mirror of
https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust.git
synced 2024-12-15 06:20:32 +02:00
15806 lines
454 KiB
Plaintext
15806 lines
454 KiB
Plaintext
msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-09-27T15:38:22+02:00\n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: \n"
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"Last-Translator: \n"
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"Language-Team: \n"
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"Language: da\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1
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msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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msgstr "Velkommen til Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course.md:1
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msgid "Running the Course"
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msgstr "Afvikling af kurset"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1
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msgid "Course Structure"
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msgstr "Kursets struktur"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1
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msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
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msgstr "Genvejstaster"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1
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msgid "Translations"
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msgstr "Oversættelser"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:9 src/cargo.md:1
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msgid "Using Cargo"
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msgstr "Brug af Cargo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:10
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msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
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msgstr "Rust's økosystem"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:11
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msgid "Code Samples"
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msgstr "Kodeeksempler"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:12
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msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:15
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msgid "Day 1: Morning"
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msgstr "Dag 1: Formiddag"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/SUMMARY.md:192
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/SUMMARY.md:268
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msgid "Welcome"
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msgstr "Velkommen"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1
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msgid "What is Rust?"
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msgstr "Hvad er Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1
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msgid "Hello World!"
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msgstr "Hej verden!"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1
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msgid "Small Example"
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msgstr "Et little eksempel"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1
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msgid "Why Rust?"
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msgstr "Hvorfor bruge Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1
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msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garantier før programudføring"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1
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msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garantier under programudføring"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1
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msgid "Modern Features"
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msgstr "Moderne faciliteter"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1
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msgid "Basic Syntax"
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msgstr "Grundlæggende syntaks"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1
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msgid "Scalar Types"
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msgstr "Skalartyper"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1
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msgid "Compound Types"
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msgstr "Sammensatte typer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1
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msgid "References"
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msgstr "Referencer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
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msgid "Dangling References"
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msgstr "Hængende referencer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
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msgid "Slices"
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msgstr "Arraysegmenter"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:33
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msgid "String vs str"
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msgstr "String og str"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
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msgid "Functions"
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msgstr "Funktioner"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1
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msgid "Rustdoc"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1
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#: src/methods.md:1
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msgid "Methods"
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msgstr "Metoder"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:37
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msgid "Overloading"
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msgstr "Funktionsoverlæsning"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/SUMMARY.md:125
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/SUMMARY.md:232
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 src/SUMMARY.md:282 src/SUMMARY.md:303
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#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1
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#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1
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#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1
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#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1
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msgid "Exercises"
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msgstr "Øvelser"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
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msgid "Implicit Conversions"
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msgstr "Implicitte konverteringer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:40
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msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
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msgstr "Arrays og for-løkker"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:42
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msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Dag 1: Eftermiddag"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/control-flow.md:1
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msgid "Control Flow"
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msgstr "Forgreninger"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
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msgid "Blocks"
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msgstr "Blokke"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:46
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msgid "if expressions"
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msgstr "if udtryk"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:47
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msgid "for expressions"
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msgstr "for udtryk"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:48
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msgid "while expressions"
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msgstr "while udtryk"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:49
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msgid "break & continue"
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msgstr "break og continue"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:50
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msgid "loop expressions"
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msgstr "loop udtryk"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1
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msgid "Variables"
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msgstr "Variabler"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1
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msgid "Type Inference"
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msgstr "Typeudledning"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:54
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msgid "static & const"
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msgstr "static & const"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
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msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
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msgstr "Virkefelt og overskyggede variabler"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/enums.md:1
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msgid "Enums"
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msgstr "Enumerationer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
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msgid "Variant Payloads"
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msgstr "Nyttelast i varianter"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/sizes.md:1
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msgid "Enum Sizes"
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msgstr "Størrelse af enumerationer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/control-flow/novel.md:1
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msgid "Novel Control Flow"
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msgstr "Usædvanlige forgreninger"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:61
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msgid "if let expressions"
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msgstr "if let udtryk"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:62
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msgid "while let expressions"
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msgstr "while let udtryk"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:63
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msgid "match expressions"
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msgstr "match udtryk"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/SUMMARY.md:73 src/pattern-matching.md:1
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msgid "Pattern Matching"
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msgstr "Mønstergenkendelse"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Enums"
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msgstr "Dekonstruktion af enumerationer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Structs"
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msgstr "Dekonstruktion af strukturer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
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msgstr "Dekonstruktion af arrays"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
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msgid "Match Guards"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3
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msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
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msgstr "Luhn-algorithmen"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:75
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msgid "Day 2: Morning"
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msgstr "Dag 2: Formiddag"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/memory-management.md:1
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msgid "Memory Management"
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msgstr "Håndtering af hukommelse"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:82
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msgid "Stack vs Heap"
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msgstr "Stak og heap"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:83
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msgid "Stack Memory"
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msgstr "Stakhukommelse"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/memory-management/manual.md:1
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msgid "Manual Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manuel hukommelseshåndtering"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
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msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
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msgstr "Hukommelseshåndtering baseret på virkefelt"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:86
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msgid "Garbage Collection"
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msgstr "Automatisk hukommelseshåndtering"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:87
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msgid "Rust Memory Management"
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msgstr "Hukommelseshåndtering i Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/ownership.md:1
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msgid "Ownership"
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msgstr "Ejerskab"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
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msgid "Move Semantics"
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msgstr "Overførselssemantik"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
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msgid "Moved Strings in Rust"
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msgstr "Overførte strenge i Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:91
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msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++"
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msgstr "Dobbeltfrigivelser i moderne C++"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
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msgid "Moves in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Overførsel af ejerskab i funktionskald"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
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msgid "Copying and Cloning"
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msgstr "Kopiering og kloning"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
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msgid "Borrowing"
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msgstr "Lån af variabler"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
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msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
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msgstr "Delte og unikke lån"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes"
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msgstr "Livstider"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Livstider i funktionskald"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
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msgstr "Livstider i datastrukturer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/structs.md:1
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msgid "Structs"
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msgstr "Strukturer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
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msgid "Tuple Structs"
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msgstr "Tuple-strukturer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
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msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
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msgstr "Forenklet strukturinitialisering"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/methods/receiver.md:1
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msgid "Method Receiver"
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msgstr "Modtager af funktionskald"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/SUMMARY.md:281
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#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
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msgid "Example"
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msgstr "Eksempel"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1
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msgid "Storing Books"
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msgstr "Lagring af bøger"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:151
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msgid "Health Statistics"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:109
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msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Dag 2: Eftermiddag"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std.md:1
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msgid "Standard Library"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:112
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msgid "Option and Result"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/std/string.md:1
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msgid "String"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:114
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msgid "Vec"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:115
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msgid "HashMap"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:116
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msgid "Box"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:117
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msgid "Recursive Data Types"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/std/box-niche.md:1
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msgid "Niche Optimization"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:119
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msgid "Rc"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:120
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msgid "Cell/RefCell"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/modules.md:1
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msgid "Modules"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/modules/visibility.md:1
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msgid "Visibility"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/modules/paths.md:1
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msgid "Paths"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/modules/filesystem.md:1
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msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
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msgid "Iterators and Ownership"
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msgstr "Iteratorer og ejerskab"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3
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msgid "Strings and Iterators"
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msgstr "Strenge og iteratorer"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:130
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msgid "Day 3: Morning"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/generics.md:1
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msgid "Generics"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/generics/data-types.md:1
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msgid "Generic Data Types"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/generics/methods.md:1
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msgid "Generic Methods"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
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msgid "Monomorphization"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/traits.md:1
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msgid "Traits"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1
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msgid "Trait Objects"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
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msgid "Deriving Traits"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits/default-methods.md:1
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msgid "Default Methods"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1
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msgid "Trait Bounds"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:144
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msgid "impl Trait"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/traits/important-traits.md:1
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msgid "Important Traits"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:146
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msgid "Iterator"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
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msgid "FromIterator"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:148
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msgid "From and Into"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:149
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msgid "Read and Write"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:150
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msgid "Drop"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:151
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msgid "Default"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:152
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msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..."
