a uno o creane uno nuovo con:"
#: src/android/setup.md:6
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n"
"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n"
"$ acloud create\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/setup.md:12
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Please see the [Android Developer\n"
"Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) for details."
msgstr ""
"Si prega di consultare il [Sviluppatore Android\n"
"Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) per i dettagli."
#: src/android/build-rules.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Build Rules"
msgstr "# Crea regole"
#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
msgstr "Il sistema di compilazione Android (Soong) supporta Rust tramite una serie di moduli:"
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"| Module Type | "
"Description "
"|\n"
"|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n"
"| `rust_binary` | Produces a Rust "
"binary. |\n"
"| `rust_library` | Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` "
"variants. |\n"
"| `rust_ffi` | Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
"and shared variants. |\n"
"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
"plugins. |\n"
"| `rust_test` | Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test "
"harness. |\n"
"| `rust_fuzz` | Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging "
"`libfuzzer`. |\n"
"| `rust_protobuf` | Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
"a particular protobuf. |\n"
"| `rust_bindgen` | Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
"libraries. |"
msgstr ""
"| Tipo di modulo | Descrizione |\n"
"|-------------------|-------------------------------------- "
"-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------|\n"
"| `binario_ruggine` | Produce un binario Rust. |\n"
"| `libreria_ruggine` | Produce una libreria Rust e fornisce entrambe le varianti `rlib` e `dylib`. "
"|\n"
"| `ruggine_ffi` | Produce una libreria Rust C utilizzabile dai moduli `cc` e fornisce varianti sia "
"statiche che condivise. |\n"
"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produce una libreria Rust `proc-macro`. Questi sono analoghi ai plugin del "
"compilatore. |\n"
"| `test_ruggine` | Produce un file binario di test Rust che utilizza il cablaggio di test Rust "
"standard. |\n"
"| `ruggine_fuzz` | Produce un binario fuzz di Rust sfruttando `libfuzzer`. |\n"
"| `protobuf_ruggine` | Genera il codice sorgente e produce una libreria Rust che fornisce "
"un'interfaccia per un particolare protobuf. |\n"
"| `ruggine_bindgen` | Genera il codice sorgente e produce una libreria Rust contenente "
"collegamenti Rust alle librerie C. |"
#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
msgstr "Vedremo successivamente `rust_binary` e `rust_library`."
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Rust Binaries"
msgstr "# Binari Rust"
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, create\n"
"the following files:"
msgstr ""
"Iniziamo con una semplice applicazione. Alla radice di un checkout AOSP, create\n"
"i seguenti file:"
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
msgstr "_ciao_rust/Android.bp_:"
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
" name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
#, fuzzy
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
msgstr "_ciao_rust/src/main.rs_:"
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"//! Rust demo.\n"
"\n"
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
msgstr "Ora puoi creare, inviare ed eseguire il binario:"
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m hello_rust\n"
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
"Hello from Rust!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Rust Libraries"
msgstr "# Librerie ruggine"
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
msgstr "Usa `rust_library` per creare una nuova libreria Rust per Android."
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
msgstr "Qui dichiariamo una dipendenza da due librerie:"
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `libgreeting`, which we define below,\n"
"* `libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in\n"
" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates]."
msgstr ""
"* `libgreeting`, che definiamo di seguito,\n"
"* `libtextwrap`, che è una cassa già venduta\n"
" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates]."
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\n"
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
" ],\n"
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"rust_library {\n"
" name: \"libgreetings\",\n"
" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Rust demo.\n"
"\n"
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
"use textwrap::fill;\n"
"\n"
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
#, fuzzy
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr "_ciao_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Greeting library.\n"
"\n"
"/// Greet `name`.\n"
"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n"
" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
#, fuzzy
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
msgstr "Costruisci, spingi ed esegui il binario come prima:"
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/tmp\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
"nice to meet you!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# AIDL"
msgstr "#AIDL"
#: src/android/aidl.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [Android Interface Definition Language\n"
"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
msgstr ""
"Il [linguaggio di definizione dell'interfaccia Android\n"
"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) è supportato in Rust:"
#: src/android/aidl.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,\n"
"* You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
msgstr ""
"* Il codice Rust può chiamare i server AIDL esistenti,\n"
"* Puoi creare nuovi server AIDL in Rust."
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# AIDL Interfaces"
msgstr "# Interfacce AIDL"
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
msgstr "Dichiari l'API del tuo servizio utilizzando un'interfaccia AIDL:"
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl*:"
msgstr "*birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl*:"
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
"\n"
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp*:"
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/aidl/Android.bp*:"
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"aidl_interface {\n"
" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
" unstable: true,\n"
" backend: {\n"
" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
" enabled: true,\n"
" },\n"
" },\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the vendor\n"
"partition."
msgstr ""
"Aggiungi \"vendor_available: true\" se il tuo file AIDL è utilizzato da un file binario nel "
"fornitore\n"
"partizione."
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Service Implementation"
msgstr "# Implementazione del servizio"
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
msgstr "Ora possiamo implementare il servizio AIDL:"
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "*birthday_service/src/lib.rs*:"
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/src/lib.rs*:"
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
"IBirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
"\n"
"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
"pub struct BirthdayService;\n"
"\n"
"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n"
"\n"
"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n"
" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::Result {\n"
" Ok(format!(\n"
" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"\n"
" ))\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 src/android/aidl/client.md:37
#, fuzzy
msgid "*birthday_service/Android.bp*:"
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/Android.bp*:"
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_library {\n"
" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n"
" rustlibs: [\n"
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
" ],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# AIDL Server"
msgstr "# Server AIDL"
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
msgstr "Infine, possiamo creare un server che espone il servizio:"
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "*birthday_service/src/server.rs*:"
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/src/server.rs*:"
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Birthday service.\n"
"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
"BnBirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
"\n"
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
"\n"
"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n"
" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n"
" birthday_service,\n"
" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n"
" );\n"
" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder.as_binder())\n"
" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n"
" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
" name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\n"
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
" ],\n"
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Deploy"
msgstr "# Distribuisci"
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
msgstr "Ora possiamo creare, inviare e avviare il servizio:"
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m birthday_server\n"
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/tmp\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
#, fuzzy
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
msgstr "In un altro terminale, controlla che il servizio sia in esecuzione:"
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n"
"Service birthdayservice: found\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
msgstr "Puoi anche chiamare il servizio con `service call`:"
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n"
"Result: Parcel(\n"
" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n"
" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n"
" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n"
" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n"
" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n"
" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n"
" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n"
" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# AIDL Client"
msgstr "# Cliente AIDL"
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
msgstr "Infine, possiamo creare un client Rust per il nostro nuovo servizio."
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "*birthday_service/src/client.rs*:"
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/src/client.rs*:"
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Birthday service.\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
"IBirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
"\n"
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
"\n"
"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n"
"pub fn connect() -> Result, binder::StatusCode> {\n"
" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"/// Call the birthday service.\n"
"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n"
" let name = std::env::args()\n"
" .nth(1)\n"
" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n"
" let years = std::env::args()\n"
" .nth(2)\n"
" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::().ok())\n"
" .unwrap_or(42);\n"
"\n"
" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n"
" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\");\n"
" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n"
" println!(\"{msg}\");\n"
" Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
" name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\n"
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
" ],\n"
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
#, fuzzy
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
msgstr "Si noti che il client non dipende da `libbirthdayservice`."
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
#, fuzzy
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
msgstr "Crea, invia ed esegui il client sul tuo dispositivo:"
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m birthday_client\n"
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/tmp\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Changing API"
msgstr "# Modifica dell'API"
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients specify a\n"
"list of lines for the birthday card:"
msgstr ""
"Estendiamo l'API con più funzionalità: vogliamo consentire ai client di specificare a\n"
"elenco delle righe per il biglietto d'auguri:"
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
"\n"
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/logging.md:1 src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Logging"
msgstr "# Registrazione"
#: src/android/logging.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) or\n"
"`stdout` (on-host):"
msgstr ""
"Dovresti usare la cassa `log` per accedere automaticamente a `logcat` (sul dispositivo) o\n"
"`stdout` (sull'host):"
#: src/android/logging.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
msgstr "_ciao_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
#: src/android/logging.md:8
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\n"
" \"liblog_rust\",\n"
" \"liblogger\",\n"
" ],\n"
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
" host_supported: true,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/logging.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
msgstr "_ciao_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
#: src/android/logging.md:24
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Rust logging demo.\n"
"\n"
"use log::{debug, error, info};\n"
"\n"
"/// Logs a greeting.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" logger::init(\n"
" logger::Config::default()\n"
" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n"
" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n"
" );\n"
" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n"
" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n"
" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
#, fuzzy
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
msgstr "Crea, invia ed esegui il file binario sul tuo dispositivo:"
#: src/android/logging.md:44
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m hello_rust_logs\n"
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/tmp\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/logging.md:50
#, fuzzy
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
msgstr "I log vengono visualizzati in `adb logcat`:"
#: src/android/logging.md:52
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ adb logcat -s rust\n"
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n"
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going fine.\n"
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went wrong!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Interoperability"
msgstr "# Interoperabilità"
#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This means\n"
"that you can:"
msgstr ""
"Rust ha un eccellente supporto per l'interoperabilità con altri linguaggi. Questo significa\n"
"che tu puoi:"
#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Call Rust functions from other languages.\n"
"* Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
msgstr ""
"* Richiama le funzioni di Rust da altre lingue.\n"
"* Funzioni di chiamata scritte in altri linguaggi da Rust."
#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a\n"
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
msgstr ""
"Quando chiami funzioni in una lingua straniera diciamo che stai usando a\n"
"_interfaccia funzione straniera_, nota anche come FFI."
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Interoperability with C"
msgstr "# Interoperabilità con C"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention.\n"
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
msgstr ""
"Rust ha il pieno supporto per il collegamento di file oggetto con una convenzione di chiamata C.\n"
"Allo stesso modo, puoi esportare le funzioni di Rust e chiamarle da C."
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
msgstr "Puoi farlo a mano se vuoi:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"extern \"C\" {\n"
" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let x = -42;\n"
" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n"
" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper\n"
"exercise](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
msgstr ""
"Lo abbiamo già visto nel [Safe FFI Wrapper\n"
"esercizio](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"> This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for\n"
"> production."
msgstr ""
"> Ciò presuppone la piena conoscenza della piattaforma di destinazione. Non consigliato per\n"
"> produzione."
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will look at better options next."
msgstr "Vedremo le opzioni migliori in seguito."
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Using Bindgen"
msgstr "# Utilizzo di Bindgen"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) tool\n"
"can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
msgstr ""
"Lo strumento [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html)\n"
"può generare automaticamente collegamenti da un file di intestazione C."
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "First create a small C library:"
msgstr "Per prima cosa crea una piccola libreria C:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"typedef struct card {\n"
" const char* name;\n"
" int years;\n"
"} card;\n"
"\n"
"void print_card(const card* card);\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#include \n"
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
"\n"
"void print_card(const card* card) {\n"
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n"
" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n"
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
#, fuzzy
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
msgstr "Aggiungi questo al tuo file `Android.bp`:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"cc_library {\n"
" name: \"libbirthday\",\n"
" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this\n"
"example):"
msgstr ""
"Crea un file di intestazione wrapper per la libreria (non strettamente necessario in questo\n"
"esempio):"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
msgstr "Ora puoi generare automaticamente le associazioni:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_bindgen {\n"
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n"
" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n"
" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n"
" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n"
" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
msgstr "Infine, possiamo usare i binding nel nostro programma Rust:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n"
" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/main.rs_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"//! Bindgen demo.\n"
"\n"
"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n"
" let card = card {\n"
" name: name.as_ptr(),\n"
" years: 42,\n"
" };\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" print_card(&card as *const card);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m print_birthday_card\n"
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/tmp\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
msgstr ""
"Infine, possiamo eseguire test generati automaticamente per garantire che i binding funzionino:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_test {\n"
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n"
" auto_gen_config: true,\n"
" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n"
" lints: \"none\",\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Calling Rust"
msgstr "# Calling Rust"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
msgstr "Esportare le funzioni e i tipi di Rust in C è facile:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n"
"\n"
"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n"
"\n"
"/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n"
" if x < y {\n"
" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n"
" } else {\n"
" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
"#define ANALYSE_H\n"
"\n"
"extern \"C\" {\n"
"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#endif\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_ffi {\n"
" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n"
" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n"
" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n"
" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
#, fuzzy
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
msgstr "Ora possiamo chiamarlo da un binario C:"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/rust/analyze/main.c_"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#include \"analyze.h\"\n"
"\n"
"int main() {\n"
" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n"
" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n"
" return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/analisi/Android.bp_"
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"cc_binary {\n"
" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n"
" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n"
" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m analyze_numbers\n"
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/tmp\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol will just be the name "
"of\n"
"the function. You can also use `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
msgstr ""
"`#[no_mangle]` disabilita la solita alterazione del nome di Rust, quindi il simbolo esportato sarà "
"solo il nome di\n"
"la funzione. Puoi anche usare `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` per specificare il nome che "
"desideri."
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# With C++"
msgstr "# Con C++"
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [CXX crate][1] makes it possible to do safe interoperability between Rust\n"
"and C++."
msgstr ""
"Il [CXX crate][1] rende possibile l'interoperabilità sicura tra Rust\n"
"e C++."
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
msgstr "L'approccio generale è simile al seguente:"
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid "![](\"cpp/overview.svg\")
"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid "See the [CXX tutorial][2] for an full example of using this."
msgstr "Vedere il [tutorial CXX][2] per un esempio completo di utilizzo di questo."
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Interoperability with Java"
msgstr "# Interoperabilità con Java"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface\n"
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni`\n"
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
msgstr ""
"Java può caricare oggetti condivisi tramite [Java Native Interface\n"
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). Il [`jni`\n"
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) consente di creare una libreria compatibile."
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
msgstr "Innanzitutto, creiamo una funzione Rust da esportare in Java:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/src/lib.rs_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
"\n"
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
"use jni::JNIEnv;\n"
"\n"
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n"
" env: JNIEnv,\n"
" _class: JClass,\n"
" name: JString,\n"
") -> jstring {\n"
" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n"
" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n"
" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n"
" output.into_inner()\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/Android.bp_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
msgstr "Infine, possiamo chiamare questa funzione da Java:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"class HelloWorld {\n"
" private static native String hello(String name);\n"
"\n"
" static {\n"
" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
" System.out.println(output);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"java_binary {\n"
" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
msgstr "Infine, puoi creare, sincronizzare ed eseguire il binario:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m helloworld_jni\n"
"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Exercises"
msgstr "# Esercizi"
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with and\n"
"try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
msgstr ""
"Questo è un esercizio di gruppo: esamineremo uno dei progetti con cui lavori e\n"
"prova a integrarci un po' di ruggine. Alcuni suggerimenti:"
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust.\n"
"\n"
"* Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
msgstr ""
"* Chiama il tuo servizio AIDL con un client scritto in Rust.\n"
"\n"
"* Sposta una funzione dal tuo progetto a Rust e chiamala."
