mirror of
https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust.git
synced 2024-12-15 06:20:32 +02:00
5ae9fdce6d
Before, po/es.po had these statistics:
386 translated messages, 133 fuzzy translations, 1262 untranslated
messages.
Afterwards, the statistics for po/es.po is:
585 translated messages, 142 fuzzy translations, 1740 untranslated
messages.
The number of translated messages changed from 22% to 24%.
With this change, it becomes important to use the latest version of
mdbook-i18n-helpers when viewing the translation locally. To update to
the latest version, run
cargo install mdbook-i18n-helpers
You will now be able to serve the translation locally.
Part of #330.
14994 lines
433 KiB
Plaintext
14994 lines
433 KiB
Plaintext
msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-03-31 17:10+0200\n"
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"Last-Translator: Walter Javier Franck <walterjfranck@gmail.com>\n"
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"Language-Team: Spanish <es@tp.org.es>\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"Language: es\n"
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"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:3 src/welcome.md:1
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msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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msgstr "Bienvenido a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/running-the-course.md:1
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msgid "Running the Course"
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msgstr "Seguir el Curso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1
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msgid "Course Structure"
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msgstr "Estructura del Curso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1
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msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
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msgstr "Accesos Rápidos del Teclado"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1
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msgid "Translations"
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msgstr "Traducciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/cargo.md:1
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msgid "Using Cargo"
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msgstr "Usando Cargo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:9
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msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
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msgstr "Ecosistema Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:10
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msgid "Code Samples"
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msgstr "Ejemplos de Código"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:11
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msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
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msgstr "Correr Cargo Localmente"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:14
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msgid "Day 1: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 1: Mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:74 src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/SUMMARY.md:183
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msgid "Welcome"
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msgstr "Bienvenido"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1
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msgid "What is Rust?"
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msgstr "¿Qué es Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/hello-world.md:1
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msgid "Hello World!"
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msgstr "¡Hola Mundo!"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1
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msgid "Small Example"
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msgstr "Ejemplo Rápido"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/why-rust.md:1
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msgid "Why Rust?"
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msgstr "¿Por qué Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1
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msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Compilación Garantizado"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1
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msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garantías en Tiempo de Ejecución"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/modern.md:1
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msgid "Modern Features"
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msgstr "Características Modernas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/basic-syntax.md:1
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msgid "Basic Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintaxis Básica"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1
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msgid "Scalar Types"
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msgstr "Tipos Escalares"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1
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msgid "Compound Types"
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msgstr "Tipos Compuestos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1
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msgid "References"
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msgstr "Referencias"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
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msgid "Dangling References"
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msgstr "Referencias Colgantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
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msgid "Slices"
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msgstr "Slices"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:32
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msgid "String vs str"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
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msgid "Functions"
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msgstr "Funciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1
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#: src/methods.md:1
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msgid "Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:35
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msgid "Overloading"
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msgstr "Sobrecarga"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/SUMMARY.md:118
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/SUMMARY.md:225
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#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:1 src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:1
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msgid "Exercises"
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msgstr "Ejercicios"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
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msgid "Implicit Conversions"
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msgstr "Conversiones Implícitas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:38
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msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
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msgstr "Arrays y Loops for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:40
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msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Día 1: Tarde"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:42 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1
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msgid "Variables"
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msgstr "Variables"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:43 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1
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msgid "Type Inference"
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msgstr "Infererencia de Tipo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:44
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msgid "static & const"
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msgstr "static & const"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
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msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
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msgstr "Scopes y Shadowing"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 src/memory-management.md:1
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msgid "Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:47
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msgid "Stack vs Heap"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 src/memory-management/stack.md:1
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msgid "Stack Memory"
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msgstr "Stack de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 src/memory-management/manual.md:1
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msgid "Manual Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo Manual de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
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msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de Memoria basado en Scope (ámbitos)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:51
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msgid "Garbage Collection"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:52
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msgid "Rust Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de la Memoria en Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1
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msgid "Comparison"
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msgstr "Comparación"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/ownership.md:1
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msgid "Ownership"
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msgstr "Ownership (dueño)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
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msgid "Move Semantics"
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msgstr "Semantica de Transferencia"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
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msgid "Moved Strings in Rust"
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msgstr "Mover Strings en Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
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msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++"
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msgstr "Frees Dobles en C++ Moderno"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
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msgid "Moves in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Transferencia de Objetos en Llamadas de Funciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
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msgid "Copying and Cloning"
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msgstr "Copiar y Clonar"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
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msgid "Borrowing"
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msgstr "Préstamos (Referencias)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
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msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
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msgstr "Préstamos Compartidos y Únicos (Referencias)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Vida"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Vida en Llamadas de Funciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Vida de Estructuras de Datos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3
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msgid "Designing a Library"
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msgstr "Diseñando una Librería"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
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msgid "Iterators and Ownership"
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msgstr "Iteradores y Ownership"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:70
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msgid "Day 2: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 2: Mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/structs.md:1
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msgid "Structs"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
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msgid "Tuple Structs"
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msgstr "Estructuras de Tuplas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
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msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintaxis Abreviada de Campos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/enums.md:1
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msgid "Enums"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
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msgid "Variant Payloads"
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msgstr "Payloads Variantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/enums/sizes.md:1
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msgid "Enum Sizes"
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msgstr "Tamaños de Enum"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/methods/receiver.md:1
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msgid "Method Receiver"
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msgstr "Método Receptor"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/SUMMARY.md:193
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#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
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msgid "Example"
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msgstr "Ejemplo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/pattern-matching.md:1
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msgid "Pattern Matching"
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msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Enums"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Enums"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Structs"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Structs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Arrays"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
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msgid "Match Guards"
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msgstr "Guardas de Match"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
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msgid "Health Statistics"
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msgstr "Estadísticas de Estado de Salud"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3
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msgid "Points and Polygons"
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msgstr "Puntos y Polígonos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:93
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msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Día 2: Tarde"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/control-flow.md:1
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msgid "Control Flow"
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msgstr "Control de Flujo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
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msgid "Blocks"
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msgstr "Bloques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:97
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msgid "if expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones if"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:98
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msgid "if let expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones if let"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:99
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msgid "while expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones while"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:100
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msgid "while let expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones while let"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:101
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msgid "for expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:102
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msgid "loop expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones loop"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:103
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msgid "match expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones match"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:104
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msgid "break & continue"
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msgstr "break y continue"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/std.md:1
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msgid "Standard Library"
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msgstr "Librería Standard"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:106
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msgid "Option and Result"
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msgstr "Option y Result"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/std/string.md:1
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msgid "String"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:108
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msgid "Vec"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:109
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msgid "HashMap"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:110
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msgid "Box"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:111
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msgid "Recursive Data Types"
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msgstr "Tipo de Datos Recursivos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 src/std/box-niche.md:1
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msgid "Niche Optimization"
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msgstr "Optimización de Nicho"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:113
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msgid "Rc"
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msgstr "Rc"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:114 src/modules.md:1
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msgid "Modules"
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msgstr "Módulos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 src/modules/visibility.md:1
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msgid "Visibility"
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msgstr "Visibilidad"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 src/modules/paths.md:1
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msgid "Paths"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 src/modules/filesystem.md:1
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msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
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msgstr "Jerarquía del Sistema de Archivos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3
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msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
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msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:98
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msgid "Strings and Iterators"
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msgstr "Strings e Iteradores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:123
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msgid "Day 3: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 3: Mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/traits.md:1
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msgid "Traits"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
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msgid "Deriving Traits"
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msgstr "Traits Derivados"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/traits/default-methods.md:1
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msgid "Default Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos por Default"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/traits/important-traits.md:1
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msgid "Important Traits"
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msgstr "Traits Importantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:132
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msgid "Iterator"
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msgstr "Iteradores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
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msgid "FromIterator"
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msgstr "FromIterator"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:134
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msgid "From and Into"
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msgstr "From e Into"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:135
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msgid "Read and Write"
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msgstr "Read y Write"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:136
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msgid "Add, Mul, ..."
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msgstr "Add, Mul, …."
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:137
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msgid "Drop"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:138
|
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msgid "Default"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/generics.md:1
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msgid "Generics"
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msgstr "Genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/generics/data-types.md:1
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msgid "Generic Data Types"
|
|
msgstr "Tipos de Datos Genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/generics/methods.md:1
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msgid "Generic Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos Genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1
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msgid "Trait Bounds"
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msgstr "Límites Trait (Bounds)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:143
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msgid "impl Trait"
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msgstr "impl Trait"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/generics/closures.md:1
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msgid "Closures"
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msgstr "Cláusulas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
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msgid "Monomorphization"
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msgstr "Monomorphization"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 src/generics/trait-objects.md:1
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msgid "Trait Objects"
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msgstr "Objetos Trait"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3
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msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr "Una Libraría Simple GUI"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:150
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:152 src/error-handling.md:1
|
|
msgid "Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo de Errores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 src/error-handling/panics.md:1
|
|
msgid "Panics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:154
|
|
msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr "Catching Stack Unwinding"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:155
|
|
msgid "Structured Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo de Errores de Estructura"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:156
|
|
msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
|
|
msgstr "Propagación de Errores con ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:157 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
|
|
msgid "Converting Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "Convirtiendo Tipos de Errores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
|
|
msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
|
|
msgstr "Derivando Errores Enum"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
|
|
msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "Tipos de Errores Dinámicos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
|
|
msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
|
|
msgstr "Dando Contexto a los Errores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 src/testing.md:1
|
|
msgid "Testing"
|
|
msgstr "Testeando"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unit Tests"
|
|
msgstr "Testeo Unitario"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/testing/test-modules.md:1
|
|
msgid "Test Modules"
|
|
msgstr "Módulos de Test"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Documentation Tests"
|
|
msgstr "Documentación de Test"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Integration Tests"
|
|
msgstr "Tests de Integración"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/unsafe.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Rust No Seguro (Unsafe)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
|
|
msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
|
|
msgstr "Desreferenciar Punteros Raw"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
|
|
msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
|
|
msgstr "Variables Mutables Estáticas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/unsafe/unions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unions"
|
|
msgstr "Unions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Llamando Funciones No Seguras"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Escribiendo Funciones No Seguras"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:173
|
|
msgid "Extern Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Funciones Externas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Implementando Traits No Seguros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "Wrappers FFI Seguros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:179
|
|
msgid "Day 4: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 4: Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:184
|
|
msgid "Concurrency"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrencia"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/concurrency/threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Hilos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Ámbito de los Hilos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/concurrency/channels.md:1
|
|
msgid "Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales Ilimitados"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales Limitados"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
|
|
msgid "Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "Estado Compartido"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:191
|
|
msgid "Arc"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:192
|
|
msgid "Mutex"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Send and Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Send y Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Send"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
|
|
msgid "Examples"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "Filosofía de la Cena"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:1
|
|
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Chequeo de Links Multi-hilos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:202
|
|
msgid "Day 4: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 4: Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:206 src/android.md:1
|
|
msgid "Android"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/android/setup.md:1
|
|
msgid "Setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/android/build-rules.md:1
|
|
msgid "Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (Build)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:209
|
|
msgid "Binary"
|
|
msgstr "Binarios"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:210
|
|
msgid "Library"
|
|
msgstr "Librería"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/android/aidl.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:212
|
|
msgid "Interface"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:213
|
|
msgid "Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "Implementación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:214
|
|
msgid "Server"
|
|
msgstr "Servidor"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
|
|
msgid "Deploy"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:216
|
|
msgid "Client"
|
|
msgstr "Cliente"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
|
|
msgid "Changing API"
|
|
msgstr "Cambiando de API"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/android/logging.md:1
|
|
msgid "Logging"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 src/android/interoperability.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr "Interoperabilidad"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:220
|
|
msgid "With C"
|
|
msgstr "Con C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:221
|
|
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "Invocar C desde Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:222
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
|
|
msgstr "Invocar Rust desde C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "With C++"
|
|
msgstr "Con C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:224
|
|
msgid "With Java"
|
|
msgstr "Con Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:227
|
|
msgid "Final Words"
|
|
msgstr "Palabras Finales"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 src/thanks.md:1
|
|
msgid "Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "Gracias!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:230
|
|
msgid "Other Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Otros Recursos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/credits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Credits"
|
|
msgstr "Créditos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 src/exercises/solutions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "Soluciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:240
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:241
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1 Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:242
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:243
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2 Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:244
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:245
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3 Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:246
|
|
msgid "Day 4 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 4 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a four day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course "
|
|
"covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like "
|
|
"generics and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on "
|
|
"the last day."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un curso de Rust de cuatro días desarrollado por el team de Android. "
|
|
"El curso cubre el espectro completo de Rust, desde la sintaxis básica a "
|
|
"tópicos avanzados como genéricos y el manejo de errores. Para el último día "
|
|
"también incluye contenido específico a Android."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know "
|
|
"anything about Rust and hope to:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El objetivo del curso es enseñarte Rust. Asumimos que no sabes nada Acerca "
|
|
"de Rust y esperamos que:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:10
|
|
msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language."
|
|
msgstr "Darte un entendimiento comprensivo de la sintaxis y lenguaje Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:11
|
|
msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Permitirte modificar programas de Rust y escribir otros nuevos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:12
|
|
msgid "Show you common Rust idioms."
|
|
msgstr "Brindarte idiomática propia de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:14
|
|
msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:"
|
|
msgstr "En el Día 4, cubriremos cosas específicas a Android como:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:16
|
|
msgid "Building Android components in Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Construir componentes en Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:17
|
|
msgid "AIDL servers and clients."
|
|
msgstr "Clientes y servidores AIDL. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:18
|
|
msgid "Interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C, C++, y Java."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is important to note that this course does not cover Android "
|
|
"**application** development in Rust, and that the Android-specific parts "
|
|
"are specifically about writing code for Android itself, the operating "
|
|
"system. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es importante destacar que este curso no cubre desarrollo de "
|
|
"**aplicaciones** Android en Rust, y que las partes específicas a Android "
|
|
"son acerca de escribir código para Android en sí, el sistema operativo. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:24
|
|
msgid "Non-Goals"
|
|
msgstr "No tiene por Objetivo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few "
|
|
"days. Some non-goals of this course are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es un lenguaje extenso y no podemos cubrir todo de él en algunos días. "
|
|
"Algo de los No Objetivos es:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Learn how to use async Rust --- we'll only mention async Rust when covering "
|
|
"traditional concurrency primitives. Please see [Asynchronous Programming in "
|
|
"Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) instead for details on this "
|
|
"topic."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aprender cómo usar Rust asincrónico —solo mencionaremos Rust async cuando "
|
|
"cubramos las primitivas de concurrencia tradicional. Por favor ver "
|
|
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) "
|
|
"para más detalles."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Learn how to develop macros, please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aprender como escribir macros, en cambio por favor ver [Capítulo 19.5 en el "
|
|
"Libro de Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) y [Rust "
|
|
"by Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:37
|
|
msgid "Assumptions"
|
|
msgstr "Suposiciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a "
|
|
"statically typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and "
|
|
"C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso asume que ya sabes programar. Rust es un lenguaje de tipado "
|
|
"estático y algunas veces trataremos comparaciones con C y C++ para explicar "
|
|
"mejor o contrastar la aproximación de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you know how to program in a dynamically typed language such as Python or "
|
|
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si sabes como programar en un lenguaje de tapado dinámico como Python o "
|
|
"JavaScript, también podrás seguir el contenido a lo largo del curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional "
|
|
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor "
|
|
"should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un ejemplo de _nota del speaker_. Usaremos esto para agregar "
|
|
"información adicional a las diapositivas. Esto puede ser el punto clave en "
|
|
"el cual el instructor podría cubrir respuestas a preguntas comunes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3
|
|
msgid "This page is for the course instructor."
|
|
msgstr "Esta página es para el instructor del curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the "
|
|
"course internally at Google."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aquí hay un poco de información de fondo acerca de como nosotros hemos "
|
|
"llevado a cabo el curso Internamente en Google."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:8
|
|
msgid "To run the course, you need to:"
|
|
msgstr "Para hacer el curso, necesitas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker "
|
|
"notes on some of the pages to help highlight the key points (please help us "
|
|
"by contributing more speaker notes!). You should make sure to open the "
|
|
"speaker notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to "
|
|
"\"Speaker Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Estar familiarizado con el material del curso. Incluimos notas para el "
|
|
"orador en algunas páginas para ayudar a destacar algunos puntos clave (por "
|
|
"favor ayúdanos sumando con más notas!). Deberías estar seguro de abrir "
|
|
"notas en un popup (click en el link con una pequeña flecha al lado de "
|
|
"\"Speaker Notes\"). De esta manera tendrás la pantalla limpia para los "
|
|
"oyentes de la clase."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Decide on the dates. Since the course is large, we recommend that you "
|
|
"schedule the four days over two weeks. Course participants have said that "
|
|
"they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process "
|
|
"all the information we give them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Determina las fechas. Debido que el curso es largo, recomendamos que "
|
|
"planifiques un calendario de cuatro días en dos semanas. Los participantes "
|
|
"del curso deben encontrar útil tener un espacio en el curso ya que ayuda a "
|
|
"procesar toda la información que daremos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a "
|
|
"class size of 15-20 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable "
|
|
"asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have "
|
|
"time to answer the questions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Encuentra un lugar grande lo suficiente para los participantes. Recomendamos "
|
|
"una clase del tamaño de 15-20 personas. Es lo mínimo necesario para estar "
|
|
"cómodos respondiendo preguntas ---y también para que un instructor tenga "
|
|
"tiempo para responder las preguntas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things "
|
|
"up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your "
|
|
"laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag "
|
|
"as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as "
|
|
"you or the course participants spot them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el día del curso, llega al lugar antes para tener las cosas listas. "
|
|
"Recomendamos hacer la presentación usando directamente `mdbook serve` "
|
|
"corriendo en tu notebook (vea la [instrucción de instalación](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust#building)). Esto asegura la mejor performance "
|
|
"si lag al cambiar de página. Usar tu laptop te permitirá corregir errores "
|
|
"tipográficos que tú o los participantes encuentren en el curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. Make sure "
|
|
"to ask people if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. "
|
|
"When you see that several people have the same problem, call it out to the "
|
|
"class and offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the "
|
|
"relevant information in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Permite a las personas resolver los ejercicios ellos mismos o en grupos "
|
|
"pequeños. Asegúrate de preguntar a las personas si están trabadas o si hay "
|
|
"algo en que puedas ayudarlos. Cuando Veas varias personas tienen el mismo "
|
|
"problema, háblalo con todos y ofrece una solución, por ejemplo, mostrando a "
|
|
"las personas dónde encontrar información de librerías estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you don't skip the Android specific parts on Day 4, you will need an "
|
|
"[AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/download/downloading). "
|
|
"Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/android/` "
|
|
"directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure that the "
|
|
"Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si no saltas la parte del Día 4 específica de Android, necesitarás un [AOSP "
|
|
"checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/download/downloading). Haz "
|
|
"un checkout del [repositorio del curso](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust) en la misma Máquina y moviendo el directorio `src/"
|
|
"android/` a la raíz de tu archivos AOSP de ‘Android.bp’ en `src/android/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build "
|
|
"all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to "
|
|
"see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Asegúrate que `adb sync` funciona con tu emulador o en un dispositivo físico "
|
|
"y haz pre-build en todos los ejemplos de Android usando `src/android/"
|
|
"build_all.sh`. Lee el script para ver los comandos que corren y asegúrate "
|
|
"que funcionan cuando lo corres a mano."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun "
|
|
"for you as it has been for us!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto es todo, buena suerte haciendo el curso! Esperamos que hacerlo sea tan "
|
|
"placentero para ti como lo fue para nosotros!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We "
|
|
"would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. "
|
|
"Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por favor luego [proporciona comentarios](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/discussions/86) para que podamos mejorar el curso. Nos "
|
|
"encantaría saber cómo fue y qué podríamos hacer mejor. Los estudiantes "
|
|
"también son bienvenidos para que [nos envíen feedback](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
|
|
msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:"
|
|
msgstr "Este curso es acelerado y cubre muchos temas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker."