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:153
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msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3
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msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:145
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msgid "Points and Polygons"
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msgstr "Punkter og polygoner"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:158
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msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
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msgstr ""
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|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling.md:1
|
|
msgid "Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/panics.md:1
|
|
msgid "Panics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:162
|
|
msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:163
|
|
msgid "Structured Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:164
|
|
msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
|
|
msgid "Converting Error Types"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
|
|
msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
|
|
msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
|
|
msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/testing.md:1
|
|
msgid "Testing"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unit Tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/testing/test-modules.md:1
|
|
msgid "Test Modules"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Documentation Tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Integration Tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
msgid "Useful crates"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
|
|
msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
|
|
msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe/unions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:182
|
|
msgid "Extern Functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/bare-metal/android.md:1
|
|
msgid "Android"
|
|
msgstr "Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/android/setup.md:1
|
|
msgid "Setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 src/android/build-rules.md:1
|
|
msgid "Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:195
|
|
msgid "Binary"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:196
|
|
msgid "Library"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/aidl.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:198
|
|
msgid "Interface"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:199
|
|
msgid "Implementation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:200
|
|
msgid "Server"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
|
|
msgid "Deploy"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:202
|
|
msgid "Client"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
|
|
msgid "Changing API"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/logging.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1
|
|
msgid "Logging"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 src/android/interoperability.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:206
|
|
msgid "With C"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:207
|
|
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:208
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "With C++"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:210
|
|
msgid "With Java"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:214
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Rå jern: Formiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:219
|
|
msgid "no_std"
|
|
msgstr "no_std"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:220
|
|
msgid "A Minimal Example"
|
|
msgstr "Et minimalt eksempel"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:221
|
|
msgid "alloc"
|
|
msgstr "alloc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1
|
|
msgid "Microcontrollers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1
|
|
msgid "Raw MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "Rå MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:224
|
|
msgid "PACs"
|
|
msgstr "PAC'er"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:225
|
|
msgid "HAL Crates"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:226
|
|
msgid "Board Support Crates"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:227
|
|
msgid "The Type State Pattern"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:228
|
|
msgid "embedded-hal"
|
|
msgstr "embedded-hal"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:229
|
|
msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1
|
|
msgid "Debugging"
|
|
msgstr "Fejlfinding"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/SUMMARY.md:251
|
|
msgid "Other Projects"
|
|
msgstr "Andre projekter"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Compass"
|
|
msgstr "Kompas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:235
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Rå jern: Eftermiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:237
|
|
msgid "Application Processors"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1
|
|
msgid "Getting Ready to Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:239
|
|
msgid "Inline Assembly"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:240
|
|
msgid "MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:241
|
|
msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:242
|
|
msgid "More Traits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:243
|
|
msgid "A Better UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bitflags"
|
|
msgstr "Bitflag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:245
|
|
msgid "Multiple Registers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1
|
|
msgid "Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Driver"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/SUMMARY.md:249
|
|
msgid "Using It"
|
|
msgstr "Anvendelse"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Exceptions"
|
|
msgstr "Undtagelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:252
|
|
msgid "Useful Crates"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:253
|
|
msgid "zerocopy"
|
|
msgstr "zerocopy"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:254
|
|
msgid "aarch64-paging"
|
|
msgstr "aarch64-paging"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:255
|
|
msgid "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
msgstr "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:256
|
|
msgid "tinyvec"
|
|
msgstr "tinyvec"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:257
|
|
msgid "spin"
|
|
msgstr "spin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1
|
|
msgid "vmbase"
|
|
msgstr "vmbase"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:261
|
|
msgid "RTC Driver"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:264
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Morning"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 src/concurrency/threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Tråde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Tråde med virkefelt"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 src/concurrency/channels.md:1
|
|
msgid "Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Kanaler"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Ubegrænsede kanaler"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Begrænsede kanaler"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:274
|
|
msgid "Send and Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Send og Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:274
|
|
msgid "Send"
|
|
msgstr "Send"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:274
|
|
msgid "Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
|
|
msgid "Examples"
|
|
msgstr "Eksempler"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:278 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
|
|
msgid "Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "Delt tilstand"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:279
|
|
msgid "Arc"
|
|
msgstr "Arc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:280
|
|
msgid "Mutex"
|
|
msgstr "Mutex"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:283 src/SUMMARY.md:304
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "Filosoffer omkring spisebordet"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1
|
|
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Flertrådet linktjekker"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:286
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrency: Eftermiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:288
|
|
msgid "Async Basics"
|
|
msgstr "Grundlæggende Async"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:289
|
|
msgid "async/await"
|
|
msgstr "async/await"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/async/futures.md:1
|
|
msgid "Futures"
|
|
msgstr "Fremtidige resultater (eng. Futures)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/async/runtimes.md:1
|
|
msgid "Runtimes"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1
|
|
msgid "Tokio"
|
|
msgstr "Tokio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143
|
|
msgid "Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "Opgaver (eng. Tasks)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/channels.md:1
|
|
msgid "Async Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Asynkrone kanaler"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1
|
|
msgid "Join"
|
|
msgstr "Join"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1
|
|
msgid "Select"
|
|
msgstr "Select"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:298
|
|
msgid "Pitfalls"
|
|
msgstr "Faldgruber"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:299
|
|
msgid "Blocking the Executor"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1
|
|
msgid "Pin"
|
|
msgstr "Pin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Async Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Asynkrone egenskaber (eng. Traits)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1
|
|
msgid "Cancellation"
|
|
msgstr "Annulering"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:95
|
|
msgid "Broadcast Chat Application"
|
|
msgstr "Broadcast chat-applikation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:308
|
|
msgid "Final Words"
|
|
msgstr "Afsluttende bemærkninger"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 src/thanks.md:1
|
|
msgid "Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "Tak!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:313
|
|
msgid "Other Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Andre resourcer"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 src/credits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Credits"
|
|
msgstr "Anerkendelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/exercises/solutions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "Løsninger"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:322
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 1 Formiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:323
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 1 Eftermiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:324
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 2 Formiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:325
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 2 Eftermiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:326
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 3 Formiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:327
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 3 Eftermiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:328
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Rå jern Rust formiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Rå jern Rust eftermiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:330
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Parallelprogrammering formiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:331
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Parallelprogrammering eftermiddag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
|
|
"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields."
|
|
"io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Bygge-arbejdsgang](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
|
|
"[GitHub-bidragsydere](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub-stjerner](https://img."
|
|
"shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The "
|
|
"course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced "
|
|
"topics like generics and error handling."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dette er et gratis Rust-kursus udviklet af Android-teamet. Kurset dækker "
|
|
"hele spektret af Rust, fra grundlæggende syntaks til avancerede emner som "
|
|
"generiske typer og fejlhåndtering."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The latest version of the course can be found at <https://google.github.io/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/>. If you are reading somewhere else, please check there "
|
|
"for updates."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know "
|
|
"anything about Rust and hope to:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Målet med kurset er at lære dig Rust. Vi antager, at du ikke ved noget om "
|
|
"Rust og håber at:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:18
|
|
msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language."
|
|
msgstr "Give dig en omfattende forståelse af Rust-syntaksen og sproget."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:19
|
|
msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gøre det muligt for dig at ændre eksisterende programmer og skrive nye "
|
|
"programmer i Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:20
|
|
msgid "Show you common Rust idioms."
|
|
msgstr "Vise dig idiomatisk Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:22
|
|
msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vi kalder de første tre kursusdage Grundlæggende Rust (_Rust Fundamentals_)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Efterfølgende er du inviteret til at dykke ned i et eller flere "
|
|
"specialiserede emner:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform "
|
|
"development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Android](android.md): en halv kursusdag om at bruge Rust til "
|
|
"platformudvikling i Android (AOSP). Dette inkluderer interoperabilitet med "
|
|
"C, C++ og Java."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal "
|
|
"(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are "
|
|
"covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Rå jern](bare-metal.md): en fuld kursusdag om at bruge Rust til udvikling "
|
|
"på det rå jern og indlejrede (_bare metal and embedded_) systemer. Dækker "
|
|
"både mikroprocessorer og applikationsprocessorer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We "
|
|
"cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and "
|
|
"mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using "
|
|
"futures)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Samtidighed](concurrency.md): en hel kursusdag om samtidighed "
|
|
"(_concurrency_) i Rust. Vi dækker både klassisk samtidighed (tidsdelt "
|
|
"multitasking ved hjælp af tråde og mutexes) og async/await samtidighed "
|
|
"(kooperativ multitasking ved hjælp af _futures_)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:37
|
|
msgid "Non-Goals"
|
|
msgstr "Ting som ikke dækkes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few "
|
|
"days. Some non-goals of this course are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust er et stort sprog og vi vil ikke være i stand til at dække det hele på "
|
|
"et par dage. Nogle ting som vi ikke dækker er:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"At lære hvordan man udvikler makroer: se venligst [Kapitel 19.5 i Rust-bogen]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) og [Rust by Example]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) i stedet."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:46
|
|
msgid "Assumptions"
|
|
msgstr "Antagelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a "
|
|
"statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and "
|
|
"C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Kurset antager at du allerede ved hvordan man programerer. Rust er et "
|
|
"statisk typet sprog og vi vil nogle gange sammenligne med C og C++ for bedre "
|
|
"at kunne forklare Rust's tilgangsvinkel."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or "
|
|
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hvis du ved hvordan man programmerer i et dynamisk typet sprog såsom Python "
|
|
"eller JavaScript, så vil du også fint kunne følge med."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional "
|
|
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor "
|
|
"should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dette er et eksempel på en _note_. Vi vil bruge disse til at tilføje "
|
|
"yderligere information til siderne. Dette kan være nøglepunkter som "
|
|
"instruktøren skal dække såvel som svar på typiske spørgsmål som bliver "
|
|
"stillet i klassen."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3
|
|
msgid "This page is for the course instructor."
|
|
msgstr "Denne side er for kursuslederen."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the "
|
|
"course internally at Google."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We typically run classes from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break "
|
|
"in the middle. This leaves 2.5 hours for the morning class and 2.5 hours for "
|
|
"the afternoon class. Note that this is just a recommendation: you can also "
|
|
"spend 3 hour on the morning session to give people more time for exercises. "
|
|
"The downside of longer session is that people can become very tired after 6 "
|
|
"full hours of class in the afternoon."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:16
|
|
msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker "
|
|
"notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more "
|
|
"speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker "
|
|
"notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker "
|
|
"Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we "
|
|
"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants "
|
|
"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it "
|
|
"helps them process all the information we give them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a "
|
|
"class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable "
|
|
"asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have "
|
|
"time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself "
|
|
"and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your "
|
|
"laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an "
|
|
"instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things "
|
|
"up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your "
|
|
"laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag "
|
|
"as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as "
|
|
"you or the course participants spot them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We "
|
|
"typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the "
|
|
"afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people "
|
|
"if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see "
|
|
"that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and "
|
|
"offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant "
|
|
"information in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun "
|
|
"for you as it has been for us!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We "
|
|
"would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. "
|
|
"Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
|
|
msgid "Rust Fundamentals"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The first three days make up [Rust Fundaments](../welcome-day-1.md). The "
|
|
"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard "
|
|
"library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14
|
|
msgid "Deep Dives"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more "
|
|
"specialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ud over kurset på tre dage om Grundlæggende Rust, dækker vi mere "
|
|
"specialiserede emner:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19
|
|
msgid "Rust in Android"
|
|
msgstr "Rust i Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using "
|
|
"Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with "
|
|
"C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/"
|
|
"download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/"
|
|
"android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure "
|
|
"that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build "
|
|
"all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to "
|
|
"see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37
|
|
msgid "Bare-Metal Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Bare-Metal Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on "
|
|
"using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and "
|
|
"application processors are covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]"
|
|
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will "
|
|
"need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../"
|
|
"bare-metal.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48
|
|
msgid "Concurrency in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Samtidighed i Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class "
|
|
"on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready "
|
|
"to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment "
|
|
"with them:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:64
|
|
msgid "Format"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:66
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the "
|
|
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3
|
|
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid "Arrow-Left"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid ": Navigate to the previous page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
|
|
msgid "Arrow-Right"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
|
|
msgid ": Navigate to the next page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid "Ctrl + Enter"
|
|
msgstr "Ctrl + Enter"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7
|
|
msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
|
|
msgid "s"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
|
|
msgid ": Activate the search bar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful "
|
|
"volunteers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) "
|
|
"by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github."