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone in\n"
"the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
msgstr ""
"Nessuna soluzione viene fornita qui poiché questo è a tempo indeterminato: si basa su qualcuno "
"dentro\n"
"la classe ha un pezzo di codice che puoi consegnare a Rust al volo."
#: src/bare-metal.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
msgstr "# Benvenuto in Bare Metal Rust"
#: src/bare-metal.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people who are familiar with "
"the\n"
"basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have "
"some\n"
"experience with bare-metal programming in some other language such as C."
msgstr ""
"Questo è un corso autonomo di un giorno sul bare metal Rust, rivolto a persone che hanno "
"familiarità con il\n"
"nozioni di base di Rust (forse completando il corso completo di Rust), e idealmente anche averne "
"alcune\n"
"esperienza con la programmazione bare metal in qualche altro linguaggio come C."
#: src/bare-metal.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS underneath us. This "
"will\n"
"be divided into several parts:"
msgstr ""
"Oggi parleremo di Rust 'bare-metal': eseguire il codice Rust senza un sistema operativo sotto di "
"noi. Questo sarà\n"
"essere suddiviso in più parti:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"- What is `no_std` Rust?\n"
"- Writing firmware for microcontrollers.\n"
"- Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors.\n"
"- Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
msgstr ""
"- Cos'è \"no_std\" Rust?\n"
"- Scrittura firmware per microcontrollori.\n"
"- Scrittura del codice bootloader/kernel per i processori delle applicazioni.\n"
"- Alcune casse utili per lo sviluppo di ruggine a metallo nudo."
#: src/bare-metal.md:15
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) "
"v2\n"
"as an example. It's a [development board](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the "
"Nordic\n"
"nRF51822 microcontroller with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, "
"and\n"
"an on-board SWD debugger."
msgstr ""
"Per la parte del corso sui microcontrollori utilizzeremo la [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) "
"v2\n"
"come esempio. È una [scheda di sviluppo](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) basata sul Nordic\n"
"microcontrollore nRF51822 con alcuni LED e pulsanti, un accelerometro e una bussola collegati a "
"I2C e\n"
"un debugger SWD integrato."
#: src/bare-metal.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
msgstr "Per iniziare, installa alcuni strumenti che ci serviranno in seguito. Su gLinux o Debian:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:22
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-config qemu-system-"
"arm\n"
"rustup update\n"
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal.md:30
#, fuzzy
msgid "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
msgstr "E dai agli utenti del gruppo `plugdev` l'accesso al programmatore micro:bit:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:32
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n"
" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n"
"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal.md:38
#, fuzzy
msgid "On MacOS:"
msgstr "Su macOS:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:40
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"xcode-select --install\n"
"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n"
"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n"
"rustup update\n"
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `no_std`"
msgstr "# `no_std`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\n"
"
\n"
"\n"
"
"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid "See the [CXX tutorial][2] for an full example of using this."
msgstr "Vedere il [tutorial CXX][2] per un esempio completo di utilizzo di questo."
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Interoperability with Java"
msgstr "# Interoperabilità con Java"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface\n"
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni`\n"
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
msgstr ""
"Java può caricare oggetti condivisi tramite [Java Native Interface\n"
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). Il [`jni`\n"
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) consente di creare una libreria compatibile."
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
msgstr "Innanzitutto, creiamo una funzione Rust da esportare in Java:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/src/lib.rs_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
"\n"
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
"use jni::JNIEnv;\n"
"\n"
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n"
" env: JNIEnv,\n"
" _class: JClass,\n"
" name: JString,\n"
") -> jstring {\n"
" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n"
" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n"
" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n"
" output.into_inner()\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/Android.bp_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
msgstr "Infine, possiamo chiamare questa funzione da Java:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
#, fuzzy
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"class HelloWorld {\n"
" private static native String hello(String name);\n"
"\n"
" static {\n"
" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
" System.out.println(output);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"java_binary {\n"
" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
#, fuzzy
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
msgstr "Infine, puoi creare, sincronizzare ed eseguire il binario:"
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m helloworld_jni\n"
"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Exercises"
msgstr "# Esercizi"
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with and\n"
"try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
msgstr ""
"Questo è un esercizio di gruppo: esamineremo uno dei progetti con cui lavori e\n"
"prova a integrarci un po' di ruggine. Alcuni suggerimenti:"
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust.\n"
"\n"
"* Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
msgstr ""
"* Chiama il tuo servizio AIDL con un client scritto in Rust.\n"
"\n"
"* Sposta una funzione dal tuo progetto a Rust e chiamala."
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone in\n"
"the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
msgstr ""
"Nessuna soluzione viene fornita qui poiché questo è a tempo indeterminato: si basa su qualcuno "
"dentro\n"
"la classe ha un pezzo di codice che puoi consegnare a Rust al volo."
#: src/bare-metal.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
msgstr "# Benvenuto in Bare Metal Rust"
#: src/bare-metal.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people who are familiar with "
"the\n"
"basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have "
"some\n"
"experience with bare-metal programming in some other language such as C."
msgstr ""
"Questo è un corso autonomo di un giorno sul bare metal Rust, rivolto a persone che hanno "
"familiarità con il\n"
"nozioni di base di Rust (forse completando il corso completo di Rust), e idealmente anche averne "
"alcune\n"
"esperienza con la programmazione bare metal in qualche altro linguaggio come C."
#: src/bare-metal.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS underneath us. This "
"will\n"
"be divided into several parts:"
msgstr ""
"Oggi parleremo di Rust 'bare-metal': eseguire il codice Rust senza un sistema operativo sotto di "
"noi. Questo sarà\n"
"essere suddiviso in più parti:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"- What is `no_std` Rust?\n"
"- Writing firmware for microcontrollers.\n"
"- Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors.\n"
"- Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
msgstr ""
"- Cos'è \"no_std\" Rust?\n"
"- Scrittura firmware per microcontrollori.\n"
"- Scrittura del codice bootloader/kernel per i processori delle applicazioni.\n"
"- Alcune casse utili per lo sviluppo di ruggine a metallo nudo."
#: src/bare-metal.md:15
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) "
"v2\n"
"as an example. It's a [development board](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the "
"Nordic\n"
"nRF51822 microcontroller with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, "
"and\n"
"an on-board SWD debugger."
msgstr ""
"Per la parte del corso sui microcontrollori utilizzeremo la [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) "
"v2\n"
"come esempio. È una [scheda di sviluppo](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) basata sul Nordic\n"
"microcontrollore nRF51822 con alcuni LED e pulsanti, un accelerometro e una bussola collegati a "
"I2C e\n"
"un debugger SWD integrato."
#: src/bare-metal.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
msgstr "Per iniziare, installa alcuni strumenti che ci serviranno in seguito. Su gLinux o Debian:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:22
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-config qemu-system-"
"arm\n"
"rustup update\n"
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal.md:30
#, fuzzy
msgid "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
msgstr "E dai agli utenti del gruppo `plugdev` l'accesso al programmatore micro:bit:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:32
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n"
" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n"
"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal.md:38
#, fuzzy
msgid "On MacOS:"
msgstr "Su macOS:"
#: src/bare-metal.md:40
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"xcode-select --install\n"
"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n"
"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n"
"rustup update\n"
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `no_std`"
msgstr "# `no_std`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
""
msgstr ""
"| "
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "`core`"
msgstr "`nucleo`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:9 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" | \n"
""
msgstr ""
" | \n"
""
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12
#, fuzzy
msgid "`alloc`"
msgstr "`alloc`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid "`std`"
msgstr "`std`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" | \n"
""
msgstr ""
"\n"
" | "
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Slices, `&str`, `CStr`\n"
"* `NonZeroU8`...\n"
"* `Option`, `Result`\n"
"* `Display`, `Debug`, `write!`...\n"
"* `Iterator`\n"
"* `panic!`, `assert_eq!`...\n"
"* `NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions\n"
"* `Future` and `async`/`await`\n"
"* `fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`...\n"
"* `Duration`"
msgstr ""
"* Fette, `&str`, `CStr`\n"
"* `NonZeroU8`...\n"
"* `Opzione`, `Risultato`\n"
"* `Display`, `Debug`, `write!`...\n"
"* `Iteratore`\n"
"* `panico!`, `assert_eq!`...\n"
"* `NonNull` e tutte le solite funzioni relative ai puntatori\n"
"* `Future` e `async`/`await`\n"
"* `fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`...\n"
"* `Durata`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:35 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:42
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" | \n"
""
msgstr ""
" | \n"
""
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`\n"
"* `Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`\n"
"* `String`, `CString`, `format!`"
msgstr ""
"* `Scatola`, `Mucca`, `Arco`, `Rc`\n"
"* `Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`\n"
"* `Stringa`, `CStringa`, `formato!`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Error`\n"
"* `HashMap`\n"
"* `Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`\n"
"* `File` and the rest of `fs`\n"
"* `println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`\n"
"* `Path`, `OsString`\n"
"* `net`\n"
"* `Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`\n"
"* `spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`\n"
"* `SystemTime`, `Instant`"
msgstr ""
"* `Errore`\n"
"* `Mappa hash`\n"
"* `Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`\n"
"* `File` e il resto di `fs`\n"
"* `println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` e il resto di `io`\n"
"* `Percorso`, `OsString`\n"
"* `rete`\n"
"* `Comando`, `Figlio`, `CodiceUscita`\n"
"* `spawn`, `sleep` e il resto di `thread`\n"
"* `SystemTime`, `Instant`"
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:56
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" | \n"
" |
|---|
"
msgstr ""
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
""
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `HashMap` depends on RNG.\n"
"* `std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`."
msgstr ""
"* `HashMap` dipende da RNG.\n"
"* `std` riesporta il contenuto sia di `core` che di `alloc`."
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# A minimal `no_std` program"
msgstr "# Un programma `no_std` minimo"
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"\n"
"#[panic_handler]\n"
"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17
msgid ""
"* This will compile to an empty binary.\n"
"* `std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own.\n"
"* It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`.\n"
"* Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to avoid an error "
"about\n"
" `eh_personality`.\n"
"* Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to define your own entry\n"
" point. This will typically involve a linker script and some assembly code to set things up "
"ready\n"
" for Rust code to run."
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `alloc`"
msgstr "# `alloc`"
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To use `alloc` you must implement a\n"
"[global (heap) allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
msgstr ""
"Per usare `alloc` devi implementare a\n"
"[allocatore globale (heap)](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate alloc;\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use alloc::string::ToString;\n"
"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n"
"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n"
"\n"
"#[global_allocator]\n"
"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n"
"\n"
"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n"
"\n"
"pub fn entry() {\n"
" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n"
" .lock()\n"
" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39
msgid ""
"* `buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. "
"Other\n"
" crates are available, or you can write your own or hook into your existing allocator.\n"
"* The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. in this case it can\n"
" allocate regions of up to 2**32 bytes.\n"
"* If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have exactly one global\n"
" allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in the top-level binary crate.\n"
"* `extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` crate is linked in "
"so\n"
" we get its panic handler.\n"
"* This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point."
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Microcontrollers"
msgstr "# Microcontrollori"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for Cortex M "
"microcontrollers."
msgstr ""
"Il crate `cortex_m_rt` fornisce (tra le altre cose) un gestore di reset per i microcontrollori "
"Cortex M."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"mod interrupts;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of abstraction."
msgstr "Successivamente vedremo come accedere alle periferiche, con livelli crescenti di astrazione."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -> !`, because "
"returning\n"
" to the reset handler doesn't make sense.\n"
"* Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
msgstr ""
"* La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` richiede che la funzione abbia il tipo `fn() -> !`, perché "
"restituisce\n"
" al gestore di ripristino non ha senso.\n"
"* Esegui l'esempio con `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Raw MMIO"
msgstr "# MMIO grezzo"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try turning on an LED on our\n"
"micro:bit:"
msgstr ""
"La maggior parte dei microcontrollori accede alle periferiche tramite IO mappato in memoria. "
"Proviamo ad accendere un LED sul nostro\n"
"micro:bit:"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"mod interrupts;\n"
"\n"
"use core::mem::size_of;\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"\n"
"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n"
"\n"
"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n"
"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n"
"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n"
"\n"
"// PIN_CNF fields\n"
"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n"
"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n"
"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n"
"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n"
"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
" let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::()) as *mut u32;\n"
" let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::()) as *mut u32;\n"
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n"
" // no aliases exist.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n"
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
" );\n"
" pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n"
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
" );\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
" let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n"
" let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n"
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n"
" // no aliases exist.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n"
" gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 to the first row."
msgstr ""
"* Il pin 21 di GPIO 0 è collegato alla prima colonna della matrice LED e il pin 28 alla prima riga."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34
#, fuzzy
msgid "Run the example with:"
msgstr "Esegui l'esempio con:"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin mmio\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Peripheral Access Crates"
msgstr "# Casse di accesso periferico"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust wrappers for\n"
"memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index."
"html)\n"
"files."
msgstr ""
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) genera wrapper Rust per lo più sicuri per\n"
"periferiche mappate in memoria da [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index."