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: Rust Básico, propiedad y chequeo de préstamos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:8
|
|
msgid "Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Día 2: Tipos de datos compuestos, coincidencia de patrones, la librería "
|
|
"estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:9
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: Traits y Genéricos, manejo de errores, testing, Rust no seguro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10
|
|
msgid "Day 4: Concurrency in Rust and interoperability with other languages"
|
|
msgstr "Día 4: Concurrencia en Rust e interoperatiblidad con otros lenguajes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"**Exercise for Day 4:** Do you interface with some C/C++ code in your "
|
|
"project which we could attempt to move to Rust? The fewer dependencies the "
|
|
"better. Parsing code would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"**Ejecicio del Día 4:** Comunicarte con alegan código C/C++ en tu proyecto "
|
|
"que podrías migrar a Rust? Con menos dependencias es lo mejor. Parsear el "
|
|
"código sería lo ideal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16
|
|
msgid "Format"
|
|
msgstr "Formato"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the "
|
|
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso tiene la intención de ser muy interactivo y recomendamos dejar que "
|
|
"las preguntas lleven a explorar Rust!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3
|
|
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
|
|
msgstr "Tenemos varios atajos de teclados útiles en mdBook:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid "Arrow-Left"
|
|
msgstr "Arrow-Left"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid ": Navigate to the previous page."
|
|
msgstr ": Navigar a la página anterior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
|
|
msgid "Arrow-Right"
|
|
msgstr "Arrow-Right"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
|
|
msgid ": Navigate to the next page."
|
|
msgstr ": Navigar a la página siguiente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid "Ctrl + Enter"
|
|
msgstr "Ctrl + Enter"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7
|
|
msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus."
|
|
msgstr ": Ejecuta el código de ejemplo seleccionado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
|
|
msgid "s"
|
|
msgstr "s"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
|
|
msgid ": Activate the search bar."
|
|
msgstr ": Activa la barra de búsqueda."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful "
|
|
"volunteers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso ha sido traducido a otros lenguajes por una serie de maravillosos "
|
|
"voluntarios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) "
|
|
"by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) and [@hugojacob](https://"
|
|
"github.com/hugojacob)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) "
|
|
"por [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) and [@hugojacob](https://"
|
|
"github.com/hugojacob)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and "
|
|
"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) por [@keispace]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and "
|
|
"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) por [@wfranck]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/wfranck)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Selecciona el lenguaje en el globo en la esquina superior derecha para "
|
|
"cambiar entre lenguajes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to "
|
|
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si gustas contribuir con traducciones, por favor revisa \\[nuestras "
|
|
"instrucciones\\] para saber cómo. Las traducciones son coordinadas en el "
|
|
"[issue tracker](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build "
|
|
"and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what "
|
|
"Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this "
|
|
"training."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando comienzas a leer acerca de Rust, descubrirás [Cargo](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/cargo/), la herramienta estándar Usada en el ecosistema Rust para "
|
|
"construir y correr aplicaciones Rust. Aquí queremos Dar una breve reseña de "
|
|
"qué es Cargo y cómo forma parte del amplio ecosistema y como encaja en este "
|
|
"curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:8
|
|
msgid "Installation"
|
|
msgstr "Instalación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:10
|
|
msgid "Rustup (Recommended)"
|
|
msgstr "Rustup (Recomendado)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among "
|
|
"other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rustup.rs/) tool, "
|
|
"which is maintained by the Rust Foundation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes seguir las instrucciones para instalar cargo y el compilador de Rust, "
|
|
"además de otras herramientas estándar con la herramienta [rustup](https://"
|
|
"rust-analyzer.github.io/), que es mantenida por la Fundación Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line "
|
|
"utility that you can use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross "
|
|
"compilation, etc."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con cargo y rustc, Rustup por sí mismo se instalará como una utilidad de "
|
|
"línea de comando que puedes usar para instalar/cambiar entre herramientas, "
|
|
"configurar compilaciones cruzadas, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:16
|
|
msgid "Package Managers"
|
|
msgstr "Package Managers"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:18
|
|
msgid "Debian"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust "
|
|
"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En Debian/Ubuntu, puedes instalar Cargo, el código fuente de Rust y el [Rust "
|
|
"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) con"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This will allow [rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) to jump to "
|
|
"the definitions. We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) "
|
|
"to edit the code (but any LSP compatible editor works)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto permitirá a \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] saltar a las definiciones. "
|
|
"Sugerimos usar [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) para editar código "
|
|
"(pero cualquier editor LSP compatible funcionará)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/"
|
|
"clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own "
|
|
"tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www."
|
|
"jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging "
|
|
"only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A algunos colegas también les gusta usar IDEs [JetBrains](https://www."
|
|
"jetbrains.com/clion/), que hacen su propio análisis y tienen diferentes "
|
|
"ventajas. Si prefieres usarlos, puedes instalar el \\[Rust Plugin\\]. Por "
|
|
"favor tén en cuenta que a Enero 2023 el debugging solo funciona en la "
|
|
"versión CLion de JetBrains IDEA."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1
|
|
msgid "The Rust Ecosystem"
|
|
msgstr "El Ecosistema Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El ecosistema Rust consiste en un número de herramientas, entre las cuales "
|
|
"contamos como principales:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other "
|
|
"intermediate formats."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`rustc`: el compilador Rustque cambia archivos`.rs` a binarios y a otros "
|
|
"formatos intermedios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to "
|
|
"download dependencies hosted on <https://crates.io> and it will pass them to "
|
|
"`rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test "
|
|
"runner which is used to execute unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`cargo`: la herramienta de manejo y build de Rust. Cargo sabe como "
|
|
"descargar dependencias guardadas en <https://crates.io> y enviará ellas a "
|
|
"`rustc` cuando arme tu proyecto. Cargo también trae incluida una herramienta "
|
|
"de test que es usada para ejecutar test unitarios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to "
|
|
"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is "
|
|
"released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the "
|
|
"standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once "
|
|
"and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`rustup`: es la herramienta Rust para hacer instalaciones y actualizaciones. "
|
|
"Esta herramienta es usada para Instalar y actualizar `rustc` y `cargo` "
|
|
"cuando salen nuevas versiones de Rust. Además, `rustup` también puede "
|
|
"descargar documentación para las librerías estándar. Puedes tener múltiples "
|
|
"versiones de Rust instaladas al mismo tiempo y `rustup` te dejará cambiar "
|
|
"entre ellas cuando lo necesites."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35
|
|
msgid "Key points:"
|
|
msgstr "Puntos clave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six "
|
|
"weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- "
|
|
"plus they enable new functionality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust tiene un programa de lanzamientos rápidos con una nueva versión cada "
|
|
"seis semanas. Cada nuevo lanzamiento será retrocompatible con viejas "
|
|
"versiones --- además que agregan nueva funcionalidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para las raleases tenemos tres canales: \"estable\", \"beta\", y \"nightly\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes "
|
|
"\"stable\" every six weeks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nuevas características se testean en \"nightly\" y \"beta\" pasa a "
|
|
"\"restable\" cada seis semanas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the "
|
|
"current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust también tiene [ediciones](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): la "
|
|
"edición actual es Rust 2021. Las ediciones anteriores fueron Rust 2015 y "
|
|
"Rust 2018."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the "
|
|
"language."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las ediciones nuevas introducen cambios al lenguaje que no son "
|
|
"retrocompatibles."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for "
|
|
"your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para prevenir romper el código, se elige la versión: seleccionas la edición "
|
|
"para tu paquete vía el archivo `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for "
|
|
"different editions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para evitar dividir los ecosistemas, los compiladores de Rust pueden mezclar "
|
|
"código escrito para diferentes ediciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through "
|
|
"`cargo` (most users never do)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hay que decir que es raro necesitar usar el compilador directamente y no a "
|
|
"travez de `cargo` (la mayoría de los usuarios jamás lo hace)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and "
|
|
"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but "
|
|
"not limited to: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vale la pena mencionar que Cargo en sí es una herramienta extremadamente "
|
|
"poderosa e integral. Es capaz de hacer muchas cosas avanzadas y no "
|
|
"limitadas a: "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47
|
|
msgid "Project/package structure"
|
|
msgstr "Estructura del proyecto/package "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48
|
|
msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html) "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49
|
|
msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo/Caché de Dependencias de Desarrollo y de Runtime "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts."
|
|
"html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts."
|
|
"html) "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install."
|
|
"html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[instalación global](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install."
|
|
"html) "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo "
|
|
"clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También es extensible con plugins de subcomandos (como es [cargo clippy]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy)). "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lee más en el [Libro Oficial de Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1
|
|
msgid "Code Samples in This Training"
|
|
msgstr "Códigos de Ejemplo en Esta Práctica"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples "
|
|
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier "
|
|
"and ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para esta práctica, principalmente exploraremos el lenguaje Rust a través de "
|
|
"ejemplos los cuales pueden correrse en el browser. Esto hace la "
|
|
"configuración mucho mas fácil y asegura consistencia en la experiencia de "
|
|
"cada uno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do "
|
|
"the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you "
|
|
"how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Claro que se sigue recomendando instalar Cargo: será más fácil para tí para "
|
|
"hacer los ejercicios. En el último día haremos un ejercicio el cual te "
|
|
"mostrará cómo Trabajar con dependencias y para eso necesitarás Cargo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11
|
|
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
|
|
msgstr "Los bloques de código en este curso son totalmente interactivos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Modifícame!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid "You can use "
|
|
msgstr "Puedes usar "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box."
|
|
msgstr " paraejecutar código cuando se hace foco en el text box."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not "
|
|
"editable for various reasons:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La mayor parte de los ejemplos son editables como se muestra arriba. Unos "
|
|
"pocos ejemplos no son editables por varias razones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and "
|
|
"open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En los bloques de código embebido no pueden ejecutarse test unitarios. Copia "
|
|
"y pega el código y ábrelo en un entorno real para comprobar test unitarios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from "
|
|
"the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises "
|
|
"using a local Rust installation or via the Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los espacios de código embebido pierden su estado en el momento que navegas "
|
|
"fuera de la página! Eta es la razón por la que los estudiantes deben "
|
|
"resolver los ejercicios usando una instalación local de Rust o vía esos "
|
|
"espacios de trabajo con código."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1
|
|
msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "Correr Código Localmente con Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will "
|
|
"need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the "
|
|
"Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This "
|
|
"should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the "
|
|
"latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres probar código en tu computadora, primero necesitarás instalar "
|
|
"Rust. Para esto sigue las [instrucciones en el Libro de Rust](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). Esto debería darte para usar "
|
|
"un `rustc` y `cargo`. Al tiempo que se escribe esto, la última versión "
|
|
"estable de Rust tiene estos números de versiones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"% rustc --version\n"
|
|
"rustc 1.61.0 (fe5b13d68 2022-05-18)\n"
|
|
"% cargo --version\n"
|
|
"cargo 1.61.0 (a028ae4 2022-04-29)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With this is in place, then follow these steps to build a Rust binary from "
|
|
"one of the examples in this training:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con esto en su lugar, sigue las instrucciones para hacer un build de los "
|
|
"binarios de Rust desde uno de los ejemplos de este curso:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18
|
|
msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Click sobre el botón \"Copy to clipboard\" en el ejemplo que quieres copiar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa `cargo new ejercicio` para crear una nueva carpeta `ejercicio/` para tu "
|
|
"código:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new exercise\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new ejercicio\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `ejercicio` package\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ve hasta `ejercicio/` y usa `cargo run` para hacer build y ejecutar tus "
|
|
"binarios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cd exercise\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
"Hello, world!\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cd ejercicio\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling ejercicio v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
"Hola Mundo!\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For "
|
|
"example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Reemplaza el código base en `src/main.rs` con tu propio código. Por ejemplo, "
|
|
"usando el ejemplo de la página anterior, haciendo que `src/main.rs` quede "
|
|
"como"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Modifícame!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:47
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Usa `cargo run` para hacer build y ejecutar tu binario actualizado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
"Edit me!\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling ejercicio v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/ejercicio)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/ejercicio`\n"
|
|
"Modifícame!\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo "
|
|
"build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/"
|
|
"debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an "
|
|
"optimized release build in `target/release/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa `cargo check` para controlar rápido tu proyecto por errores, usando "
|
|
"`cargo build` para compilar sin ejecutarlo. Podrás encontrar el resultado en "
|
|
"`target/debug/` para un debug de build normal. Usa `cargo build —release` "
|
|
"para hacer un release optimizado del build en `target/release/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you "
|
|
"run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing "
|
|
"dependencies for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes agregar dependencias para trueque proyecto editando `cargo.toml`. "
|
|
"Cuando corres el comando `cargo`, automáticamente descargará y compilará las "
|
|
"dependencias faltantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local "
|
|
"editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal "
|
|
"development environment."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Trata de motivar a los participantes de la clase para instalar Cargo y usar "
|
|
"un editor de código local. Esto hará que tu vida sea más fácil porque tienen "
|
|
"un IDE normal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 1"
|
|
msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground "
|
|
"today:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es el primer día de Comprehensive Rust. Cubririemos un montón de "
|
|
"contenido:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, "
|
|
"references, functions, and methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"sintaxis básica Rust: variables, scalar y tipos compuestos, enums, structs, "
|
|
"references, funciones, y métodos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based "
|
|
"memory management, and garbage collection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Manejo de memoria: stack vs heap, manejo manual de memoria, manejo de "
|
|
"memoria scope-based, y garaje collection."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ownsership: manejo semántico, copiar y clonar, préstamos, y tiempo de vida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16
|
|
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
|
|
msgstr "Por favor recuerda a los estudiantes que:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Deben hacer las preguntas cuando surgen, no las guarden hasta el final."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much "
|
|
"encouraged!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La clase tiene la intención de ser interactiva y también para abrir espacios "
|
|
"de debate."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., "
|
|
"keep the related to how Rust does things vs some other language. It can be "
|
|
"hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing discussions "
|
|
"since they engage people much more than one-way communication."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Como instructor, debes intentar llevar discusiones relevantes, por ejemplo, "
|
|
"mantener relación de cómo Rust hace las cosas vs otros lenguajes. Puede "
|
|
"costar encontrar un balance adecuado, pero permite llevar un debate que "
|
|
"atraiga la atención de la gente por sobre un discurso unidireccional."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las preguntas deberían ser sobre cosas acerca del contenido de los slides."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. "
|
|
"Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as "
|
|
"you like."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto está perfecto! Repetir es una parte importante del aprendizaje. "
|
|
"Recuerda que los slides son solo un soporte y tienes libertad de saltearlos "
|
|
"cuando quieras."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to "
|
|
"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a "
|
|
"major feature and we should show students this right away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La idea del primer día es mostar _solo lo necesario_ de Rust para permitir "
|
|
"hablar sobre el famoso borrow checker. La manera que Rust maneja la memoria "
|
|
"es la principal característica y debemos mostrar a los estudiantes la manera "
|
|
"correcta."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the "
|
|
"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si estás enseñando esto en una clase, es un buen lugar para repasar el "
|
|
"horario. Sugerimos dividir el día en dos partes (guiándose por los slides):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36
|
|
msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,"
|
|
msgstr "Mañana: 9:00 to 12:00,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37
|
|
msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
msgstr "Tarde: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include "
|
|
"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Claro que puedes modificarlo si es necesario. Por favor asegúrate de incluir "
|
|
"breaks, Recomendamos un break cada hora!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]"
|
|
"(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es un nuevo lenguaje que tiene su [release 1.0 en 2015](https://blog."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++"
|
|
msgstr "Rust es un lenguaje compilado estático similar a C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6
|
|
msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend."
|
|
msgstr "`rustc` usa LLVM como backend."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust soporta muchas [platformas y arquitecturas](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9
|
|
msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..."
|
|
msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, …"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..."
|
|
msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, …"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust es usado en muchos dispositivos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12
|
|
msgid "firmware and boot loaders,"
|
|
msgstr "firmware y boot loaders,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13
|
|
msgid "smart displays,"
|
|
msgstr "smart displays,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid "mobile phones,"
|
|
msgstr "mobile phones,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid "desktops,"
|
|
msgstr "desktops,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16
|
|
msgid "servers."
|
|
msgstr "servers."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21
|
|
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust encaja en el mismo área de C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23
|
|
msgid "High flexibility."
|
|
msgstr "Alta flexibilidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24
|
|
msgid "High level of control."
|
|
msgstr "Alto nivel de control."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25
|
|
msgid "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones."
|
|
msgstr "Puede usarse en dispositivos limitados como teléfonos celulares"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26
|
|
msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection."
|
|
msgstr "No tiene runtime o garbage colector."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27
|
|
msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
|
|
msgstr "Se enfoca en la confiabilidad y seguridad sin sacrificar performance."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World "
|
|
"program:"
|
|
msgstr "Vayamos al ejemplo de programa Rust más simple, un clásico Hola Mundo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hola 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:12
|
|
msgid "What you see:"
|
|
msgstr "Qué ves:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:14
|
|
msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`."
|
|
msgstr "Funciones agregadas con `fn`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:15
|
|
msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++."
|
|
msgstr "Bloques delimitados por llaves como en C y C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:16
|
|
msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program."
|
|
msgstr "La función `main` que es el punto de entrada al programa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:17
|
|
msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this."
|
|
msgstr "Rust tiene macros limpios, `println!` es un ejemplo de esto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:18
|
|
msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Strings Rust son codificados UTF-8 y pueden contener cualquier carácter "
|
|
"Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will "
|
|
"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something "
|
|
"familiar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este slide intenta que los estudiantes se sientan cómodos con código Rust. "
|
|
"Verán mucho de esto los siguientes cuatro días ase que empezaremos con algo "
|
|
"rápido y familiar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is "
|
|
"imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless "
|
|
"absolutely necessary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es similar a otros lenguajes tradicionales como C/C++/Java. Es "
|
|
"imperativo (no funcional) y no trata de reinventar cosas a menos que sea "
|
|
"absolutamente necesario."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:31
|
|
msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode."
|
|
msgstr "\\*Rust es moderno con soporte completo para cosas como Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of "
|
|
"arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust usa macros para situaciones donde quieres tener una variable number o "
|
|
"arguments (no funciones [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Aquí tenemos un ejemplo de un programa Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Program entry point\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Punto de entrada del programa\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Variable mutable vinculante\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro para printing, como printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // Sin paréntesis alrededor de las expresiones\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Operaciones matemáticas como en otros lenguajes\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop "
|
|
"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with "
|
|
"different inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El código implementa la conjetura de Collatz: que dice que un bucle siempre "
|
|
"termina, pero no siempre se prueba. Modifica el código y prueba diferentes "
|
|
"inputs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to "
|
|
"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer "
|
|
"overflow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Explica que todas las variables son de tipo estáticas. Prueba removiendo "
|
|
"`i32` para que se dispare la inferencia de tipos. Intenta con `i8` y ejecuta "
|
|
"un overflow de integer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32
|
|
msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr "Cambia `let mut x` a `let x`, debatan sobre el error de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the "
|
|
"format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra como `print!` da un error de compilación si el argumento no es el "
|
|
"mismo del formato del string."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an "
|
|
"expression which is more complex than just a single variable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra como necesitas usar `{}` como placeholder si quieres imprimir una "
|
|
"expresión la cual es más compleja que una simple variable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::"
|
|
"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important "
|
|
"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra a los estudiantes la librería estándar, muestra como buscar con "
|
|
"`std::fmt` la cual quiene reglas de un mini-lenguaje de formato. Es "
|
|
"importante que los estudiantes se familiaricen con las búsquedas en la "
|
|
"librería estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Algunas características únicas de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Compile time memory safety."
|
|
msgstr "Tiempo de compilación Garantizado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:6
|
|
msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior."
|
|
msgstr "Garantía en Tiempo de Ejecución."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:7
|
|
msgid "Modern language features."
|
|
msgstr "Características Modernas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. "
|
|
"Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Asegúrate de preguntar a la clase en qué lenguajes tienen experiencia. "
|
|
"Dependiendo de la respuesta puedes destacar diferentes características de "
|
|
"Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ "
|
|
"via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't "
|
|
"have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with "
|
|
"constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Experiencia con C o C++: Rust elimina todos los _runtime erorrs_ vía el "
|
|
"_borrow checker_. Puedes obtener misma performance de C y C++, pero no "
|
|
"tienes errores con manejo de memoria no seguro. Además, tienes un lenguaje "
|
|
"moderno con con constructores como patera matching y manejo de dependencias "
|
|
"integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory "
|
|
"safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In "
|
|
"addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage "
|
|
"collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Experiencia con Java, Go, Python, JavaScript…: Tienes el mismo manejo de "
|
|
"memoria seguro en esos lenguajes, más una sensación de performance similar a "
|
|
"un lenguaje de alto nivel. Además tienes la performance de C y C++ (sin "
|
|
"garaje colector) Así como acceso de bajo nivel a hardware (podrías "
|
|
"necesitarlo)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3
|
|
msgid "Static memory management at compile time:"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo de memoria estático en tiempo de compilación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5
|
|
msgid "No uninitialized variables."
|
|
msgstr "No hay variables sin inicializar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6
|
|
msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)."
|
|
msgstr "No hay memory leaks (_casi siempre_, ver notas)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7
|
|
msgid "No double-frees."
|
|
msgstr "No hay double-frees."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8
|
|
msgid "No use-after-free."
|
|
msgstr "No use-after-free."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9
|
|
msgid "No `NULL` pointers."
|
|
msgstr "No `NULL` pointers."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10
|
|
msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes."
|
|
msgstr "No puedes olvidar mutexes bloqueados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11
|
|
msgid "No data races between threads."
|
|
msgstr "No hay race-conditions por datos entre hilos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12
|
|
msgid "No iterator invalidation."
|
|
msgstr "No hay iteradores inválidos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:"
|
|
msgstr "Es posible hacer memory learks en Rust (seguro). Algunos ejemplos son:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can for use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
|
|
"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-"
|
|
"initialized and runtime-sized static variables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes usar [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
|
|
"html#method.leak) para hacer un leak de un puntero. El uso de de esto puede "
|
|
"ser para obtener variables inicializadas en tiempo de ejecución o "
|
|
"modificando su tamaño."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget."
|
|
"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor "
|
|
"is never run)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes usar [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget."
|
|
"html) para hacer que el compilador \"olvide\" un valor (así no se corre el "
|
|
"destructor)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También accidentalmente puedes crear un [ciclo de referencia](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) con `Rc` o `Arc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak "
|
|
"and Rust does not protect from those."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De hecho, algunos considerarán cargar datos infinitamente una colección un "
|
|
"desbordamiento de memoria que Rust no protegerá."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as "
|
|
"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para el propósito de este curso, \"No memory leak\" debe entenderse como "
|
|
"\"Ningún tipo de memory leak _accidental_\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3
|
|
msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr "Sin estados indefinidos en runtime:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5
|
|
msgid "Array access is bounds checked."