|
|
"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and "
|
|
"[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), and "
|
|
"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/deavid)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:12
|
|
msgid "Incomplete Translations"
|
|
msgstr "Ufuldstændige oversættelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most "
|
|
"recently updated translations:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/raselmandol)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) "
|
|
"by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/"
|
|
"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), and [@johnathan79717]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/johnathan79717)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) "
|
|
"by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/"
|
|
"wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/"
|
|
"kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), and [@superwhd]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/superwhd)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/"
|
|
"momotaro1105)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to "
|
|
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build "
|
|
"and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what "
|
|
"Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this "
|
|
"training."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:8
|
|
msgid "Installation"
|
|
msgstr "Installation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:10
|
|
msgid "**Please follow the instructions on <https://rustup.rs/>.**"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler "
|
|
"(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can "
|
|
"use to install to different compiler versions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with "
|
|
"Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-"
|
|
"analyzer.github.io/), which provides auto-completion and jump-to-definition "
|
|
"functionality for [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://"
|
|
"rust-analyzer.github.io/manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-"
|
|
"analyzer.github.io/manual.html#vimneovim), and many others. There is also a "
|
|
"different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust "
|
|
"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this "
|
|
"gets you an outdated rust version and may lead to unexpected behavior. The "
|
|
"command would be:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1
|
|
msgid "The Rust Ecosystem"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other "
|
|
"intermediate formats."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to "
|
|
"download dependencies, usually hosted on <https://crates.io>, and it will "
|
|
"pass them to `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a "
|
|
"built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to "
|
|
"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is "
|
|
"released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the "
|
|
"standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once "
|
|
"and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:24
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:55
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25
|
|
msgid "Key points:"
|
|
msgstr "Nøglepunkter:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six "
|
|
"weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- "
|
|
"plus they enable new functionality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes "
|
|
"\"stable\" every six weeks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the "
|
|
"current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the "
|
|
"language."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for "
|
|
"your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for "
|
|
"different editions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through "
|
|
"`cargo` (most users never do)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and "
|
|
"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but "
|
|
"not limited to: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49
|
|
msgid "Project/package structure"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50
|
|
msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51
|
|
msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts."
|
|
"html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install."
|
|
"html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo "
|
|
"clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1
|
|
msgid "Code Samples in This Training"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples "
|
|
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier "
|
|
"and ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do "
|
|
"the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you "
|
|
"how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11
|
|
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:15 src/cargo/running-locally.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"Edit me!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Rediger mig!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid "You can use "
|
|
msgstr "Du kan bruge "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid "to execute the code when focus is in the text box."
|
|
msgstr "for at afvikle koden når tekstboksen er i fokus."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not "
|
|
"editable for various reasons:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and "
|
|
"open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from "
|
|
"the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises "
|
|
"using a local Rust installation or via the Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1
|
|
msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will "
|
|
"need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the "
|
|
"Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This "
|
|
"should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the "
|
|
"latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards "
|
|
"compatibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of "
|
|
"the examples in this training:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20
|
|
msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For "
|
|
"example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo "
|
|
"build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/"
|
|
"debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an "
|
|
"optimized release build in `target/release/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you "
|
|
"run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing "
|
|
"dependencies for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local "
|
|
"editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal "
|
|
"development environment."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 1"
|
|
msgstr "Velkommen til Dag 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground "
|
|
"today:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dette er den første dag af Rust Fundamentals. Vi kommer til at dække en "
|
|
"masse terræn i dag:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, "
|
|
"references, functions, and methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and "
|
|
"`continue`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12
|
|
msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16
|
|
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much "
|
|
"encouraged!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., "
|
|
"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other "
|
|
"language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of "
|
|
"allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way "
|
|
"communication."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. "
|
|
"Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as "
|
|
"you like."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to "
|
|
"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a "
|
|
"major feature and we should show students this right away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the "
|
|
"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36
|
|
msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37
|
|
msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include "
|
|
"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]"
|
|
"(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6
|
|
msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9
|
|
msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12
|
|
msgid "firmware and boot loaders,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13
|
|
msgid "smart displays,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid "mobile phones,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid "desktops,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16
|
|
msgid "servers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21
|
|
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust har det samme anvendelsesområde som C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23
|
|
msgid "High flexibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24
|
|
msgid "High level of control."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26
|
|
msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27
|
|
msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World "
|
|
"program:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:8
|
|
msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hallo 🌍!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:12
|
|
msgid "What you see:"
|
|
msgstr "Hvad du ser:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:14
|
|
msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:15
|
|
msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:16
|
|
msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:17
|
|
msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:18
|
|
msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will "
|
|
"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something "
|
|
"familiar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is "
|
|
"imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:31
|
|
msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of "
|
|
"arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers "
|
|
"from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially "
|
|
"hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented "
|
|
"programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, "
|
|
"while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional "
|
|
"concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Her er et lille eksempel på et program i Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:6
|
|
msgid "// Program entry point\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:7
|
|
msgid "// Mutable variable binding\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:8 src/traits/impl-trait.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"{x}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{x}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:8
|
|
msgid "// Macro for printing, like printf\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:9
|
|
msgid "// No parenthesis around expression\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:10
|
|
msgid "// Math like in other languages\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:15
|
|
msgid "\" -> {x}\""
|
|
msgstr "\" -> {x}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop "
|
|
"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with "
|
|
"different inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to "
|
|
"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer "
|
|
"overflow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32
|
|
msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the "
|
|
"format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an "
|
|
"expression which is more complex than just a single variable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::"
|
|
"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important "
|
|
"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt "
|
|
"documentation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Compile time memory safety."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:6
|
|
msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:7
|
|
msgid "Modern language features."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. "
|
|
"Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ "
|
|
"via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't "
|
|
"have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with "
|
|
"constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory "
|
|
"safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In "
|
|
"addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage "
|
|
"collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3
|
|
msgid "Static memory management at compile time:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5
|
|
msgid "No uninitialized variables."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6
|
|
msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7
|
|
msgid "No double-frees."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8
|
|
msgid "No use-after-free."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9
|
|
msgid "No `NULL` pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10
|
|
msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11
|
|
msgid "No data races between threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12
|
|
msgid "No iterator invalidation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
|
|
"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-"
|
|
"initialized and runtime-sized static variables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget."
|
|
"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor "
|
|
"is never run)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak "
|
|
"and Rust does not protect from those."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as "
|
|
"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3
|
|
msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5
|
|
msgid "Array access is bounds checked."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6
|
|
msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time "
|
|
"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the "
|
|
"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get "
|
|
"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo "
|
|
"build --release`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be "
|
|
"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to "
|
|
"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds "
|
|
"checking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5
|
|
msgid "Language Features"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7
|
|
msgid "Enums and pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8
|
|
msgid "Generics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9
|
|
msgid "No overhead FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10
|
|
msgid "Zero-cost abstractions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12
|
|
msgid "Tooling"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14
|
|
msgid "Great compiler errors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15
|
|
msgid "Built-in dependency manager."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16
|
|
msgid "Built-in support for testing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17
|
|
msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' "
|
|
"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, "
|
|
"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level "
|
|
"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also "
|
|
"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like "
|
|
"`Option<T>` and `Result<T, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to "
|
|
"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more "
|
|
"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ "
|
|
"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, "
|
|
"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard "
|
|
"and essential:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41
|
|
msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42
|
|
msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43
|
|
msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library "
|
|
"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the "
|
|
"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps "
|
|
"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this "
|
|
"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence "
|
|
"of this is that the standard library can be smaller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like <https://"
|
|
"lib.rs/> help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to "
|
|
"find a good and trusted one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP "
|
|
"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:3
|
|
msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:5
|
|
msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... "
|
|
"*/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:8
|
|
msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:9
|
|
msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
msgid "Types"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "Literals"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "Signed integers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "Unsigned integers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "Floating point numbers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "`f32`, `f64`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Strings"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "`&str`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "Unicode scalar values"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "`char`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "Booleans"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "`bool`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "`true`, `false`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12
|
|
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14
|
|
msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15
|
|
msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16
|
|
msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17
|
|
msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21
|
|
msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: "
|
|
"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal "
|
|
"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:35
|
|
msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So "
|
|
"`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written "
|
|
"as `123i64`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "Arrays"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`[T; N]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "Tuples"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:19
|
|
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
|
|
msgid "Arrays:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) "
|
|
"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of "
|
|
"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two "
|
|
"different types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40
|
|
msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation "
|
|
"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives "
|
|
"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without "
|
|
"specifying the value after the format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be "
|
|
"easier to read."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49
|
|
msgid "Tuples:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51
|
|
msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53
|
|
msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, "
|
|
"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, "
|
|
"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its "
|
|
"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a "
|
|
"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other "
|
|
"programming languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:15
|
|
msgid "Some notes:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ "
|
|
"pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking "
|
|
"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over "
|
|
"their lifetime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: "
|
|
"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound "
|
|
"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable "
|
|
"value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17
|
|
msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long "
|
|
"enough."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:20
|
|
msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17
|
|
msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:18
|
|
msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending "
|
|
"indexes in brackets."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the "
|
|
"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are "
|
|
"identical."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are "
|
|
"identical."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` "
|
|
"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform "
|
|
"computation on slices of different sizes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain "
|
|
"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but "
|
|
"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at "
|
|
"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` "
|
|
"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the "
|
|
"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained "
|
|
"in the borrow checker section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
|
|
msgid "`String` vs `str`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:7 src/traits/read-write.md:36
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"World\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Verden\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:8
|
|
msgid "\"s1: {s1}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"s1: {s1}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:10 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:16
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"Hello \""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hallo \""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:11 src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:13
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:9
|
|
msgid "\"s2: {s2}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"s2: {s2}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"s3: {s3}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"s3: {s3}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
|
|
msgid "Rust terminology:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
|
|
msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23
|
|
msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 "
|
|
"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals "
|
|
"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a "
|
|
"`Vec<T>`, it is owned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string "
|
|
"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data "
|
|
"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from "
|
|
"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range "
|
|
"selection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one "
|
|
"that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough "
|
|
"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain "
|
|
"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
|
|
"Fizz_buzz) interview question:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations "
|
|
"nor headers are necessary. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some "
|
|
"programming languages), then a return type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return "
|
|
"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The "
|
|
"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains "
|
|
"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second "
|
|
"argument.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:11
|
|
msgid "// Corner case, early return\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:13
|
|
msgid "// The last expression in a block is the return value\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are "
|
|
"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is "
|
|
"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]"
|
|
"(https://docs.rs/rand)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in "
|
|
"real code they should be present."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not "
|
|
"be addressed here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using "
|
|
"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../"
|
|
"testing/doc-tests.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a "
|
|
"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"old area: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"gammelt areal: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"new area: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"nyt areal: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's "
|
|
"class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34
|
|
msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods "
|
|
"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual "
|
|
"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See "
|
|
"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such "
|
|
"static methods can take arbitrary parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
|
|
msgid "Function Overloading"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
|
|
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
|
|
msgid "Each function has a single implementation:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6
|
|
msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7
|
|
msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8
|
|
msgid "Default values are not supported:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9
|
|
msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10
|
|
msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
|
|
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"coin toss: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"mønt kast: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"heads\""
|
|
msgstr "\"plat\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"tails\""
|
|
msgstr "\"krone\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"cash prize: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"pengepremie: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When using generics, the standard library's `Into<T>` can provide a kind of "
|
|
"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later "
|
|
"section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 1: formiddagsøvelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Implicit conversions between types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "Arrays and `for` loops."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
|
|
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-"
|
|
"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) "
|
|
"for details on installing Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17
|
|
msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose "
|
|
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
|
|
"morning.md) provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types "
|
|
"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/"
|
|
"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The "
|
|
"`From<T>` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into<T>` "
|
|
"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type "
|
|
"expresses that it can be converted into another type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The standard library has an implementation of `From<i8> for i16`, which "
|
|
"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by "
|
|
"calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From<i8> for "
|
|
"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into<i16> for "
|
|
"i8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so "
|
|
"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` "
|
|
"implementation automatically."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:34
|
|
msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:36
|
|
msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, "
|
|
"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try "
|
|
"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the "
|
|
"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait."