"html)\n"
"File."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
" let gpio0 = p.P0;\n"
"\n"
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
" gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n"
" w.dir().output();\n"
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
" w\n"
" });\n"
" gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n"
" w.dir().output();\n"
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
" w\n"
" });\n"
"\n"
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
" gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n"
" gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n"
"\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by silicon vendors which\n"
" describe the memory map of the device.\n"
" * They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, descriptions, "
"addresses\n"
" and so on.\n"
" * SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects which patch the\n"
" mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated crates.\n"
"* `cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things.\n"
"* If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run\n"
" `cargo objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary."
msgstr ""
"* I file SVD (System View Description) sono file XML generalmente forniti da fornitori di silicio "
"che\n"
" descrivere la mappa di memoria del dispositivo.\n"
" * Sono organizzati per periferica, registro, campo e valore, con nomi, descrizioni, indirizzi\n"
" e così via.\n"
" * I file SVD sono spesso difettosi e incompleti, quindi ci sono vari progetti che correggono il "
"file\n"
" errori, aggiungere i dettagli mancanti e pubblicare le casse generate.\n"
"* `cortex-m-rt` fornisce la tabella dei vettori, tra le altre cose.\n"
"* Se `cargo installi cargo-binutils` allora puoi eseguire\n"
" `cargo objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` per vedere il binario risultante."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin pac\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# HAL crates"
msgstr "# casse HAL"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-implementation-crates) "
"for\n"
"many microcontrollers provide wrappers around various peripherals. These generally implement "
"traits\n"
"from [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
msgstr ""
"[Casse HAL](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-implementation-crates) per\n"
"molti microcontrollori forniscono wrapper attorno a varie periferiche. Questi generalmente "
"implementano i tratti\n"
"da [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n"
"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n"
"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n"
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
"\n"
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
" let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n"
" let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
"\n"
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
" col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
" row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * `set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait.\n"
" * HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various STM32, GD32, nRF, "
"NXP,\n"
" MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers."
msgstr ""
" * `set_low` e `set_high` sono metodi sul tratto `embedded_hal` `OutputPin`.\n"
" * Esistono casse HAL per molti dispositivi Cortex-M e RISC-V, inclusi vari STM32, GD32, nRF, "
"NXP,\n"
" Microcontrollori MSP430, AVR e PIC."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin hal\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Board support crates"
msgstr "# Casse di supporto della scheda"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific board for convenience."
msgstr ""
"Le casse di supporto della tavola forniscono un ulteriore livello di avvolgimento per una tavola "
"specifica per comodità."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
"use microbit::Board;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
" let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
" board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, and a bit of\n"
" initialisation.\n"
" * The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the microcontroller\n"
" itself.\n"
" * `microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix."
msgstr ""
" * In questo caso la cassa di supporto della scheda fornisce solo nomi più utili e un po' di\n"
" inizializzazione.\n"
" * Il crate può anche includere driver per alcuni dispositivi integrati al di fuori del "
"microcontrollore\n"
" si.\n"
" * `microbit-v2` include un semplice driver per la matrice LED."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin board_support\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# The type state pattern"
msgstr "# Il modello di stato del tipo"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
"\n"
" let pin: P0_01 = gpio0.p0_01;\n"
"\n"
" // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
" let pin_input: P0_01> = pin.into_floating_input();\n"
" if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n"
" // ...\n"
" }\n"
" let mut pin_output: P0_01> = pin_input\n"
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, Level::Low);\n"
" pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n"
" // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
"\n"
" let _pin2: P0_02> = gpio0\n"
" .p0_02\n"
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, Level::Low);\n"
" let _pin3: P0_03> = gpio0.p0_03.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
"\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can exist. Once a pin is\n"
" moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it.\n"
" * Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you can’t keep use the "
"old\n"
" instance afterwards.\n"
" * The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, the configuration "
"state\n"
" of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into the type system, and ensures that you don't\n"
" try to use a pin in a certain way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state\n"
" transitions are caught at compile time.\n"
" * You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but not vice-versa.\n"
" * Many HAL crates follow this pattern."
msgstr ""
" * I pin non implementano `Copy` o `Clone`, quindi può esistere solo un'istanza di ciascuno. Una "
"volta che uno spillo è\n"
" spostato fuori dalla struttura portuale nessun altro può prenderlo.\n"
" * La modifica della configurazione di un pin consuma la vecchia istanza del pin, quindi non puoi "
"continuare a utilizzare il vecchio\n"
" esempio dopo.\n"
" * Il tipo di un valore indica lo stato in cui si trova: ad es. in questo caso, lo stato di "
"configurazione\n"
" di un pin GPIO. Questo codifica la macchina a stati nel sistema di tipi e garantisce che non lo "
"fai\n"
" provare a utilizzare un pin in un certo modo senza prima configurarlo correttamente. Stato "
"illegale\n"
" le transizioni vengono rilevate in fase di compilazione.\n"
" * Puoi chiamare `is_high` su un pin di input e `set_high` su un pin di output, ma non viceversa.\n"
" * Molte casse HAL seguono questo schema."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `embedded-hal`"
msgstr "# `hal incorporato`"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a number of traits\n"
"covering common microcontroller peripherals."
msgstr ""
"Il crate [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) fornisce una serie di "
"caratteristiche\n"
"che copre le comuni periferiche del microcontrollore."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * GPIO\n"
" * ADC\n"
" * I2C, SPI, UART, CAN\n"
" * RNG\n"
" * Timers\n"
" * Watchdogs"
msgstr ""
" * GPIO\n"
" *ADC\n"
" * I2C, SPI, UART, PUÒ\n"
" * RNG\n"
" * Timer\n"
" * Cani da guardia"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Other crates then implement\n"
"[drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these\n"
"traits, e.g. an accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation."
msgstr ""
"Altre casse quindi implementano\n"
"[driver](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in termini di "
"questi\n"
"tratti, ad es. un driver dell'accelerometro potrebbe richiedere un'implementazione del bus I2C o "
"SPI."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other platforms such as Linux "
"on\n"
"Raspberry Pi.\n"
" * There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it isn't stable yet."
msgstr ""
" * Ci sono implementazioni per molti microcontrollori, così come altre piattaforme come Linux su\n"
"Lampone Pi.\n"
" * C'è lavoro in corso su una versione `async` di `embedded-hal`, ma non è ancora stabile."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
msgstr "# `probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, like OpenOCD but better\n"
"integrated."
msgstr ""
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) è un utile set di strumenti per il debug integrato, come OpenOCD ma "
"migliore\n"
"integrato."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* SWD and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes\n"
"* GDB stub and Microsoft DAP server\n"
"* Cargo integration"
msgstr ""
"* SWD e JTAG tramite sonde CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link e J-Link\n"
"* GDB stub e server Microsoft DAP\n"
"* Integrazione del carico"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log\n"
"RTT output and connect GDB. It's configured by an\n"
"`Embed.toml` file in your project directory."
msgstr ""
"`cargo-embed` è un sottocomando cargo per compilare e aggiornare binari, log\n"
"RTT emette e collega GDB. È configurato da un\n"
"\"Embed.toml\" nella directory del progetto."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* [CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is an Arm standard\n"
" protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the CoreSight Debug Access Port of "
"various\n"
" Arm Cortex processors. It's what the on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses.\n"
"* ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link is a range from\n"
" SEGGER.\n"
"* The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin Serial Wire Debug.\n"
"* probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you want to.\n"
"* The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) "
"lets\n"
" VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any supported microcontroller.\n"
"* cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library.\n"
"* RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug host and the target\n"
" through a number of ringbuffers."
msgstr ""
"* [CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) è uno standard Arm\n"
" protocollo su USB per un debugger in-circuit per accedere alla porta di accesso di debug "
"CoreSight di vari\n"
" Processori Arm Cortex. È ciò che utilizza il debugger integrato sul micro: bit della BBC.\n"
"* ST-Link è una gamma di debugger in-circuit di ST Microelectronics, J-Link è una gamma di\n"
" SEGGER.\n"
"* La porta di accesso al debug è in genere un'interfaccia JTAG a 5 pin o un cavo di debug seriale "
"a 2 pin.\n"
"* probe-rs è una libreria che puoi integrare nei tuoi strumenti se lo desideri.\n"
"* Il [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) "
"consente\n"
" VSCode e altri IDE eseguono il debug del codice in esecuzione su qualsiasi microcontrollore "
"supportato.\n"
"* cargo-embed è un binario creato utilizzando la libreria probe-rs.\n"
"* RTT (Real Time Transfers) è un meccanismo per trasferire i dati tra l'host di debug e il target\n"
" attraverso una serie di ringbuffer."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Debugging"
msgstr "# Debug"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Embed.toml:"
msgstr "Incorpora.toml:"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[default.general]\n"
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
"\n"
"[debug.gdb]\n"
"enabled = true\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
msgstr "In un terminale sotto `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:"
msgstr "In un altro terminale nella stessa directory:"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-command=\"target "
"remote :1337\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid "In GDB, try running:"
msgstr "In GDB, prova a eseguire:"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29
msgid ""
"```gdb\n"
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n"
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n"
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n"
"c\n"
"c\n"
"c\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Other projects"
msgstr "# Altri progetti"
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * [RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)\n"
" * \"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"\n"
" * Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue\n"
" * [Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)\n"
" * `async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB\n"
" * [TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)\n"
" * Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit support\n"
" * [Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)\n"
" * Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, unprivileged drivers, "
"IPC\n"
" * [Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)\n"
" * Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g.\n"
" [esp-idf](https://esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
msgstr ""
" * [RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)\n"
" * \"Concorrenza basata su interrupt in tempo reale\"\n"
" * Gestione delle risorse condivise, passaggio di messaggi, pianificazione delle attività, coda "
"del timer\n"
" * [Ambasciata](https://embassy.dev/)\n"
" * Esecutori `async` con priorità, timer, networking, USB\n"
" * [TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)\n"
" * RTOS incentrato sulla sicurezza con pianificazione preventiva e supporto dell'unità di "
"protezione della memoria\n"
" * [Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)\n"
" * Microkernel RTOS di Oxide Computer Company con protezione della memoria, driver non "
"privilegiati, IPC\n"
" * [Binding per FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)\n"
" * Alcune piattaforme hanno implementazioni `std`, ad es.\n"
" [esp-idf](https://esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework.\n"
" * It doesn't include any HALs.\n"
" * It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for scheduling rather than a\n"
" proper kernel.\n"
" * Cortex-M only.\n"
" * Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys.\n"
" * FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing applications."
msgstr ""
" * RTIC può essere considerato un RTOS o un framework di concorrenza.\n"
" * Non include nessun HAL.\n"
" * Utilizza Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) per la pianificazione piuttosto "
"che un\n"
" kernel corretto.\n"
" * Solo Cortex-M.\n"
" * Google utilizza TockOS sul microcontrollore Haven per le chiavi di sicurezza Titan.\n"
" * FreeRTOS è principalmente scritto in C, ma ci sono collegamenti Rust per la scrittura di "
"applicazioni."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a serial port."
msgstr "Leggeremo la direzione da una bussola I2C e registreremo le letture su una porta seriale."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Compass"
msgstr "# Bussola"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a serial port. If you "
"have\n"
"time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or use the buttons somehow."
msgstr ""
"Leggeremo la direzione da una bussola I2C e registreremo le letture su una porta seriale. Se hai\n"
"tempo, prova a visualizzarlo in qualche modo anche sui LED o usa i pulsanti in qualche modo."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "Hints:"
msgstr "Suggerimenti:"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"- Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) and\n"
" [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) crates, as well as the\n"
" [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/).\n"
"- The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus.\n"
"- TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM.\n"
"- The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::WriteRead`\n"
" trait. The\n"
" [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) "
"struct\n"
" implements this.\n"
"- You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/struct.Board.html)\n"
" struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals.\n"
"- You can also look at the\n"
" [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, "
"but\n"
" it shouldn't be necessary for this exercise."
msgstr ""
"- Controlla la documentazione per [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) e\n"
" [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) e le\n"
" [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/).\n"
"- L'unità di misura inerziale LSM303AGR è collegata al bus I2C interno.\n"
"- TWI è un altro nome per I2C, quindi la periferica master I2C si chiama TWIM.\n"
"- Il driver LSM303AGR necessita di qualcosa che implementi `embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::"
"WriteRead`\n"
" tratto. IL\n"
" [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) "
"struttura\n"
" implementa questo.\n"
"- Hai un [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/struct.Board.html)\n"
" struct con campi per i vari pin e periferiche.\n"
"- Puoi anche guardare il\n"
" [scheda tecnica nRF52833](https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) se vuoi, "
"ma\n"
" non dovrebbe essere necessario per questo esercizio."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and look in the "
"`compass`\n"
"directory for the following files."
msgstr ""
"Scarica il [modello di esercizio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) e guarda nella "
"`bussola`\n"
"directory per i seguenti file."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid "`src/main.rs`:"
msgstr "`src/principale.rs`:"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:28 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:21
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:17 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:55
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:11 src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" // Configure serial port.\n"
" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
" board.UARTE0,\n"
" board.uart.into(),\n"
" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
" );\n"
"\n"
" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
" // TODO\n"
"\n"
" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" loop {\n"
" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
" // TODO\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:365
#, fuzzy
msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:66 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:387
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:63 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:35
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:60
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:367
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[workspace]\n"
"\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"compass\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"publish = false\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n"
"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n"
"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n"
"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n"
"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85
#, fuzzy
msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`Embed.toml` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:87
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[default.general]\n"
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
"\n"
"[debug.gdb]\n"
"enabled = true\n"
"\n"
"[debug.reset]\n"
"halt_afterwards = true\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985
#, fuzzy
msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`.cargo/config.toml` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:102 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:987
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[build]\n"
"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n"
"\n"
"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n"
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112
#, fuzzy
msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:"
msgstr "Guarda l'output seriale su Linux con:"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118
#, fuzzy
msgid "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):"
msgstr ""
"O su Mac OS qualcosa di simile (il nome del dispositivo potrebbe essere leggermente diverso):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124
#, fuzzy
msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom."
msgstr "Usa Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q per uscire da picocom."
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Application processors"
msgstr "# Processori di applicazioni"
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. Now let's try "
"writing\n"
"something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work with QEMU's aarch64\n"
"['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html) board."
msgstr ""
"Finora abbiamo parlato di microcontrollori, come la serie Arm Cortex-M. Ora proviamo a scrivere\n"
"qualcosa per Cortex-A. Per semplicità lavoreremo solo con aarch64 di QEMU\n"
"['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html) scheda."
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of privilege (exception\n"
" levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application processors do.\n"
"* QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each architecture. The\n"
" 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real hardware, but is designed purely for\n"
" virtual machines."
msgstr ""
"* In generale, i microcontrollori non hanno una MMU o più livelli di privilegio (eccezione\n"
" livelli su CPU Arm, anelli su x86), mentre i processori delle applicazioni lo fanno.\n"
"* QEMU supporta l'emulazione di diverse macchine o modelli di scheda per ciascuna architettura. "
"IL\n"
" La scheda 'virt' non corrisponde a nessun particolare hardware reale, ma è progettata "
"esclusivamente per\n"
" macchine virtuali."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Inline assembly"
msgstr "# Assemblaggio in linea"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with Rust code. For example,\n"
"to make an HVC to tell the firmware to power off the system:"
msgstr ""
"A volte abbiamo bisogno di usare l'assembly per fare cose che non sono possibili con il codice "
"Rust. Per esempio,\n"
"per effettuare un HVC per dire al firmware di spegnere il "
"sistema:"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"use core::arch::asm;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"\n"
"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n"
" // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n"
" // anything with memory.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n"
" inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n"
" inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n"
" inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n"
" inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n"
" inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n"
" inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n"
" inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n"
" inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n"
" options(nomem, nostack)\n"
" );\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`][1] crate which has wrappers for all these "
"functions.)"
msgstr "(Se vuoi davvero farlo, usa la cassa [`smccc`][1] che ha wrapper per tutte queste funzioni.)"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of functions to manage "
"system\n"
" and CPU power states, among other things. It is implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on\n"
" many systems.\n"
"* The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the inline assembly code,\n"
" and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use `inout` rather than `in` because the call "
"could\n"
" potentially clobber the contents of the registers.\n"
"* This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because it is called from "
"our\n"
" entry point in `entry.S`.\n"
"* `_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally used by the "
"bootloader\n"
" to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. According to the standard aarch64 calling\n"
" convention (which is what `extern \"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for "
"the\n"
" first 8 arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything special except\n"
" make sure it doesn't change these registers.\n"
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
msgstr ""
"* PSCI è l'Arm Power State Coordination Interface, un insieme standard di funzioni per gestire il "
"sistema\n"
" e gli stati di alimentazione della CPU, tra le altre cose. È implementato dal firmware EL3 e "
"dagli hypervisor su\n"
" molti sistemi.\n"
"* La sintassi `0 => _` significa inizializzare il registro a 0 prima di eseguire il codice "
"assembly inline,\n"
" e ignorarne il contenuto in seguito. Dobbiamo usare \"inout\" piuttosto che \"in\" perché la "
"chiamata potrebbe\n"
" potenzialmente intasare il contenuto dei registri.\n"
"* Questa funzione `main` deve essere `#[no_mangle]` e `extern \"C\"` perché viene chiamata dal "
"nostro\n"
" punto di ingresso in \"entry.S\".\n"
"* `_x0`–`_x3` sono i valori dei registri `x0`–`x3`, che sono convenzionalmente utilizzati dal "
"bootloader\n"
" per passare cose come un puntatore all'albero dei dispositivi. Secondo la chiamata standard "
"aarch64\n"
" convenzione (che è ciò che `extern \"C\"` specifica di usare), i registri `x0`–`x7` sono usati "
"per\n"
" primi 8 argomenti passati a una funzione, quindi `entry.S` non ha bisogno di fare niente di "
"speciale tranne\n"
" assicurati che non modifichi questi registri.\n"
"* Eseguire l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu_psci` in `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Volatile memory access for MMIO"
msgstr "# Accesso alla memoria volatile per MMIO"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`.\n"
" * Never hold a reference.\n"
" * `addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate reference."