|
|
msgstr "Se verifican los límites de acceso a un Array."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6
|
|
msgid "Integer overflow is defined."
|
|
msgstr "Se define el overflow de Integer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Integer overflow is defined via a compile-time flag. The options are either "
|
|
"a panic (a controlled crash of the program) or wrap-around semantics. By "
|
|
"default, you get panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in "
|
|
"release mode (`cargo build --release`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El overflow en Integer es definido vía un flan en tiempo de compilación. Las "
|
|
"opciones son alertas panic (un crash controlado del programa) o una "
|
|
"semántica que lo envuelve. Por defecto, obtienes el alerta en modo "
|
|
"depuración (`cargo build`) y envolviéndolo en el modo release (`cargo build —"
|
|
"release`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be "
|
|
"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to "
|
|
"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds "
|
|
"checking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El chequeo de límites no puede ser desactivado con el flag de compilador. "
|
|
"Tampoco puede deshabilitarse directamente usando `unsafe`. Sin embargo, "
|
|
"`unsafe` permite que llames a la función como `slice::get_unchecked` que no "
|
|
"brinda chequeos de límites."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years."
|
|
msgstr "Rust está hecho con toda la experiencia ganada en 40 años."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5
|
|
msgid "Language Features"
|
|
msgstr "Características del Lenguaje"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7
|
|
msgid "Enums and pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr "Enums y pattern matching."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8
|
|
msgid "Generics."
|
|
msgstr "Genericos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9
|
|
msgid "No overhead FFI."
|
|
msgstr "No overhead FFI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10
|
|
msgid "Zero-cost abstractions."
|
|
msgstr "Abstracciones Zero-cost."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12
|
|
msgid "Tooling"
|
|
msgstr "Herramientas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14
|
|
msgid "Great compiler errors."
|
|
msgstr "Gran compilador de errores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15
|
|
msgid "Built-in dependency manager."
|
|
msgstr "Manejador de Dependencias integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16
|
|
msgid "Built-in support for testing."
|
|
msgstr "Soporte de testing integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17
|
|
msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
|
|
msgstr "Excelente soporte al Protocolo de Lenguaje de Servidor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' "
|
|
"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, "
|
|
"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level "
|
|
"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sin costo en abstracciones, similar a C++, quiere decir que no tienes que "
|
|
"‘pagar’ por tener un un lenguaje de alto nivel con memoria o CPU. Por "
|
|
"ejemplo, escribiendo un loop usando `for` debe resultar a bajo nivel en una "
|
|
"instrucción que usa `.iter().fold()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also "
|
|
"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like "
|
|
"`Option<T>` and `Result<T, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cabe mencionar que los enums de Rust son ‘Tipos de Datos Algebraicos’, "
|
|
"también conocidos como ‘tipos sumados’, los cuales permiten el tipo de "
|
|
"sistema para expresas cosas como `Option<T>` y `Result<T, E>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to "
|
|
"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more "
|
|
"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ "
|
|
"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Recuerda a las personas de leer los errores --- muchos programadores olvidan "
|
|
"leer la salida del compilador. El compilador de Rust es significativamente "
|
|
"más descriptivo que otros compiladores. Y frecuentemente provee un feedback "
|
|
"_para tomar acción_, con código listo para copiar y pegar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, "
|
|
"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard "
|
|
"and essential:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La librería estándar de Rust es pequeña comparada a otros lenguajes como "
|
|
"Java, Python y Go. Rust no viene con varias cosas que puedes considerar "
|
|
"estándar y esencial:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41
|
|
msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"un generador de número random, pero mira [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42
|
|
msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)."
|
|
msgstr "soporte para SSL o TLS, pero mira [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43
|
|
msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"soporte para JSON, pero mira [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library "
|
|
"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the "
|
|
"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps "
|
|
"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"Las razones detrás de esta funcionalidad es la librería estándar que no "
|
|
"puede\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"separarse, porque este tiene que ser muy estable. Para ejemplos de arriba, "
|
|
"la comunidad Rust sigue trabajando en encontrar la mejor solución --- y por "
|
|
"ejemplo no hay una única \"mejor solución\" para alguna de esas cosas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this "
|
|
"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence "
|
|
"of this is that the standard library can be smaller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust trae incluido un package manager en la forma de Cargo y hace trivial "
|
|
"descargar y compilador cosas autocontenidas. Como consecuencia la librería "
|
|
"estándar puede ser pequeña."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like <https://"
|
|
"lib.rs/> help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to "
|
|
"find a good and trusted one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Descubrir paquetes de terceros puede ser un problema. Sitios como <https://"
|
|
"lib.rs/> ayudará con esto permitiéndote comparar calidad de paquetes para "
|
|
"encontrar uno bueno y seguro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP "
|
|
"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"\\[rust-analizer\\] es un LSP bien soportado e implementado usado en los "
|
|
"principales IDEs y editores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:3
|
|
msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Mucho de la sintaxis de Rust es parecido a C, C++ o Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:5
|
|
msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces."
|
|
msgstr "Bloques y ámbitos delimitados por llaves."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... "
|
|
"*/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comentarios de línea que comienzan con `//`, bloques de comentarios "
|
|
"delimitados por `/*… */`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:8
|
|
msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same."
|
|
msgstr "Palabras claves como `if` y `while` funcionan igual."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:9
|
|
msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`."
|
|
msgstr "Asignación de variables hechas con `=`, comparaciones con `==`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "Types"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "Literals"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "Signed integers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "Unsigned integers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`0`, `123`, `10u16`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "Floating point numbers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "`f32`, `f64`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Strings"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "`&str`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "`\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\\"#`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "Unicode scalar values"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "`char`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "Byte strings"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "`&[u8]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "`b\"abc\"`, `br#\" \" \"#`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:11
|
|
msgid "Booleans"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:11
|
|
msgid "`bool`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:11
|
|
msgid "`true`, `false`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:13
|
|
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "Los tipos tienen una capacidad así:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15
|
|
msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,"
|
|
msgstr "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` son _N_ bits de capacidad,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16
|
|
msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,"
|
|
msgstr "`isize` y `usize` tienen el tamaño de un puntero,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17
|
|
msgid "`char` is 32 bit wide,"
|
|
msgstr "`char` es 32 bit de grande,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:18
|
|
msgid "`bool` is 8 bit wide."
|
|
msgstr "`bool` es 8 bit de grande."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "Arrays"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`[T; N]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "Tuples"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Asignación y acceso a los Arrays:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
|
|
" a[5] = 0;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18
|
|
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Asignación y acceso a Tuplas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32
|
|
msgid "Arrays:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a "
|
|
"compile-time constant. Note that the length of the array is _part of its "
|
|
"type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two different "
|
|
"types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los Arrays tienen elementos del mismo tipo, `T`, y tamaño, `N` que es "
|
|
"constante en compilación. Nota que el tamaño del array es _parte del tipo_, "
|
|
"lo que quiere decir que `[u8; 3]` y `[u8; 4]`son considerados dos tipos "
|
|
"diferentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38
|
|
msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays."
|
|
msgstr "Podemos usar literales para asignar valores a arreglos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation "
|
|
"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives "
|
|
"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without "
|
|
"specifying the value after the format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En la función main, la palabra print pregunta por la implementación de debug "
|
|
"con `?` para el formato de parámetro: `{}` que da una salida estándar, `{:?}"
|
|
"`. También podemos usar `{a}` y \\`{a:?} sin especificar los valores luego "
|
|
"del formato string."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be "
|
|
"easier to read."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Agregar `#`, por ejemplo `{a:#?}` invoca un formato para imprimir más lindo, "
|
|
"más fácil de leer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47
|
|
msgid "Tuples:"
|
|
msgstr "Tuplas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49
|
|
msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length."
|
|
msgstr "Como los array, las duplas tienen un tamaño fijo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51
|
|
msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las Tuplas es un grupo de valores con diferentes tipos formando un tipo "
|
|
"compuesto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, "
|
|
"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los campos de una Tuplas se acceden con un punto y el índice del valor, por "
|
|
"ejemplo: `t.0`, `t.1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, "
|
|
"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its "
|
|
"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a "
|
|
"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A una Tupla vacía `()` se la conoce también como \"unit type\". Ambos son "
|
|
"tipos, y la única manera válida de valor de ese tipo es nombrar ambos tipos "
|
|
"y sus valores que son expresados como `()`. Se usa para indicar, por "
|
|
"ejemplo, que la función o expresión no devuelve valor, como veremos más "
|
|
"adelante."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other "
|
|
"programming languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes pensar en este como un `void` de otros lenguajes de programación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
|
|
msgstr "Como C++, Rust tiene referencias:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n"
|
|
" *ref_x = 20;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14
|
|
msgid "Some notes:"
|
|
msgstr "Algunos comentarios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ "
|
|
"pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Debemos referencias `ref_x` cuando lo asignamos, similar a los punteros de C "
|
|
"o C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking "
|
|
"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust puede auto-referencias en algunos casos, en particular cuando hace "
|
|
"invoca métodos (intenta `ref_x.count_ones()`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over "
|
|
"their lifetime."
|
|
msgstr "Las referencias se declaran como `mut` y pueden cambiar de valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: "
|
|
"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound "
|
|
"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable "
|
|
"value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Asegúrate de poder diferenciar entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` y `let ref_x: "
|
|
"&mut i32`. El primero representa una referencia mutable que puede cambiar "
|
|
"de valor, mientras que el segundo representa una referencia con un valor que "
|
|
"puede cambiar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust estáticamente olvidará las referencias colgantes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &i32;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" ref_x = &x;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16
|
|
msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se dice que una referencia \"toma prestado\" el valor al que se refiere."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long "
|
|
"enough."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust registra la vida de todas las referencias para asegurar que perduran lo "
|
|
"necesario."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19
|
|
msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
|
|
msgstr "Hablaremos más de esto cuando veamos _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
|
|
msgstr "Un _slice_ nos da la visión a una colección:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:12 src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:17
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:20
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:16
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:35 src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:77
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:21 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:43
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:20
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:20 src/std/rc.md:15
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:74
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:96
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:31
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:80
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:59
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:100 src/structs.md:26
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:30 src/enums/sizes.md:84
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:133 src/methods/example.md:30 src/pattern-matching.md:18
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:47
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:109
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:14
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:17 src/std/option-result.md:13
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:19 src/std/vec.md:26 src/std/hashmap.md:33
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:63 src/modules/visibility.md:30
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:29
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:149
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:51 src/traits/iterator.md:20
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:20 src/traits/operators.md:15
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:34 src/generics/methods.md:15
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:30 src/generics/closures.md:20
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:35
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:36
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:79
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:80
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:90 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:100
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:110 src/error-handling/try-operator.md:39
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:23 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:21
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:27
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:23
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:54
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:48 src/concurrency/threads.md:21
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:14 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:30
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:22 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:26
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:26
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:22
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:19
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:18
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:44
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:57
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:78 src/android/aidl/client.md:34
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:59
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:76
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:103
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:139
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:148
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:176
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:44
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:55
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:66
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:107
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:130
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:47
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:137
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:115
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:137
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:155
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:58
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:102
|
|
msgid "}"
|
|
msgstr "}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:13 src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:18
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:31 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:28
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:17
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:36 src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:78
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:22 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:44
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:25
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:39
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:21 src/ownership.md:16
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:16 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:28
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:20 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:21
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:16 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:97
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:32
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:44
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:81
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:60
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:101 src/structs.md:27
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:12 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:33
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:36 src/generics/trait-objects.md:86
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:23 src/enums.md:29
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:31 src/enums/sizes.md:35 src/enums/sizes.md:85
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:134 src/methods.md:26 src/methods/example.md:42
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:19 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:27
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:113 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:70
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:36 src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:15
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:18 src/std/option-result.md:14
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:20 src/std/vec.md:27 src/std/hashmap.md:34
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:16 src/std/box-niche.md:14 src/std/rc.md:64
|
|
#: src/modules.md:24 src/modules/visibility.md:35
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:52 src/traits.md:37
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:19 src/traits/default-methods.md:28
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:28 src/traits/read-write.md:21
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:40 src/traits/operators.md:22 src/traits/drop.md:30
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:17 src/generics/methods.md:21
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:31 src/generics/impl-trait.md:17
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:21 src/generics/monomorphization.md:29
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:16 src/generics/trait-objects.md:37
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:121 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:133
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:17 src/error-handling/result.md:23
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:46
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:46
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:35
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:32
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:31 src/testing/test-modules.md:24
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:22 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:11
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:28 src/unsafe/unions.md:17
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:28
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:29 src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:17
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:26 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:93
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:22 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:15
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:31 src/concurrency/channels.md:23
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:27
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:27
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:23
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:20
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:58
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:88 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:25
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:46 src/android/build-rules/library.md:57
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:15 src/android/aidl/implementation.md:24
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:26 src/android/aidl/client.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:14 src/android/logging.md:40
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:18
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:17
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:31
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:96
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:60
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:60
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:177
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:234
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:175
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:168
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:118
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:103
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15
|
|
msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type."
|
|
msgstr "Slice toma prestado datos de un tipo _slice_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16
|
|
msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?"
|
|
msgstr "Pregunta: ¿Qué pasa si modificas `a[3]`?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending "
|
|
"indexes in brackets."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Creamos un slice prestando `a` y especificando el comienzo y final de los "
|
|
"índices entre corchetes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the "
|
|
"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are "
|
|
"identical."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si el slice empieza con índice 0, la sintaxis de rango de Rust nos permite "
|
|
"borrar el índice del comienzo, generando que `&a[0..a.len()]` y `&a[..a."
|
|
"len()]` sean idénticos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are "
|
|
"identical."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo mismo es para el último índice, así que `&a[2..a.len()]` y `&a[2..]` son "
|
|
"lo mismo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para crear fácil un slice de un array completo, podemos usar &a\\[..\\]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` "
|
|
"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform "
|
|
"computation on slices of different sizes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`s` es una referencia a un slice de `i32`s. Tener en cuenta que en el tipo "
|
|
"de `s` (`&[i32]`) no se menciona el tamaño del array. Esto permite realizar "
|
|
"cálculos en silces de diferentes tamaños."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain "
|
|
"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los silbes siempre se prestan de otro objeto. En este ejemplo, `a` tiene que "
|
|
"permanecer \"viva\" (en el scope) durante, al menos, el tiempo que dure "
|
|
"nuestro segmento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but "
|
|
"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` "
|
|
"after you created a slice, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` "
|
|
"safely. More details will be explained in the borrow checker section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La pregunta sobre modificar `a[3]` puede darnos un punto para una "
|
|
"interesante discusión, pero la respuesta es que por razones de memoria "
|
|
"segura no puedes hacerlo a través de `a` luego de crear un slice, pero "
|
|
"puedes leer los datos para ambos de `a` y `s` de forma segura. Se verá en "
|
|
"más detalle en la sección de chequeo de préstamos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
|
|
msgid "`String` vs `str`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de string en Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: &str = \"Mundo\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
"s2.push_str(s1);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hola \");\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
"s2.push_str(s1);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
|
|
msgid "Rust terminology:"
|
|
msgstr "Terminología Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
|
|
msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice."
|
|
msgstr "`&str` es una referencia inmutable a un slice string."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23
|
|
msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer."
|
|
msgstr "`String` es un buffer de string mutable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 "
|
|
"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals "
|
|
"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`&str` pone un string slice, que es una referencia inmutable a codificada "
|
|
"con datos string UTF-8 guardados en un bloque de memoria. El literal String "
|
|
"(`\"Hola\"`), se guarda en el binario del programa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a "
|
|
"`Vec<T>`, it is owned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tipo `String` de Rust es un wrapper para un vector de bytes. Como con un "
|
|
"`Vec<T>`, tiene dueño."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string "
|
|
"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data "
|
|
"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Como con otros tipos `String::from()` crea un string desde un string "
|
|
"literal; `String::new()` crea un string vacío, con datos que pueden usarse "
|
|
"con métodos `push()` y `push_str()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from "
|
|
"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El macro `format!()` es una manera conveniente de generar un string con "
|
|
"dueño desde un valor dinámico. Esto acepta los mismos formateo especificados "
|
|
"como `println!()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range "
|
|
"selection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes prestar silces `&str` de `String` con `&` y opcionalmente un rango "
|
|
"seleccionado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one "
|
|
"that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough "
|
|
"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain "
|
|
"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para programadores C++: piensa en `&str` como `const char` de C++, pero de "
|
|
"una forma que los punteros siempre son string válidos en memoria. El "
|
|
"`String` Rust es un equivalente tosco a `std::string` de C++ (La principal "
|
|
"diferencia: solo puede contener bytes codificados UTF-8 y nunca usar "
|
|
"optimización de small-string)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
|
|
"Fizz_buzz) interview question:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una versión Rust de la famosa pregunta para entrevistas con [FizzBuzz]"
|
|
"(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" fizzbuzz_to(20); // Defined below, no forward declaration needed\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" fizzbuzz_to(20); // Definida abajo, no necesitas declararla antes\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool { if rhs == 0 { return "
|
|
"false; // Corner case, early return } lhs % rhs == 0 // The last "
|
|
"expression in a block is the return value }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool { if rhs == 0 { return "
|
|
"false; // Un caso extremo, vuelve rápido } lhs % rhs == 0 // La última "
|
|
"expreción en el bloque es la que devuelve valor }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No return value means returning the unit "
|
|
"type `()` match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) { (true, "
|
|
"true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"), (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"), "
|
|
"(false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"), (false, false) => println!"
|
|
"(\"{n}\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No devolver valor implica devolver un tipo "
|
|
"unit `()` match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) { (true, "
|
|
"true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"), (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"), "
|
|
"(false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"), (false, false) => println!"
|
|
"(\"{n}\"), } }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` is normally omitted for i in 1..=n "
|
|
"{ fizzbuzz(i); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` por lo general se omite for i in 1..=n "
|
|
"{ fizzbuzz(i); } }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations "
|
|
"nor headers are necessary. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En `main` invocamos a una función escrita debajo. No es necesario hacer "
|
|
"declaraciones para referenciar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some "
|
|
"programming languages), then a return type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La declaración de parámetros es por tipo (lo contrario a otros lenguajes), y "
|
|
"devuelven tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return "
|
|
"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La última expresión en una función (u otro bloque) es el tipo que devuelve. "
|
|
"Y omite el `;` al final."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The "
|
|
"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunas funciones no devuelven valor y devuelven el `tipo unit`, `()`. El "
|
|
"compilador va a inferir `->()` si es tipo a devolver es omitido."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The range expression in the `for` loop in `fizzbuzz_to()` contains `=n`, "
|
|
"which causes it to include the upper bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las expresiones `for` en `fizzbuzz_to()` contienen `=n`, que incluye el "
|
|
"límite superior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` expression in `fizzbuzz()` is doing a lot of work. It is "
|
|
"expanded below to show what is happening."
|
|
msgstr "Los `match` en `fizzbuzz()` hacen mucho. Se detalla debajo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:42
|
|
msgid "(Type annotations added for clarity, but they can be elided.)"
|
|
msgstr "(Las anotaciones dan claridad, pero se pueden omitir)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"let by_3: bool = is_divisible_by(n, 3);\n"
|
|
"let by_5: bool = is_divisible_by(n, 5);\n"
|
|
"let by_35: (bool, bool) = (by_3, by_5);\n"
|
|
"match by_35 {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has methods, they are simply functions that are associated with a "
|
|
"particular type. The first argument of a method is an instance of the type "
|
|
"it is associated with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust tiene métodos, pero simplemente son funciones que están asociadas a un "
|
|
"tipo particular. El primer argumento de un método es una instancia de un "
|
|
"tipo asociado con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" width: u32,\n"
|
|
" height: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:12
|
|
msgid "impl Rectangle { fn area(&self) -> u32 { self.width * self.height }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n"
|
|
" self.width += delta;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 }; println!"
|
|
"(\"old area: {}\", rect.area()); rect.inc_width(5); println!(\"new area: "
|
|
"{}\", rect.area()); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's "
|
|
"class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Observaremos mucho más acerca de métodos en la clase de hoy a la tarde."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
|
|
msgid "Function Overloading"
|
|
msgstr "Sobrecarga de Funciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
|
|
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
|
|
msgstr "La Sobrecarga no es soportada:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
|
|
msgid "Each function has a single implementation:"
|
|
msgstr "Cada función tiene una implementación simple:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6
|
|
msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters."
|
|
msgstr "Siempre tiene un número fijo de parámetros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7
|
|
msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types."
|
|
msgstr "Siempre tiene un único conjunto de tipos de parámetros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8
|
|
msgid "Default values are not supported:"
|
|
msgstr "Los valores por defecto no están soportados:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9
|
|
msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments."