|
|
"From.html) to see if `From<T>` is implemented for the pairs you check."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
|
|
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}"
|
|
"`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` "
|
|
"keyword:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"Iterating over array:\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:27
|
|
msgid "\" {n}\""
|
|
msgstr "\" {n}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:31
|
|
msgid "\"Iterating over range:\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:33
|
|
msgid "\" {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\" {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix "
|
|
"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into "
|
|
"columns):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
|
|
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
|
|
"functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:55 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:26
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:14
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:13
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:8
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:49
|
|
msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:68
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:44
|
|
msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:73
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:49
|
|
msgid "\"matrix:\""
|
|
msgstr "\"matrix:\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:77
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:53
|
|
msgid "\"transposed:\""
|
|
msgstr "\"transponeret:\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82
|
|
msgid "Bonus Question"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your "
|
|
"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional "
|
|
"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality "
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:94
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the "
|
|
"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:97
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle "
|
|
"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:100
|
|
msgid "Without the `&`..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:101
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change "
|
|
"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/"
|
|
"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An implicit array copy would have occurred. Since `i32` is a copy type, "
|
|
"then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally "
|
|
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then "
|
|
"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions "
|
|
"work similarly in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value "
|
|
"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is "
|
|
"`()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the "
|
|
"return value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22
|
|
#: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46
|
|
msgid "Key Points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in "
|
|
"Rust. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in "
|
|
"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`if` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
|
|
"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each "
|
|
"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its "
|
|
"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you "
|
|
"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`for` loops"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely "
|
|
"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will "
|
|
"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26
|
|
msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other "
|
|
"element. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change "
|
|
"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`while` loops"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-"
|
|
"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
|
|
msgid "`break` and `continue`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions),"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is "
|
|
"used to break out of nested loops:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`loop` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
|
|
"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial "
|
|
"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike "
|
|
"`while` and `for` loops)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable "
|
|
"by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the "
|
|
"types less and less as the course progresses."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on "
|
|
"constraints given by variable declarations and usages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not "
|
|
"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine "
|
|
"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration "
|
|
"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise "
|
|
"code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic "
|
|
"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, "
|
|
"using `_` as a placeholder:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-"
|
|
"HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
|
|
msgid "Static and Constant Variables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-"
|
|
"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of "
|
|
"the program. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6
|
|
msgid "`const`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are "
|
|
"inlined wherever they are used:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
|
|
"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate "
|
|
"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:34
|
|
msgid "`static`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and "
|
|
"therefore will not move:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:39
|
|
msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Velkommen til RustOS 3.14\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:42
|
|
msgid "\"{BANNER}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{BANNER}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
|
|
"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual "
|
|
"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, "
|
|
"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a "
|
|
"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, "
|
|
"`const` is generally preferred."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be "
|
|
"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible "
|
|
"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any "
|
|
"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../"
|
|
"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58
|
|
msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable "
|
|
"global variable in C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as "
|
|
"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex<T>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but "
|
|
"it is helpful and safer than using a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:62
|
|
msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:64
|
|
msgid "Properties table:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:66
|
|
msgid "Property"
|
|
msgstr "Egenskab"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:66
|
|
msgid "Static"
|
|
msgstr "Statisk"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:66
|
|
msgid "Constant"
|
|
msgstr "Konstant"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
|
|
msgid "Has an address in memory"
|
|
msgstr "Har en adresse i hukommelsen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:72
|
|
msgid "Yes"
|
|
msgstr "Ja"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
|
|
msgid "No (inlined)"
|
|
msgstr "Nej (inlinet)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
|
|
msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:72
|
|
msgid "No"
|
|
msgstr "Nej"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
|
|
msgid "Can be mutable"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
|
|
msgid "Yes (unsafe)"
|
|
msgstr "Ja (_unsafe_)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
|
|
msgid "Evaluated at compile time"
|
|
msgstr "Evalueret ved kompileringstid"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
|
|
msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)"
|
|
msgstr "Ja (initialiseret ved kompileringstid)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:72
|
|
msgid "Inlined wherever it is used"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from "
|
|
"the same scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:9
|
|
msgid "\"before: {a}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"før: {a}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:12 src/traits/from-into.md:7
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"hello\""
|
|
msgstr "\"hallo\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"indre blok: {a}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"overskygget i indre blok: {a}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"after: {a}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"efter: {a}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing "
|
|
"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available "
|
|
"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26
|
|
msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values "
|
|
"after `.unwrap()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory "
|
|
"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type "
|
|
"does not change."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different "
|
|
"variants:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:8
|
|
msgid "// Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:9
|
|
msgid "// Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"You got: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:36
|
|
msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and "
|
|
"`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:38
|
|
msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one "
|
|
"with different types of fields (variant payloads). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:40
|
|
msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate "
|
|
"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were "
|
|
"all defined in an enum. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use "
|
|
"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:8
|
|
msgid "// Variant without payload\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:9
|
|
msgid "// Tuple struct variant\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:10
|
|
msgid "// Full struct variant\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"page loaded\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"pressed '{c}'\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:24 src/pattern-matching.md:10
|
|
msgid "'x'"
|
|
msgstr "'x'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern "
|
|
"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" "
|
|
"after the `=>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is "
|
|
"no fall-through like in C or C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the "
|
|
"match arm which was executed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run "
|
|
"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage "
|
|
"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40
|
|
msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::"
|
|
"discriminant()`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where "
|
|
"comparing field values doesn't affect equality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::"
|
|
"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version "
|
|
"cannot implement traits, for example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into "
|
|
"account:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum "
|
|
"variant."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 "
|
|
"bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:54
|
|
msgid "Try out other types such as"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:56
|
|
msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`dbg_size!(Option<bool>)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, "
|
|
"see below),"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:58
|
|
msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine),"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer "
|
|
"optimization, see below)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum "
|
|
"discriminant."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::<T>()` equals "
|
|
"`size_of::<Option<T>>()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look "
|
|
"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no "
|
|
"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more "
|
|
"than 256 `Option`s together."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. "
|
|
"They are used for pattern matching:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`if let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "`if let`-udtryk"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:7
|
|
msgid "`while let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "`while let`-udtryk"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`match` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "`match`-udtryk"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-"
|
|
"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on "
|
|
"whether a value matches a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"Program name: {value}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"Missing name?\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:22
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns "
|
|
"in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make "
|
|
"it more concise than `match`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24
|
|
msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/"
|
|
"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring "
|
|
"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort "
|
|
"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`while let` loops"
|
|
msgstr "`while let`-lykker"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which "
|
|
"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option<i32>` on "
|
|
"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which "
|
|
"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all "
|
|
"items."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value "
|
|
"matches the pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if "
|
|
"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. "
|
|
"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-"
|
|
"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that "
|
|
"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"cat\""
|
|
msgstr "\"cat\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"Will do cat things\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"ls\""
|
|
msgstr "\"ls\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"Will ls some files\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"mv\""
|
|
msgstr "\"mv\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"Let's move some files\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"rm\""
|
|
msgstr "\"rm\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"Uh, dangerous!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"Hmm, no program name?\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"Unknown program name!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last "
|
|
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29
|
|
msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option<String>`, but we cannot match "
|
|
"against `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, "
|
|
"this turns `Option<String>` into `Option<&str>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. "
|
|
"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
|
|
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:13
|
|
msgid "'q'"
|
|
msgstr "'q'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"Quitting\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:14
|
|
msgid "'a'"
|
|
msgstr "'a'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:14
|
|
msgid "'s'"
|
|
msgstr "'s'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:14
|
|
msgid "'w'"
|
|
msgstr "'w'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:14
|
|
msgid "'d'"
|
|
msgstr "'d'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"Moving around\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:15
|
|
msgid "'0'"
|
|
msgstr "'0'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:15
|
|
msgid "'9'"
|
|
msgstr "'9'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"Number input\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"Something else\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
|
|
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a "
|
|
"pattern"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:27
|
|
msgid "`|` as an `or`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:28
|
|
msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:29
|
|
msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:30
|
|
msgid "`_` is a wild card"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a "
|
|
"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:32
|
|
msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, "
|
|
"as the term can show up in error messages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is "
|
|
"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple "
|
|
"`enum` type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:23
|
|
msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first "
|
|
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second "
|
|
"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with "
|
|
"a `match`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the "
|
|
"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now "
|
|
"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\""
|
|
msgstr "\"y = {y}, andre felter blev ignoreret\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
|
|
msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24
|
|
msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to "
|
|
"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it "
|
|
"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:9
|
|
msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Fortæl mig om {triple:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:11
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:12
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:35
|
|
msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:13
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:36
|
|
msgid "\"All elements were ignored\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed "
|
|
"length."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:32
|
|
msgid "\"Tell me about {slice:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Fortæl mig om {slice:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41
|
|
msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42
|
|
msgid "Add more values to the array."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of "
|
|
"elements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44
|
|
msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary "
|
|
"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"Tell me about {pair:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"These are twins\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Disse er tvillinger\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"Antimatter, kaboom!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"The first one is odd\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"No correlation...\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when "
|
|
"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would "
|
|
"allow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. "
|
|
"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the "
|
|
"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't "
|
|
"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26
|
|
msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern "
|
|
"with an `|`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at two things:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "The Luhn algorithm,"
|
|
msgstr "Luhn-algorithmen,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid "An exercise on pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
|
|
"afternoon.md) provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used "
|
|
"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and "
|
|
"does the following to validate the credit card number:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7
|
|
msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number "
|
|
"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So "
|
|
"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15
|
|
msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17
|
|
msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
|
|
"function."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and "
|
|
"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:35
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:75
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:91
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:22 src/traits/impl-trait.md:14
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:150 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:151
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:152 src/testing/test-modules.md:21
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:43
|
|
msgid "\"foo\""
|
|
msgstr "\"foo\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:36 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:44
|
|
msgid "\"foo 0 0\""
|
|
msgstr "\"foo 0 0\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:41 src/testing/unit-tests.md:15
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:49
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:92
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:94
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:98
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:112
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:116
|
|
msgid "\"\""
|
|
msgstr "\"\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:42 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:50
|
|
msgid "\" \""
|
|
msgstr "\" \""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:43 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:51
|
|
msgid "\" \""
|
|
msgstr "\" \""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:44 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:52
|
|
msgid "\" \""
|
|
msgstr "\" \""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:49 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:57
|
|
msgid "\"0\""
|
|
msgstr "\"0\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:54 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:62
|
|
msgid "\" 0 0 \""
|
|
msgstr "\" 0 0 \""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:59 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:67
|
|
msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\""
|
|
msgstr "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:60 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:68
|
|
msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\""
|
|
msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:61 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:69
|
|
msgid "\"7992 7398 713\""
|
|
msgstr "\"7992 7398 713\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:66 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:74
|
|
msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\""
|
|
msgstr "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:67 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:75
|
|
msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\""
|
|
msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:68 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:76
|
|
msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\""
|
|
msgstr "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:1
|
|
msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:6
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:83
|
|
msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:14
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:91
|
|
msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:18
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:95
|
|
msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:25
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:102
|
|
msgid "/// A literal value\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:105
|
|
msgid "/// The result of evaluating an expression.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:32
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:109
|
|
msgid "/// Evaluation was successful, with the given result.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:34
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:111
|
|
msgid "/// Evaluation failed, with the given error message.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:36
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:113
|
|
msgid "// Allow `Ok` and `Err` as shorthands for `Res::Ok` and `Res::Err`.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:95
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:134
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:196
|
|
msgid "\"division by zero\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later "
|
|
"in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the "
|
|
"tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator to \"unbox\" "
|
|
"it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The `Res` "
|
|
"type represents either a successful value or an error with a message. This "
|
|
"is very similar to the standard-library `Result` which we will see later."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:109
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing "
|
|
"`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use "
|
|
"`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/pattern-matching.md:113
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you finish early, try writing a test that results in an integer overflow. "
|
|
"How could you handle this with `Res::Err` instead of a panic?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 2"
|
|
msgstr "Velkommen til Dag 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
|
|
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based "
|
|
"memory management, and garbage collection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10
|
|
msgid "Structs and methods."
