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216 lines
8.2 KiB
Markdown
216 lines
8.2 KiB
Markdown
# Translations of Comprehensive Rust 🦀
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We would love to have your help with translating the course into other
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languages! Please see the [translations page] for the existing translations..
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[translations page]: https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/running-the-course/translations.html
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We use the [Gettext] system for translations. This means that you don't modify
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the Markdown files directly: instead you modify `.po` files in a `po/`
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directory. The `.po` files are small text-based translation databases.
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> **Tip:** You should not edit the `.po` files by hand. Instead use a PO editor,
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> such as [Poedit](https://poedit.net/). There are also several online editors
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> available. This will ensure that the file is encoded correctly.
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> **Important:** If you are planning to use [Poedit](https://poedit.net/) as
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> suggested above, make sure to follow the
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> [additional configuration steps](#Additional-Configuration-for-Poedit) below
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> to ensure the `.po` file is correctly formatted.
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There is a `.po` file for each language. They are named after the [ISO 639]
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language codes: Danish would go into `po/da.po`, Korean would go into
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`po/ko.po`, etc. The `.po` files contain all the English text plus the
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translations. They are initialized from a `messages.pot` file (a PO template)
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which contains only the English text.
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We will show how to update and manipulate the `.po` and `.pot` files using the
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GNU Gettext utilities below.
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[Gettext]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/index.html
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[ISO 639]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes
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## Preparation
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You will need the [Gettext] utilities (`msginit`, `msgmerge`). Under Debian and
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Ubuntu, you can install with:
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```shell
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sudo apt install gettext
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```
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Ensure you can build the book, and that `mdbook serve` works. For this, follow
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the instructions in the [README](README.md).
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## Creating and Updating Translations
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First, you need to know how to update the `.pot` and `.po` files.
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As a general rule, you should never touch the auto-generated `po/messages.pot`
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file. You should also not edit the `msgid` entries in a `po/xx.po` file. If you
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find mistakes, you need to update the original English text instead. The fixes
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to the English text will flow into the `.po` files the next time the translators
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update them.
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> **Tip:** See our [style guide](STYLE.md) for some things to keep in mind when
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> writing the translation.
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### Generating the PO Template
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To extract the original English text and generate a `messages.pot` file, you run
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`mdbook` with a special renderer:
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```shell
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MDBOOK_OUTPUT='{"xgettext": {"pot-file": "messages.pot"}}' \
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mdbook build -d po
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```
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You will find the generated POT file as `po/messages.pot`.
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### Initialize a New Translation
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To start a new translation, first generate the `po/messages.pot` file. Then use
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`msginit` to create a `xx.po` file for the fictional `xx` language:
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```shell
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msginit -i po/messages.pot -l xx -o po/xx.po
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```
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You can also simply copy `po/messages.pot` to `po/xx.po`. Then update the file
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header (the first entry with `msgid ""`) to the correct language.
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> **Tip:** You can use the
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> [`cloud-translate`](https://github.com/mgeisler/cloud-translate) tool to
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> quickly machine-translate a new translation. Install it with
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>
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> ```shell
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> cargo install cloud-translate
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> ```
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>
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> Untranslated entries will be sent through GCP Cloud Translate. Some of the
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> translations will be wrong after this, so you must inspect them by hand
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> afterwards.
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Next, please update the file `.github/labeler.yml` to include the new language:
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```diff
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+ 'translation/xx':
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+ - po/xx.po
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```
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### Refreshing an Existing Translation
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As the English text changes, translations gradually become outdated. To update
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the `po/xx.po` file with new messages, first extract the English text into a
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`po/messages.pot` template file. Then run
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```shell
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msgmerge --update po/xx.po po/messages.pot
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```
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Unchanged messages will stay intact, deleted messages are marked as old, and
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updated messages are marked "fuzzy". A fuzzy entry will reuse the previous
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translation: you should then go over it and update it as necessary before you
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remove the fuzzy marker.
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> **Note:** Your PRs should either be the result of running `msgmerge` or the
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> result of new translation work on the PO file for your language. Avoid mixing
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> the two since it often creates a very large diff, which is hard or impossible
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> to review.
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### Editing a Translation
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You should install a PO editor to edit the `.po` file for your language. The
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files are simple text files, but it helps to use a dedicated editor since it
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will take care of escaping things like `"` correctly.
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There are many PO editors available. [Poedit](https://poedit.net/) is a popular
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cross-platform choice, but you can also find several online editors.
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#### Additional Configuration for Poedit
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If you are using [Poedit](https://poedit.net/) to work with your `.po` file, you
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will need to change a few things from their default configuration:
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1. Open the **Settings** dialog
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1. On Windows, go to **File / Settings**
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1. On MacOS, select **Settings** from the **Poedit** menu item
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1. Go to the **Advanced** tab
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1. On **Line endings**, select the option **Unix (recommended)**
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1. Check the **Wrap at** box, and **79** on the textbox
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1. _**Uncheck**_ the **Preserve formatting of existing files** box
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## Using Translations
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This will show you how to use the translations to generate localized HTML
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output.
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> **Note:** `mdbook` will use original untranslated entries for all entries
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> marked as "fuzzy" (visible as "Needs work" in Poedit). This is especially
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> important when using
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> [`cloud-translate`](https://github.com/mgeisler/cloud-translate) for initial
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> translation as all entries will be marked as "fuzzy".
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### Building a Translation
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To use the `po/xx.po` file for your output, run the following command:
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```shell
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MDBOOK_BOOK__LANGUAGE=xx mdbook build -d book/xx
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```
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This will update the book's language to `xx`, it will make the `mdbook-gettext`
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preprocessor become active and tell it to use the `po/xx.po` file, and finally
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it will redirect the output to `book/xx`.
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### Serving a Translation
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Like normal, you can use `mdbook serve` to view your translation as you work on
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it. You use the same command as with `mdbook build` above:
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```shell
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MDBOOK_BOOK__LANGUAGE=xx mdbook serve -d book/xx
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```
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When you update the `po/xx.po` file, the translated book will automatically
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reload.
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## Reviewing Translations
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When a new translation is started, we look for people who can help review it.
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These reviewers are often Googlers, but they don't have to be. To automatically
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get an email when new PRs are created for your language, please add yourself to
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the [CODEOWNERS] file.
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When reviewing a translation, please keep in mind that translations are a labour
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of love. Someone spends their free time translating the course because they want
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to bring Rust to users who speak their language.
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Nothing is published right away after a PR lands for a new in-progress language.
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It is therefore safe to merge the PR as long as the translation is reasonable.
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This is often better than leaving 50+ comments since this can be overwhelming
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for the contributor. Instead, please work with the contributor to improve things
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in follow-up PRs.
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### GitHub Suggestions
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When reviewing a translation PR, please use the
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[GitHub suggestion feature](https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/commenting-on-a-pull-request).
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This feature allows you to directly write how you think a line or paragraph
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should be phrased. Use the left-most button in the toolbar to create a
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suggestion.
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The PR author can
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[apply the changes with a single click](https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/incorporating-feedback-in-your-pull-request)
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afterwards, drastically reducing the number of round-trips needed in a review.
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### Incomplete Translations
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When the first 1-2 days of the course have been translated, we can publish the
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translation and link it from the [translations page]. The idea is to celebrate
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the hard work, even if it is incomplete.
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[CODEOWNERS]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/.github/CODEOWNERS
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