|
|
msgstr "Todas las llamadas tienen el mismo tipo de parámetro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10
|
|
msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
|
|
msgstr "Algunas veces como alternativa se usan macros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
|
|
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
|
|
msgstr "Sin embargo, los parámetros de funciones pueden ser _generics_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn pick_one<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn elegir_uno<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\")); "
|
|
"println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000)); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn main() { println!(\"arrojar la moneda: {}\", elegir_uno(\"cara\", "
|
|
"\"cruz\")); println!(\"premio: {}\", elegir_uno(500, 1000)); }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When using generics, the standard library's `Into<T>` can provide a kind of "
|
|
"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later "
|
|
"section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando usas genéricos, la librería estándar `Into<T>` puede dar un limitado "
|
|
"polimorfismo con tipo de parámetro. Lo veremos en detalle más adelante."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "En estos ejercicios, exploraremos dos partes de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Implicit conversions between types."
|
|
msgstr "Conversiones implícitas entre tipos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "Arrays and `for` loops."
|
|
msgstr "Arrays y loops `for`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
|
|
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
|
|
msgstr "Algunas cosas a considerar mientras resolvemos los ejercicios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-"
|
|
"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) "
|
|
"for details on installing Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usar una instalación de Rust local, si es posible. De esta manera puedes "
|
|
"tener auto-complete en el editor. Puedes ver la página [Usando Cargo](../../"
|
|
"cargo.md) para más detalles en la instalación de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17
|
|
msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
|
|
msgstr "Como alternativa, puedes usar el Rust embebido."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose "
|
|
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los scnippets de código no son editables a propósito: el código de snippets "
|
|
"inline pierden su estado si navegas fuera de la página."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the \\[solutions\\] provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Luego de ver los ejercicios, puedes ver las \\[soluciones\\] que se brindan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types "
|
|
"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/"
|
|
"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust no aplicará automáticamente _conversiones implícitas_ entre tipos "
|
|
"([como C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/"
|
|
"implicit_conversion)). Puedes ver esto en programas como este:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n"
|
|
" x * y\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:11
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let x: i8 = 15; let y: i16 = 1000;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The "
|
|
"`From<T>` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into<T>` "
|
|
"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type "
|
|
"expresses that it can be converted into another type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tipo integer de Rust implementa el [`From<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/convert/trait.From.html) y [`Into<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"convert/trait.Into.html) y trata de dejarnos para dejarnos convertir entre "
|
|
"ellos. El `From<T>` se trata como un simple método `from()` y similar, el "
|
|
"`Into<T>` se trata como un simple método `into()`. Implementando esto es "
|
|
"como expresamos un tipo que puede convertirse a otro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The standard library has an implementation of `From<i8> for i16`, which "
|
|
"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by "
|
|
"calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From<i8> for "
|
|
"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into<i16> for "
|
|
"i8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La librería estándar tiene una implementación de `From<i8> para i16`, que "
|
|
"significa Que podemos convertir la variable `x`de tipo `i8` a una `i16` "
|
|
"llamando `i16::from(x)`. O, más simple, con `x.into()`, porque la "
|
|
"implementación `From<i8> para i16` crea automáticamente una implementación "
|
|
"de `Into<i16> para i8`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so "
|
|
"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` "
|
|
"implementation automatically."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo mismo aplica para tu propia implementación `From` para tus propios tipos, "
|
|
"así es suficiente solo implementar `From` para obtener la respectiva "
|
|
"implementación automática `Into`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33
|
|
msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr "Ejecuta el programa de arriba y mira el error de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35
|
|
msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Actualiza el código de arriba usando `into()` para hacer la conversión."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, "
|
|
"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try "
|
|
"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the "
|
|
"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait."
|
|
"From.html) to see if `From<T>` is implemented for the pairs you check."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cambia los tipos de `x` e `y` para otras cosas (como con `f32`, `bool`, "
|
|
"`i128`) para ver qué tipos puedes convertir a otros tipos. Intenta "
|
|
"convirtiendo tipos pequeños a grandes y a otros tipos disponibles. Revisa la "
|
|
"[documentación de la librería estándar](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"convert/trait.From.html) para ver si `From<T>` se puede implementar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "Arrays y Loops `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
|
|
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Vimos que un array puede ser declarado así:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}"
|
|
"`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes imprimirlo para verlo y depurar código con `{:?}`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` "
|
|
"keyword:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust permite iterar sobre cosas como array y arreglos usando `for`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n"
|
|
" for n in array {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterando sobre el array:\");\n"
|
|
" for n in array {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
|
|
"for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"println!();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"print!(\"Iterando sobre el rango:\");\n"
|
|
"for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"println!();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix "
|
|
"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into "
|
|
"columns):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa lo de arriba para escribir la función `linda_impresion` que es una "
|
|
"matriz y una función `trasponer` que trasponerá una matriz (cambia filas a "
|
|
"columnas):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n"
|
|
"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n"
|
|
" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47
|
|
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
|
|
msgstr "Hardcodea ambas funciones para operar con matrices 3 x 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
|
|
"functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia el código debajo para <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e implementa las "
|
|
"funciones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:20
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: borra esto cuando termines de implementarlo.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: \\[\\[i32; 3\\]; 3\\]) -> \\[\\[i32; 3\\]; 3\\] "
|
|
"{ unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:60
|
|
msgid "fn pretty_print(matrix: &\\[\\[i32; 3\\]; 3\\]) { unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let matrix = \\[ \\[101, 102, 103\\], // \\<\\-- the comment "
|
|
"makes rustfmt add a newline \\[201, 202, 203\\], \\[301, 302, 303\\], \\];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:71
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
"pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:74
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
"pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80
|
|
msgid "Bonus Question"
|
|
msgstr "Preguntas Bonus"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your "
|
|
"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional "
|
|
"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes usar silbes `&[i32]` en vez de hardcodear matrices 3 x 3 para tus "
|
|
"parámetros y devolver tipos? Cosas como `&[&[i32]]` para dos dimensiones, "
|
|
"slices de slices. Por qué sí o por qué no?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality "
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mira el [ crates `ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) para implementación "
|
|
"con calidad de producción de calidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the "
|
|
"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las soluciones y respuestas a la sección bonus están disponibles en la "
|
|
"sección [Solución](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable "
|
|
"by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust provee tipos seguros por tipado estático. El enlace a variables es "
|
|
"inmutable por defecto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" // x = 20;\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the "
|
|
"types less and less as the course progresses."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dado a la inferencia de tipos `i32` es opcional. Poco a poco veremos los "
|
|
"tipos a medida que avance el curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the "
|
|
"function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nota que a partir que `println!` es una macro, `x` no se mueve, incluso "
|
|
"usando una función como `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust verá como _es usada_ la variable para determinar el tipo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:10
|
|
msgid "fn takes_i8(y: i8) { println!(\"i8: {y}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:14
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let x = 10; let y = 20;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"takes_u32(x);\n"
|
|
"takes_i8(y);\n"
|
|
"// takes_u32(y);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on "
|
|
"constraints given by variable declarations and usages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este slide demuestra cómo el compilador de Rust infiere tipos basados en "
|
|
"constrainst dadas por la declaración de variables y los usos. Es importante "
|
|
"enfatizar que las variables declaradas como esta no son un conjunto dinámico "
|
|
"de \"cualquier tipo\" que puede contener todo tipo de datos. El código "
|
|
"generado por esa declaración es idéntica a la declaración explícita de un "
|
|
"tipo. El compilador hace el trabajo por nosotros y nos ayuda a escribir "
|
|
"código más conciso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not "
|
|
"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine "
|
|
"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration "
|
|
"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise "
|
|
"code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic "
|
|
"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, "
|
|
"using `_` as a placeholder:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El siguiente código dice al compilador que copie en un contenedor genérico "
|
|
"determinado sin que explicitar específicamente el tipo contenido, usando `_` "
|
|
"como un placeholder:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push((10, false));\n"
|
|
" v.push((20, true));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let vv = v.iter().collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();\n"
|
|
"println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) relies on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) se basa en `FromIterator` que lo implementa el "
|
|
"[`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
|
|
msgid "Static and Constant Variables"
|
|
msgstr "Variables Estáticas y Constantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
|
|
msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables."
|
|
msgstr "El estado global es manejado con variables estáticas y constantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5
|
|
msgid "`const`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7
|
|
msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes declarar constantes en tiempo de compilación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n"
|
|
"const ZERO: Option<u8> = Some(42);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> \\[u8; DIGEST_SIZE\\] { let mut digest = "
|
|
"\\[ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE\\]; for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes()."
|
|
"iter().enumerate() { digest\\[idx % DIGEST_SIZE\\] = digest\\[idx % "
|
|
"DIGEST_SIZE\\].wrapping_add(b); } digest }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\"); println!(\"Digest: "
|
|
"{digest:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn main() { let digest = compute_digest(\"Hola\"); println!(\"Digest: "
|
|
"{digest:?}\"); }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"According the the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-"
|
|
"const-vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De acuerdo con [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
|
|
"vs-static.html) eso está en línea del uso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29
|
|
msgid "`static`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
|
|
msgid "You can also declare static variables:"
|
|
msgstr "También puedes declarar variables estáticas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:36
|
|
msgid "fn main() { println!(\"{BANNER}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
|
|
"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual "
|
|
"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, "
|
|
"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Como se ve en [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-"
|
|
"static.html), esto no está en línea del uso y puede estar asociado a una "
|
|
"locación de memoria. Es útil para código no seguro o embebido, y las "
|
|
"variables viven enteramente dentro de la ejecución del programa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../"
|
|
"unsafe.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Veremos cambiar datos estáticos en el [capítulo Rust No Seguro](../unsafe."
|
|
"md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48
|
|
msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aclaremos que `const` semánticamente se comporta similar a `constexpr` de C+"
|
|
"+."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable "
|
|
"global variable in C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`static`, por lo contrario, es mucho más similar a `const` o una variable "
|
|
"mutable global de C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but "
|
|
"it is helpful and safer than using a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"No es muy común que necesitemos evaluar contantes en runtime, pero ayuda y "
|
|
"es más seguro que usando un _static_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from "
|
|
"the same scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes hacer seguimiento de variables, esto se puede hacer para variables "
|
|
"dentro y fuera del scope actual:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" let a = \"hello\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" let a = true;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"after: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing "
|
|
"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available "
|
|
"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Definición: Shadowing es diferente de mutación, porque luego de shadowing "
|
|
"ambos espacio de memorias de las variables existen al mismo tiempo. Ambas "
|
|
"están disponibles bajo el mismo nombre, dependiendo donde uses el código."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. "
|
|
msgstr "Un shadowing de variable puede tener un tipo diferente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values "
|
|
"after `.unwrap()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El siguiente código demuestra por qué el compilador no puede simplemente "
|
|
"reutilizar las locaciones de memoria mientras hacemos shadowing a una "
|
|
"variable inmutable en un cope, incluso si el tipo no cambia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory "
|
|
"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type "
|
|
"does not change."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 1;\n"
|
|
" let b = &a;\n"
|
|
" let a = a + 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
|
|
msgstr "Por lo general, los lenguajes caen en dos amplias categorías:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:5
|
|
msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..."
|
|
msgstr "Control total manual del manejo de memoria: C, C++, Pascal, …"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, "
|
|
"Haskell, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Total Seguridad vía manejo automático de memoria en tiempo de ejecución: "
|
|
"Java, Python, Go, Haskell, …"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:8
|
|
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust ofrece un nuevo mix:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory "
|
|
"management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Control total y seguro vía tiempo de compilación con aseguramiento del "
|
|
"correcto manejo de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:13
|
|
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
|
|
msgstr "Esto da el concepto concepto explícito de _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:15
|
|
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
|
|
msgstr "Empecemos refrescando cómo funciona el manejo de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
|
|
msgid "The Stack vs The Heap"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
|
|
msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables."
|
|
msgstr "Stack: Es un área de memoria continua para variables locales."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4
|
|
msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time."
|
|
msgstr "Los valores son de tamaño fijo conocidos en tiempo de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5
|
|
msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer."
|
|
msgstr "Extremadamente rápido: solo mueve un puntero de Stack."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6
|
|
msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls."
|
|
msgstr "Fácil de manejar: sigue funciones de llamada."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7
|
|
msgid "Great memory locality."
|
|
msgstr "Mucha memoria local."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9
|
|
msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls."
|
|
msgstr "Heap: Guardar valores fuera de llamadas de funciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10
|
|
msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los valores tienen tamaños dinámicos determinados en tiempo de ejecución."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11
|
|
msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed."
|
|
msgstr "Algo más lento que Stack: son necesarios algunos índices."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12
|
|
msgid "No guarantee of memory locality."
|
|
msgstr "No se garantiza memoria local."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically sized "
|
|
"data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Crear un `String` pune datos de tamaño fijo en el stack y con tamaño dado "
|
|
"dinámicamente en el heap:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and "
|
|
"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ve que un `String` es respaldado por un `Vec`, así tiene capacidad y tamaño "
|
|
"que puede incrementarse si la mutable por relocalicación en el _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap "
|
|
"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/"
|
|
"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the "
|
|
"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si los estudiantes preguntan sobre esto, puedes mencionar que por debajo la "
|
|
"memoria es colocada por _heap_ usando el [Sistema de Colocación](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html) y la colocación personalizada "
|
|
"puede ser implementada usando la [Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/alloc/index.html)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should "
|
|
"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Podemos inspeccionar el layout de memoria con la cláusula `unsafe`. Sin "
|
|
"embargo, debes aclarar que esto no es seguro!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" s1.push(' ');\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
|
|
" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
|
|
" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" // undefined behavior.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::"
|
|
"transmute(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" s1.push(' ');\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
|
|
" // NO HAGAS ESTO EN CASA! Sólo con propósitos educativos.\n"
|
|
" // El String no provee garantías en su layout, esto puede derivar en\n"
|
|
" // comportamientos no deseados.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::"
|
|
"transmute(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
|
|
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
|
|
msgstr "Tú mismo puedes asignar o desasignar pilas (_heap_) de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security "
|
|
"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si no lo haces con cuidado, puede derivar en crasheo, errores, "
|
|
"vulnerabilidad de seguridad, memory leaks."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
|
|
msgid "C Example"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo en C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
|
|
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
|
|
msgstr "Debes llamar a `free` en cada puntero que pongas usando `malloc`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
|
|
" int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // ... lots of code\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" free(int_array);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: "
|
|
"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La memoria es _leaked_ si la función vuelve rápido entre `malloc` y `free`: "
|
|
"se pierde el puntero y no podemos desasignar la memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los constructores y destructores te permiten mantener en _lifetime_ un "
|
|
"objeto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is "
|
|
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception "
|
|
"is raised."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Envolviendo un puntero con un objeto, puedes liberar memoria cuando el "
|
|
"objeto es destruido. El compilador garantiza que eso pase, incluso si se "
|
|
"alcanzó una excepción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and "
|
|
"gives you smart pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A menudo se dice que la adquisición de recursos es inicializada ó, _resource "
|
|
"acquisition is initialization_ (RAII), y brinda punteros inteligentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
|
|
msgid "C++ Example"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hola \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory "
|
|
"allocated on the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El objeto `std::unique_ptr` se ubica en el stack, y los punteros a memoria "
|
|
"apuntando a el heap."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22
|
|
msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run."
|
|
msgstr "Al final de `say_hello`, correrá el destructor `std::unique_ptr`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23
|
|
msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
|
|
msgstr "El destructor libera el objeto `Person`que apunta a él."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un movimiento especial de constructor es usado cuando se pasa la propiedad a "
|
|
"una función:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::unique_ptr<Person> person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
|
|
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
|
|
msgid "Automatic Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo Automático de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic "
|
|
"memory management:"
|
|
msgstr "Una alternativa al manejo manual es el automático:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
|
|
msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly."
|
|
msgstr "El programador nunca asigna o desasgan memoria explícitamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the "
|
|
"programmer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un garbage collector encuentra memoria sin usar y la libera para el "
|
|
"programador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
|
|
msgid "Java Example"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
|
|
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
|
|
msgstr "El objeto `persona` no se libera luego que vuelva `sayHello`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hola \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "Memory Management in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo de la Memoria en Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
|
|
msgstr "El manejo de memoria en Rust es una mezcla:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector."
|
|
msgstr "Segura y correcta como en Java, pero sin un Garbage Collector."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, "
|
|
"can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference "
|
|
"counted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dependiendo qué abstracción (o combinación de abstracción) eliges, puedes "
|
|
"ser un puntero simple, referencia contada, o atómicamente referencia contada."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El ámbito basado en C++, pero que el compilador fuerza a incluirlo por "
|
|
"completo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even "
|
|
"have no cost at runtime like C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un usuario de Rust puede elegir la abstracción correcta para la situación, "
|
|
"algunos incluso no tienen costo en runtime como C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
|
|
msgstr "Esto se logra modelando el _ownership_ explícitamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually "
|
|
"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate "
|
|
"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential "
|
|
"errors in C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si en este punto preguntas, puedes decir que Rust usualmente es tomado por "
|
|
"tipos wrapper RAII como [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
|
|
"html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). Esto encapsula el _ownsership_ y la "
|
|
"ubicación de memoria con varios significados, y previene potenciales errores "
|
|
"en C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes preguntar acerca de destructores, el [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/ops/trait.Drop.html) es el equivalente de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques."
|
|
msgstr "Aquí una rústica comparación de técnicas de manejo de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5
|
|
msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "Ventajas de las Diferentes Técnicas de Manejo de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22
|
|
msgid "Manual like C:"
|
|
msgstr "Manual como en C:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17
|
|
msgid "No runtime overhead."
|
|
msgstr "No runtime overhead."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26
|
|
msgid "Automatic like Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Automático como en Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10
|
|
msgid "Fully automatic."
|
|
msgstr "Totalmente automático."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18
|
|
msgid "Safe and correct."
|
|
msgstr "Correcto y Seguro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29
|
|
msgid "Scope-based like C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Scope-based como en C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13
|
|
msgid "Partially automatic."
|
|
msgstr "Parcialmente automático."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15
|
|
msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Compiler-enforced y scope-based como en Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16
|
|
msgid "Enforced by compiler."
|
|
msgstr "Asgurado por el compilador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20
|
|
msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "Contras de las Diferentes Técnicas de Manejo de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23
|
|
msgid "Use-after-free."
|
|
msgstr "Use-after-free."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24
|
|
msgid "Double-frees."
|
|
msgstr "Double-frees."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25
|
|
msgid "Memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr "Memory leaks."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27
|
|
msgid "Garbage collection pauses."
|
|
msgstr "Pausas en Garbage Colletion."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28
|
|
msgid "Destructor delays."
|
|
msgstr "Destructor delays."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30
|
|
msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer."
|
|
msgstr "Complejo, a elección del programador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31
|
|
msgid "Potential for use-after-free."
|
|
msgstr "Potencial de use-after-free."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32
|
|
msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Compiler-enforced y scope-based como Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33
|
|
msgid "Some upfront complexity."
|
|
msgstr "Alguna upfront complexity."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34
|
|
msgid "Can reject valid programs."
|
|
msgstr "Puede denegar programas válidos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error "
|
|
"to use a variable outside its scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Todos los enlaces de variables tienen un _scope_ donde son válidas y es un "
|
|
"error usar la variable fuera de este _scope_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { { let p = Point(3, 4); println!(\"x: {}\", p.0); } println!(\"y: "
|
|
"{}\", p.1); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed."
|
|
msgstr "Al final del _scope_, se borra la variable y se liberan los datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:19
|
|
msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources."
|
|
msgstr "Un destructor puede correr aquí y liberar los recursos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:20
|
|
msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
|
|
msgstr "Podemos decir que la variable es dueña del valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
|
|
msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:"
|
|
msgstr "Una asignación transferirá su propiedad entre variables:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hola!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
|
|
msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership."
|
|
msgstr "La asignación de `s1` a `s2` transfiere el _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15
|
|
msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible."
|
|
msgstr "Los datos se mueven de `s1` y `s2` si no se accede más."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16
|
|
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership."
|
|
msgstr "Cuando `s1` sale del ámbito, no sucede nada: no tiene dueño."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17
|
|
msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed."
|
|
msgstr "Cuando `s2` sale del ámbito, el dato del string es liberado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:18
|
|
msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Allí siempre hay _exactamente_ una variable enlazada que es dueña del valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by "
|
|
"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hay que destacar que el contrario de los defaults en C++, que copia por "
|
|
"valor a menos que uses `std::move` (y el movimiento del constructor está "
|
|
"definido!)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:24
|
|
msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
|
|
msgstr "En Rust los clones son explícitos (usando `clone`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`."
|
|
msgstr "La pila (heap) de datos de `s1` es rehusado para `s2`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
|
|
msgstr "Cuando `s1` sale del scope, no sucede nada (se movió de)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Antes de mover a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30
|
|
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Luego de mover a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
|
|
msgstr "El C++ moderno lo resuelve diferente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplica los datos en s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La pila de datos de `s1` duplicada en `s2` obtiene su copia de datos "
|
|
"independiente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11
|
|
msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando `s1` y `s2` salen del scope, cada uno liberan su propia memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Antes de la asignación-copia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
|
|
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Luego de la asignación-copia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s2 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function "
|
|
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando pasas un valor a una función, el valor es asignado al parámetro de la "
|
|
"función. Esto transfiere el ownership:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let name = String::from(\"Alice\"); say_hello(name); // "
|
|
"say_hello(name); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. "
|
|
"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con la primer llamada a `say_hello`, `main` da propiedad de `name`. Después "
|
|
"de todo, `name` no puede usarse meas dentro de `main`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the "
|
|
"`say_hello` function."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La pila de memoria se asigna para `name` y será liberada al final de la "
|
|
"función `say_hello`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and "
|
|
"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`main` puede mantener la propiedad si pasa `name` como referencia (`&name`) "
|
|
"y si `say_hello` acepta una referencia como un parámetro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name."