|
|
msgstr "Strenge og iteratorer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, "
|
|
"`Rc` and `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15
|
|
msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:5
|
|
msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, "
|
|
"Haskell, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:8
|
|
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory "
|
|
"management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:13
|
|
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:15
|
|
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
|
|
msgid "The Stack vs The Heap"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
|
|
msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4
|
|
msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5
|
|
msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6
|
|
msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7
|
|
msgid "Great memory locality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9
|
|
msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10
|
|
msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11
|
|
msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12
|
|
msgid "No guarantee of memory locality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1
|
|
msgid "Stack and Heap Example"
|
|
msgstr "Eksempel på stak og heap"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically "
|
|
"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:8 src/memory-management/stack.md:36
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:8 src/traits/read-write.md:35 src/testing/unit-tests.md:20
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:25 src/testing/test-modules.md:12
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:9 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"Hello\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hello\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and "
|
|
"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap "
|
|
"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/"
|
|
"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the "
|
|
"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should "
|
|
"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:37 src/testing/unit-tests.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:11
|
|
msgid "' '"
|
|
msgstr "' '"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:38
|
|
msgid "\"world\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
|
|
" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" // undefined behavior.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:44
|
|
msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
|
|
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
|
|
msgstr "Du allokerer og deallokerer din heap-memory."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security "
|
|
"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
|
|
msgid "C Example"
|
|
msgstr "C-eksempel"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
|
|
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
" // ... lots of code\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: "
|
|
"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the "
|
|
"pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security "
|
|
"vulnerabilities."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is "
|
|
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception "
|
|
"is raised."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and "
|
|
"gives you smart pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
|
|
msgid "C++ Example"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory "
|
|
"allocated on the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22
|
|
msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23
|
|
msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
|
|
msgid "Automatic Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic "
|
|
"memory management:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
|
|
msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the "
|
|
"programmer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
|
|
msgid "Java Example"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
|
|
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "Memory Management in Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6
|
|
msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even "
|
|
"have no cost at runtime like C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:9
|
|
msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually "
|
|
"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate "
|
|
"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential "
|
|
"errors in C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error "
|
|
"to use a variable outside its scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:20
|
|
msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:21
|
|
msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
|
|
msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:7
|
|
msgid "\"Hello!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:10
|
|
msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
|
|
msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15
|
|
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16
|
|
msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17
|
|
msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by "
|
|
"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated "
|
|
"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies "
|
|
"are aggressively optimized away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27
|
|
msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:12
|
|
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:31
|
|
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stak Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(utilgængelig)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++"
|
|
msgstr "Defensive kopier i moderne C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:6
|
|
msgid "\"Cpp\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Cpp\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:7
|
|
msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11
|
|
msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
|
|
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, "
|
|
"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when "
|
|
"either string goes out of scope."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), "
|
|
"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had "
|
|
"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the "
|
|
"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the "
|
|
"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:66
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type "
|
|
"which is being copied or moved."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function "
|
|
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:8 src/traits/impl-trait.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"Hello {name}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:12
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:56
|
|
msgid "\"Alice\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:14
|
|
msgid "// say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. "
|
|
"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the "
|
|
"`say_hello` function."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and "
|
|
"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name."
|
|
"clone()`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move "
|
|
"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:15
|
|
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:17
|
|
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:32
|
|
msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:33
|
|
msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
|
|
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on "
|
|
"arbitrary objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by "
|
|
"implementing the `Clone` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42
|
|
msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:30
|
|
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` "
|
|
"is not a `Copy` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the "
|
|
"`println!` for `p1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
|
|
msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way "
|
|
"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default "
|
|
"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a "
|
|
"function _borrow_ the value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23
|
|
msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:24
|
|
msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28
|
|
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can "
|
|
"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses "
|
|
"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the "
|
|
"assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" "
|
|
"optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same "
|
|
"when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:50
|
|
msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because "
|
|
"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If "
|
|
"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` "
|
|
"copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
|
|
msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through "
|
|
"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` "
|
|
"to make the code compile."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before "
|
|
"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow "
|
|
"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
|
|
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
|
|
msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6
|
|
msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the "
|
|
"lifetime `a`\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime "
|
|
"yourself."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is "
|
|
"a valid solution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, "
|
|
"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple "
|
|
"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed "
|
|
"value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22
|
|
msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23
|
|
msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), "
|
|
"resulting in the following code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52
|
|
msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, "
|
|
"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile "
|
|
"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:55
|
|
msgid "Another way to explain it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function "
|
|
"returns another reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the "
|
|
"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the "
|
|
"reference came from."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"Bye {text}!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Farvel {text}!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:17
|
|
msgid "// erase(text);\n"
|
|
msgstr "// erase(text);\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"{fox:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{fox:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"{dog:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{dog:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data "
|
|
"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of "
|
|
"`Highlight` that uses that data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), "
|
|
"the borrow checker throws an error."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This "
|
|
"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them "
|
|
"somewhat harder to use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28
|
|
msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime "
|
|
"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime "
|
|
"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime "
|
|
"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:13 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:20 src/methods.md:21
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:87
|
|
msgid "\"Peter\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Peter\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:16 src/structs.md:19 src/structs.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"{} is {} years old\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"Jackie\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Jackie\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:33
|
|
msgid "Structs work like in C or C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:34
|
|
msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:35
|
|
msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following "
|
|
"slides."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of "
|
|
"structs. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a "
|
|
"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the "
|
|
"value itself. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are "
|
|
"not important."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the "
|
|
"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be "
|
|
"the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"({}, {})\""
|
|
msgstr "\"({}, {})\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
|
|
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:25
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:14
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:99
|
|
msgid "// ...\n"
|
|
msgstr "// ...\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in "
|
|
"a primitive type, for example:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38
|
|
msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have "
|
|
"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the "
|
|
"single field in the newtype."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or "
|
|
"for instance using booleans as integers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42
|
|
msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en."