msgstr ""
" * Usa `pointer::read_volatile` e `pointer::write_volatile`.\n"
" * Non tenere mai un riferimento.\n"
" * `addr_of!` consente di ottenere campi di struct senza creare un riferimento intermedio."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent the compiler or\n"
" hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them.\n"
" * Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the compiler may assume "
"that\n"
" the value read is the same as the value just written, and not bother actually reading "
"memory.\n"
" * Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but this is unsound.\n"
" Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to dereference it.\n"
" * Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the struct."
msgstr ""
" * Accesso volatile: le operazioni di lettura o scrittura possono avere effetti collaterali, "
"quindi impedisci al compilatore o\n"
" hardware dal riordinarli, duplicarli o eliminarli.\n"
" * Di solito se scrivi e poi leggi, ad es. tramite un riferimento mutabile, il compilatore può "
"assumerlo\n"
" il valore letto è uguale al valore appena scritto, e non disturba effettivamente la lettura "
"della memoria.\n"
" * Alcuni crate esistenti per l'accesso volatile all'hardware contengono riferimenti, ma questo "
"non è corretto.\n"
" Ogni volta che esiste un riferimento, il compilatore può scegliere di dereferenziarlo.\n"
" * Usa la macro `addr_of!` per ottenere i puntatori di campo struct da un puntatore alla struct."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Let's write a UART driver"
msgstr "# Scriviamo un driver UART"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011][1] UART, so let's write a driver for that."
msgstr "La macchina QEMU 'virt' ha un [PL011][1] UART, quindi scriviamo un driver per quello."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n"
"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n"
"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n"
"\n"
"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"pub struct Uart {\n"
" base_address: *mut u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Uart {\n"
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
" /// given base address.\n"
" ///\n"
" /// # Safety\n"
" ///\n"
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of a\n"
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the process\n"
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n"
" Self { base_address }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n"
"\n"
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
" self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n"
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
" unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET).read_volatile() }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is because as long as "
"the\n"
" caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety requirements are met (i.e. that there is only\n"
" ever one instance of the driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space),\n"
" then it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the necessary\n"
" preconditions.\n"
"* We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but `write_byte` unsafe), but "
"that\n"
" would be much less convenient to use as every place that calls `write_byte` would need to "
"reason\n"
" about the safety\n"
"* This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving the burden of proof "
"for\n"
" soundness from a large number of places to a smaller number of places."
msgstr ""
"* Nota che `Uart::new` non è sicuro mentre gli altri metodi sono sicuri. Questo perché finché il\n"
" chiamante di `Uart::new` garantisce che i suoi requisiti di sicurezza siano soddisfatti (cioè "
"che ci sia solo\n"
" mai un'istanza del driver per un dato UART, e nient'altro che alias il suo spazio degli "
"indirizzi),\n"
" quindi è sempre sicuro chiamare `write_byte` in seguito perché possiamo assumere il necessario\n"
" precondizioni.\n"
"* Avremmo potuto fare il contrario (rendere `new` sicuro ma `write_byte` non sicuro), ma quello\n"
" sarebbe molto meno conveniente da usare poiché ogni posto che chiama `write_byte` dovrebbe "
"ragionare\n"
" sulla sicurezza\n"
"* Questo è un modello comune per scrivere wrapper sicuri di codice non sicuro: spostare l'onere "
"della prova per\n"
" solidità da un gran numero di posti a un numero minore di posti."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:66
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# More traits"
msgstr "# Altri tratti"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more traits too."
msgstr "Abbiamo derivato il tratto `Debug`. Sarebbe utile implementare anche qualche altro tratto."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
"\n"
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
" }\n"
" Ok(())\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
"// accessed from any context.\n"
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our `Uart` type.\n"
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
msgstr ""
"* L'implementazione di `Write` ci permette di usare le macro `write!` e `writeln!` con il nostro "
"tipo `Uart`.\n"
"* Esegui l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu_minimal` sotto `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# A better UART driver"
msgstr "# Un driver UART migliore"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers][1], and adding offsets to construct pointers to "
"access\n"
"them is error-prone and hard to read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to\n"
"access in a structured way."
msgstr ""
"Il PL011 in realtà ha [un mucchio di registri in più][1] e aggiunge offset per costruire puntatori "
"a cui accedere\n"
"è soggetto a errori e difficile da leggere. Inoltre, alcuni di loro sono campi di bit che "
"sarebbero carini\n"
"accedere in modo strutturato."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"| Offset | Register name | Width |\n"
"| ------ | ------------- | ----- |\n"
"| 0x00 | DR | 12 |\n"
"| 0x04 | RSR | 4 |\n"
"| 0x18 | FR | 9 |\n"
"| 0x20 | ILPR | 8 |\n"
"| 0x24 | IBRD | 16 |\n"
"| 0x28 | FBRD | 6 |\n"
"| 0x2c | LCR_H | 8 |\n"
"| 0x30 | CR | 16 |\n"
"| 0x34 | IFLS | 6 |\n"
"| 0x38 | IMSC | 11 |\n"
"| 0x3c | RIS | 11 |\n"
"| 0x40 | MIS | 11 |\n"
"| 0x44 | ICR | 11 |\n"
"| 0x48 | DMACR | 3 |"
msgstr ""
"| Compensazione | Registra nome | Larghezza |\n"
"| ------ | ------------- | ----- |\n"
"| 0x00 | DR | 12 |\n"
"| 0x04 | RSR | 4 |\n"
"| 0x18 | FR | 9 |\n"
"| 0x20 | ILPR | 8 |\n"
"| 0x24 | BIRS | 16 |\n"
"| 0x28 | FBRD | 6 |\n"
"| 0x2c | LCR_H | 8 |\n"
"| 0x30 | CR | 16 |\n"
"| 0x34 | IFL | 6 |\n"
"| 0x38 | IMSC | 11 |\n"
"| 0x3c | RIS| 11 |\n"
"| 0x40 | MIS | 11 |\n"
"| 0x44 | CRI | 11 |\n"
"| 0x48 | DMACR | 3 |"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid "- There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity."
msgstr "- Sono inoltre presenti alcuni registri identificativi che per brevità sono stati omessi."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Bitflags"
msgstr "# Bitflag"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for working with bitflags."
msgstr ""
"Il crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) è utile per lavorare con i bitflags."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
"\n"
"bitflags! {\n"
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
" /// Clear to send.\n"
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
" /// Data set ready.\n"
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along with a bunch of "
"method\n"
" implementations to get and set flags."
msgstr ""
"* La macro `bitflags!` crea un nuovo tipo qualcosa come `Flags(u16)`, insieme a una serie di "
"metodi\n"
" implementazioni per ottenere e impostare flag."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Multiple registers"
msgstr "# Più registri"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers."
msgstr "Possiamo usare una struct per rappresentare il layout di memoria dei registri dell'UART."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
"struct Registers {\n"
" dr: u16,\n"
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
" fr: Flags,\n"
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
" ilpr: u8,\n"
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
" ibrd: u16,\n"
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
" fbrd: u8,\n"
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
" cr: u16,\n"
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
" ifls: u8,\n"
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
" imsc: u16,\n"
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
" ris: u16,\n"
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
" mis: u16,\n"
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
" icr: u16,\n"
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
" dmacr: u8,\n"
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* [`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-representation) tells\n"
" the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, following the same rules as C. This is\n"
" necessary for our struct to have a predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows "
"the\n"
" compiler to (among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit."
msgstr ""
"* [`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-representation) "
"indica\n"
" il compilatore per disporre i campi struct in ordine, seguendo le stesse regole di C. Questo è\n"
" necessario affinché la nostra struttura abbia un layout prevedibile, poiché la rappresentazione "
"predefinita di Rust lo consente\n"
" compilatore per (tra le altre cose) riordinare i campi come meglio crede."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Driver"
msgstr "# Autista"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver."
msgstr "Ora usiamo la nuova struttura `Registers` nel nostro driver."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"pub struct Uart {\n"
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Uart {\n"
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
" /// given base address.\n"
" ///\n"
" /// # Safety\n"
" ///\n"
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of a\n"
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the process\n"
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
" Self {\n"
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
"\n"
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been received.\n"
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n"
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
" None\n"
" } else {\n"
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() };\n"
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
" Some(data as u8)\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual fields without "
"creating\n"
" an intermediate reference, which would be unsound."
msgstr ""
"* Notare l'uso di `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` per ottenere puntatori a singoli campi senza creare\n"
" un riferimento intermedio, che sarebbe errato."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Using it"
msgstr "# Usandolo"
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, and echo incoming\n"
"bytes."
msgstr ""
"Scriviamo un piccolo programma usando il nostro driver per scrivere sulla console seriale ed echo "
"in entrata\n"
"byte."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"mod pl011;\n"
"\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"use log::error;\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
" let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"\n"
" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" loop {\n"
" if let Some(b) = uart.read_byte() {\n"
" uart.write_byte(b);\n"
" match b {\n"
" b'\\r' => {\n"
" uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n"
" }\n"
" b'q' => break,\n"
" _ => {}\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` function is called from "
"our\n"
" entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker notes there for details.\n"
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
msgstr ""
"* Come nell'esempio [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md), questa funzione `main` è chiamata "
"dal nostro\n"
" codice del punto di ingresso in \"entry.S\". Vedi le note del relatore lì per i dettagli.\n"
"* Esegui l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu` sotto `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`][1] crate. We can do this "
"by\n"
"implementing the `Log` trait."
msgstr ""
"Sarebbe bello poter usare le macro di registrazione dalla cassa [`log`][1]. Possiamo farlo con\n"
"implementando il tratto `Log`."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
"\n"
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"struct Logger {\n"
" uart: SpinMutex>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
" true\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
" writeln!(\n"
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
" record.level(),\n"
" record.args()\n"
" )\n"
" .unwrap();\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), SetLoggerError> {\n"
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
"\n"
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
" Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50
#, fuzzy
msgid "* The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling `set_logger`."
msgstr "* L'unwrap in `log` è sicuro perché inizializziamo `LOGGER` prima di chiamare `set_logger`."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it."
msgstr "Dobbiamo inizializzare il logger prima di usarlo."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"mod logger;\n"
"mod pl011;\n"
"\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n"
"\n"
" assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n"
"\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[panic_handler]\n"
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics.\n"
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
msgstr ""
"* Nota che il nostro gestore del panico ora può registrare i dettagli dei panico.\n"
"* Eseguire l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu_logger` in `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * [oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)\n"
" * \"coreboot without the C\"\n"
" * Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V.\n"
" * Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself.\n"
" * [Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)\n"
" * Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, exception handling, "
"page tables\n"
" * Not all very well written, so beware.\n"
" * [`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)\n"
" * Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage."
msgstr ""
" * [oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)\n"
" * \"coreboot senza la C\"\n"
" * Supporta x86, aarch64 e RISC-V.\n"
" * Si basa su LinuxBoot piuttosto che avere molti driver.\n"
" * [Tutorial sul sistema operativo Rust RaspberryPi](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)\n"
" * Inizializzazione, driver UART, bootloader semplice, JTAG, livelli di eccezione, gestione "
"delle eccezioni, tabelle delle pagine\n"
" * Non tutto molto ben scritto, quindi attenzione.\n"
" * [`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)\n"
" * Analisi statica per determinare l'utilizzo massimo dello stack."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Useful crates"
msgstr "# Casse utili"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal programming."
msgstr ""
"Esamineremo alcune casse che risolvono alcuni problemi comuni nella programmazione bare-metal."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `zerocopy`"
msgstr "# `zerocopia`"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`zerocopy`][1] crate (from Fuchsia) provides traits and macros for safely converting between\n"
"byte sequences and other types."
msgstr ""
"La cassa [`zerocopy`][1] (da Fuchsia) fornisce tratti e macro per la conversione sicura tra\n"
"sequenze di byte e altri tipi."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n"
"\n"
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
"enum RequestType {\n"
" #[default]\n"
" In = 0,\n"
" Out = 1,\n"
" Flush = 4,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[repr(C)]\n"
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
"struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
" request_type: RequestType,\n"
" reserved: u32,\n"
" sector: u64,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
" request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n"
" sector: 42,\n"
" ..Default::default()\n"
" };\n"
"\n"
" assert_eq!(\n"
" request.as_bytes(),\n"
" &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n"
" );\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), but can be useful "
"for\n"
"working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by DMA, or sent over some external interface."
msgstr ""
"Questo non è adatto per MMIO (poiché non utilizza letture e scritture volatili), ma può essere "
"utile per\n"
"lavorare con strutture condivise con l'hardware, ad es. tramite DMA o inviato tramite "
"un'interfaccia esterna."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is valid, and so can safely "
"be\n"
" converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes.\n"
"* Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because `RequestType` doesn't use "
"all\n"
" possible u32 values as discriminants, so not all byte patterns are valid.\n"
"* `zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives.\n"
"* Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-example/`. (It "
"won't\n"
" run in the Playground because of the crate dependency.)"
msgstr ""
"* `FromBytes` può essere implementato per i tipi per i quali qualsiasi modello di byte è valido, e "
"quindi può tranquillamente esserlo\n"
" convertito da una sequenza di byte non attendibile.\n"
"* Il tentativo di derivare `FromBytes` per questi tipi fallirebbe, perché `RequestType` non usa "
"tutti\n"
" possibili valori u32 come discriminanti, quindi non tutti i modelli di byte sono validi.\n"
"* `zerocopy::byteorder` ha tipi per primitive numeriche che riconoscono l'ordine dei byte.\n"
"* Esegui l'esempio con `cargo run` sotto `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-example/`. (Non lo "
"farà\n"
" eseguito nel Parco giochi a causa della dipendenza dalla cassa.)"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `aarch64-paging`"
msgstr "# `aarch64-paging`"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The [`aarch64-paging`][1] crate lets you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual "
"Memory\n"
"System Architecture."