|
|
"clone()`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Alternativamente, `main` puede pasar un clon de `name` in la primer llamada "
|
|
"(`name.clone()`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move "
|
|
"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust hace esto más duro que C++ para crear copias automáticas mediante mover "
|
|
"semánticas por defecto, y forzando a los programadores a hacer clones "
|
|
"explícitos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mientras mover semántica es por defecto, en otros casos los tipos son "
|
|
"copiados:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 42;\n"
|
|
" let y = x;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14
|
|
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
|
|
msgstr "Esos tipos implementan el trato de `Copia`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16
|
|
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes elegir tu propio tipo para usar copias semánticas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1 = Point(3, 4); let p2 = p1; println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\"); "
|
|
"println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30
|
|
msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data."
|
|
msgstr "Luego de la asignación, ambos `p1` y `p2` obtienen su propio dato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31
|
|
msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
|
|
msgstr "También podemos usar `p1.clone()` para explícitamente copiar datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35
|
|
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
|
|
msgstr "Copiar datos y clonar no es la misma cosa:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on "
|
|
"arbitrary objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiar refiere a copias bit a bit de regiones de memoria y no funciona con "
|
|
"objetos arbitrarios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiar no permite por lógica personalizada (como copiar constructores en C+"
|
|
"+)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by "
|
|
"implementing the `Clone` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Clonar es una operación más general y también permite estados personalizados "
|
|
"implementando el trato de `Clon`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40
|
|
msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
|
|
msgstr "Copiar no funciona en tipos que implementan el trato `Drop`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29
|
|
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
|
|
msgstr "En el ejemplo de arriba, intenta lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` "
|
|
"is not a `Copy` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Agrega el campo `String` a `struct Point`. Esto no compilará porque `String` "
|
|
"no es un tipo de `Copia`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the "
|
|
"`println!` for `p1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Remueve la `Copia` de el atributo `resultante`. El error del compilador es "
|
|
"ahora `println!` para `p1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46
|
|
msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
|
|
msgstr "Muestra que en cambio funciona si clonas `p1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way "
|
|
"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default "
|
|
"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si un estudiante pregunta sobre `derive`, es suficiente decir que esta es la "
|
|
"forma que se genera el código en Rust en tiempo de compilación. En este caso "
|
|
"la implementación del trato por defecto de `Copiar` y `Clonar` los genera."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a "
|
|
"function _borrow_ the value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En vez de transferir la propiedad cuando llamamos a una función, puedes "
|
|
"_prestar_ el valor a una función:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point { Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1 = Point(3, 4); let p2 = Point(10, 20); let p3 = add(&p1, "
|
|
"&p2); println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22
|
|
msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point."
|
|
msgstr "El `add` de la función presta dos puntos y devuelve uno nuevo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23
|
|
msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
|
|
msgstr "El llamador mantiene la propiedad de sus inputs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27
|
|
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
|
|
msgstr "Notas acerca de la pila devuelta:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can "
|
|
"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses "
|
|
"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/). In the "
|
|
"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while the stay "
|
|
"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Demuestra que el return de `add` es adecuado porque le compilador puede "
|
|
"eliminar la operación de copia. Cambia el código de arriba para imprimir una "
|
|
"pila de direcciones y corre esto en [Playground](https://play.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/). En nivel de optimización \"DEBUG\", las direcciones pueden cambiar, "
|
|
"mientras que se mantienen igual cuando se cambia el seteo a \"RELEASE\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point { let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + "
|
|
"p2.1); println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0); p }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1 = Point(3, 4); let p2 = Point(10, 20); let p3 = add(&p1, "
|
|
"&p2); println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0); println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = "
|
|
"{p3:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1 = Point(3, 4); let p2 = Point(10, 20); let p3 = add(&p1, "
|
|
"&p2); println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0); println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = "
|
|
"{p3:?}\"); }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"* The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO).\n"
|
|
"* In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification "
|
|
"because constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at "
|
|
"all. If RVO did not happen, Rust will always performs a simple and efficient "
|
|
"`memcpy` copy.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"* El compilador de Rust puede devolver optimización de valor (RVO).\n"
|
|
"* En C++, la copia elisión tiene que estar definida en la especificación "
|
|
"porque los contructores pueden tener efectos secundarios. En Rust, esto para "
|
|
"nada es un issue. Si no sucede RVO, Rust siempre hará que corre de forma "
|
|
"simple y eficiente con una copia `memcpy`.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust restringe la forma que puedes estar calores:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
|
|
msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_"
|
|
msgstr "A lo largo del tiempo puedes tener diferentes valores `&T`, _o_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
|
|
msgstr "Puedes tener exactamente el mismo valor `&mud T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let b: &i32 = &a;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
|
|
" *c = 20;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:18 src/std/rc.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through "
|
|
"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El código de arriba no compila porque `a` es prestado como mutable (a través "
|
|
"de `c`) y es inmutable (a través de `b`) al mismo tiempo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` "
|
|
"to make the code compile."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mueve el `println!` para `b` antes del scope que dice a `c` hacer que el "
|
|
"código compile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before "
|
|
"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow "
|
|
"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Luego de ese cambio, el compilados hace que `b` sea usado solo antes de un "
|
|
"préstamo mutable de `a` a través de `c`. Esta es una característica para "
|
|
"chequear los préstamos llamada \"non-lexical lifetimes\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
|
|
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
|
|
msgstr "Un valor prestado tiene un tiempo de vida:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
|
|
msgid "The lifetime can be elided: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tiempo de vida puede ser otorgado: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6
|
|
msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`."
|
|
msgstr "El tiempo también puede ser explícito: `&’a Point`, `&’document str`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the "
|
|
"lifetime `a`\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Leer `&’a Point` como un \"`Point` prestado\" que es válido para al menos el "
|
|
"tiempo de `a`\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime "
|
|
"yourself."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tiempos de vida siempre son inferidos por el compilador: no puedes "
|
|
"asignar uno tú mismo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is "
|
|
"a valid solution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las anotaciones de tiempo de vida crea dependencias; el compilador verifica "
|
|
"que allí haya una solución válida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed "
|
|
"value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Además, para prestar estos argumentos, una función puede devolver un valor "
|
|
"prestado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:9
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn left_most\\<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point { if p1.0 \\< "
|
|
"p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1: Point = Point(10, 10); let p2: Point = Point(20, 20); "
|
|
"let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2); println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", "
|
|
"p3); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21
|
|
msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler."
|
|
msgstr "`’a` es un parámetro genérico, inferido por el compilador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22
|
|
msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tiempos de vida empiezan con `’` y `’a` es el nombre típico por default."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El _al menos_ es importante cuando los parámetros están en diferentes scopes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a a new scope (`{ ... }`), "
|
|
"resulting in the following code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mueve la declaración de `p2` y `p3` a un nuevo scope (`{ … }`), resultando "
|
|
"en este código:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1: Point = Point(10, 10); let p3: &Point; { let p2: Point = "
|
|
"Point(20, 20); p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2); } println!(\"left-most point: "
|
|
"{:?}\", p3); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1: Point = Point(10, 10); let p3: &Point; { let p2: Point = "
|
|
"Point(20, 20); p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2); } println!(\"left-most point: "
|
|
"{:?}\", p3); }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"Nota como no compila desde que `p3` persiste `p2`.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, "
|
|
"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile "
|
|
"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Resetea el workspace y cambia el signo de la función a `fn left_most<‘a, "
|
|
"‘b>(p1: &’a Point, p2: &’a Point) -> &’b Point`. Esto no compilará porque la "
|
|
"relación entre los ciclos de vida `’a` y `’b` no es clara."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Another way to explain it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Otra forma de explicar esto: \\*Dos referencias para dos valores son "
|
|
"prestados por una función y la función devuelve otra referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function "
|
|
"returns another reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"esto debe venir desde uno de esos dos inputs (o de una variable global)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuál es esta? El compilador necesita saber, que la llamada para volver al "
|
|
"sitio de referencia no se usa más que como variable de donde viene la "
|
|
"referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Which one is it? The compiler needs to to know, so at the call site the "
|
|
"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the "
|
|
"reference came from."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"SI un tipo de datos presta data, debe ser anotado como un ciclo de vida:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:9
|
|
msgid "fn erase(text: String) { println!(\"Bye {text}!\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the "
|
|
"lazy dog.\"); let fox = Highlight(&text\\[4..19\\]); let dog = "
|
|
"Highlight(&text\\[35..43\\]); // erase(text); println!(\"{fox:?}\"); println!"
|
|
"(\"{dog:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Lifetimes in Data Structures\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data "
|
|
"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of "
|
|
"`Highlight` that uses that data.\n"
|
|
"* If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), "
|
|
"the borrow checker throws an error.\n"
|
|
"* Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This "
|
|
"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them "
|
|
"somewhat harder to use.\n"
|
|
"* When possible, make data structures own their data directly.\n"
|
|
"* Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one "
|
|
"lifetime annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe "
|
|
"lifetime relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the "
|
|
"lifetime of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases.\n"
|
|
"</details>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Lifetimes in Data Structures\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
|
|
"\");\n"
|
|
" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
|
|
" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
|
|
" // erase(text);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data "
|
|
"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of "
|
|
"`Highlight` that uses that data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el ejemplo de arriba, las anotaciones `resaltadlas` fuerzan que los datos "
|
|
"contenidos en `&str` viven al menos a lo largo de todas las instancias "
|
|
"`resaltadlas` que usan esos datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), "
|
|
"the borrow checker throws an error."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si el `texto` es usado antes del final del ciclo de vida de `fox` (o `dog`), "
|
|
"el chequeado de préstamos arrojará error."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This "
|
|
"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them "
|
|
"somewhat harder to use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tipos que prestan datos fuerzan a los usuarios a mantener el dato "
|
|
"original. Esto puede ser útil para crear vistas ligeras, pero generalmente "
|
|
"hace que sea difícil de usar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28
|
|
msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando sea posible, haz estructuras de datos tengan su dato directamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime "
|
|
"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime "
|
|
"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime "
|
|
"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunas estructuras con múltiples referencias dentro pueden tener más de una "
|
|
"anotación de ciclo de vida. Esto puede ser necesario si allí quiere "
|
|
"describir un a relación de ciclo de vida entre las referencias, ademas del "
|
|
"ciclo de vida de las estructuras en sí mismo. Aquellas son casos de uso más "
|
|
"avanzado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at two things:"
|
|
msgstr "Veremos todas estas cosas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "A small book library,"
|
|
msgstr "Un pequeño libro de biblioteca,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid "Iterators and ownership (hard)."
|
|
msgstr "Iteradores y propiedad (difícil)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec<T>` type tomorrow. For "
|
|
"now, you just need to know part of its API:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mañana aprenderemos mucho mas acerca de estructuras y tipos `Vec<T>`. Por "
|
|
"ahora, solo necesitas conocer parte de esta API:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n"
|
|
" vec.push(30);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[vec.len() / 2]);\n"
|
|
" for item in vec.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use this to create a library application. Copy the code below to <https://"
|
|
"play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa esto para crear una librería de aplicación. Copia el código debajo a "
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> y actualiza los tipos para hacer que compile:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:24
|
|
msgid "struct Library { books: Vec"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:25
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:24
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:71
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:35
|
|
msgid ", }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:27
|
|
msgid "struct Book { title: String, year: u16, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:33
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Book { // This is a constructor, used below. fn new(title: &str, year: "
|
|
"u16) -> Book { Book { title: String::from(title), year, } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"impl Book { // Este es el constructor, usado debajo. fn new(title: &str, "
|
|
"year: u16) -> Book { Book { title: String::from(title), year, } } }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}. impl std::fmt::"
|
|
"Display for Book { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter\\<'\\_\\>) -> "
|
|
"std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Esto hace posible imprimir valores del libro con {}. impl std::fmt::"
|
|
"Display for Book { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter\\<'\\_\\>) -> "
|
|
"std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year) } }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:50
|
|
msgid "impl Library { fn new() -> Library { unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"//fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"//fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"//fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"//fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"//fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:76
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and // "
|
|
"implement the missing methods. You will need to update the // method "
|
|
"signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may // also need to update "
|
|
"the variable bindings within main. fn main() { let library = Library::new();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Esto muestra el estado deseado. Descomenta el código debajo e // "
|
|
"implementa el método que falta. Puedes necesitar actualizar el // signo del "
|
|
"método, incluyendo el parámetro \"self\". También fn main() { let library = "
|
|
"Library::new();"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:83
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:113
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"//println!(\"Our library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"//library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
"//library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"//library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"//match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
"// Some(book) => println!(\"My oldest book is {book}\"),\n"
|
|
"// None => println!(\"My library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"//println!(\"Our library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:101
|
|
msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the "
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El modelo de propiedad de Rust afecta muchas APIs. Un ejemplo de esto es "
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) y "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8
|
|
msgid "`Iterator`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The "
|
|
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` "
|
|
"back:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Estos son como interfaces: ellas describen un estado (método) para un tipo. "
|
|
"El `Iterador` simplemente dice que puedes llamar al `siguiente` hasta que se "
|
|
"devuelve `ninguno`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait Iterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
|
|
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes usar lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
|
|
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
|
|
msgstr "Cuál es el tipo devuelto por el iterador? Testea tu respuesta aquí:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:41
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:78
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
|
|
msgid "Why is this type used?"
|
|
msgstr "Por qué es usado este tipo?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
|
|
msgid "`IntoIterator`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an "
|
|
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the "
|
|
"iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El `Iterator` te dice cómo \\_iterarP una vez que creas un iterado. La "
|
|
"relación `IntoIterator` dice cómo crear un iterador:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait IntoIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" type IntoIter: Iterator<Item = Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must "
|
|
"declare two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sintaxis aquí dice que cada implementación de `IntoIterator` debe "
|
|
"declarar dos tipos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
|
|
msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,"
|
|
msgstr "`Item`: el tipo que iteramos, como `i8`,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:66
|
|
msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
|
|
msgstr "`IntoIter`: el tipo `Iterator` devuelto por el método `into_iter`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same "
|
|
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nota que `IntoIter` e `Item` están linkeados: el iterado debe tener el mismo "
|
|
"tipo `Item`, que quiere decir que retorna `Option<item>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
|
|
msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?"
|
|
msgstr "Como antes, qué es el tipo devuelto por el iterador?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
|
|
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
|
|
msgid "`for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "Loops `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` "
|
|
"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the "
|
|
"resulting iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ahora que sabemos de ambos `Iterator` y `Intolterator`, podemos hacer loops "
|
|
"`for`. Ellos llaman `into_iter()` en una expresión e iterados sobre el "
|
|
"iterado resultante:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
|
|
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:93
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for word in &v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:97
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for word in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
|
|
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
|
|
msgstr "Qué es el tipo `word` en cada loop?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl "
|
|
"IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) and [`impl "
|
|
"IntoIterator for Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) to check your answers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Experimenta con el código de arriba y luego consultas por [`impl "
|
|
"IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) y [`impl "
|
|
"IntoIterator for Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) para verificar tus respuestas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 2"
|
|
msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
|
|
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
|
|
msgid "Structs, enums, methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7
|
|
msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and "
|
|
"`continue`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, "
|
|
"`Rc` and `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15
|
|
msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let mut peter = Person { name: String::from(\"Peter\"), age: "
|
|
"27, }; println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"peter.age = 28;\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"let jackie = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n"
|
|
" ..peter\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:32
|
|
msgid "Structs work like in C or C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:33
|
|
msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:34
|
|
msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following "
|
|
"slides."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of "
|
|
"structs. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a "
|
|
"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the "
|
|
"value itself. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are "
|
|
"not important."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the "
|
|
"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be "
|
|
"the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:8
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let p = Point(17, 23); println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
|
|
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct PoundOfForce(f64);\n"
|
|
"struct Newtons(f64);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundOfForce { todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist "
|
|
"at NASA\") }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:24
|
|
msgid "fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) { // ... }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let force = compute_thruster_force(); "
|
|
"set_thruster_force(force); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in "
|
|
"a primitive type, for example:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38
|
|
msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have "
|
|
"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the "
|
|
"single field in the newtype."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or "
|
|
"for instance using booleans as integers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42
|
|
msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the "
|
|
"struct using a shorthand:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 src/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Person { fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person { Person { name, "
|
|
"age } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27); println!"
|
|
"(\"{peter:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is "
|
|
"interchangeable with the struct type name"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different "
|
|
"variants:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:11
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[derive(Debug)\\] enum CoinFlip { Heads, Tails, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip { let random_number = generate_random_number(); "
|
|
"if random_number % 2 == 0 { return CoinFlip::Heads; } else { return "
|
|
"CoinFlip::Tails; } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:26
|
|
msgid "fn main() { println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin()); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:33 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:42
|
|
msgid "Key Points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:35
|
|
msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and "
|
|
"`Tail`. You might note the namespace when using variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:37
|
|
msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one "
|
|
"with different types of fields (variant payloads). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:39
|
|
msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate "
|
|
"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were "
|
|
"all defined in an enum. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use "
|
|
"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum WebEvent {\n"
|
|
" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n"
|
|
" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n"
|
|
" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[rustfmt::skip\\] fn inspect(event: WebEvent) { match event { WebEvent::"
|
|
"PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"), WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => "
|
|
"println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"), WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked "
|
|
"at x={x}, y={y}\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let load = WebEvent::PageLoad; let press = WebEvent::"
|
|
"KeyPress('x'); let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"inspect(load);\n"
|
|
"inspect(press);\n"
|
|
"inspect(click);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the above example, accessing the `char` in `KeyPress`, or `x` and `y` in "
|
|
"`Click` only works within a `match` or an `if let` statement."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36
|
|
msgid "`match` and `if let` inspect a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::"
|
|
"discriminant()`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where "
|
|
"comparing field values doesn't affect equality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::"
|
|
"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version "
|
|
"cannot implement traits, for example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into "
|
|
"account:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_size { ($t:ty) => { println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} "
|
|
"bytes\", stringify!($t), size_of::\\<$t>(), align_of::\\<$t>()); }; }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:15
|
|
msgid "enum Foo { A, B, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:20
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[repr(u32)\\] enum Bar { A, // 0 B = 10000, C, // 10001 }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { dbg_size!(Foo); dbg_size!(Bar); dbg_size!(bool); dbg_size!(Option"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:31
|
|
msgid "); dbg_size!(&i32); dbg_size!(Option\\<&i32>); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:41
|
|
msgid "Key Points: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum "
|
|
"variant."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Bar` enum demonstrates that there is a way to control the discriminant "
|
|
"value and type. If `repr` is removed, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, "
|
|
"becuase 10001 fits 2 bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As a niche optimization an enum discriminant is merged with the pointer so "
|
|
"that `Option<&Foo>` is the same size as `&Foo`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:45
|
|
msgid "`Option<bool>` is another example of tight packing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/#representation), Rust "
|
|
"guarantees that `size_of::<T>()` equals `size_of::<Option<T>>()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Zero-sized types allow for efficient implementation of `HashSet` using "
|
|
"`HashMap` with `()` as the value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look "
|
|
"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no "
|
|
"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:55 src/enums/sizes.md:94
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_bits { ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => { println!(\"- {}: {:"
|
|
"#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::\\<\\_, $bit_type>($e)); }; }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the "
|
|
"bitwise // representation of types. unsafe { println!(\"Bitwise "
|
|
"representation of bool\"); dbg_bits!(false, u8); dbg_bits!(true, u8);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<bool>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<bool>, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<Option<bool>>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(None::<bool>), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<Option<bool>>, u8);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:87
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more "
|
|
"than 256 `Option`s together."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:92
|
|
msgid "use std::mem::transmute;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" "
|
|
"signs. // Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro. "
|
|
"macro_rules! many_options { ($value:expr) => { Some($value) }; ($value:expr, "
|
|
"@) => { Some(Some($value)) }; ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => "
|
|
"{ many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+) }; }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:112
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the "
|
|
"bitwise // representation of types. unsafe { assert_eq!(many_options!"
|
|
"(false), Some(false)); assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), "
|
|
"Some(Some(false))); assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), "
|
|
"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:120
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:124
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:128
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::<bool>, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with "
|
|
"an `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Person { fn say_hello(&self) { println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self."
|
|
"name); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"impl Person { fn say_hello(&self) { println!(\"Hola, mi nombre es {}\", self."
|
|
"name); } }"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let peter = Person { name: String::from(\"Peter\"), age: 27, }; "
|
|
"peter.say_hello(); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:31
|
|
msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the "
|
|
"first parameter represents the instance as `self`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver "
|
|
"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep "
|
|
"all the implementation code in one predictable place."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:34
|
|
msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show how "
|
|
"the struct name could also be used. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and "
|
|
"can be used elsewhere in the block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to "
|
|
"refer to individual fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` "
|
|
"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:39
|
|
msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. "
|
|
"There are other possible receivers for a method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable "
|
|
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable "
|
|
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The "
|
|
"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped "
|
|
"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly "
|
|
"transmitted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`mut self`: same as above, but while the method owns the object, it can "
|
|
"mutate it too. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to "
|
|
"create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be "
|
|
"receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". "
|
|
"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, "
|
|
"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from "
|
|
"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Race {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" laps: Vec<i32>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Race { fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method "
|
|
"Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write access "
|
|
"to self\n"
|
|
" self.laps.push(lap);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n"
|
|
" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n"
|
|
" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, "
|
|
"total);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\"); race."