|
|
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the "
|
|
"struct using a shorthand:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"{peter:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{peter:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is "
|
|
"interchangeable with the struct type name"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the "
|
|
"default values for the other fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:52
|
|
msgid "\"Bot\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Bot\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:62
|
|
msgid "\"Sam\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Sam\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68
|
|
msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that "
|
|
"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with "
|
|
"an `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"Hello, my name is {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hej, mit navn er {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:31
|
|
msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the "
|
|
"first parameter represents the instance as `self`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver "
|
|
"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep "
|
|
"all the implementation code in one predictable place."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:34
|
|
msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how "
|
|
"the struct name could also be used."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and "
|
|
"can be used elsewhere in the block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to "
|
|
"refer to individual fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` "
|
|
"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:39
|
|
msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. "
|
|
"There are other possible receivers for a method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable "
|
|
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable "
|
|
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The "
|
|
"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped "
|
|
"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly "
|
|
"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:14
|
|
msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to "
|
|
"create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be "
|
|
"receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". "
|
|
"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, "
|
|
"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from "
|
|
"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:11
|
|
msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:15
|
|
msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:19
|
|
msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:26
|
|
msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:33
|
|
msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Monacos Grand Prix\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:40
|
|
msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n"
|
|
msgstr "// race.add_lap(42);\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:47
|
|
msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the "
|
|
"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static "
|
|
"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic "
|
|
"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds "
|
|
"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated "
|
|
"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 2: formiddagsøvelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Storing books and querying the collection"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec<T>` type tomorrow. For "
|
|
"now, you just need to know part of its API:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"middle value: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"midterste værdi: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"item: {item}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"item: {item}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to "
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:32
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:18
|
|
msgid "// This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:40
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Implement the methods below. Notice how the `self` parameter\n"
|
|
"// changes type to indicate the method's required level of ownership\n"
|
|
"// over the object:\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
|
|
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
|
|
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:50
|
|
msgid "\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:54
|
|
msgid "\"Return the length of `self.books`\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:58
|
|
msgid "\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:62
|
|
msgid "\"Add a new book to `self.books`\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:66
|
|
msgid "\"Iterate over `self.books` and print each book's title and year\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:70
|
|
msgid "\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:78
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:78
|
|
msgid "\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:82
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:107
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:118
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:125
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:137
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:140
|
|
msgid "\"Lord of the Rings\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Ringenes Herre\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:83
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:83
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:108
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:126
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:143
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:146
|
|
msgid "\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Alice i Eventyrland\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:86
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid "\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:93
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:93
|
|
msgid "\"The oldest book is {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:94
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:94
|
|
msgid "\"The library is empty!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:97
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:97
|
|
msgid "\"The library has {} books\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, "
|
|
"you need to keep track of users' health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a "
|
|
"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods "
|
|
"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
|
|
"methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:39
|
|
msgid "\"Create a new User instance\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:43
|
|
msgid "\"Return the user's name\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:47
|
|
msgid "\"Return the user's age\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:51
|
|
msgid "\"Return the user's height\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:55
|
|
msgid "\"Return the number of time the user has visited the doctor\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:59
|
|
msgid "\"Set the user's age\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:63
|
|
msgid "\"Set the user's height\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the "
|
|
"doctor\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:72
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:78
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:84
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:92
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:98
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 src/android/aidl/client.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:233
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:239
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:245
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:253
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:259
|
|
msgid "\"Bob\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Bob\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:73
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:234
|
|
msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common "
|
|
"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work "
|
|
"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:7
|
|
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional "
|
|
"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:12
|
|
msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:14
|
|
msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing "
|
|
"algorithm."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:19
|
|
msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated "
|
|
"data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, "
|
|
"`alloc` and `std`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on "
|
|
"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, "
|
|
"`Box` and `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Option` and `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "`Option` og `Result`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:3
|
|
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:9
|
|
msgid "\"first: {first:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"first: {first:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"arr: {arr:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"arr: {arr:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:18
|
|
msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:19
|
|
msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on "
|
|
"Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`try_into` attempts to convert the vector into a fixed-sized array. This can "
|
|
"fail:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the vector has the right size, `Result::Ok` is returned with the array."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:23
|
|
msgid "Otherwise, `Result::Err` is returned with the original vector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the "
|
|
"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:9
|
|
msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:13
|
|
msgid "'!'"
|
|
msgstr "'!'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"🇨🇭\""
|
|
msgstr "\"🇨🇭\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"s3: len = {}, antal tegn = {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call "
|
|
"all `str` methods on a `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when "
|
|
"you know how much data you want to push to the string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be "
|
|
"different from its length in characters)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a "
|
|
"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due "
|
|
"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/"
|
|
"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or "
|
|
"`String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When a type implements `Deref<Target = T>`, the compiler will let you "
|
|
"transparently call methods from `T`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements `Deref<Target = str>` which transparently gives it "
|
|
"access to `str`'s methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:36
|
|
msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the "
|
|
"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but "
|
|
"with some extra guarantees."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:38
|
|
msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, "
|
|
"out-of-bounds."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character "
|
|
"boundaries or not."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Vec`"
|
|
msgstr "`Vec`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard "
|
|
"resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:9
|
|
msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:16
|
|
msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:19
|
|
msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:21 src/std/vec.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"{v3:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{v3:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:23
|
|
msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
|
|
"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice "
|
|
"methods on a `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data "
|
|
"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't "
|
|
"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` "
|
|
"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established "
|
|
"during the first `push` call."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it "
|
|
"supports adding initial elements to the vector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. "
|
|
"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will "
|
|
"remove the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e "
|
|
"+= 50; }`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46
|
|
msgid "`HashMap`"
|
|
msgstr "`HashMap`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
|
|
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Huckleberry Finn\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Grimms eventyr\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:12 src/std/hashmap.md:19 src/std/hashmap.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Stolthed og fordom\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"Les Misérables\""
|
|
msgstr "\"De Elendige\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:19 src/std/hashmap.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Alice i Eventyrland\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{book}: {count} sider\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{book} er ukendt.\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:26
|
|
msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:32
|
|
msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{page_counts:#?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the "
|
|
"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert "
|
|
"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:43
|
|
msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \""
|
|
msgstr "\"Harry Potter og De Vises Sten\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:46 src/std/hashmap.md:55
|
|
msgid "\"The Hunger Games\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Dødsspillet\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:49
|
|
msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-"
|
|
"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows "
|
|
"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:54
|
|
msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-"
|
|
"value tuples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make "
|
|
"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, "
|
|
"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still "
|
|
"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::"
|
|
"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the "
|
|
"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back "
|
|
"to the `keys` method."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Box`"
|
|
msgstr "`Box`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned "
|
|
"pointer to data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:8
|
|
msgid "\"five: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"five: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call "
|
|
"methods from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/"
|
|
"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be "
|
|
"not null. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` "
|
|
"statement thanks to `Deref`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:36
|
|
msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust "
|
|
"compiler wants to know an exact size."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large "
|
|
"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` "
|
|
"so only the pointer is moved."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
|
|
msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:14 src/std/box-niche.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"{list:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{list:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stak Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the "
|
|
"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory "
|
|
"(`List` would be of infinite size)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and "
|
|
"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. "
|
|
"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or "
|
|
"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This "
|
|
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stak Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Rc`"
|
|
msgstr "`Rc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-"
|
|
"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data "
|
|
"from multiple places:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"a: {a}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"a: {a}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"b: {b}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"b: {b}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded "
|
|
"context."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there "
|
|
"are references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:30
|
|
msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and "
|
|
"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally "
|
|
"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") "
|
|
"and returns a mutable reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:33
|
|
msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create "
|
|
"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, "
|
|
"on the next slide)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`"
|
|
msgstr "`Cell` og `RefCell`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust "
|
|
"calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving "
|
|
"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks "
|
|
"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:40
|
|
msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:41
|
|
msgid "\"graph sum: {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have "
|
|
"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. "
|
|
"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, "
|
|
"but it's not ergonomic."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually "
|
|
"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree."
|
|
"children` (don't try to print it!)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments "
|
|
"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in "
|
|
"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already "
|
|
"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:3
|
|
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"In the foo module\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"In the bar module\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that "
|
|
"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and "
|
|
"a library crate compiles to a library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:30
|
|
msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
|
|
msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:6
|
|
msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all "
|
|
"the descendants of `foo`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"outer::private\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"outer::public\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"outer::inner::private\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"outer::inner::public\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
|
|
msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope "
|
|
"of public visibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-"
|
|
"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:44
|
|
msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:45
|
|
msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of "
|
|
"its descendants)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:3
|
|
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:5
|
|
msgid "As a relative path:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:6
|
|
msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:7
|
|
msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:9
|
|
msgid "As an absolute path:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:10
|
|
msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:11
|
|
msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You "
|
|
"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden."
|
|
"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/"
|
|
"vegetables.rs`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12
|
|
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
|
|
msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15
|
|
msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc "
|
|
"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a "
|
|
"module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant "
|
|
"germination\n"
|
|
"//! implementation.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:23
|
|
msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27
|
|
msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:30
|
|
msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of "
|
|
"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod."
|
|
"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42
|
|
msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler "
|
|
"directive:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:55
|
|
msgid "\"some/path.rs\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module "
|
|
"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the "
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28
|
|
msgid "`Iterator`"
|
|
msgstr "`Iterator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The "
|
|
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` "
|
|
"back:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
|
|
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"v[0]: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v[0]: {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"v[1]: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v[1]: {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"v[2]: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v[2]: {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:30
|
|
msgid "\"No more items: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
|
|
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:42
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:79
|
|
msgid "\"v0: {v0:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v0: {v0:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
|
|
msgid "Why is this type used?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
|
|
msgid "`IntoIterator`"
|
|
msgstr "`IntoIterator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an "
|
|
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the "
|
|
"iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must "
|
|
"declare two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
|
|
msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66
|
|
msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same "
|
|
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
|
|
msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:75
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:91
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"bar\""
|
|
msgstr "\"bar\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
|
|
msgid "`for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "`for`\\-løkker"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` "
|
|
"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the "
|
|
"resulting iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:94
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:98
|
|
msgid "\"word: {word}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"word: {word}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
|
|
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl "
|
|
"IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for "
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-"
|
|
"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. "
|
|
"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched "
|
|
"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character "
|
|
"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests "
|
|
"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:22
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:24
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:26
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:27
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:46
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:32
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:33
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:34
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:36
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:37
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:38
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:56
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:33
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers/abc-123\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers/abc-123\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:24
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers/abc/books\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers/abc/books\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:26
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:36
|
|
msgid "\"/v1\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:27
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:37
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishersBooks\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishersBooks\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:38
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/parent/publishers\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/parent/publishers\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:34
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:38
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:42
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:46
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:44
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:52
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:56
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:58
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers/*/books\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers/*/books\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:35
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:49
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers/bar/books\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers/bar/books\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:53
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:49
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:59
|
|
msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\""
|
|
msgstr "\"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 3"
|
|
msgstr "Velkommen til Dag 3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3
|
|
msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library "
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait "
|
|
"objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11
|
|
msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13
|
|
msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern "
|
|
"functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures "
|
|
"(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{integer:?} og {float:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:21
|
|
msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:23
|
|
msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:11
|
|
msgid "// + 10\n"
|
|
msgstr "// + 10\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:14
|
|
msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
|
|
msgstr "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"p.x = {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"p.x = {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that "
|
|
"redundant?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. "
|
|
"They are independently generic."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:27
|
|
msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:28
|
|
msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods in this "
|
|
"block will only be available for `Point<u32>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
|
|
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
|
|
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you "
|
|
"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:24 src/traits/trait-objects.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"The cat\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:24 src/traits/trait-objects.md:24
|
|
msgid "// No name, cats won't respond to it anyway.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:33 src/traits/trait-objects.md:31
|
|
msgid "\"Fido\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Fido\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a "
|
|
"collection:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"Hello {}!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hallo {}!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40
|
|
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"pets : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | '-->|"
|
|
"\\| : \n"
|
|
" : | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stak Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"pets : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | +-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : | '-->|"
|
|
"\\| :\n"
|
|
" : | +-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it "
|
|
"impossible to have things like `Vec<Pet>` in the example above."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that "
|
|
"implements `Pet`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. "
|
|
"The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object "
|
|
"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of "
|
|
"that particular object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75
|
|
msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:77 src/traits/trait-objects.md:78
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:54
|
|
msgid "\"{} {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{} {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:79 src/traits/trait-objects.md:80
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:44
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:59
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:130
|
|
msgid "\"{}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the "
|
|
"specified traits for a data structure."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:37
|
|
msgid "\"yes\""
|
|
msgstr "\"ja\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:37
|
|
msgid "\"no\""
|
|
msgstr "\"nej\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{a:?} er lig {b:?}: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{a:?} er ikke lig {b:?}: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users "
|
|
"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations "
|
|
"can rely on required methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35
|
|
msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37
|
|
msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46
|
|
msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super "
|
|
"trait for `NotEqual`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement "
|
|
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Syntactic sugar for:\n"
|
|
"// fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:18
|
|
msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n"
|
|
msgstr "// struct NotClonable;\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"{pair:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{pair:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"{many}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{many}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"{many_more}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{many_more}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35
|
|
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46
|
|
msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47
|
|
msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can "
|
|
"be arbitrary, like `Option<T>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1
|
|
msgid "`impl Trait`"
|
|
msgstr "`impl Trait`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function "
|
|
"arguments and return values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19
|
|
msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a "
|
|
"trait bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that "
|
|
"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you "
|
|
"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks "
|
|
"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A "
|
|
"function returning a generic type like `collect<B>() -> B` can return any "
|
|
"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with "
|
|
"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::"
|
|
"<Vec<_>>()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to "
|
|
"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` "
|
|
"type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint "
|
|
"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for "
|
|
"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what "
|
|
"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd "
|
|
"need two independent generic parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard "
|
|
"library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
|
|
"used in `for` loops,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert "
|
|
"values,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator "
|
|
"overloading, and"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for "
|
|
"defining destructors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used "
|
|
"to construct a default instance of a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
|
|
msgid "Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "Iteratorer"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait."