msgstr ""
"Il crate [`aarch64-paging`][1] consente di creare tabelle di pagine in base alla memoria virtuale "
"AArch64\n"
"Architettura di sistema."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use aarch64_paging::{\n"
" idmap::IdMap,\n"
" paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"const ASID: usize = 1;\n"
"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n"
"\n"
"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n"
"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n"
"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n"
"idmap.map_range(\n"
" &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n"
" Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n"
").unwrap();\n"
"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n"
"idmap.activate();\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should be straightforward "
"to\n"
" add.\n"
"* This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware][2].\n"
"* There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware or under QEMU."
msgstr ""
"* Per ora supporta solo EL1, ma il supporto per altri livelli di eccezione dovrebbe essere "
"semplice\n"
" aggiungere.\n"
"* Viene utilizzato in Android per il [Firmware VM protetto][2].\n"
"* Non esiste un modo semplice per eseguire questo esempio, poiché deve essere eseguito su hardware "
"reale o sotto QEMU."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `buddy_system_allocator`"
msgstr "# `buddy_system_allocator`"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[`buddy_system_allocator`][1] is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator.\n"
"It can be used both for [`LockedHeap`][2] implementing [`GlobalAlloc`][3] so you can use the\n"
"standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before][4]), or for allocating other address space. For "
"example,\n"
"we might want to allocate MMIO space for PCI BARs:"
msgstr ""
"[`buddy_system_allocator`][1] è un crate di terze parti che implementa un allocatore di sistema "
"buddy di base.\n"
"Può essere utilizzato sia per [`LockedHeap`][2] che implementa [`GlobalAlloc`][3] in modo da poter "
"utilizzare il\n"
"crate standard `alloc` (come abbiamo visto [prima][4]), o per allocare altro spazio di indirizzi. "
"Per esempio,\n"
"potremmo voler allocare spazio MMIO per PCI BAR:"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n"
"use core::alloc::Layout;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n"
" allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n"
"\n"
" let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n"
" let bar = allocator\n"
" .alloc_aligned(layout)\n"
" .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n"
" println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size.\n"
"* Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/allocator-example/`. (It "
"won't\n"
" run in the Playground because of the crate dependency.)"
msgstr ""
"* Le barre PCI hanno sempre un allineamento uguale alla loro dimensione.\n"
"* Esegui l'esempio con `cargo run` sotto `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/allocator-example/`. (Non "
"lo farà\n"
" eseguito nel Parco giochi a causa della dipendenza dalla cassa.)"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `tinyvec`"
msgstr "# `tinyvec`"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without heap allocation.\n"
"[`tinyvec`][1] provides this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically\n"
"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used and panics if you try "
"to\n"
"use more than are allocated."
msgstr ""
"A volte vuoi qualcosa che possa essere ridimensionato come un `Vec`, ma senza allocazione "
"dell'heap.\n"
"[`tinyvec`][1] fornisce questo: un vettore supportato da un array o da una slice, che potrebbe "
"essere staticamente\n"
"allocato o in pila, che tiene traccia di quanti elementi vengono utilizzati e va in panico se ci "
"provi\n"
"utilizzare più di quanto assegnato."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n"
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
" numbers.push(7);\n"
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
" numbers.remove(1);\n"
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for initialisation.\n"
"* The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline."
msgstr ""
"* `tinyvec` richiede che il tipo di elemento implementi `Default` per l'inizializzazione.\n"
"* Rust Playground include `tinyvec`, quindi questo esempio funzionerà correttamente in linea."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `spin`"
msgstr "# `gira`"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` are not available in\n"
"`core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or interior mutability, such as for sharing\n"
"state between different CPUs?"
msgstr ""
"`std::sync::Mutex` e le altre primitive di sincronizzazione da `std::sync` non sono disponibili "
"in\n"
"`core` o `alloc`. Come gestire la sincronizzazione o la mutevolezza interiore, ad esempio per la "
"condivisione\n"
"stato tra diverse CPU?"
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid "The [`spin`][1] crate provides spinlock-based equivalents of many of these primitives."
msgstr "La cassa [`spin`][1] fornisce equivalenti basati su spinlock di molte di queste primitive."
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
"\n"
"static counter: SpinMutex = SpinMutex::new(0);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
" *counter.lock() += 2;\n"
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23
msgid ""
"* Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers.\n"
"* `spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, `Barrier` and "
"`Once`\n"
" from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation.\n"
"* The [`once_cell`][2] crate also has some useful types for late initialisation with a slightly\n"
" different approach to `spin::once::Once`.\n"
"* The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline."
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Android"
msgstr "#Androide"
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a `rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to "
"build\n"
"your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a\n"
"`raw_binary` to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run."
msgstr ""
"Per costruire un binario Rust bare-metal in AOSP, devi usare una regola `rust_ffi_static` Soong "
"per costruire\n"
"il tuo codice Rust, poi un `cc_binary` con uno script linker per produrre il binario stesso, e poi "
"a\n"
"`raw_binary` per convertire l'ELF in un binario grezzo pronto per essere eseguito."
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7
msgid ""
"```soong\n"
"rust_ffi_static {\n"
" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n"
" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
" rustlibs: [\n"
" \"libvmbase\",\n"
" ],\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"cc_binary {\n"
" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n"
" srcs: [\n"
" \"idmap.S\",\n"
" ],\n"
" static_libs: [\n"
" \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
" ],\n"
" linker_scripts: [\n"
" \"image.ld\",\n"
" \":vmbase_sections\",\n"
" ],\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"raw_binary {\n"
" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n"
" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n"
" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n"
" enabled: false,\n"
" target: {\n"
" android_arm64: {\n"
" enabled: true,\n"
" },\n"
" },\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# vmbase"
msgstr "# vbase"
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase][1] library provides a linker script and "
"useful\n"
"defaults for the build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more."
msgstr ""
"Per le VM in esecuzione in crosvm su aarch64, la libreria [vmbase][1] fornisce uno script linker e "
"utili\n"
"impostazioni predefinite per le regole di compilazione, insieme a un punto di ingresso, la "
"registrazione della console UART e altro ancora."
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"use vmbase::{main, println};\n"
"\n"
"main!(main);\n"
"\n"
"pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n"
" println!(\"Hello world\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` entry point.\n"
"* The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to "
"shutdown\n"
" the VM if your main function returns."
msgstr ""
"* La macro `main!` contrassegna la tua funzione principale, da chiamare dal punto di ingresso "
"`vmbase`.\n"
"* Il punto di ingresso `vmbase` gestisce l'inizializzazione della console ed emette un "
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF per l'arresto\n"
" la VM se la tua funzione principale ritorna."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device."
msgstr "Scriveremo un driver per il dispositivo orologio in tempo reale PL031."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# RTC driver"
msgstr "# Driver RTC"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031][1] real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, "
"you\n"
"should write a driver for it."
msgstr ""
"La macchina QEMU aarch64 virt ha un orologio in tempo reale [PL031][1] a 0x9010000. Per questo "
"esercizio, tu\n"
"dovrebbe scrivere un driver per esso."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"1. Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the [`chrono`][2] crate "
"for\n"
" date/time formatting.\n"
"2. Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given time, e.g. 3 "
"seconds\n"
" in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`][3] inside the loop.)\n"
"3. _Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by the RTC match. You "
"can\n"
" use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`][4] crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt "
"Controller.\n"
" - Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`.\n"
" - Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::wfi()`, which will "
"cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"1. Usalo per stampare l'ora corrente sulla console seriale. Puoi usare la cassa [`chrono`][2] per\n"
" formattazione data/ora.\n"
"2. Utilizzare il registro delle corrispondenze e lo stato di interrupt non elaborato per attendere "
"occupato fino a un determinato momento, ad es. 3 secondi\n"
" in futuro. (Chiama [`core::hint::spin_loop`][3] all'interno del ciclo.)\n"
"3. _Estensione se hai tempo:_ Abilita e gestisci l'interrupt generato dalla corrispondenza RTC. "
"Puoi\n"
" utilizzare il driver fornito nella cassa [`arm-gic`][4] per configurare Arm Generic Interrupt "
"Controller.\n"
" - Usa l'interrupt RTC, che è cablato al GIC come `IntId::spi(2)`.\n"
" - Una volta abilitato l'interrupt, puoi mettere il core in sleep tramite `arm_gic::wfi()`, che "
"farà dormire il core finché non riceve un interrupt.\n"
" "
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and look in the `rtc`\n"
"directory for the following files."
msgstr ""
"Scarica il [modello di esercizio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) e cerca in `rtc`\n"
"directory per i seguenti file."
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"mod logger;\n"
"mod pl011;\n"
"\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
"\n"
" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n"
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
" gic.setup();\n"
"\n"
" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n"
"\n"
" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n"
"\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[panic_handler]\n"
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
" loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75
#, fuzzy
msgid "`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of the exercise):"
msgstr "`src/exceptions.rs` (dovresti solo cambiarlo per la terza parte dell'esercizio):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:77
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
"use log::{error, info, trace};\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n"
" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending interrupt\");\n"
" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" error!(\"serr_current\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n"
" system_off::().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149
#, fuzzy
msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:151
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
"\n"
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"struct Logger {\n"
" uart: SpinMutex>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
" true\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
" writeln!(\n"
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
" record.level(),\n"
" record.args()\n"
" )\n"
" .unwrap();\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), SetLoggerError> {\n"
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
"\n"
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
" Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210
#, fuzzy
msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:212
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"#![allow(unused)]\n"
"\n"
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Flags\n"
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
"\n"
"bitflags! {\n"
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
" /// Clear to send.\n"
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
" /// Data set ready.\n"
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n"
"\n"
"bitflags! {\n"
" /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n"
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
" struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n"
" /// Framing error.\n"
" const FE = 1 << 0;\n"
" /// Parity error.\n"
" const PE = 1 << 1;\n"
" /// Break error.\n"
" const BE = 1 << 2;\n"
" /// Overrun error.\n"
" const OE = 1 << 3;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Registers\n"
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
"struct Registers {\n"
" dr: u16,\n"
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
" fr: Flags,\n"
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
" ilpr: u8,\n"
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
" ibrd: u16,\n"
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
" fbrd: u8,\n"
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
" cr: u16,\n"
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
" ifls: u8,\n"
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
" imsc: u16,\n"
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
" ris: u16,\n"
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
" mis: u16,\n"
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
" icr: u16,\n"
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
" dmacr: u8,\n"
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Uart\n"
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"pub struct Uart {\n"
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Uart {\n"
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
" /// given base address.\n"
" ///\n"
" /// # Safety\n"
" ///\n"
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of a\n"
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the process\n"
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
" Self {\n"
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
"\n"
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
" unsafe {\n"
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been received.\n"
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option {\n"
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
" None\n"
" } else {\n"
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() };\n"
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
" Some(data as u8)\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n"
"\n"
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
" }\n"
" Ok(())\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
"// accessed from any context.\n"
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[workspace]\n"
"\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"rtc\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"publish = false\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n"
"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n"
"log = \"0.4.17\"\n"
"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n"
"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n"
"\n"
"[build-dependencies]\n"
"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410
#, fuzzy
msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`build.rs` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:412
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"use cc::Build;\n"
"use std::env;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n"
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n"
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n"
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n"
"\n"
" Build::new()\n"
" .file(\"entry.S\")\n"
" .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n"
" .file(\"idmap.S\")\n"
" .compile(\"empty\")\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446
#, fuzzy
msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`entry.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:448
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450
msgid ""
"```armasm\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n"
"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n"
"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n"
"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n"
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n"
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n"
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n"
".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n"
".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n"
"\n"
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n"
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n"
"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation fault instead. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n"
"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n"
"/*\n"
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate write-allocate\n"
" * cacheable.\n"
" */\n"
".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n"
"/*\n"
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate write-allocate\n"
" * cacheable.\n"
" */\n"
".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n"
"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n"
".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n"
".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | .L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n"
".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | .L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n"
"\n"
"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n"
"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n"
"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n"
"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n"
"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n"
"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n"
"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << 28) | (0x1 << 29)\n"
".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | ."
"L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n"
".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations required to prepare "
"the\n"
" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using registers x25 and above,\n"
" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception vector. It preserves x0-"
"x3\n"
" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n"
" */\n"
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
".global entry\n"
"entry:\n"
"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU and caches. */\n"
"\tadrp x30, idmap\n"
"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
"\n"
"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any potentially stale\n"
"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\ttlbi vmalle1\n"
"\tic iallu\n"
"\tdsb nsh\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until this has completed.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n"
"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n"
"\tb.hs 1f\n"
"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
"\tb 0b\n"
"\n"
"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n"
"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
"\tmov sp, x30\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n"
"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n"
"\tbl main\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
"2:\twfi\n"
"\tb 2b\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595
#, fuzzy
msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`eccezioni.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:597
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599
msgid ""
"```armasm\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 instructions\n"
" * left.\n"
" *\n"
" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 respectively,\n"
" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent call.\n"
" */\n"
".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n"
"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n"
"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n"
"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n"
"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n"
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving 18\n"
" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n"
" * instructions to spare.\n"
" */\n"
".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n"
"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n"
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n"
"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n"
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while using\n"
" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, doing\n"
" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n"
" *\n"
" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n"
" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can implement\n"
" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n"
" */\n"
".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n"
"\tmsr spsel, #1\n"
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
"\tbl \\handler\n"
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
"\tmsr spsel, #0\n"
"\teret\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while using\n"
" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores volatile\n"
" * registers, then returns.\n"
" *\n"
" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n"
" * non-volatile registers.\n"
" *\n"
" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n"
" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the whole\n"
" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n"
" */\n"
".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n"
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
"\tbl \\handler\n"
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
"\teret\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n"
".global vector_table_el1\n"
".balign 0x800\n"
"vector_table_el1:\n"
"sync_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"sync_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"sync_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"sync_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780
#, fuzzy
msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`idmap.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:782
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784
msgid ""
"```armasm\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n"
".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n"
".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n"
"\n"
"/* Access flag. */\n"
".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n"
"/* Not global. */\n"
".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n"
".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n"
"\n"
".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n"
".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner shareable\n"
"\n"
".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n"
".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n"
"\n"
".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n"
".global idmap\n"
".align 12\n"
"idmap:\n"
"\t/* level 1 */\n"
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n"
"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n"
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829
#, fuzzy
msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`image.ld` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:831
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833
msgid ""
"```ld\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
"/*\n"
" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of the\n"
" * image.\n"
" */\n"
"ENTRY(entry)\n"
"\n"
"MEMORY\n"
"{\n"
"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"SECTIONS\n"
"{\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Collect together the code.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n"
"\t\t*(.init.*)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\t.text : {\n"
"\t\t*(.text.*)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\ttext_end = .;\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\t.got : {\n"
"\t\t*(.got)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\trodata_end = .;\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n"
"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.data.*)\n"
"\t\t/*\n"
"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n"
"\t\t * bytes long.\n"
"\t\t */\n"
"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n"
"\t\tdata_end = .;\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n"
"\tbin_end = .;\n"
"\n"
"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n"
"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n"
"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n"
"\t\t*(COMMON)\n"
"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n"
"\t\tbss_end = .;\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\n"
"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n"
"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n"
"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\n"
"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n"
"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n"
"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n"
"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n"
"\t\t*(.hash)\n"
"\t\t*(.interp)\n"
"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n"
"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n"
"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n"
"\t}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940
#, fuzzy
msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr "`Makefile` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:942
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944
msgid ""
"```makefile\n"
"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"#\n"
"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"#\n"
"# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"#\n"
"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"# limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n"
"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n"
"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n"
"else\n"
"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n"
"endif\n"
"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n"
"\n"
".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n"
"\n"
"all: rtc.bin\n"
"\n"
"build:\n"
"\tcargo build\n"
"\n"
"rtc.bin: build\n"
"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n"
"\n"
"qemu: rtc.bin\n"
"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio -display none -kernel "
"$< -s\n"
"\n"
"clean:\n"
"\tcargo clean\n"
"\trm -f *.bin\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[build]\n"
"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n"
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995
#, fuzzy
msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`."
msgstr "Esegui il codice in QEMU con `make qemu`."