|
|
"add_lap(70); race.add_lap(68); race.print_laps(); race.add_lap(71); race."
|
|
"print_laps(); race.finish(); // race.add_lap(42); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:47
|
|
msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the "
|
|
"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static "
|
|
"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic "
|
|
"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds "
|
|
"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated "
|
|
"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. "
|
|
"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
|
|
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let input = 'x';\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"match input {\n"
|
|
" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n"
|
|
" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n"
|
|
" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
|
|
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a "
|
|
"pattern"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:27
|
|
msgid "`|` as an `or`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:28
|
|
msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:29
|
|
msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:30
|
|
msgid "`_` is a wild card"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a "
|
|
"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:32
|
|
msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, "
|
|
"as the term can show up in error messages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is "
|
|
"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple "
|
|
"`enum` type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(i32),\n"
|
|
" Err(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result { if n % 2 == 0 { Result::Ok(n / 2) } "
|
|
"else { Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\")) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let n = 100; match divide_in_two(n) { Result::Ok(half) => "
|
|
"println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"), Result::Err(msg) => println!"
|
|
"(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first "
|
|
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second "
|
|
"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with "
|
|
"a `match`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the "
|
|
"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now "
|
|
"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Foo {\n"
|
|
" x: (u32, u32),\n"
|
|
" y: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[rustfmt::skip\\] fn main() { let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 }; match "
|
|
"foo { Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"), Foo "
|
|
"{ y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"), Foo { y, .. } => "
|
|
"println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Destructuring Structs\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"You can also destructure `structs`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Foo {\n"
|
|
" x: (u32, u32),\n"
|
|
" y: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns.\n"
|
|
"* Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed.\n"
|
|
"</details>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Destructuring Structs\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"You can also destructure `structs`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"{{#include ../../third_party/rust-by-example/destructuring-structs.rs}}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
|
|
msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24
|
|
msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match triple {\n"
|
|
" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed "
|
|
"length."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[rustfmt::skip\\] fn inspect(slice: &\\[i32\\]) { println!(\"Tell me "
|
|
"about {slice:?}\"); match slice { &\\[0, y, z\\] => println!(\"First is 0, y "
|
|
"= {y}, and z = {z}\"), &\\[1, ..\\] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest "
|
|
"were ignored\"), \\_ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. \n"
|
|
"* Add more values to the array.\n"
|
|
"* Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of "
|
|
"elements.\n"
|
|
"* Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Destructuring Arrays\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their "
|
|
"elements:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match triple {\n"
|
|
" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary "
|
|
"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pair = (2, -2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match pair {\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when "
|
|
"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would "
|
|
"allow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. "
|
|
"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the "
|
|
"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't "
|
|
"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26
|
|
msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern "
|
|
"with an `|`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, "
|
|
"you need to keep track of users' health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a "
|
|
"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods "
|
|
"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
|
|
"methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:17
|
|
msgid "struct User { name: String, age: u32, weight: f32, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl User { pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self "
|
|
"{ unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2); println!"
|
|
"(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age()); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_weight() { let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), "
|
|
"32, 155.2); assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_set_age() { let mut bob = User::new(String::"
|
|
"from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2); assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32); bob.set_age(33); "
|
|
"assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Health Statistics\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
"need to keep track of users' health statistics.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a "
|
|
"`User`\n"
|
|
"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods on the\n"
|
|
"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the "
|
|
"missing\n"
|
|
"methods:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct User {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u32,\n"
|
|
" weight: f32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl User {\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_weight() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Health Statistics\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"{{#include ../../../third_party/rust-on-exercism/health-statistics.md}}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the "
|
|
"missing\n"
|
|
"methods:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"{{#include ../../../third_party/rust-on-exercism/health-statistics.rs}}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_height() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_set_age() {\n"
|
|
" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n"
|
|
" bob.set_age(33);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_visit() {\n"
|
|
" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n"
|
|
" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n"
|
|
" height: 156.1,\n"
|
|
" blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n"
|
|
" height: 156.1,\n"
|
|
" blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1
|
|
msgid "Polygon Struct"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code "
|
|
"below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing methods to "
|
|
"make the tests pass:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:11
|
|
msgid "pub struct Point { // add fields }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:15
|
|
msgid "impl Point { // add methods }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:19
|
|
msgid "pub struct Polygon { // add fields }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:23
|
|
msgid "impl Polygon { // add methods }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:27
|
|
msgid "pub struct Circle { // add fields }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:31
|
|
msgid "impl Circle { // add methods }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:35
|
|
msgid "pub enum Shape { Polygon(Polygon), Circle(Circle), }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:40 src/testing/test-modules.md:15
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[cfg(test)\\] mod tests { use super::\\*;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:44
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:165
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:169
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:54
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:175
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:61
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:182
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:68
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:189
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:73
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:194
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:79
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:200
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:84
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:205
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:88
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:209
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:92
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:213
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:111 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:68
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[allow(dead_code)\\] fn main() {}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key "
|
|
"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify "
|
|
"the tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120
|
|
msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes "
|
|
"don't borrow their arguments."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:123
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable "
|
|
"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally "
|
|
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then "
|
|
"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions "
|
|
"work similarly in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A block in Rust has a value and a type: the value is the last expression of "
|
|
"the block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = {\n"
|
|
" let y = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
" let z = {\n"
|
|
" let w = {\n"
|
|
" 3 + 4\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
|
|
" y * w\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
|
|
" z - y\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the "
|
|
"return value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x + x\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:33
|
|
msgid "fn main() { println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7)); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However if the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and "
|
|
"type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in "
|
|
"Rust. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in "
|
|
"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`if` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid "You use `if` very similarly to how you would in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, you can use it as an expression. This does the same as above:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its "
|
|
"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you "
|
|
"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`if let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid "If you want to match a value against a pattern, you can use `if let`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
|
|
" if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:16
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns "
|
|
"in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is "
|
|
"interesting. In contrast, `match` requires all branches to be covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the similar use case consider demonstrating a newly stabilized [`let "
|
|
"else`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/93628) feature."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`while` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid "The `while` keyword works very similar to other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`while let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with `if`, there is a `while let` variant which repeatedly tests a "
|
|
"value against a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option<i32>` on "
|
|
"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which "
|
|
"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all "
|
|
"items."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value "
|
|
"matches the pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if "
|
|
"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. "
|
|
"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`for` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `for` expression is closely related to the `while let` expression. It "
|
|
"will automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate "
|
|
"over it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for x in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:20
|
|
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:24
|
|
msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25
|
|
msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other "
|
|
"element. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change "
|
|
"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`loop` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, there is a `loop` keyword which creates an endless loop. Here you "
|
|
"must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" if x == 1 {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:25
|
|
msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`match` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword is used to match a value against one or more patterns. "
|
|
"In that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
|
|
" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last "
|
|
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option<String>`, but we cannot match "
|
|
"against `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, "
|
|
"this turns `Option<String>` into `Option<&str>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
|
|
msgid "`break` and `continue`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to exit a loop early, use `break`, if you want to immediately "
|
|
"start the next iteration use `continue`. Both `continue` and `break` can "
|
|
"optionally take a label argument which is used to break out of nested loops:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" let mut i = 0;\n"
|
|
" while i < x {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" i += 1;\n"
|
|
" if i == 3 {\n"
|
|
" break 'outer;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common "
|
|
"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work "
|
|
"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:7
|
|
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional "
|
|
"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:12
|
|
msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:14
|
|
msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing "
|
|
"algorithm."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:19
|
|
msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated "
|
|
"data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, "
|
|
"`alloc` and `std`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on "
|
|
"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, "
|
|
"`Box` and `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Option` and `Result`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:3
|
|
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let idx: Result<usize, usize> = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:18
|
|
msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:19
|
|
msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on "
|
|
"Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:21
|
|
msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result<usize, usize>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:22
|
|
msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be "
|
|
"inserted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the "
|
|
"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::new();\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
"s2.push_str(&s1);\n"
|
|
"s2.push('!');\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n"
|
|
"println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n"
|
|
" s3.chars().count());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call "
|
|
"all `str` methods on a `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`len()` returns the size of the `String` in bytes, not its length in "
|
|
"characters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:31
|
|
msgid "`chars()` returns an iterator over the actual characters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Vec`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard "
|
|
"resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v1.push(42);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
"v2.extend(v1.iter());\n"
|
|
"v2.push(9999);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
|
|
"let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Retain only the even elements.\n"
|
|
"v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
|
|
"v3.dedup();\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
|
|
"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-[T]), which means that you can call slice "
|
|
"methods on a `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data "
|
|
"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't "
|
|
"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` "
|
|
"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established "
|
|
"during the first `push` call."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it "
|
|
"supports adding initial elements to the vector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. "
|
|
"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will "
|
|
"remove the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e "
|
|
"+= 50; }`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:1
|
|
msgid "`HashMap`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
|
|
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let mut page_counts = HashMap::new(); page_counts."
|
|
"insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), 207); page_counts."
|
|
"insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751); page_counts.insert(\"Pride "
|
|
"and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n"
|
|
" page_counts.len());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] "
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" match page_counts.get(book) {\n"
|
|
" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
|
|
"for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] "
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())."
|
|
"or_insert(0);\n"
|
|
" *page_count += 1;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the "
|
|
"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert "
|
|
"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"let pc1 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(&336);\n"
|
|
"let pc2 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n"
|
|
" .or_insert(374);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:49
|
|
msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-"
|
|
"From%3C%5B(K%2C%20V)%3B%20N%5D%3E-for-"
|
|
"HashMap%3CK%2C%20V%2C%20RandomState%3E), which allows us to easily "
|
|
"initialize a hash map from a literal array:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n"
|
|
" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n"
|
|
" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n"
|
|
"]);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-"
|
|
"value tuples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make "
|
|
"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, "
|
|
"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still "
|
|
"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Box`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned "
|
|
"pointer to data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let five = Box::new(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": five : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call "
|
|
"methods from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/"
|
|
"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:34
|
|
msgid "`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` "
|
|
"statement thanks to `Deref`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:36
|
|
msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust "
|
|
"compiler wants to know an exact size."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large "
|
|
"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` "
|
|
"so only the pointer is moved."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
|
|
msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum List<T> {\n"
|
|
" Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),\n"
|
|
" Nil,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:12 src/std/box-niche.md:10
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let list: List"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:13 src/std/box-niche.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil)))); println!"
|
|
"(\"{list:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the `Box` was not used here and we attempted to embed a `List` directly "
|
|
"into the `List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct "
|
|
"in memory, it would look infinite."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and "
|
|
"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. "
|
|
"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or "
|
|
"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This "
|
|
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Rc`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-"
|
|
"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data "
|
|
"from multiple places:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::Rc;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:9
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let mut a = Rc::new(10); let mut b = a.clone();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the "
|
|
"data in a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"cell/index.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) if you are in a multi-"
|
|
"threaded context."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:31
|
|
msgid "Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`clone` is cheap: creates a pointer to the same allocation and increases the "
|
|
"reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") "
|
|
"and returns a mutable reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can `downgrade()` a `Rc` into a _weakly reference-counted_ object to "
|
|
"create cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with "
|
|
"`RefCell`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n"
|
|
"use std::cell::RefCell;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Debug)\\] struct Node { value: i64, parent: "
|
|
"Option\\<Weak\\<RefCell"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:45
|
|
msgid "\\>>, children: Vec\\<Rc\\<RefCell"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:46
|
|
msgid "\\>>, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value: 42, parent: "
|
|
"None, children: vec![\\], })); let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node "
|
|
"{ value: 43, children: vec![\\], parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root)) })); "
|
|
"root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:3
|
|
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod foo {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:14
|
|
msgid "mod bar { pub fn do_something() { println!(\"In the bar module\"); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:20
|
|
msgid "fn main() { foo::do_something(); bar::do_something(); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that "
|
|
"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and "
|
|
"a library crate compiles to a library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:30
|
|
msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
|
|
msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:6
|
|
msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all "
|
|
"the descendants of `foo`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod outer {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::public\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"mod inner {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n"
|
|
" super::private();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:32
|
|
msgid "fn main() { outer::public(); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
|
|
msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope "
|
|
"of public visibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-"
|
|
"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:44
|
|
msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:45
|
|
msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of "
|
|
"its descendants)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:3
|
|
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:5
|
|
msgid "As a relative path:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:6
|
|
msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:7
|
|
msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:9
|
|
msgid "As an absolute path:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:10
|
|
msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:11
|
|
msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
|
|
msgid "The module content can be omitted:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"mod garden;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
|
|
msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11
|
|
msgid "`src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12
|
|
msgid "`src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
|
|
msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16
|
|
msgid "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17
|
|
msgid "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:19
|
|
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21
|
|
msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:22
|
|
msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of "
|
|
"submodules in Rust 2018. (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:29
|
|
msgid "The following is valid:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```ignore\n"
|
|
"src/\n"
|
|
"├── main.rs\n"
|
|
"├── top_module.rs\n"
|
|
"└── top_module/\n"
|
|
" └── sub_module.rs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, "
|
|
"which can be hard to distinguish in IDEs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but "
|
|
"this can be changed with a compiler directive:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n"
|
|
"mod some_module { }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module "
|
|
"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used "
|
|
"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and "
|
|
"does the following to validate the credit card number:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7
|
|
msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number `1234`, "
|
|
"we double `3` and `1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which "
|
|
"becomes `5`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:15
|
|
msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:17
|
|
msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
|
|
"function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:27
|
|
msgid "pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool { unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_non_digit_cc_number() { assert!(!luhn(\"foo\")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:36 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_empty_cc_number() { assert!(!luhn(\"\")); assert!(!"
|
|
"luhn(\" \")); assert!(!luhn(\" \")); assert!(!luhn(\" \")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:44 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_single_digit_cc_number() { assert!(!luhn(\"0\")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:49 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_two_digit_cc_number() { assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:54 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_valid_cc_number() { assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 "
|
|
"9299\")); assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\")); assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 "
|
|
"713\")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_invalid_cc_number() { assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 "
|
|
"9299\")); assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\")); assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 "
|
|
"7352 0569\")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. "
|
|
"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched "
|
|
"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character "
|
|
"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests "
|
|
"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool "
|
|
"{ unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_matches_without_wildcard() { assert!(prefix_matches(\"/"
|
|
"v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\")); assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc-123\")); assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:26
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:146
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
"assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
"assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:31
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_matches_with_wildcard() { assert!(prefix_matches( \"/"
|
|
"v1/publishers/_/books\", \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\" )); assert!"
|
|
"(prefix_matches( \"/v1/publishers/_/books\", \"/v1/publishers/bar/"
|
|
"books\" )); assert!(prefix_matches( \"/v1/publishers/\\*/books\", \"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers/foo/books/book1\" ));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:46
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:166
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
"));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 3"
|
|
msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3
|
|
msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library "
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait "
|
|
"objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11
|
|
msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13
|
|
msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern "
|
|
"functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Greet {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:10
|
|
msgid "struct Dog { name: String, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:14
|
|
msgid "struct Cat; // No name, cats won't respond to it anyway."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Greet for Dog { fn say_hello(&self) { println!(\"Wuf, my name is {}!\", "
|
|
"self.name); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:22
|
|
msgid "impl Greet for Cat { fn say_hello(&self) { println!(\"Miau!\"); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:28
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let pets: Vec\\<Box"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\> = vec![ Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }), Box::new(Cat), "
|
|
"\\]; for pet in pets { pet.say_hello(); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users "
|
|
"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations "
|
|
"can rely on required methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it "
|
|
"impossible to have things like `Vec<Greet>` in the example above."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`dyn Greet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type "
|
|
"that implements `Greet`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the example, `pets` holds Fat Pointers to objects that implement `Greet`. "
|
|
"The Fat Pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object "
|
|
"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Greet` implementation of "
|
|
"that particular object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:46
|
|
msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
|
|
"<Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
|
|
"<&Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Greet>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Greet>>());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Player {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" strength: u8,\n"
|
|
" hit_points: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1 = Player::default(); let p2 = p1.clone(); println!(\"Is "
|
|
"{:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2, if p1 == p2 "
|
|
"{ \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
|
|
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equal(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:13
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[derive(Debug)\\] struct Centimeter(i16);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Equals for Centimeter { fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool "
|
|
"{ self.0 == other.0 } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let a = Centimeter(10); let b = Centimeter(20); println!(\"{a:?} "
|
|
"equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b)); println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a."
|
|
"not_equal(&b)); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard "
|
|
"library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
|
|
"used in `for` loops,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert "
|
|
"values,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator "
|
|
"overloading, and"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for "
|
|
"defining destructors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used "
|
|
"to construct a default instance of a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
|
|
msgid "Iterators"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait."
|
|
"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" curr: u32,\n"
|
|
" next: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:11
|
|
msgid "impl Iterator for Fibonacci { type Item = u32;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {\n"
|
|
" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.curr = self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.next = new_next;\n"
|
|
" Some(self.curr)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 }; for (i, n) in fib."
|
|
"enumerate().take(5) { println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\"); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by "
|
|
"collection types such as `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` "
|
|
"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming "
|
|
"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is "
|
|
"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these "
|
|
"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative "
|
|
"implementations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
|
|
"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n"
|
|
" let prime_squares = primes\n"
|
|
" .into_iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Iterator` implements `fn collect<B>(self) -> B where B: FromIterator<Self::"
|
|
"Item>, Self: Sized`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an "
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
|
|
msgid "`From` and `Into`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From."
|
|
"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to "
|
|
"facilitate type conversions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n"
|
|
" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n"
|
|
" let one = i16::from(true);\n"
|
|
" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is "
|
|
"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n"
|
|
" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n"
|
|
" let one: i16 = true.into();\n"
|
|
" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get "
|
|
"`Into` implementation too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be "
|
|
"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. "
|
|
"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ "
|
|
"implement `Into`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Read` and `Write`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and "
|
|
"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can "
|
|
"abstract over `u8` sources:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn count_lines\\<R: Read>(reader: R) -> usize { let buf_reader = BufReader::"
|
|
"new(reader); buf_reader.lines().count() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() -> Result\\<()> { let slice: &\\[u8\\] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"; "
|
|
"println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n"
|
|
"println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n"
|
|
"Ok(())\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets "
|
|
"you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn log\\<W: Write>(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result\\<()> { writer."
|
|
"write_all(msg.as_bytes())?; writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes()) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() -> Result\\<()> { let mut buffer = Vec::new(); log(&mut buffer, "
|
|
"\"Hello\")?; log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?; println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", "
|
|
"buffer); Ok(()) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:9 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:46
|
|
msgid "impl std::ops::Add for Point { type Output = Self;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 }; let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: "
|
|
"200 }; println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:26 src/traits/drop.md:34
|
|
msgid "Discussion points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading "
|
|
"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for "
|
|
"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:33
|
|
msgid "Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Short answer: Type parameters are controlled by the caller, but associated "
|
|
"types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:1
|
|
msgid "The `Drop` Trait"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop."
|
|
"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Droppable {\n"
|
|
" name: &'static str,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Drop for Droppable { fn drop(&mut self) { println!(\"Dropping {}\", "
|
|
"self.name); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" }; { let b = Droppable { name: "
|
|
"\"b\" }; { let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" }; let d = Droppable { name: "
|
|
"\"d\" }; println!(\"Exiting block B\"); } println!(\"Exiting block A\"); } "
|
|
"drop(a); println!(\"Exiting main\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:36
|
|
msgid "Why does not `Drop::drop` take `self`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the "
|
|
"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:40
|
|
msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:1
|
|
msgid "The `Default` Trait"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait "
|
|
"provides a default implementation of a trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Derived {\n"
|
|
" x: u32,\n"
|
|
" y: String,\n"
|
|
" z: Implemented,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:13
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[derive(Debug)\\] struct Implemented(String);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Default for Implemented { fn default() -> Self { Self(\"John Smith\"."
|
|
"into()) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let default_struct: Derived = Default::default(); println!"