|
|
"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"fib({i}): {n}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming "
|
|
"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is "
|
|
"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these "
|
|
"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative "
|
|
"implementations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by "
|
|
"collection types such as `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` "
|
|
"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a "
|
|
"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
|
|
"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Iterator` implements `fn collect<B>(self) -> B where B: FromIterator<Self::"
|
|
"Item>, Self: Sized`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an "
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
|
|
msgid "`From` and `Into`"
|
|
msgstr "`From` og `Into`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From."
|
|
"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to "
|
|
"facilitate type conversions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:11 src/traits/from-into.md:23
|
|
msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is "
|
|
"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get "
|
|
"`Into` implementation too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be "
|
|
"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. "
|
|
"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ "
|
|
"implement `Into`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Read` and `Write`"
|
|
msgstr "`Read` og `Write`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and "
|
|
"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can "
|
|
"abstract over `u8` sources:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:14
|
|
msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\""
|
|
msgstr "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"linjer i slice: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"lines in file: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"linjer i file: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets "
|
|
"you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:30
|
|
msgid "\"\\n\""
|
|
msgstr "\"\\n\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:37
|
|
msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:1
|
|
msgid "The `Drop` Trait"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop."
|
|
"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"Dropping {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Dropper {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:17 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:92
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:123
|
|
msgid "\"a\""
|
|
msgstr "\"a\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:19 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid "\"b\""
|
|
msgstr "\"b\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:21 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid "\"c\""
|
|
msgstr "\"c\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid "\"d\""
|
|
msgstr "\"d\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:23
|
|
msgid "\"Exiting block B\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"Exiting block A\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"Exiting main\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:34
|
|
msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:35
|
|
msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::"
|
|
"drop` implementation will be called."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The "
|
|
"significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its "
|
|
"scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop "
|
|
"values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, "
|
|
"closing files, etc."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:45 src/traits/operators.md:26
|
|
msgid "Discussion points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:47
|
|
msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the "
|
|
"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:51
|
|
msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:1
|
|
msgid "The `Default` Trait"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait "
|
|
"produces a default value for a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"John Smith\""
|
|
msgstr "\"John Smith\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{default_struct:#?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"Y is set!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Y er sat!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:30
|
|
msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:33
|
|
msgid "\"{:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{:#?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to "
|
|
"their default values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:42
|
|
msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. "
|
|
"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:44
|
|
msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and "
|
|
"provides convenience methods that use it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-"
|
|
"with-struct-update-syntax)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
msgstr "`Add`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading "
|
|
"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for "
|
|
"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the "
|
|
"method?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but "
|
|
"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a "
|
|
"trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, "
|
|
"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:1
|
|
msgid "Closures"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, "
|
|
"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn."
|
|
"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and "
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:16 src/traits/closures.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"add_3: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"add_3: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:24 src/traits/closures.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"accumulate: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"accumulate: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"multiply_sum: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or "
|
|
"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times "
|
|
"concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it "
|
|
"multiple times, but not concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It "
|
|
"might consume captured values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. "
|
|
"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can "
|
|
"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. "
|
|
"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` "
|
|
"keyword makes them capture by value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:58
|
|
msgid "\"Hi\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hej\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:59
|
|
msgid "\"there\""
|
|
msgstr "\"der\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 3: Formiddagsøvelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and "
|
|
"polygons."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and "
|
|
"trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
|
|
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
|
|
msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the "
|
|
"button is pressed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11
|
|
msgid "`Label`: has a `label`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
|
|
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, fill in the missing "
|
|
"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:9
|
|
msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:26
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:12
|
|
msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:29
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:15
|
|
msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:33
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"{buffer}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{buffer}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:120
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:135
|
|
msgid "\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:121
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:136
|
|
msgid "\"This is a small text GUI demo.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:123
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:138
|
|
msgid "\"Click me!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:124
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:139
|
|
msgid "\"You clicked the button!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
|
|
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In "
|
|
"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) "
|
|
"and how you can control alignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:150
|
|
msgid "\"left aligned: |{:/<width$}|\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:151
|
|
msgid "\"centered: |{:/^width$}|\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:152
|
|
msgid "\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1
|
|
msgid "Polygon Struct"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code "
|
|
"below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing methods to "
|
|
"make the tests pass:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:12
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:20
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:28
|
|
msgid "// add fields\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:16
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:24
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:32
|
|
msgid "// add methods\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key "
|
|
"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify "
|
|
"the tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120
|
|
msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes "
|
|
"don't borrow their arguments."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable "
|
|
"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:5
|
|
msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:6
|
|
msgid "There are no exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:8
|
|
msgid "\"v[100]: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v[100]: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12
|
|
msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13
|
|
msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1
|
|
msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be "
|
|
"caught:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"hello!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"hallo!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"oh no!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"åh nej!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single "
|
|
"request crashes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23
|
|
msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:1
|
|
msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors "
|
|
"are expected as part of normal operation:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"diary.txt\""
|
|
msgstr "\"dagbog.txt\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Kære dagbog: {contents}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the "
|
|
"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the "
|
|
"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be "
|
|
"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it "
|
|
"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions "
|
|
"that help functional-style programming. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1
|
|
msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you "
|
|
"turn the common"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13
|
|
msgid "into the much simpler"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19
|
|
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:40
|
|
msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:41
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:43
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:30
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:27
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"config.dat\""
|
|
msgstr "\"config.dat\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:42
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:44
|
|
msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
|
|
msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty "
|
|
"file, file with username."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested "
|
|
"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result<T, Err>` "
|
|
"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result<AnyT, "
|
|
"Err>`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an "
|
|
"`Option<AnyT>` or `Result<T, OtherErr>` unless `OtherErr` implements "
|
|
"`From<Err>`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option<T>` can only "
|
|
"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option<AnyT>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different "
|
|
"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, "
|
|
"`Result::err`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously "
|
|
"indicated:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "works the same as"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the "
|
|
"type returned by the function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"IO error: {e}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"IO-fejl: {e}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"Found no username in {filename}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:42
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:29
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:26
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:25
|
|
msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to "
|
|
"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The "
|
|
"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/"
|
|
"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where "
|
|
"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In "
|
|
"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create "
|
|
"an error enum like we did on the previous page:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"Could not read: {0}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:15
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:31
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:28
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"Username: {username}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:32
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"Error: {err}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Fejl: {err}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and "
|
|
"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and "
|
|
"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
|
|
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing "
|
|
"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` "
|
|
"makes this easy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different "
|
|
"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good "
|
|
"idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` in the public API of a library, but it can be a "
|
|
"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message "
|
|
"somewhere."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add "
|
|
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom "
|
|
"error types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to read\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Fejl: {err:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
|
|
msgid "`anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such "
|
|
"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but "
|
|
"is widely used in applications."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go "
|
|
"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, "
|
|
"error)` from Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:5
|
|
msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:7
|
|
msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"Hello World\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hej verden\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]"
|
|
"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:8
|
|
msgid "\"{a} {b}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{a} {b}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"foo bar\""
|
|
msgstr "\"foo bar\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
|
|
msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27
|
|
msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
|
|
msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19
|
|
msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
|
|
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
msgid "Useful crates for writing tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion "
|
|
"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8
|
|
msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised "
|
|
"tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:5
|
|
msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are "
|
|
"violated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to "
|
|
"know what Unsafe Rust is."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be "
|
|
"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:14
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:16
|
|
msgid "Dereference raw pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:17
|
|
msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:18
|
|
msgid "Access `union` fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:19
|
|
msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:20
|
|
msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see "
|
|
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-"
|
|
"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers "
|
|
"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code "
|
|
"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety "
|
|
"rules."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
|
|
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n"
|
|
" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects "
|
|
"underlying\n"
|
|
" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n"
|
|
" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n"
|
|
" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"r1 is: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"r1 er: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"r2 is: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"r2 er: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write "
|
|
"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it "
|
|
"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be "
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34
|
|
msgid "The pointer must be non-null."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single "
|
|
"allocated object)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36
|
|
msgid "The object must not have been deallocated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37
|
|
msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object "
|
|
"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41
|
|
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
|
|
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:6
|
|
msgid "\"Hello, world!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hej verden!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:9
|
|
msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable "
|
|
"static variables:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:20
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:26
|
|
msgid "// Potential data race!\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases "
|
|
"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a "
|
|
"heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
|
|
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"int: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"int: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"bool: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"bool: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:15
|
|
msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They "
|
|
"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want "
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
|
|
"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/"
|
|
"crates/zerocopy) crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions "
|
|
"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:8
|
|
msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\""
|
|
msgstr "\"🗻∈🌏\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n"
|
|
" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:13
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:14
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"emoji: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"emoji: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"char count: {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
|
|
"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular "
|
|
"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:22
|
|
msgid "// Safe because ...\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely "
|
|
"with references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an "
|
|
"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. "
|
|
"Try adding it and see what happens."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling External Code"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling "
|
|
"them is thus unsafe:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:7 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:89
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:9
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:15
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:18
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:24
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:23 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:14
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:26
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:32 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:38