#: src/concurrency.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
msgstr "Benvenuti a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
#: src/concurrency.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and\n"
"channels."
msgstr ""
"Rust ha il pieno supporto per la concorrenza utilizzando i thread del sistema operativo con mutex "
"e\n"
"canali."
#: src/concurrency.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs\n"
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since you\n"
"can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
msgstr ""
"Il sistema di tipo Rust gioca un ruolo importante nella creazione di molti bug di concorrenza\n"
"bug in fase di compilazione. Questo è spesso indicato come _concorrenza senza paura_ da quando tu\n"
"può fare affidamento sul compilatore per garantire la correttezza in fase di esecuzione."
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Threads"
msgstr "# Discussioni"
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
msgstr "I thread Rust funzionano in modo simile ai thread in altre lingue:"
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
" }\n"
" });\n"
"\n"
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them.\n"
"* Thread panics are independent of each other.\n"
" * Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
msgstr ""
"* I thread sono tutti thread demoni, il thread principale non li aspetta.\n"
"* I thread panic sono indipendenti l'uno dall'altro.\n"
" * Panics può trasportare un payload, che può essere decompresso con `downcast_ref`."
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is\n"
" not waiting.\n"
"\n"
"* Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for\n"
" the thread to finish.\n"
"\n"
"* Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`.\n"
"\n"
"* Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the panic\n"
" payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`]."
msgstr ""
"* Si noti che il thread viene interrotto prima che raggiunga 10 — il thread principale lo è\n"
" non aspettare.\n"
"\n"
"* Usa `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` e successivamente `handle.join()` per aspettare\n"
" il filo per finire.\n"
"\n"
"* Attivare un panico nel thread, notare come questo non influisca su `main`.\n"
"\n"
"* Usa il valore di ritorno `Result` da `handle.join()` per ottenere l'accesso al panico\n"
" carico utile. Questo è un buon momento per parlare di [`Any`]."
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Scoped Threads"
msgstr "# Thread con ambito"
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
msgstr "I thread normali non possono prendere in prestito dal loro ambiente:"
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
" });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid "However, you can use a [scoped thread][1] for this:"
msgstr "Tuttavia, puoi utilizzare un [thread con ambito][1] per questo:"
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
" thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
" scope.spawn(|| {\n"
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
" });\n"
" });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all the threads are "
"guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data.\n"
"* Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one thread, or immutably by "
"any number of threads.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* La ragione di ciò è che quando la funzione `thread::scope` viene completata, è garantito che "
"tutti i thread vengano uniti, in modo che possano restituire dati presi in prestito.\n"
"* Si applicano le normali regole di prestito di Rust: puoi prendere in prestito in modo mutabile "
"da un thread o immutabile da un numero qualsiasi di thread.\n"
" "
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Channels"
msgstr "# Canali"
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two parts\n"
"are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
msgstr ""
"I canali Rust hanno due parti: un `Sender` e un `Receiver`. Le due parti\n"
"sono collegati tramite il canale, ma vedi solo i punti finali."
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"\n"
" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` implement `Clone` "
"(so\n"
" you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does not.\n"
"* `send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the counterpart `Sender` "
"or\n"
" `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
msgstr ""
"* `mpsc` sta per Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` e `SyncSender` implementano `Clone` "
"(quindi\n"
" puoi creare più produttori) ma `Receiver` no.\n"
"* `send()` e `recv()` restituiscono `Risultato`. Se restituiscono \"Err\", significa che la "
"controparte \"Mittente\" o\n"
" `Receiver` viene eliminato e il canale viene chiuso."
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Unbounded Channels"
msgstr "# Canali illimitati"
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
msgstr "Ottieni un canale illimitato e asincrono con `mpsc::channel()`:"
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
" });\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
" println!(\"Main: got {}\", msg);\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Bounded Channels"
msgstr "# Canali delimitati"
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:"
msgstr "I canali limitati e sincroni fanno in modo che `send` blocchi il thread corrente:"
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n"
"\n"
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
" }\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
" });\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Send` and `Sync`"
msgstr "# `Invia` e `Sincronizza`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in two traits:"
msgstr ""
"Come fa Rust a sapere di vietare l'accesso condiviso attraverso il thread? La risposta è in due "
"tratti:"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* [`Send`][1]: a type `T` is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread\n"
" boundary.\n"
"* [`Sync`][2]: a type `T` is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread\n"
" boundary."
msgstr ""
"* [`Send`][1]: un tipo `T` è `Send` se è sicuro spostare una `T` attraverso un thread\n"
" confine.\n"
"* [`Sync`][2]: un tipo `T` è `Sync` se è sicuro spostare una `&T` attraverso un thread\n"
" confine."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits][3]. The compiler will automatically derive them for your "
"types\n"
"as long as they only contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
"you\n"
"know it is valid."
msgstr ""
"\"Send\" e \"Sync\" sono [tratti non sicuri][3]. Il compilatore li deriverà automaticamente per i "
"tuoi tipi\n"
"purché contengano solo i tipi \"Send\" e \"Sync\". Puoi anche implementarli manualmente quando tu\n"
"sapere che è valido."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-safety properties.\n"
"* They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits.\n"
" "
msgstr ""
"* Si può pensare a questi tratti come indicatori che il tipo ha determinate proprietà di sicurezza "
"del thread.\n"
"* Possono essere usati nei vincoli generici come tratti normali.\n"
" "
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Send`"
msgstr "# `Invia`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "> A type `T` is [`Send`][1] if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
msgstr "> Un tipo `T` è [`Send`][1] se è sicuro spostare un valore `T` in un altro thread."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will run\n"
"in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one thread\n"
"and deallocate it in another."
msgstr ""
"L'effetto dello spostamento della proprietà su un altro thread è che i _destructors_ verranno "
"eseguiti\n"
"in quel filo. Quindi la domanda è quando puoi allocare un valore in un thread\n"
"e deallocarlo in un altro."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13
msgid ""
"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from a\n"
"single thread."
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Sync`"
msgstr "# `Sincronizza`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"> A type `T` is [`Sync`][1] if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple\n"
"> threads at the same time."
msgstr ""
"> Un tipo `T` è [`Sync`][1] se è sicuro accedere a un valore `T` da più\n"
"> thread contemporaneamente."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
msgstr "Più precisamente la definizione è:"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid "> `T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
msgstr "> `T` è `Sync` se e solo se `&T` è `Send`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is thread-safe for shared "
"use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it across threads."
msgstr ""
"Questa affermazione è essenzialmente un modo abbreviato per dire che se un tipo è thread-safe per "
"l'uso condiviso, è anche thread-safe per passarne i riferimenti attraverso i thread."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across multiple threads without "
"the risk of data races or other synchronization issues, so it is safe to move it to another "
"thread. A reference to the type is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it "
"references can be accessed from any thread safely."
msgstr ""
"Questo perché se un tipo è Sync significa che può essere condiviso tra più thread senza il rischio "
"di corse di dati o altri problemi di sincronizzazione, quindi è sicuro spostarlo su un altro "
"thread. Un riferimento al tipo è anche sicuro da spostare in un altro thread, perché è possibile "
"accedere ai dati a cui fa riferimento da qualsiasi thread in modo sicuro."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Examples"
msgstr "# Esempi"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "## `Send + Sync`"
msgstr "## \"Invia + Sincronizza\"."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
msgstr "La maggior parte dei tipi che incontri sono \"Invia + sincronizzazione\":"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
msgid ""
"* `i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ...\n"
"* `(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ...\n"
"* `String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ...\n"
"* `Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count.\n"
"* `Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking.\n"
"* `AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are\n"
"`Send + Sync`."
msgstr ""
"I tipi generici sono in genere \"Send + Sync\" quando i parametri di tipo lo sono\n"
"\"Invia + Sincronizza\"."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid "## `Send + !Sync`"
msgstr "## \"Invia + !Sincronizza\"."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe.\n"
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
msgstr ""
"Questi tipi possono essere spostati in altri thread, ma non sono thread-safe.\n"
"Tipicamente a causa della mutevolezza interna:"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `mpsc::Sender`\n"
"* `mpsc::Receiver`\n"
"* `Cell`\n"
"* `RefCell`"
msgstr ""
"* `mpsc::Sender`\n"
"* `mpsc::Ricevitore`\n"
"* `Cella`\n"
"* `RefCella`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid "## `!Send + Sync`"
msgstr "## `!Invia + Sincronizza`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
msgstr "Questi tipi sono thread-safe, ma non possono essere spostati in un altro thread:"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the\n"
" thread which created them."
msgstr ""
"* `MutexGuard`: utilizza primitive a livello di sistema operativo che devono essere deallocate "
"su\n"
" thread che li ha creati."
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
#, fuzzy
msgid "## `!Send + !Sync`"
msgstr "## `!Invia + !Sync`"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
#, fuzzy
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
msgstr "Questi tipi non sono thread-safe e non possono essere spostati in altri thread:"
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a\n"
" non-atomic reference count.\n"
"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special\n"
" concurrency considerations."
msgstr ""
"* `Rc`: ogni `Rc` ha un riferimento a un `RcBox`, che contiene un\n"
" conteggio dei riferimenti non atomici.\n"
"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust presuppone che i puntatori grezzi possano avere caratteri speciali\n"
" considerazioni sulla concorrenza"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Shared State"
msgstr "# Stato condiviso"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is\n"
"primarily done via two types:"
msgstr ""
"Rust utilizza il sistema dei tipi per imporre la sincronizzazione dei dati condivisi. Questo è\n"
"fatto principalmente tramite due tipi:"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* [`Arc`][1], atomic reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and\n"
" takes care to deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,\n"
"* [`Mutex`][2]: ensures mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
msgstr ""
"* [`Arc`][1], riferimento atomico contato `T`: gestisce la condivisione tra thread e\n"
" si occupa di deallocare `T` quando viene eliminato l'ultimo riferimento,\n"
"* [`Mutex`][2]: garantisce l'accesso mutuamente esclusivo al valore `T`."
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Arc`"
msgstr "# `Arco`"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "[`Arc`][1] allows shared read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
msgstr "[`Arc`][1] consente l'accesso condiviso in sola lettura tramite `Arc::clone`:"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
" for _ in 1..5 {\n"
" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
" }));\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` that uses atomic\n"
" operations.\n"
"* `Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` and `Sync` iff `T`\n"
" implements them both.\n"
"* `Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but after that the use of "
"the\n"
" `T` is free.\n"
"* Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect them.\n"
" * `std::sync::Weak` can help."
msgstr ""
"* `Arc` sta per \"Atomic Reference Counted\", una versione thread-safe di `Rc` che usa atomic\n"
" operazioni.\n"
"* `Arc` implementa `Clone` indipendentemente dal fatto che `T` lo faccia. Implementa `Send` e "
"`Sync` se e solo `T`\n"
" li implementa entrambi.\n"
"* `Arc::clone()` ha il costo delle operazioni atomiche che vengono eseguite, ma dopo ciò l'uso di\n"
" `T` è gratuito.\n"
"* Attenzione ai cicli di riferimento, `Arc` non usa un garbage collector per rilevarli.\n"
" * `std::sync::Weak` può aiutare."
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `Mutex`"
msgstr "# `Mutex`"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[`Mutex`][1] ensures mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T`\n"
"behind a read-only interface:"
msgstr ""
"[`Mutex`][1] garantisce l'esclusione reciproca _e_ consente l'accesso mutabile a `T`\n"
"dietro un'interfaccia di sola lettura:"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"\n"
" {\n"
" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
" guard.push(40);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`][2] blanket\n"
"implementation."
msgstr ""
"Nota come abbiamo una coperta [`impl Sync per Mutex`][2].\n"
"implementazione."
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the protected data.\n"
" * It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the protected data.\n"
"* You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The `MutexGuard` ensures that "
"the\n"
" `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held.\n"
"* `Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff `T` implements `Send`.\n"
"* A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`.\n"
"* Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? \n"
" * If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes \"poisoned\" to signal "
"that\n"
" the data it protected might be in an inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned "
"mutex\n"
" fails with a [`PoisonError`]. You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data\n"
" regardless."
msgstr ""
"* `Mutex` in Rust sembra una raccolta con un solo elemento: i dati protetti.\n"
" * Non è possibile dimenticare di acquisire il mutex prima di accedere ai dati protetti.\n"
"* Puoi ottenere un `&mut T` da un `&Mutex` prendendo il lock. Il `MutexGuard` assicura che il "
"file\n"
" `&mut T` non sopravvive al blocco mantenuto.\n"
"* `Mutex` implementa sia `Send` che `Sync` se `T` implementa `Send`.\n"
"* Una controparte del blocco lettura-scrittura - `RwLock`.\n"
"* Perché `lock()` restituisce un `Risultato`?\n"
" * Se il thread che conteneva il `Mutex` va nel panico, il `Mutex` diventa \"avvelenato\" per "
"segnalare che\n"
" i dati protetti potrebbero trovarsi in uno stato incoerente. Chiamare `lock()` su un mutex "
"avvelenato\n"
" fallisce con un [`PoisonError`]. Puoi chiamare `into_inner()` sull'errore per recuperare i "
"dati\n"
" indipendentemente."
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
msgstr "Vediamo `Arc` e `Mutex` in azione:"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
" v.push(10);\n"
" });\n"
" v.push(1000);\n"
"\n"
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid "Possible solution:"
msgstr "Possibile soluzione:"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n"
"\n"
" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
" v2.push(10);\n"
" });\n"
"\n"
" {\n"
" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
" v.push(1000);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
#, fuzzy
msgid "Notable parts:"
msgstr "Parti notevoli:"
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* `v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are orthogonal.\n"
" * Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state between threads.\n"
"* `v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another thread. Note `move` "
"was added to the lambda signature.\n"
"* Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as possible."
msgstr ""
"* `v` è racchiuso sia in `Arc` che in `Mutex`, perché i loro interessi sono ortogonali.\n"
" * Avvolgere un `Mutex` in un `Arc` è un modello comune per condividere lo stato mutabile tra i "
"thread.\n"
"* `v: Arc<_>` deve essere clonato come `v2` prima di poter essere spostato in un altro thread. "
"Nota che \"move\" è stato aggiunto alla firma lambda.\n"
"* I blocchi vengono introdotti per restringere il più possibile l'ambito di `LockGuard`."