|
|
"(\"{default_struct:#?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n"
|
|
" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let nothing: Option<Derived> = None;\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Derived implementation will produce an instance where all fields are set to "
|
|
"their default values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:42
|
|
msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. "
|
|
"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:44
|
|
msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and "
|
|
"provides convenience methods that use it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract an algorithm (such as "
|
|
"sorting) over the types used in the algorithm."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" x: T,\n"
|
|
" y: T,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 }; let float = Point { x: 1.0, "
|
|
"y: 4.0 }; println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T>(T, T);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:9
|
|
msgid "impl"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:9
|
|
msgid " Point"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:9
|
|
msgid " { fn x(&self) -> &T { &self.0 // + 10 }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:17
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let p = Point(5, 10); println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x()); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that "
|
|
"redundant?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. "
|
|
"They are independently generic."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:27
|
|
msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:28
|
|
msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods in this "
|
|
"block will only be available for `Point<u32>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement "
|
|
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T: Clone>(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:13
|
|
msgid "// Syntactic sugar for: // fn add_42_millions\\<T: Into"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:14
|
|
msgid "\\>(x: T) -> i32 { fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:15
|
|
msgid ") -> i32 { x.into() + 42_000_000 }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:19
|
|
msgid "// struct NotClonable;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let foo = String::from(\"foo\"); let pair = duplicate(foo); "
|
|
"println!(\"{pair:?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{many}\");\n"
|
|
"let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{many_more}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:35
|
|
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T>(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Clone,\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:46
|
|
msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:47
|
|
msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can "
|
|
"be arbitrary, like `Option<T>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:1
|
|
msgid "`impl Trait`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function "
|
|
"arguments and return values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:6 src/generics/trait-objects.md:5
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Display;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display { format!(\"Hello {name}\") }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:13
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let x = get_x(\"foo\"); println!(\"{x}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19
|
|
msgid "`impl Trait` cannot be used with the `::<>` turbo fish syntax."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:20
|
|
msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a "
|
|
"trait bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that "
|
|
"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you "
|
|
"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to "
|
|
"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` "
|
|
"type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint "
|
|
"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for "
|
|
"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what "
|
|
"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd "
|
|
"need two independent generic parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, "
|
|
"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn."
|
|
"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and "
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n"
|
|
" func(input)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:14
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let add_3 = |x| x + 3; let mul_5 = |x| x * 5;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n"
|
|
"println!(\"mul_5: {}\", apply_with_log(mul_5, 20));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you have an `FnOnce`, you may only call it once. It might consume "
|
|
"captured values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `FnMut` might mutate captured values, so you can call it multiple times "
|
|
"but not concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `Fn` neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or perhaps captures "
|
|
"nothing at all, so it can be called multiple times concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. "
|
|
"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can "
|
|
"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:36
|
|
msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
|
|
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
|
|
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Option_i32 {\n"
|
|
" Some(i32),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:20
|
|
msgid "enum Option_f64 { Some(f64), None, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let integer = Option_i32::Some(5); let float = Option_f64::"
|
|
"Some(5.0); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you "
|
|
"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:3
|
|
msgid "We've seen how a function can take arguments which implement a trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:8
|
|
msgid "fn print\\<T: Display>(x: T) { println!(\"Your value: {x}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:12
|
|
msgid "fn main() { print(123); print(\"Hello\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, how can we store a collection of mixed types which implement "
|
|
"`Display`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let xs = vec![123, \"Hello\"];\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:26
|
|
msgid "For this, we need _trait objects_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:31
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let xs: Vec\\<Box"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\> = vec![Box::new(123), Box::new(\"Hello\")\\]; for x in xs { println!"
|
|
"(\"x: {x}\"); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:39
|
|
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `xs`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"xs : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +----+----+----+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| H | e | l | l | o "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +----+----+----+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | | "
|
|
"+-------------------------+ :\n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<str as Display>::"
|
|
"fmt\" | :\n"
|
|
" : | | "
|
|
"+-------------------------+ :\n"
|
|
" : | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----+----+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : | '-->| 7b | 00 | 00 | 00 "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | +----+----+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | +-------------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<i32 as Display>::fmt\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : +-------------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similarly, you need a trait object if you want to return different types "
|
|
"implementing a trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn numbers(n: i32) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item=i32>> {\n"
|
|
" if n > 0 {\n"
|
|
" Box::new(0..n)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Box::new((n..0).rev())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(-5).collect::\\<Vec\\<_\\>>()); "
|
|
"println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(5).collect::\\<Vec\\<_\\>>()); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and "
|
|
"trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
|
|
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
|
|
msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the "
|
|
"button is pressed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11
|
|
msgid "`Label`: has a `label`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
|
|
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, fill in the missing "
|
|
"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub trait Widget { /// Natural width of `self`. fn width(&self) -> usize;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:26
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
"fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:29
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:37
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:38
|
|
msgid "pub struct Label { label: String, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:41
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Label { fn new(label: &str) -> Label { Label { label: label."
|
|
"to_owned(), } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:49
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:50
|
|
msgid "pub struct Button { label: Label, callback: Box\\<dyn FnMut()>, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:54
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Button { fn new(label: &str, callback: Box\\<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button "
|
|
"{ Button { label: Label::new(label), callback, } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:63
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:64
|
|
msgid "pub struct Window { title: String, widgets: Vec\\<Box"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:65
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:66
|
|
msgid "\\>, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:68
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Window { fn new(title: &str) -> Window { Window { title: title."
|
|
"to_owned(), widgets: Vec::new(), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:76
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:82
|
|
msgid "impl Widget for Label { fn width(&self) -> usize { unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:87 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:97
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:107
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:92
|
|
msgid "impl Widget for Button { fn width(&self) -> usize { unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:102
|
|
msgid "impl Widget for Window { fn width(&self) -> usize { unimplemented!() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:112
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\"); window."
|
|
"add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo.\"))); window."
|
|
"add_widget(Box::new(Button::new( \"Click me!\", Box::new(|| println!(\"You "
|
|
"clicked the button!\")), ))); window.draw(); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:123
|
|
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:125
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
|
|
msgid "This is a small text GUI demo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132
|
|
msgid "\\| Click me! |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:135
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In "
|
|
"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) "
|
|
"and how you can control alignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:140
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let width = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/<width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"centered: |{:/^width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:149
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n"
|
|
"+================================+\n"
|
|
"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"| | Click me! | |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:5
|
|
msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:6
|
|
msgid "There are no exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,should_panic\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12
|
|
msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13
|
|
msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1
|
|
msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be "
|
|
"caught:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::panic;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| { println!(\"hello!\"); }); assert!"
|
|
"(result.is_ok());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| { panic!(\"oh no!\"); }); assert!(result."
|
|
"is_err());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single "
|
|
"request crashes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21
|
|
msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:1
|
|
msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors "
|
|
"are expected as part of normal operation:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::File;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\"); match file { Ok(mut file) "
|
|
"=> { let mut contents = String::new(); file.read_to_string(&mut contents); "
|
|
"println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\"); }, Err(err) => { println!(\"The diary "
|
|
"could not be opened: {err}\"); } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the "
|
|
"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the "
|
|
"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be "
|
|
"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it "
|
|
"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions "
|
|
"that help functional-style programming. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1
|
|
msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you "
|
|
"turn the common"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match some_expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13
|
|
msgid "into the much simpler"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"some_expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19
|
|
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handing code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fs;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result\\<String, io::Error> { let "
|
|
"username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(file) => file,\n"
|
|
" Err(e) => return Err(e),\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
|
|
" Err(e) => Err(e),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap(); let username = "
|
|
"read_username(\"config.dat\"); println!(\"username or error: "
|
|
"{username:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
|
|
msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:53
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty "
|
|
"file, file with username."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously "
|
|
"indicated:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "works the same as"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the "
|
|
"type returned by the function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Debug)\\] enum ReadUsernameError { IoError(io::Error), "
|
|
"EmptyUsername(String), }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:15
|
|
msgid "impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> "
|
|
"fmt::Result { match self { Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {}\", "
|
|
"e), Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username in {}\", "
|
|
"filename), } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl From<io::Error> for ReadUsernameError { fn from(err: io::Error) -> "
|
|
"ReadUsernameError { ReadUsernameError::IoError(err) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result\\<String, ReadUsernameError> { let "
|
|
"mut username = String::with_capacity(100); File::open(path)?."
|
|
"read_to_string(&mut username)?; if username.is_empty() { return "
|
|
"Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path))); } Ok(username) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap(); let username = "
|
|
"read_username(\"config.dat\"); println!(\"username or error: "
|
|
"{username:?}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, "
|
|
"which requires `Debug` and `Display`. It's generally helpful for them to "
|
|
"implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where possible, to make life easier for tests "
|
|
"and consumers of your library. In this case we can't easily do so, because "
|
|
"`io::Error` doesn't implement them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create "
|
|
"an error enum like we did on the previous page:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Debug, Error)\\] enum ReadUsernameError { \\#\\[error(\"Could "
|
|
"not read: {0}\")\\] IoError(#\\[from\\] io::Error), \\#\\[error(\"Found no "
|
|
"username in {0}\")\\] EmptyUsername(String), }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result\\<String, ReadUsernameError> { let "
|
|
"mut username = String::with_capacity(100); fs::File::open(path)?."
|
|
"read_to_string(&mut username)?; if username.is_empty() { return "
|
|
"Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path))); } Ok(username) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:28
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap(); match "
|
|
"read_username(\"config.dat\") { Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: "
|
|
"{username}\"), Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and "
|
|
"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and "
|
|
"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
|
|
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing "
|
|
"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` "
|
|
"makes this easy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)\\] \\#\\[error(\"Found no "
|
|
"username in {0}\")\\] struct EmptyUsernameError(String);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:16
|
|
msgid "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result\\<String, Box"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\> { let mut username = String::with_capacity(100); File::open(path)?."
|
|
"read_to_string(&mut username)?; if username.is_empty() { return "
|
|
"Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into()); } Ok(username) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different "
|
|
"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good "
|
|
"idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` in the public API of a library, but it can be a "
|
|
"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message "
|
|
"somewhere."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add "
|
|
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom "
|
|
"error types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:12
|
|
msgid "fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" { let mut username = String::with_capacity(100); fs::File::open(path) ."
|
|
"context(format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))? .read_to_string(&mut username) ."
|
|
"context(\"Failed to read\")?; if username.is_empty() { bail!(\"Found no "
|
|
"username in {path}\"); } Ok(username) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap(); match "
|
|
"read_username(\"config.dat\") { Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: "
|
|
"{username}\"), Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
|
|
msgid "`anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such "
|
|
"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but "
|
|
"is widely used in applications."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go "
|
|
"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, "
|
|
"error)` from Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:5
|
|
msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:7
|
|
msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
|
|
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
|
|
" None => &text,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:13
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[test\\] fn test_empty() { assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_single_word() { assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), "
|
|
"\"Hello\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_multiple_words() { assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello "
|
|
"World\"), \"Hello\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Unit Tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
|
|
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
|
|
" None => &text,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Unit Tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
|
|
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
|
|
" None => &text,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_multiple_words() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]"
|
|
"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:11
|
|
msgid "pub fn main() { println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_helper() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
|
|
msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27
|
|
msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
|
|
msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19
|
|
msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"use my_library::init;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:10
|
|
msgid "\\#\\[test\\] fn test_init() { assert!(init().is_ok()); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Integration Tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"use my_library::init;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"These tests only have access to the public API of your crate.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Integration Tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"use my_library::init;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_init() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(init().is_ok());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
|
|
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:5
|
|
msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are "
|
|
"violated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to "
|
|
"know what Unsafe Rust is."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be "
|
|
"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:14
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:16
|
|
msgid "Dereference raw pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:17
|
|
msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:18
|
|
msgid "Access `union` fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:19
|
|
msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:20
|
|
msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see "
|
|
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-"
|
|
"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers "
|
|
"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code "
|
|
"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety "
|
|
"rules."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
|
|
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut num = 5;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n"
|
|
"let r2 = &num as *const i32;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are "
|
|
"guaranteed to be non-null and\n"
|
|
"// properly aligned, the objects underlying the references from which they "
|
|
"were obtained are\n"
|
|
"// live throughout the whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either "
|
|
"through the\n"
|
|
"// references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
|
|
"unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n"
|
|
" *r1 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write "
|
|
"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it "
|
|
"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be "
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:33
|
|
msgid "The pointer must be non-null."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single "
|
|
"allocated object)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35
|
|
msgid "The object must not have been deallocated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36
|
|
msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object "
|
|
"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:40
|
|
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
|
|
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:8
|
|
msgid "fn main() { println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable "
|
|
"static variables:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) { unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data "
|
|
"race! }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:23
|
|
msgid "fn main() { add_to_counter(42);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases "
|
|
"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a "
|
|
"heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
|
|
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"union MyUnion {\n"
|
|
" i: u8,\n"
|
|
" b: bool,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let u = MyUnion { i: 42 }; println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u."
|
|
"i }); println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior! }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They "
|
|
"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want "
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
|
|
"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/"
|
|
"crates/zerocopy) crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions "
|
|
"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n"
|
|
"// the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
|
|
"unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
|
|
"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
|
|
"// println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
|
|
"// println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
|
|
"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid "fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize { s.chars().map(|\\_\\| 1).sum() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular "
|
|
"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
|
|
"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n"
|
|
" let temp = *a;\n"
|
|
" *a = *b;\n"
|
|
" *b = temp;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:18
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let mut a = 42; let mut b = 66;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Safe because ...\n"
|
|
"unsafe {\n"
|
|
" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely "
|
|
"with references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an "
|
|
"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. "
|
|
"Try adding it and see what happens."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling External Code"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling "
|
|
"them is thus unsafe:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { unsafe { // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves. println!"
|
|
"(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3)); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with "
|
|
"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C "
|
|
"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation "
|
|
"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something "
|
|
"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n"
|
|
"use std::slice;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// ... /// # Safety /// The type must have a defined representation and no "
|
|
"padding. pub unsafe trait AsBytes { fn as_bytes(&self) -> &\\[u8\\] { unsafe "
|
|
"{ slice::from_raw_parts(self as \\*const Self as \\*const u8, "
|
|
"size_of_val(self)) } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding. unsafe impl "
|
|
"AsBytes for u32 {}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining "
|
|
"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more "
|
|
"complicated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
|
|
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-"
|
|
"afternoon.md) provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function "
|
|
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` "
|
|
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
|
|
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
|
|
msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10
|
|
msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11
|
|
msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"ffi/) module, particular for [`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/"
|
|
"struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct."
|
|
"CString.html) types which are used to hold NUL-terminated strings coming "
|
|
"from C. The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a "
|
|
"very useful chapter about FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
|
|
"functions and methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:29
|
|
msgid "mod ffi { use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:32
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::"
|
|
"PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-"
|
|
"gnu.\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_char,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:49
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:56
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString}; use std::os::unix::ffi::"
|
|
"OsStrExt;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Debug)\\] struct DirectoryIterator { path: CString, dir: \\*mut "
|
|
"ffi::DIR, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator { fn new(path: &str) -> Result\\<DirectoryIterator, "
|
|
"String> { // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked, // otherwise "
|
|
"return Err with a message. unimplemented!() } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator { type Item = OsString; fn next(&mut "
|
|
"self) -> Option"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" { // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back. unimplemented!"
|
|
"() } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator { fn drop(&mut self) { // Call closedir as "
|
|
"needed. unimplemented!() } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:88
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() -> Result\\<(), String> { let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"."
|
|
"\")?; println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::\\<Vec\\<\\_\\>>()); Ok(()) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 4"
|
|
msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 4"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3
|
|
msgid "Today we will look at two main topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:5
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: threads, channels, shared state, `Send` and `Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Android: building binaries and libraries, using AIDL, logging, and "
|
|
"interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to "
|
|
"find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code "
|
|
"to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something "
|
|
"that parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:1
|
|
msgid "Fearless Concurrency"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and "
|
|
"channels."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs "
|
|
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since "
|
|
"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { thread::spawn(|| { for i in 1..10 { println!(\"Count in thread: "
|
|
"{i}!\"); thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5)); } });"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
|
|
msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25
|
|
msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26
|
|
msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is "
|
|
"not waiting."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for "
|
|
"the thread to finish."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38
|
|
msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the "
|
|
"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/any/index.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:8 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let s = String::from(\"Hello\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/"
|
|
"fn.scope.html) for this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
|
|
" scope.spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all "
|
|
"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one "
|
|
"thread, or immutably by any number of threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two "
|
|
"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:10 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:10
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
"tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` "
|
|
"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does "
|
|
"not."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the "
|
|
"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
|
|
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:13
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {}\", msg);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
|
|
msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:10
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is "
|
|
"primarily done via two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic "
|
|
"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to "
|
|
"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures "
|
|
"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Arc`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared "
|
|
"read-only access via its `clone` method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30\\]); let mut handles = Vec::"
|
|
"new(); for _ in 1..5 { let v = v.clone(); handles.push(thread::spawn(move || "
|
|
"{ let thread_id = thread::current().id(); println!(\"{thread_id:?}: "
|
|
"{v:?}\"); })); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` "
|
|
"that uses atomic operations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` "
|
|
"and `Sync` iff `T` implements them both."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but "
|
|
"after that the use of the `T` is free."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect "
|
|
"them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36
|
|
msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Mutex`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures "
|
|
"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only "
|
|
"interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30\\]); println!(\"v: {:?}\", v."
|
|
"lock().unwrap());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" guard.push(40);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket "
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the "
|
|
"protected data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the "
|
|
"protected data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The "
|
|
"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35
|
|
msgid "`Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff `T` implements `Send`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36
|
|
msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37
|
|
msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes "
|
|
"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an "
|
|
"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a "
|
|
"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). "
|
|
"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let mut v = vec![10, 20, 30\\]; let handle = thread::spawn(|| "
|
|
"{ v.push(10); }); v.push(1000);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
|
|
msgid "Possible solution:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:29
|
|
msgid "fn main() { let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30\\]));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let v2 = v.clone();\n"
|
|
"let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v2.push(10);\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" let v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"Notable parts:\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are "
|
|
"orthogonal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state "
|
|
"between threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another "
|
|
"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as "
|
|
"possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:58
|
|
msgid "We still need to acquire the `Mutex` to print our `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Send` and `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in "
|
|
"two traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` "
|
|
"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` "
|
|
"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The "
|
|
"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only "
|
|
"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
|
|
"you know it is valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-"
|
|
"safety properties."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21
|
|
msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Send`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) "
|
|
"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will "
|
|
"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one "
|
|
"thread and deallocate it in another."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) "
|
|
"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
|
|
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
|
|
msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is "
|
|
"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it "
|
|
"across threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across "
|
|
"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization "
|
|
"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type "
|
|
"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can "
|
|
"be accessed from any thread safely."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
|
|
msgid "`Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
|
|
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
|
|
msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8
|
|
msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9
|
|
msgid "`String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10
|
|
msgid "`Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11
|
|
msgid "`Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12
|
|
msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are "
|
|
"`Send + Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
|
|
msgid "`Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. "
|
|
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
|
|
msgid "`mpsc::Sender<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23
|
|
msgid "`mpsc::Receiver<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24
|
|
msgid "`Cell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25
|
|
msgid "`RefCell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
|
|
msgid "`!Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`MutexGuard<T>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the "
|
|
"thread which created them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
|
|
msgid "`!Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
|
|
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a non-"
|
|
"atomic reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency "
|
|
"considerations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to "
|
|
"download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:3
|
|
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has "
|
|
"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish "
|
|
"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each "
|
|
"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can "
|
|
"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two "
|
|
"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, "
|
|
"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put "
|
|
"down both forks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"for this exercise. Copy the code below to `src/main.rs` file, fill out the "
|
|
"blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:28
|
|
msgid "struct Fork;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct Philosopher { name: String, // left_fork: ... // right_fork: ... // "
|
|
"thoughts: ... }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Philosopher { fn think(&self) { self.thoughts .send(format!(\"Eureka! "
|
|
"{} has a new idea!\", &self.name)) .unwrap(); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:46
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &\\[&str\\] = &\\[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", "
|
|
"\"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"\\];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:49
|
|
msgid "fn main() { // Create forks"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Create philosophers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It "
|
|
"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It "
|
|
"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this "
|
|
"until all pages have been validated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cd link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the "
|
|
"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs."
|
|
"rs/scraper/) for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add scraper\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]"
|
|
"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add thiserror\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-"
|
|
"tls\"] }\n"
|
|
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://"
|
|
"www.google.org/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:45
|
|
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::Url;\n"
|
|
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Error, Debug)\\] enum Error { \\#\\[error(\"request error: "
|
|
"{0}\")\\] ReqwestError(#\\[from\\] reqwest::Error), }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:59
|
|
msgid "fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result\\<Vec"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
", Error> { let base_url = response.url().to_owned(); let document = response."
|
|
"text()?; let html = Html::parse_document(&document); let selector = "
|
|
"Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
"for element in html.select(&selector) {\n"
|
|
" if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n"
|
|
" match base_url.join(href) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: {err} "
|
|
"(ignored)\",);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"Ok(valid_urls)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap(); "
|
|
"let response = get(start_url).unwrap(); match extract_links(response) "
|
|
"{ Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"), Err(err) => println!(\"Could "
|
|
"not extract links: {err:#}\"), } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:90
|
|
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:96
|
|
msgid "Tasks"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a "
|
|
"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google."
|
|
"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up "
|
|
"being blocked by the site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means "
|
|
"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as "
|
|
"extending existing services."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you "
|
|
"have access to one or create a new one with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n"
|
|
"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n"
|
|
"$ acloud create\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/"
|
|
"setup/start) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Module Type"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Description"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
|
|
msgid "`rust_binary`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
|
|
msgid "`rust_library`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
|
|
msgid "`rust_ffi`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
|
|
"and shared variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
|
|
msgid "`rust_proc_macro`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
|
|
"plugins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
|
|
msgid "`rust_test`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
|
|
msgid "`rust_fuzz`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
|
|
msgid "`rust_protobuf`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
|
|
"a particular protobuf."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
|
|
msgid "`rust_bindgen`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
|
|
"libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
|
|
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
|
|
msgid "Rust Binaries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, "
|
|
"create the following files:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output. fn main() { println!(\"Hello from "
|
|
"Rust!\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
|
|
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
|
|
"Hello from Rust!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
|
|
msgid "Rust Libraries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
|
|
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
|
|
msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]"
|
|
"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/"
|
|
"crates/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"rust_library { name: \"libgreetings\", crate_name: \"greetings\", srcs: "
|
|
"\\[\"src/lib.rs\"\\], }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Rust Libraries\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `libgreeting`, which we define below,\n"
|
|
"* `libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in\n"
|
|
" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates].\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[crates]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:"
|
|
"external/rust/crates/\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"_hello_rust/Android.bp_:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
|
|
"use textwrap::fill;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:39
|
|
msgid "use greetings::greeting; use textwrap::fill;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output. fn main() { println!(\"{}\", "
|
|
"fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24)); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Greeting library.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Greet `name`. pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String { format!(\"Hello "
|
|
"{name}, it is very nice to meet you!\") }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
|
|
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
|
|
"nice to meet you!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android."
|
|
"com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:6
|
|
msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:7
|
|
msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Interfaces"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
|
|
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7 src/android/aidl/changing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/\\*\\* Birthday service interface. _/ interface IBirthdayService { /_\\* "
|
|
"Generate a Happy Birthday message. \\*/ String wishHappyBirthday(String "
|
|
"name, int years); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"aidl_interface {\n"
|
|
" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
|
|
" unstable: true,\n"
|
|
" backend: {\n"
|
|
" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the "
|
|
"vendor partition."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
|
|
msgid "Service Implementation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:12
|
|
msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation. pub struct BirthdayService;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:15
|
|
msgid "impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService { fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, "
|
|
"name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::Result"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" { Ok(format!( \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} "
|
|
"years!\" )) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Server"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:13 src/android/aidl/client.md:12
|
|
msgid "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Entry point for birthday service. fn main() { let birthday_service = "
|
|
"BirthdayService; let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::"
|
|
"new_binder( birthday_service, binder::BinderFeatures::default(), ); binder::"
|
|
"add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder.as_binder()) ."
|
|
"expect(\"Failed to register service\"); binder::ProcessState::"
|
|
"join_thread_pool() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_server\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
|
|
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n"
|
|
"Service birthdayservice: found\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18
|
|
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n"
|
|
"Result: Parcel(\n"
|
|
" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Client"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Connect to the BirthdayService. pub fn connect() -> Result\\<binder::"
|
|
"Strong"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:15
|
|
msgid ", binder::StatusCode> { binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Call the birthday service. fn main() -> Result\\<(), binder::Status> "
|
|
"{ let name = std::env::args() .nth(1) .unwrap_or_else(|| String::"
|
|
"from(\"Bob\")); let years = std::env::args() .nth(2) .and_then(|arg| arg."
|
|
"parse::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:26
|
|
msgid "().ok()) .unwrap_or(42);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n"
|
|
"let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\");\n"
|
|
"let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n"
|
|
"println!(\"{msg}\");\n"
|
|
"Ok(())\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
|
|
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_client\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
|
|
"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients "
|
|
"specify a list of lines for the birthday card:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/\\*\\* Birthday service interface. _/ interface IBirthdayService { /_\\* "
|
|
"Generate a Happy Birthday message. \\*/ String wishHappyBirthday(String "
|
|
"name, int years, in String\\[\\] text); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) "
|
|
"or `stdout` (on-host):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:6
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"liblog_rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"liblogger\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
" host_supported: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:22
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust logging demo.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:27
|
|
msgid "use log::{debug, error, info};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Logs a greeting. fn main() { logger::init( logger::Config::default() ."
|
|
"with_tag_on_device(\"rust\") .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace), ); debug!"
|
|
"(\"Starting program.\"); info!(\"Things are going fine.\"); error!"
|
|
"(\"Something went wrong!\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:50
|
|
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb logcat -s rust\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going "
|
|
"fine.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went "
|
|
"wrong!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This "
|
|
"means that you can:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
|
|
msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:7
|
|
msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a "
|
|
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability with C"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. "
|
|
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let x = -42; let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) }; println!(\"{x}, "
|
|
"{abs_x}\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/"
|
|
"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for "
|
|
"production."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
|
|
msgid "We will look at better options next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
|
|
msgid "Using Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) "
|
|
"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
|
|
msgid "First create a small C library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"typedef struct card {\n"
|
|
" const char* name;\n"
|
|
" int years;\n"
|
|
"} card;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:16
|
|
msgid "void print_card(const card\\* card);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include <stdio.h>\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"void print_card(const card\\* card) { printf(\"+--------------\\n\"); "
|
|
"printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name); printf(\"| Congratulations "
|
|
"with the %i years!\\n\", card->years); printf(\"+--------------\\n\"); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
|
|
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this "
|
|
"example):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
|
|
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_bindgen {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n"
|
|
" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Bindgen demo.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:84
|
|
msgid "use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap(); let card "
|
|
"= card { name: name.as_ptr(), years: 42, }; unsafe { print_card(&card as "
|
|
"\\*const card); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_test {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n"
|
|
" auto_gen_config: true,\n"
|
|
" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n"
|
|
" lints: \"none\",\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "use std::os::raw::c_int;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Analyze the numbers. \\#\\[no_mangle\\] pub extern \"C\" fn "
|
|
"analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) { if x \\< y { println!(\"x ({x}) is "
|
|
"smallest!\"); } else { println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x "
|
|
"({x})\"); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Calling Rust\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"#define ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#endif\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"#define ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30
|
|
msgid "extern \"C\" { void analyze_numbers(int x, int y); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:34
|
|
msgid "\\#endif"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
|
|
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"analyze.h\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"int main() { analyze_numbers(10, 20); analyze_numbers(123, 123); return 0; }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol "
|
|
"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = "
|
|
"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe "
|
|
"interoperability between Rust and C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
|
|
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of "
|
|
"using this."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability with Java"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en."
|
|
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
|
|
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString}; use jni::sys::jstring; use jni::JNIEnv;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation. \\#\\[no_mangle\\] pub extern "
|
|
"\"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello( env: JNIEnv, \\_class: JClass, name: "
|
|
"JString, ) -> jstring { let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap()."
|
|
"into(); let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\"); let output = env."
|
|
"new_string(greeting).unwrap(); output.into_inner() }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Interoperability with Java\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface\n"
|
|
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni`\n"
|
|
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) allows you to create a compatible library.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
|
|
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
|
|
"use jni::JNIEnv;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"class HelloWorld {\n"
|
|
" private static native String hello(String name);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"static {\n"
|
|
" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
|
|
" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(output);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"java_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
|
|
" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
|
|
" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
|
|
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the last exercise, we will look at one of the projects you work with. "
|
|
"Let us group up and do this together. Some suggestions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:6
|
|
msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:8
|
|
msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone "
|
|
"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and "
|
|
"that it was useful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not "
|
|
"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, "
|
|
"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:1
|
|
msgid "Other Rust Resources"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources "
|
|
"online."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:6
|
|
msgid "Official Documentation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:8
|
|
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the "
|
|
"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a "
|
|
"few projects for people to build."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the "
|
|
"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. "
|
|
"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code "
|
|
"in the examples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation "
|
|
"of the standard library for Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete "
|
|
"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:22
|
|
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, "
|
|
"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages "
|
|
"(FFI)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): "
|
|
"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the "
|
|
"Rust Book was written."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): "
|
|
"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating "
|
|
"system."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:33
|
|
msgid "Unofficial Learning Material"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:35
|
|
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust "
|
|
"from the perspective of low-level C programmers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/"
|
|
"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write "
|
|
"firmware in C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): "
|
|
"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other "
|
|
"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help "
|
|
"you learn Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-"
|
|
"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic "
|
|
"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, "
|
|
"and async/await are also covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-"
|
|
"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs."
|
|
"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at "
|
|
"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of "
|
|
"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial."
|
|
"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management "
|
|
"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) "
|
|
"for even more Rust books."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust "
|
|
"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a "
|
|
"full list of useful resources."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache "
|
|
"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:10
|
|
msgid "Rust by Example"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by "
|
|
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the "
|
|
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license "
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:17
|
|
msgid "Rust on Exercism"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://"
|
|
"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` "
|
|
"directory for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:24
|
|
msgid "CXX"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section "
|
|
"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` "
|
|
"directory for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3
|
|
msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a "
|
|
"different or better solution than what is presented here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` "
|
|
"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-"
|
|
"use parts of the solutions as the exercises."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:102
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: transpose fn transpose(matrix: \\[\\[i32; 3\\]; 3\\]) -> "
|
|
"\\[\\[i32; 3\\]; 3\\] { // ANCHOR_END: transpose let mut result = \\[\\[0; "
|
|
"3\\]; 3\\]; for i in 0..3 { for j in 0..3 { result\\[j\\]\\[i\\] = "
|
|
"matrix\\[i\\]\\[j\\]; } } return result; }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: pretty_print fn pretty_print(matrix: &\\[\\[i32; 3\\]; 3\\]) { // "
|
|
"ANCHOR_END: pretty_print for row in matrix { println!(\"{row:?}\"); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: tests \\#\\[test\\] fn test_transpose() { let matrix = "
|
|
"\\[ \\[101, 102, 103\\], // \\[201, 202, 203\\], \\[301, 302, 303\\], \\]; "
|
|
"let transposed = transpose(matrix); assert_eq!( transposed, \\[ \\[101, 201, "
|
|
"301\\], // \\[102, 202, 302\\], \\[103, 203, 303\\], \\] ); } // ANCHOR_END: "
|
|
"tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main fn main() { let matrix = \\[ \\[101, 102, 103\\], // \\<\\-- "
|
|
"the comment makes rustfmt add a newline \\[201, 202, 203\\], \\[301, 302, "
|
|
"303\\], \\];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"### Bonus question\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-"
|
|
"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our "
|
|
"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the "
|
|
"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can attempt to use something like `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, but this doesn't work "
|
|
"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec<Vec<i32>>` to "
|
|
"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::"
|
|
"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to "
|
|
"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::convert::AsRef;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Debug;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:90
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn pretty_print\\<T, Line, Matrix>(matrix: Matrix) where T: Debug, // A line "
|
|
"references a slice of items Line: AsRef\\<\\[T\\]\\>, // A matrix references "
|
|
"a slice of lines Matrix: AsRef\\<\\[Line\\]\\> { for row in matrix.as_ref() "
|
|
"{ println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref()); } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:103
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { // &\\[&\\[i32\\]\\] pretty_print(&\\[&\\[1, 2, 3\\], &\\[4, 5, "
|
|
"6\\], &\\[7, 8, 9\\]\\]); // \\[\\[&str; 2\\]; 2\\] "
|
|
"pretty_print(\\[\\[\"a\", \"b\"\\], \\[\"c\", \"d\"\\]\\]); // Vec\\<Vec"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:108
|
|
msgid "\\> pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2\\], vec![3, 4\\]\\]); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:111
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Day 1 Morning Exercises\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"## Arrays and `for` Loops\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"([back to exercise](for-loops.md))\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: transpose\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n"
|
|
" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" for j in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" return result;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_transpose() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], //\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" transposed,\n"
|
|
" [\n"
|
|
" [101, 201, 301], //\n"
|
|
" [102, 202, 302],\n"
|
|
" [103, 203, 303],\n"
|
|
" ]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of "
|
|
"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:22
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR: setup struct Library { books: Vec"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}. impl std::fmt::"
|
|
"Display for Book { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter\\<'\\_\\>) -> "
|
|
"std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year) } } // "
|
|
"ANCHOR_END: setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Library_new impl Library { fn new() -> Library { // ANCHOR_END: "
|
|
"Library_new Library { books: Vec::new() } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Library_len\n"
|
|
"//fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n"
|
|
"fn len(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" self.books.len()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:66
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
"//fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
"fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.books.is_empty()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
"//fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
"fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" self.books.push(book)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
"//fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
"fn print_books(&self) {\n"
|
|
" for book in &self.books {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", book);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:95
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
"//fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
"// unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"//}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
"fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main // This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below "
|
|
"and // implement the missing methods. You will need to update the // method "
|
|
"signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may // also need to update "
|
|
"the variable bindings within main. fn main() { let library = Library::new();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:126
|
|
msgid "} // ANCHOR_END: main"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:129
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_library_len() { let mut library = Library::new(); "
|
|
"assert_eq!(library.len(), 0); assert!(library.is_empty());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:135
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
"library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
"assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n"
|
|
"assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:141
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_library_is_empty() { let mut library = Library::new(); "
|
|
"assert!(library.is_empty());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:146
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
"assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:150
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_library_print_books() { let mut library = Library::"
|
|
"new(); library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954)); library."
|
|
"add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865)); // We could "
|
|
"try and capture stdout, but let us just call the // method to start with. "
|
|
"library.print_books(); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:160
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_library_oldest_book() { let mut library = Library::"
|
|
"new(); assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:165
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
"assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n"
|
|
");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:171
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
"assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n"
|
|
");\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)\\] // ANCHOR: Point pub "
|
|
"struct Point { // ANCHOR_END: Point x: i32, y: i32, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point-impl impl Point { // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl pub fn new(x: "
|
|
"i32, y: i32) -> Point { Point { x, y } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (self - other).magnitude()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x + other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y + other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:57
|
|
msgid "impl std::ops::Sub for Point { type Output = Self;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x - other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y - other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon pub struct Polygon { // ANCHOR_END: Polygon points: Vec"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl impl Polygon { // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl pub fn "
|
|
"new() -> Polygon { Polygon { points: Vec::new() } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n"
|
|
" self.points.push(point);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option<Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:93
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" if self.points.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return 0.0;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" let mut result = 0.0;\n"
|
|
" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n"
|
|
" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n"
|
|
" last_point = *point;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n"
|
|
" result\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:109
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle pub struct Circle { // ANCHOR_END: Circle center: Point, "
|
|
"radius: i32, }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:116
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl impl Circle { // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl pub fn "
|
|
"new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle { Circle { center, radius } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:123
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:127
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" self.center.dist(other.center)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:132
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Shape pub enum Shape { Polygon(Polygon), Circle(Circle), } // "
|
|
"ANCHOR_END: Shape"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:139
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:145
|
|
msgid "impl From"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:139
|
|
msgid " for Shape { fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self { Shape::Polygon(poly) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:145
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for Shape { fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self { Shape::Circle(circle) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Shape { pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 { match self { Shape::"
|
|
"Polygon(poly) => poly.length(), Shape::Circle(circle) => circle."
|
|
"circumference(), } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:160
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR: unit-tests \\#\\[cfg(test)\\] mod tests { use super::\\*;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:230
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:171
|
|
msgid "} // ANCHOR_END: unit-tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:233
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:174
|
|
msgid "fn main() {}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: luhn pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool { // ANCHOR_END: luhn "
|
|
"let mut digits_seen = 0; let mut sum = 0; for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars()."
|
|
"rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ').enumerate() { match ch.to_digit(10) { Some(d) "
|
|
"=> { sum += if i % 2 == 1 { let dd = d * 2; dd / 10 + dd % 10 } else { d }; "
|
|
"digits_seen += 1; } None => return false, } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"if digits_seen < 2 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"sum % 10 == 0\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\"; println!( \"Is {} a "
|
|
"valid credit card number? {}\", cc_number, if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } "
|
|
"else { \"no\" } ); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests \\#\\[test\\] fn test_non_digit_cc_number() { assert!(!"
|
|
"luhn(\"foo\")); }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[test\\] fn test_invalid_cc_number() { assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 "
|
|
"9299\")); assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\")); assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 "
|
|
"7352 0569\")); } // ANCHOR_END: unit-tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:96
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"# Day 2 Afternoon Exercises\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"## Luhn Algorithm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"([back to exercise](luhn.md))\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: luhn\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n"
|
|
" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n"
|
|
" let mut sum = 0;\n"
|
|
" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')."
|
|
"enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n"
|
|
" Some(d) => {\n"
|
|
" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n"
|
|
" let dd = d * 2;\n"
|
|
" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" d\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" digits_seen += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if digits_seen < 2 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" sum % 10 == 0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"Is {} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n"
|
|
" cc_number,\n"
|
|
" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"## Strings and Iterators\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
" let prefixes = prefix.split('/');\n"
|
|
" let request_paths = request_path\n"
|
|
" .split('/')\n"
|
|
" .map(|p| Some(p))\n"
|
|
" .chain(std::iter::once(None));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for (prefix, request_path) in prefixes.zip(request_paths) {\n"
|
|
" match request_path {\n"
|
|
" Some(request_path) => {\n"
|
|
" if (prefix != \"*\") && (prefix != request_path) {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/"
|
|
"abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/"
|
|
"books\"));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:100
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: "
|
|
"&str) -> bool { // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches let prefixes = prefix."
|
|
"split('/'); let request_paths = request_path .split('/') .map(|p| Some(p)) ."
|
|
"chain(std::iter::once(None));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:126
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for (prefix, request_path) in prefixes.zip(request_paths) {\n"
|
|
" match request_path {\n"
|
|
" Some(request_path) => {\n"
|
|
" if (prefix != \"*\") && (prefix != request_path) {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:139
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests \\#\\[test\\] fn test_matches_without_wildcard() "
|
|
"{ assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\")); assert!"
|
|
"(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc-123\")); assert!"
|
|
"(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup pub trait Widget { /// Natural width of `self`. fn "
|
|
"width(&self) -> usize;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Window-width impl Widget for Window { fn width(&self) -> usize "
|
|
"{ // ANCHOR_END: Window-width std::cmp::max( self.title.chars().count(), "
|
|
"self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0), ) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:94
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
"fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let mut inner = String::new();\n"
|
|
" for widget in &self.widgets {\n"
|
|
" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:102
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" let window_width = self.width();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n"
|
|
" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n"
|
|
" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<window_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:^window_width$} |\", &self.title).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+={:=<window_width$}=+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in inner.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:window_width$} |\", line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<window_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Button-width impl Widget for Button { fn width(&self) -> usize "
|
|
"{ // ANCHOR_END: Button-width self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of "
|
|
"padding }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:124
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
"fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let width = self.width();\n"
|
|
" let mut label = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:131
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in label.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"|{:^width$}|\", &line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:139
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Label-width impl Widget for Label { fn width(&self) -> usize { // "
|
|
"ANCHOR_END: Label-width self.label .lines() .map(|line| line.chars()."
|
|
"count()) .max() .unwrap_or(0) }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:150
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
"fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:157
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main fn main() { let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo "
|
|
"1.23\"); window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI "
|
|
"demo.\"))); window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new( \"Click me!\", Box::"
|
|
"new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")), ))); window.draw(); } // "
|
|
"ANCHOR_END: main"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: ffi mod ffi { use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, "
|
|
"c_ushort};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\\#\\[derive(Debug)\\] struct DirectoryIterator { path: CString, dir: \\*mut "
|
|
"ffi::DIR, } // ANCHOR_END: ffi"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator impl DirectoryIterator { fn new(path: &str) -> "
|
|
"Result\\<DirectoryIterator, String> { // Call opendir and return a Ok value "
|
|
"if that worked, // otherwise return Err with a message. // ANCHOR_END: "
|
|
"DirectoryIterator let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!"
|
|
"(\"Invalid path: {err}\"))?; // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL. let "
|
|
"dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) }; if dir.is_null() { Err(format!"
|
|
"(\"Could not open {:?}\", path)) } else { Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, "
|
|
"dir }) } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Iterator impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator { type Item = "
|
|
"OsString; fn next(&mut self) -> Option"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" { // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back. // ANCHOR_END: "
|
|
"Iterator // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL. let dirent = unsafe { ffi::"
|
|
"readdir(self.dir) }; if dirent.is_null() { // We have reached the end of the "
|
|
"directory. return None; } // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is "
|
|
"NUL // terminated. let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((\\*dirent).d_name."
|
|
"as_ptr()) }; let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes()); Some(os_str."
|
|
"to_owned()) } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:97
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Drop impl Drop for DirectoryIterator { fn drop(&mut self) { // "
|
|
"Call closedir as needed. // ANCHOR_END: Drop if !self.dir.is_null() { // "
|
|
"SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL. if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 "
|
|
"{ panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path); } } } }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:111
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main fn main() -> Result\\<(), String> { let iter = "
|
|
"DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?; println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::"
|
|
"\\<Vec\\<\\_\\>>()); Ok(()) } // ANCHOR_END: main"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 4 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher use std::sync::mpsc; use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex}; use "
|
|
"std::thread; use std::time::Duration;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct Philosopher { name: String, // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher left_fork: "
|
|
"Arc\\<Mutex"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:33
|
|
msgid "\\>, right_fork: Arc\\<Mutex"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:34
|
|
msgid "\\>, thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think impl Philosopher { fn think(&self) { self."
|
|
"thoughts .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name)) ."
|
|
"unwrap(); } // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
"fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() { // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end let (tx, rx) = mpsc::"
|
|
"sync_channel(10);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n"
|
|
" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"for i in 0..forks.len() {\n"
|
|
" let tx = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:76
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n"
|
|
" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx,\n"
|
|
" left_fork,\n"
|
|
" right_fork,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:90
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" philosopher.eat();\n"
|
|
" philosopher.think();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"drop(tx);\n"
|
|
"for thought in rx {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thought}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|