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
msgstr "Mettiamo in pratica le nostre nuove abilità di concorrenza con"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency.\n"
"\n"
"* Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to\n"
" download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
msgstr ""
"* Filosofi a tavola: un classico problema in concorrenza.\n"
"\n"
"* Verifica link multi-thread: un progetto più ampio in cui utilizzerai Cargo\n"
" scaricare le dipendenze e quindi controllare i collegamenti in parallelo."
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Dining Philosophers"
msgstr "# Filosofi da pranzo"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
msgstr "Il problema dei filosofi da pranzo è un classico problema in concorrenza:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"> Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has their\n"
"> own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish served is\n"
"> a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each philosopher can\n"
"> only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can only eat their\n"
"> spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two forks will only\n"
"> be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, not eating. After\n"
"> an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put down both forks."
msgstr ""
"> Cinque filosofi cenano insieme alla stessa tavola. Ogni filosofo ha il suo\n"
"> proprio posto a tavola. C'è una forchetta tra ogni piatto. Il piatto servito è\n"
"> una specie di spaghetto che si mangia con due forchette. Ogni filosofo può\n"
"> solo alternativamente pensa e mangia. Inoltre, un filosofo può solo mangiare il loro\n"
"> gli spaghetti quando hanno sia la forchetta destra che quella sinistra. Quindi solo due "
"forchette\n"
"> essere disponibile quando i loro due vicini più vicini stanno pensando, non mangiando. Dopo\n"
"> un singolo filosofo finisce di mangiare, metteranno giù entrambe le forchette."
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) for\n"
"this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill out the\n"
"blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
msgstr ""
"Avrai bisogno di un'[installazione Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md) locale per\n"
"questo esercizio. Copia il codice qui sotto in un file chiamato `src/main.rs`, compila il file\n"
"spazi vuoti e verificare che `cargo run` non vada in stallo:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"struct Fork;\n"
"\n"
"struct Philosopher {\n"
" name: String,\n"
" // left_fork: ...\n"
" // right_fork: ...\n"
" // thoughts: ...\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Philosopher {\n"
" fn think(&self) {\n"
" self.thoughts\n"
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
" .unwrap();\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
" // Pick up forks...\n"
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" // Create forks\n"
"\n"
" // Create philosophers\n"
"\n"
" // Make them think and eat\n"
"\n"
" // Output their thoughts\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
msgstr "Puoi usare il seguente `Cargo.toml`:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Multi-threaded Link Checker"
msgstr "# Verifica link multi-thread"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It should\n"
"start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It should\n"
"recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this until all\n"
"pages have been validated."
msgstr ""
"Usiamo le nostre nuove conoscenze per creare un verificatore di collegamenti multi-thread. "
"Dovrebbe\n"
"iniziare da una pagina Web e verificare che i collegamenti sulla pagina siano validi. Dovrebbe\n"
"controlla ricorsivamente altre pagine sullo stesso dominio e continua a farlo fino a quando all\n"
"le pagine sono state convalidate."
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`][1]. Create a new\n"
"Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
msgstr ""
"Per questo, avrai bisogno di un client HTTP come [`reqwest`][1]. Crea un nuovo\n"
"Progetto Cargo e `richiedilo` come dipendenza con:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo new link-checker\n"
"$ cd link-checker\n"
"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"> If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the\n"
"> `Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
msgstr ""
"> Se `cargo add` fallisce con `error: no such subcommand`, modifica il file\n"
"> File `Cargo.toml` a mano. Aggiungere le dipendenze elencate di seguito."
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`][2] for that:"
msgstr "Avrai anche bisogno di un modo per trovare i link. Possiamo usare [`scraper`][2] per questo:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo add scraper\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`][3] for\n"
"that:"
msgstr ""
"Infine, avremo bisogno di un modo per gestire gli errori. Usiamo [`thiserror`][3] per\n"
"Quello:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo add thiserror\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33
#, fuzzy
msgid "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
msgstr "Le chiamate `cargo add` aggiorneranno il file `Cargo.toml` in questo modo:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"publish = false\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-tls\"] }\n"
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as\n"
"`https://www.google.org/`."
msgstr ""
"Ora puoi scaricare la pagina iniziale. Prova con un piccolo sito come\n"
"`https://www.google.org/`."
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53
#, fuzzy
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
msgstr "Il tuo file `src/main.rs` dovrebbe assomigliare a questo:"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n"
"use reqwest::Url;\n"
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n"
"enum Error {\n"
" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n"
" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result, Error> {\n"
" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n"
" let document = response.text()?;\n"
" let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n"
" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n"
"\n"
" let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n"
" for element in html.select(&selector) {\n"
" if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n"
" match base_url.join(href) {\n"
" Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n"
" Err(err) => {\n"
" println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: {err} (ignored)\",);\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" Ok(valid_urls)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n"
" let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n"
" match extract_links(response) {\n"
" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n"
" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:100
#, fuzzy
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
msgstr "Esegui il codice in `src/main.rs` con"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo run\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:106
#, fuzzy
msgid "## Tasks"
msgstr "## Compiti"
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:108
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a\n"
" channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel.\n"
"* Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the\n"
" `www.google.org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you\n"
" don't end up being blocked by the site."
msgstr ""
"* Usa i thread per controllare i collegamenti in parallelo: invia gli URL da controllare a a\n"
" channel e lasciare che alcuni thread controllino gli URL in parallelo.\n"
"* Estendilo per estrarre in modo ricorsivo i collegamenti da tutte le pagine del file\n"
" dominio \"www.google.org\". Metti un limite massimo di 100 pagine o giù di lì in modo che tu\n"
" non finire per essere bloccato dal sito."
#: src/async.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Async Rust"
msgstr "# Ruggine asincrona"
#: src/async.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed concurrently by\n"
"executing each task until it would block, then switching to another task that is\n"
"ready to make progress. The model allows running a larger number of tasks on a\n"
"limited number of threads. This is because the per-task overhead is typically\n"
"very low and operating systems provide primitives for efficiently identifying\n"
"I/O that is able to proceed."
msgstr ""
"\"Async\" è un modello di concorrenza in cui più attività vengono eseguite contemporaneamente da\n"
"eseguire ogni attività fino a quando non si bloccherebbe, quindi passare a un'altra attività che "
"è\n"
"pronto a fare progressi. Il modello consente di eseguire un numero maggiore di attività su a\n"
"numero limitato di thread. Questo perché il sovraccarico per attività è in genere\n"
"molto basso e i sistemi operativi forniscono primitive per l'identificazione efficiente\n"
"I/O che è in grado di procedere."
#: src/async.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work that\n"
"may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they signal that\n"
"they are complete."
msgstr ""
"L'operazione asincrona di Rust si basa sui \"futuri\", che rappresentano il lavoro che\n"
"potrebbe essere completata in futuro. I futures vengono \"interrogati\" fino a quando non lo "
"segnalano\n"
"sono completi."
#: src/async.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are\n"
"available."
msgstr ""
"I futures vengono interrogati da un runtime asincrono e diversi runtime lo sono\n"
"disponibile."
#: src/async.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid "## Comparisons"
msgstr "Comparazione"
#: src/async.md:19
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is\n"
" callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\",\n"
" similar to a runtime in Rust.\n"
"\n"
" * JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language\n"
" runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise\n"
" resolution are hidden."
msgstr ""
" * Python ha un modello simile nel suo `asyncio`. Tuttavia, il suo tipo \"Futuro\" è\n"
" basato su callback e non su polling. I programmi Python asincroni richiedono un \"loop\",\n"
" simile a un runtime in Rust.\n"
"\n"
" * La \"promessa\" di JavaScript è simile, ma ancora una volta basata su callback. La lingua\n"
" runtime implementa il ciclo di eventi, tanti dei dettagli di Promise\n"
" risoluzione sono nascosti."
#: src/async/async-await.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# `async`/`await`"
msgstr "# `asincrono`/`aspetta`"
#: src/async/async-await.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential code:"
msgstr ""
"Ad alto livello, il codice asincrono di Rust assomiglia molto al codice sequenziale \"normale\":"
#: src/async/async-await.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use futures::executor::block_on;\n"
"\n"
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n"
" count_to(count).await;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
" block_on(async_main(10));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/async-await.md:27
msgid ""
"* Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long\n"
" running operation or any real concurrency in it!\n"
"\n"
"* What is the return type of an async call?\n"
" * Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type.\n"
"\n"
"* The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return type\n"
" with a future. \n"
"\n"
"* You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the compiler\n"
" on how to use the returned future.\n"
"\n"
"* You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread\n"
" until the provided future has run to completion. \n"
"\n"
"* `.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. Unlike\n"
" `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread.\n"
"\n"
"* `.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are\n"
" introduced later). "
msgstr ""
#: src/async/futures.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Futures"
msgstr "# Futuri"
#: src/async/futures.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html)\n"
"is a trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be\n"
"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a\n"
"[`Poll`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
msgstr ""
"[`Futuro`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html)\n"
"è un tratto, implementato da oggetti che rappresentano un'operazione che potrebbe non essere\n"
"ancora completo. È possibile eseguire il polling di un futuro e `poll` restituisce a\n"
"[`Sondaggio`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
#: src/async/futures.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"use std::pin::Pin;\n"
"use std::task::Context;\n"
"\n"
"pub trait Future {\n"
" type Output;\n"
" fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub enum Poll {\n"
" Ready(T),\n"
" Pending,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/futures.md:23
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but uncommon) to\n"
"implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the `JoinHandle` returned\n"
"from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow joining to it."
msgstr ""
"Una funzione asincrona restituisce un `impl Future`. È anche possibile (ma non comune).\n"
"implementa `Future` per i tuoi tipi. Ad esempio, è stato restituito \"JoinHandle\".\n"
"da `tokio::spawn` implementa `Future` per consentire l'unione ad esso."
#: src/async/futures.md:27
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function to\n"
"pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output."
msgstr ""
"La parola chiave `.await`, applicata a un Future, fa sì che la funzione async corrente si attivi\n"
"mettere in pausa fino a quando Future non è pronto, quindi valuta il suo output."
#: src/async/futures.md:32
msgid ""
"* The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the\n"
" links to show the implementations in the docs.\n"
"\n"
"* We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async\n"
" code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:\n"
"\n"
" * `Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an\n"
" event occurs.\n"
"\n"
" * `Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into\n"
" that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain\n"
" valid after an `.await`."
msgstr ""
#: src/async/runtimes.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Runtimes"
msgstr "# Runtime"
#: src/async/runtimes.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A *runtime* provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a\n"
"*reactor*) and is responsible for executing futures (an *executor*). Rust does not have a\n"
"\"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:"
msgstr ""
"Un *runtime* fornisce supporto per l'esecuzione di operazioni in modo asincrono (a\n"
"*reattore*) ed è responsabile dell'esecuzione dei futures (un *esecutore*). La ruggine non ha un\n"
"runtime \"incorporato\", ma sono disponibili diverse opzioni:"
#: src/async/runtimes.md:7
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
" * [Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of\n"
" functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or\n"
" [Tonic](https://github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC.\n"
" * [async-std](https://async.rs/) - aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes a\n"
" basic runtime in `async::task`.\n"
" * [smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - simple and lightweight"
msgstr ""
" * [Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - performante, con un ecosistema ben sviluppato di\n"
" funzionalità come [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) per HTTP o\n"
" [Tonic](https://github.com/hyperium/tonic) per gRPC.\n"
" * [async-std](https://async.rs/) - mira a essere uno \"std per async\" e include un\n"
" runtime di base in `async::task`.\n"
" * [smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - semplice e leggero"
#: src/async/runtimes.md:14
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example,\n"
"[Fuchsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib."
"rs)\n"
"already has one."
msgstr ""
"Diverse applicazioni più grandi hanno i propri tempi di esecuzione. Per esempio,\n"
"[Fucsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib."
"rs)\n"
"ne ha già uno."
#: src/async/runtimes.md:20
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust\n"
" playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting\n"
" async things can't run in the playground.\n"
"\n"
"* Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O\n"
" operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS\n"
" Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never\n"
" used."
msgstr ""
"* Si noti che dei runtime elencati, solo Tokio è supportato in Rust\n"
" terreno di gioco. Anche il parco giochi non consente alcun I/O, quindi molto interessante\n"
" le cose asincrone non possono essere eseguite nel parco giochi.\n"
"\n"
"* I futures sono \"inerti\" in quanto non fanno nulla (nemmeno avviano un I/O\n"
" operazione) a meno che non ci sia un esecutore che li interroga. Questo differisce da JS\n"
" Promesse, ad esempio, che andranno a buon fine anche se non lo saranno mai\n"
" usato."
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Tokio"
msgstr "# Tokyo"
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4
#, fuzzy
msgid "Tokio provides: "
msgstr "Tokyo fornisce:"
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code.\n"
"* An asynchronous version of the standard library.\n"
"* A large ecosystem of libraries."
msgstr ""
"* Un runtime multithread per l'esecuzione di codice asincrono.\n"
"* Una versione asincrona della libreria standard.\n"
"* Un grande ecosistema di biblioteche."
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::time;\n"
"\n"
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n"
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n"
"\n"
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n"
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async.\n"
"\n"
"* The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\".\n"
"\n"
"* Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`."
msgstr ""
"* Con la macro `tokio::main` ora possiamo rendere `main` asincrono.\n"
"\n"
"* La funzione `spawn` crea un nuovo \"task\" simultaneo.\n"
"\n"
"* Nota: `spawn` prende un `Future`, non devi chiamare `.await` su `count_to`."
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39
#, fuzzy
msgid "**Further exploration:**"
msgstr "**Ulteriori esplorazioni:**"
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async\n"
" cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait\n"
" until it finishes.\n"
"\n"
"* Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning.\n"
"\n"
"* Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`."
msgstr ""
"* Perché `count_to` non arriva (di solito) a 10? Questo è un esempio di async\n"
" cancellazione. `tokio::spawn` restituisce un handle che può essere atteso per attendere\n"
" finché non finisce.\n"
"\n"
"* Prova `count_to(10).await` invece di spawnare.\n"
"\n"
"* Prova ad attendere il task restituito da `tokio::spawn`."
#: src/async/tasks.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Tasks"
msgstr "# Compiti"
#: src/async/tasks.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Runtimes have the concept of a \"task\", similar to a thread but much\n"
"less resource-intensive."
msgstr ""
"I runtime hanno il concetto di \"attività\", simile a un thread ma molto\n"
"meno dispendioso in termini di risorse."
#: src/async/tasks.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make progress.\n"
"That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` method polls,\n"
"corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a task is possible by\n"
"polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer and an I/O operation."
msgstr ""
"Un'attività ha un singolo futuro di primo livello che l'esecutore interroga per fare progressi.\n"
"Quel futuro può avere uno o più futuri nidificati che il suo metodo \"poll\" esegue il polling,\n"
"corrispondente vagamente a uno stack di chiamate. La concorrenza all'interno di un'attività è "
"possibile tramite\n"
"polling di più futuri figli, come correre un timer e un'operazione di I/O."
#: src/async/tasks.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n"
"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n"
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n"
"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n"
"\n"
" loop {\n"
" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
"\n"
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n"
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
" return;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n"
" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n"
" Ok(n) => {\n"
" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap().trim();\n"
" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n"
" }\n"
" Err(e) => {\n"
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
" return;\n"
" }\n"
" };\n"
"\n"
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n"
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
" }\n"
" });\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/tasks.md:53 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36
#, fuzzy
msgid "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there."
msgstr "Copia questo esempio nel tuo `src/main.rs` preparato ed eseguilo da lì."
#: src/async/tasks.md:55
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with a\n"
" few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?\n"
"\n"
"* This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a\n"
" closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future,\n"
" similar to an `async fn`. \n"
"\n"
"* Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling using `?`."
msgstr ""
"* Chiedi agli studenti di visualizzare quale sarebbe lo stato del server di esempio con a\n"
" pochi client connessi. Quali compiti esistono? Quali sono i loro futuri?\n"
"\n"
"* Questa è la prima volta che vediamo un blocco `async`. Questo è simile a a\n"
" chiusura, ma non accetta argomenti. Il suo valore di ritorno è un Futuro,\n"
" simile a un `async fn`.\n"
"\n"
"* Rifattorizzare il blocco asincrono in una funzione e migliorare la gestione degli errori "
"utilizzando `?`."
#: src/async/channels.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Async Channels"
msgstr "# Canali asincroni"
#: src/async/channels.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid "Several crates have support for `async`/`await`. For instance `tokio` channels:"
msgstr "Diversi crate hanno il supporto per `async`/`await`. Ad esempio i canali `tokio`:"
#: src/async/channels.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
"\n"
"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n"
" let mut count: usize = 0;\n"
"\n"
" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n"
" count += 1;\n"
" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n"
" for i in 0..10 {\n"
" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n"
" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" std::mem::drop(sender);\n"
" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/channels.md:35
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution.\n"
"\n"
"* Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the\n"
" [morning class](concurrency/channels.md).\n"
"\n"
"* Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?\n"
"\n"
"* The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that\n"
" implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient\n"
" for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks.\n"
"\n"
"* What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to combine\n"
" them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control flow."
msgstr ""
"* Cambia la dimensione del canale in \"3\" e guarda come influisce sull'esecuzione.\n"
"\n"
"* Nel complesso, l'interfaccia è simile ai canali `sync` come si vede nel file\n"
" [lezione mattutina](concurrency/channels.md).\n"
"\n"
"* Prova a rimuovere la chiamata `std::mem::drop`. Che succede? Perché?\n"
"\n"
"* La cassa [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) ha canali che\n"
" implementa sia `sync` che `async` `send` e `recv`. Questo può essere conveniente\n"
" per applicazioni complesse con attività di elaborazione di CPU e IO pesanti.\n"
"\n"
"* Ciò che rende preferibile lavorare con i canali `async` è la capacità di combinare\n"
" loro con altri `futuri` per combinarli e creare un flusso di controllo complesso."
#: src/async/control-flow.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Futures Control Flow"
msgstr "# Flusso di controllo dei futures"
#: src/async/control-flow.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. We\n"
"have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of execution."
msgstr ""
"I futures possono essere combinati insieme per produrre grafici di flusso di calcolo simultanei. "
"Noi\n"
"ho già visto le attività, che funzionano come thread di esecuzione indipendenti."
#: src/async/control-flow.md:6
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"- [Join](control-flow/join.md)\n"
"- [Select](control-flow/select.md)"
msgstr ""
"- [Partecipa](control-flow/join.md)\n"
"- [Seleziona](control-flow/select.md)"
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Join"
msgstr "# Giuntura"
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and\n"
"returns a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in\n"
"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python."
msgstr ""
"Un'operazione di join attende fino a quando tutti i futures sono pronti e\n"
"restituisce una raccolta dei loro risultati. Questo è simile a \"Promise.all\" in\n"
"JavaScript o `asyncio.gather` in Python."
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use anyhow::Result;\n"
"use futures::future;\n"
"use reqwest;\n"
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
"\n"
"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result {\n"
" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n"
" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n"
" \"https://google.com\",\n"
" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n"
" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n"
" \"BAD_URL\",\n"
" ];\n"
" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n"
" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n"
" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result> =\n"
" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n"
" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but\n"
" you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is\n"
" currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`.\n"
"\n"
"* The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would\n"
" cause your program to stall. \n"
"\n"
"* You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all requests\n"
" to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a\n"
" `tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a\n"
" timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but demonstrates `join!`."
msgstr ""
"* Per future multiple di tipi disgiunti, puoi usare `std::future::join!` ma\n"
" devi sapere quanti futuri avrai al momento della compilazione. Questo è\n"
" attualmente nella cassa `futures`, presto sarà stabilizzata in `std::future`.\n"
"\n"
"* Il rischio di \"unirsi\" è che uno dei futuri potrebbe non risolversi mai, questo sì\n"
" causare l'arresto del programma.\n"
"\n"
"* Puoi anche combinare `join_all` con `join!`, ad esempio per unire tutte le richieste\n"
" a un servizio http così come una query di database. Prova ad aggiungere un\n"
" `tokio::time::sleep` nel futuro, usando `futures::join!`. Questo non è un\n"
" timeout (che richiede `select!`, spiegato nel prossimo capitolo), ma dimostra `join!`."
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Select"
msgstr "# Selezionare"
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and responds to\n"
"that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise.race`. In\n"
"Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set,\n"
"return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
msgstr ""
"Un'operazione di selezione attende fino a quando uno qualsiasi di un insieme di futures è pronto e "
"risponde a\n"
"il risultato di quel futuro. In JavaScript, è simile a `Promise.race`. In\n"
"Python, confronta con `asyncio.wait(task_set,\n"
"return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is usually a macro, similar to match, with each arm of the form `pattern =\n"
"future => statement`. When the future is ready, the statement is executed with the\n"
"variable bound to the future's result."
msgstr ""
"Di solito è una macro, simile a match, con ogni braccio della forma `pattern =\n"
"futuro => istruzione`. Quando il futuro è pronto, l'istruzione viene eseguita con il\n"
"variabile legata al risultato del futuro."
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:12
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n"
"enum Animal {\n"
" Cat { name: String },\n"
" Dog { name: String },\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n"
" mut cat_rcv: Receiver,\n"
" mut dog_rcv: Receiver,\n"
") -> Option {\n"
" tokio::select! {\n"
" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n"
" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n"
" cat_sender\n"
" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n"
" .await\n"
" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n"
" });\n"
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n"
" dog_sender\n"
" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n"
" .await\n"
" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n"
" });\n"
"\n"
" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n"
" .await\n"
" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n"
"\n"
" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:61
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog.\n"
" `first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick whichever\n"
" arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat that\n"
" take 500ms seconds.\n"
"\n"
"* You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed to\n"
" receive only one `send`.\n"
"\n"
"* Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts of\n"
" futures.\n"
"\n"
"* Note that `select!` moves the values it is given. It is easiest to use\n"
" when every execution of `select!` creates new futures. An alternative is to\n"
" pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but this can lead to\n"
" issues, further discussed in the pinning slide."
msgstr ""
"* In questo esempio, abbiamo una gara tra un gatto e un cane.\n"
" `first_animal_to_finish_race` ascolta entrambi i canali e sceglierà quello che preferisci\n"
" arriva prima. Poiché il cane impiega 50 ms, vince contro il gatto\n"
" prendere 500 ms secondi.\n"
"\n"
"* In questo esempio puoi usare i canali `oneshot` come dovrebbero\n"
" ricevere un solo \"invio\".\n"
"\n"
"* Prova ad aggiungere una scadenza alla gara, dimostrando la selezione di diversi tipi di\n"
" futuri.\n"
"\n"
"* Nota che `select!` sposta i valori che gli vengono dati. È più facile da usare\n"
" quando ogni esecuzione di `select!` crea nuovi futuri. Un'alternativa è\n"
" passa `&mut future` invece del futuro stesso, ma questo può portare a\n"
" problemi, ulteriormente discussi nella diapositiva di blocco."
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Pitfalls of async/await"
msgstr "# Insidie di async/await"
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent asynchronous "
"programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes with its share of pitfalls and "
"footguns. We illustrate some of them in this chapter:"
msgstr ""
"Async / await fornisce un'astrazione comoda ed efficiente per la programmazione asincrona "
"simultanea. Tuttavia, anche il modello async/await in Rust ha la sua parte di insidie e pistole. "
"Ne illustriamo alcuni in questo capitolo:"
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"- [Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)\n"
"- [Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)\n"
"- [Async Traits](pitfall/async-traits.md)"
msgstr ""
"- [Blocco dell'esecutore](trappole/blocking-executor.md)\n"
"- [Pin](trappole/pin.md)\n"
"- [Tratti asincroni](trapano/async-traits.md)"
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Blocking the executor"
msgstr "# Blocco dell'esecutore"
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently.\n"
"This means that CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from being "
"executed.\n"
"An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where possible."
msgstr ""
"La maggior parte dei runtime asincroni consente solo l'esecuzione simultanea delle attività di I/"
"O.\n"
"Ciò significa che le attività di blocco della CPU bloccheranno l'esecutore e impediranno "
"l'esecuzione di altre attività.\n"
"Una soluzione semplice consiste nell'usare metodi equivalenti asincroni ove possibile."
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use futures::future::join_all;\n"
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
"\n"
"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n"
" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n"
" println!(\n"
" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n"
" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n"
" );\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n"
" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"* Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than\n"
" concurrently.\n"
"\n"
"* The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This makes the\n"
" effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-threaded\n"
" flavor.\n"
"\n"
"* Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result.\n"
"\n"
"* Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual\n"
" thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor.\n"
"\n"
"* You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most\n"
" executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is\n"
" particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, where\n"
" that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific OS\n"
" threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such situations.\n"
"\n"
"* Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause another\n"
" task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread."
msgstr ""
"* Esegui il codice e verifica che le interruzioni avvengano consecutivamente anziché\n"
" in concomitanza.\n"
"\n"
"* Il profilo `\"current_thread\"` pone tutte le attività su un singolo thread. Questo rende il\n"
" effetto più evidente, ma il bug è ancora presente nel multithread\n"
" gusto.\n"
"\n"
"* Passa da `std::thread::sleep` a `tokio::time::sleep` e attendi il risultato.\n"
"\n"
"* Un'altra soluzione potrebbe essere `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` che genera un file effettivo\n"
" thread e trasforma il suo handle in un futuro senza bloccare l'esecutore.\n"
"\n"
"* Non dovresti pensare alle attività come thread del sistema operativo. Non mappano 1 a 1 e la "
"maggior parte\n"
" gli esecutori consentiranno l'esecuzione di molte attività su un singolo thread del sistema "
"operativo. Questo è\n"
" particolarmente problematico quando si interagisce con altre biblioteche tramite FFI, dove\n"
" quella libreria potrebbe dipendere dall'archiviazione locale del thread o essere mappata su un "
"sistema operativo specifico\n"
" thread (ad esempio, CUDA). Preferisci `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in tali situazioni.\n"
"\n"
"* Usa i mutex di sincronizzazione con attenzione. Mantenere un mutex sopra un `.await` può "
"causarne un altro\n"
" attività da bloccare e tale attività potrebbe essere in esecuzione sullo stesso thread."
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Pin"
msgstr "# Spillo"
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be stored on\n"
"a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current async block. If your\n"
"future has pointers to data on the stack, those pointers might get invalidated.\n"
"This is unsafe."
msgstr ""
"Quando aspetti un futuro, tutte le variabili locali (che normalmente sarebbero memorizzate su\n"
"uno stack frame) vengono invece archiviati in Future per il blocco asincrono corrente. Se tuo\n"
"future ha puntatori ai dati nello stack, quei puntatori potrebbero essere invalidati.\n"
"Questo non è sicuro."
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't\n"
"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future repeatedly\n"
"in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values."
msgstr ""
"Pertanto, è necessario garantire che gli indirizzi futuri puntino a non farlo\n"
"modifica. Ecco perché dobbiamo \"bloccare\" i futuri. Usando ripetutamente lo stesso futuro\n"
"in un `select!` spesso porta a problemi con i valori bloccati."
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n"
"use tokio::task::spawn;\n"
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
"\n"
"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n"
"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Work {\n"
" input: u32,\n"
" respond_on: oneshot::Sender,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n"
"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver) {\n"
" let mut iterations = 0;\n"
" loop {\n"
" tokio::select! {\n"
" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n"
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n"
" work.respond_on\n"
" .send(work.input * 1000)\n"
" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n"
" iterations += 1;\n"
" }\n"
" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n"
"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender, input: u32) -> u32 {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n"
" work_queue\n"
" .send(Work {\n"
" input,\n"
" respond_on: tx,\n"
" })\n"
" .await\n"
" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n"
" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
" spawn(worker(rx));\n"
" for i in 0..100 {\n"
" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n"
" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68
msgid ""
"* You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors\n"
" typically call `select!` in a loop.\n"
"\n"
"* This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your time\n"
" with it.\n"
"\n"
" * Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }`\n"
" to the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?\n"
"\n"
" * Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,compile_fail\n"
" let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
" loop {\n"
" select! {\n"
" ..,\n"
" _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
" * This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the\n"
" `timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using\n"
" `Box::pin`:\n"
"\n"
" ```rust,compile_fail\n"
" let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n"
" loop {\n"
" select! {\n"
" ..,\n"
" _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
" ```\n"
"\n"
" * This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every\n"
" iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset\n"
" `timeout_fut` every time it expires.\n"
"\n"
"* Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently\n"
" stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, but\n"
" that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned.\n"
"\n"
"* Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that will send to a "
"`oneshot` channel every 100ms."
msgstr ""
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1
#, fuzzy
msgid "# Async Traits"
msgstr "# Tratti asincroni"
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An experimental feature "
"exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-"
"rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))"
msgstr ""
"I metodi asincroni nei tratti non sono ancora supportati nel canale stabile ([Esiste una "
"funzionalità sperimentale in nightly e dovrebbe essere stabilizzata a medio termine.](https://blog."
"rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11 /17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))"
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) provides a workaround "
"through a macro:"
msgstr ""
"Il crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) fornisce una soluzione "
"tramite una macro:"
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use async_trait::async_trait;\n"
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
"\n"
"#[async_trait]\n"
"trait Sleeper {\n"
" async fn sleep(&self);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct FixedSleeper {\n"
" sleep_ms: u64,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[async_trait]\n"
"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n"
" async fn sleep(&self) {\n"
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec>, n_times: usize) {\n"
" for _ in 0..n_times {\n"
" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n"
" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n"
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
" sleeper.sleep().await;\n"
" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n"
" }\n"
" }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
" let sleepers: Vec> = vec![\n"
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n"
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n"
" ];\n"
" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:49
#, fuzzy
msgid "