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:44 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:50
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:56 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:46
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:106
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:113 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:119
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:125 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:131
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:137 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:143
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:45
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:43
|
|
msgid "\"C\""
|
|
msgstr "\"C\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:13
|
|
msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with "
|
|
"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C "
|
|
"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation "
|
|
"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something "
|
|
"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// ...\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:23
|
|
msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining "
|
|
"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more "
|
|
"complicated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
|
|
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the "
|
|
"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-"
|
|
"afternoon.md) provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function "
|
|
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` "
|
|
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
|
|
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
|
|
msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10
|
|
msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11
|
|
msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the "
|
|
"exercise:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
msgid "Encoding"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
msgid "Use"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
|
|
msgid "UTF-8"
|
|
msgstr "UTF-8"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
|
|
msgid "Text processing in Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
|
|
msgid "NUL-terminated"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
|
|
msgid "Communicating with C functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and "
|
|
"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
|
|
msgid "OS-specific"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
|
|
msgid "Communicating with the OS"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
|
|
msgid "You will convert between all these types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` "
|
|
"character,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25
|
|
msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` "
|
|
"character,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some "
|
|
"unknow data\","
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to "
|
|
"return it and call `readdir` again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very "
|
|
"useful chapter about FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
|
|
"functions and methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:54
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:67
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:78
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:92
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:100
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:10
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:34
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:56
|
|
msgid "\"macos\""
|
|
msgstr "\"macos\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:57
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:13
|
|
msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:64
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n"
|
|
" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n"
|
|
" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:77
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:33
|
|
msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:92
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:100
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:56
|
|
msgid "\"x86_64\""
|
|
msgstr "\"x86_64\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:95
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n"
|
|
" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" "
|
|
"refers\n"
|
|
" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and "
|
|
"PowerPC.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:101
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:57
|
|
msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\""
|
|
msgstr "\"readdir$INODE64\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:119
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:128
|
|
msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:135
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:108
|
|
msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:141
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:44
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:119
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:143
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:158
|
|
msgid "\".\""
|
|
msgstr "\".\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:142
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:120
|
|
msgid "\"files: {:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means "
|
|
"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as "
|
|
"extending existing services."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to "
|
|
"find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code "
|
|
"to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something "
|
|
"that parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you "
|
|
"have access to one or create a new one with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/"
|
|
"setup/start) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Module Type"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Description"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
|
|
msgid "`rust_binary`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_binary`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
|
|
msgid "`rust_library`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_library`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
|
|
msgid "`rust_ffi`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_ffi`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
|
|
"and shared variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
|
|
msgid "`rust_proc_macro`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
|
|
"plugins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
|
|
msgid "`rust_test`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_test`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
|
|
msgid "`rust_fuzz`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_fuzz`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
|
|
msgid "`rust_protobuf`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_protobuf`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
|
|
"a particular protobuf."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
|
|
msgid "`rust_bindgen`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_bindgen`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
|
|
"libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
|
|
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
|
|
msgid "Rust Binaries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, "
|
|
"create the following files:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:10 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"hello_rust\""
|
|
msgstr "\"hello_rust\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:19
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"src/main.rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"src/main.rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:19 src/android/build-rules/library.md:37
|
|
msgid "//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:20 src/android/build-rules/library.md:41
|
|
msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:23
|
|
msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
|
|
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
|
|
msgid "Rust Libraries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
|
|
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
|
|
msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]"
|
|
"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/"
|
|
"crates/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:17 src/android/build-rules/library.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\""
|
|
msgstr "\"hello_rust_with_dep\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:21 src/android/build-rules/library.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"libgreetings\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libgreetings\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"libtextwrap\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libtextwrap\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"greetings\""
|
|
msgstr "\"greetings\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:30 src/android/aidl/implementation.md:31
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:38
|
|
msgid "\"src/lib.rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:51
|
|
msgid "//! Greeting library.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:52
|
|
msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:55
|
|
msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
|
|
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android."
|
|
"com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:6
|
|
msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:7
|
|
msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Interfaces"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
|
|
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\""
|
|
msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\""
|
|
msgstr "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:25
|
|
msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the "
|
|
"vendor partition."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
|
|
msgid "Service Implementation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:8
|
|
msgid "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:11
|
|
msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:30 src/android/aidl/server.md:38
|
|
msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbirthdayservice\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:13
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"birthdayservice\""
|
|
msgstr "\"birthdayservice\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:34 src/android/aidl/server.md:36
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\""
|
|
msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:35 src/android/aidl/server.md:37
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:46
|
|
msgid "\"libbinder_rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbinder_rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Server"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:8 src/android/aidl/client.md:8
|
|
msgid "//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:14
|
|
msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:23
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to register service\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:33
|
|
msgid "\"birthday_server\""
|
|
msgstr "\"birthday_server\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"src/server.rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"src/server.rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m birthday_server\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m birthday_server\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
|
|
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21
|
|
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Client"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:13
|
|
msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:18
|
|
msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:30
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:32
|
|
msgid "\"{msg}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{msg}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:41 src/android/aidl/client.md:42
|
|
msgid "\"birthday_client\""
|
|
msgstr "\"birthday_client\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:43
|
|
msgid "\"src/client.rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"src/client.rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
|
|
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m birthday_client\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m birthday_client\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients "
|
|
"specify a list of lines for the birthday card:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) "
|
|
"or `stdout` (on-host):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:6
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:10 src/android/logging.md:11
|
|
msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"hello_rust_logs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"liblog_rust\""
|
|
msgstr "\"liblog_rust\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"liblogger\""
|
|
msgstr "\"liblogger\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:22
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:25
|
|
msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:28
|
|
msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:33
|
|
msgid "\"rust\""
|
|
msgstr "\"rust\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:36
|
|
msgid "\"Starting program.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:37
|
|
msgid "\"Things are going fine.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:38
|
|
msgid "\"Something went wrong!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:50
|
|
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This "
|
|
"means that you can:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
|
|
msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:7
|
|
msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a "
|
|
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability with C"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. "
|
|
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{x}, {abs_x}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/"
|
|
"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for "
|
|
"production."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
|
|
msgid "We will look at better options next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
|
|
msgid "Using Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) "
|
|
"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
|
|
msgid "First create a small C library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:22
|
|
msgid "<stdio.h>"
|
|
msgstr "<stdio.h>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:23
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:50
|
|
msgid "\"libbirthday.h\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbirthday.h\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:26
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"+--------------\\n\""
|
|
msgstr "\"+--------------\\n\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
|
|
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:39
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:63
|
|
msgid "\"libbirthday\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbirthday\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:40
|
|
msgid "\"libbirthday.c\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbirthday.c\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this "
|
|
"example):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
|
|
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:59
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:75
|
|
msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:60
|
|
msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\""
|
|
msgstr "\"birthday_bindgen\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:61
|
|
msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:62
|
|
msgid "\"bindings\""
|
|
msgstr "\"bindings\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:73
|
|
msgid "\"print_birthday_card\""
|
|
msgstr "\"print_birthday_card\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:74
|
|
msgid "\"main.rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"main.rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:82
|
|
msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n"
|
|
msgstr "//! Bindgen-demo.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:112
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:114
|
|
msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:113
|
|
msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\""
|
|
msgstr "\":libbirthday_bindgen\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115
|
|
msgid "\"general-tests\""
|
|
msgstr "\"general-tests\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:117
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:118
|
|
msgid "\"none\""
|
|
msgstr "\"none\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:117
|
|
msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:8
|
|
msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
|
|
msgstr "//! Rust FFI-demo.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:12
|
|
msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"x ({x}) er mindst!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\""
|
|
msgstr "\"y ({y}) er muligvis større end x ({x})\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:41
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:68
|
|
msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libanalyze_ffi\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:42
|
|
msgid "\"analyze_ffi\""
|
|
msgstr "\"analyze_ffi\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:43
|
|
msgid "\"analyze.rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"analyze.rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
|
|
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:53
|
|
msgid "\"analyze.h\""
|
|
msgstr "\"analyze.h\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:66
|
|
msgid "\"analyze_numbers\""
|
|
msgstr "\"analyze_numbers\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:67
|
|
msgid "\"main.c\""
|
|
msgstr "\"main.c\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol "
|
|
"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = "
|
|
"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe "
|
|
"interoperability between Rust and C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
|
|
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of "
|
|
"using this."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://"
|
|
"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16
|
|
msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both "
|
|
"languages_."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings."
|
|
"html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter "
|
|
"does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different "
|
|
"types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::"
|
|
"string`, making it very ergonomic to use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that a Rust function returning `Result<T, E>` becomes a function "
|
|
"which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability with Java"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en."
|
|
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
|
|
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:12
|
|
msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:17
|
|
msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"system\""
|
|
msgstr "\"system\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:36
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:69
|
|
msgid "\"libhello_jni\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libhello_jni\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:37
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:52
|
|
msgid "\"hello_jni\""
|
|
msgstr "\"hello_jni\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:39
|
|
msgid "\"libjni\""
|
|
msgstr "\"libjni\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:66
|
|
msgid "\"helloworld_jni\""
|
|
msgstr "\"helloworld_jni\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:67
|
|
msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\""
|
|
msgstr "\"HelloWorld.java\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:68
|
|
msgid "\"HelloWorld\""
|
|
msgstr "\"HelloWorld\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
|
|
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with "
|
|
"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6
|
|
msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8
|
|
msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone "
|
|
"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Velkommen til Rust på det rå jern"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people "
|
|
"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the "
|
|
"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-"
|
|
"metal programming in some other language such as C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS "
|
|
"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:10
|
|
msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:11
|
|
msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:12
|
|
msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:13
|
|
msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]"
|
|
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://"
|
|
"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller "
|
|
"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and "
|
|
"an on-board SWD debugger."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", "
|
|
"GROUP=\"plugdev\"'"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", "
|
|
"GROUP=\"plugdev\"'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:38
|
|
msgid "On MacOS:"
|
|
msgstr "På MacOS:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1
|
|
msgid "`no_std`"
|
|
msgstr "`no_std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7
|
|
msgid "`core`"
|
|
msgstr "`core`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`alloc`"
|
|
msgstr "`alloc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17
|
|
msgid "`std`"
|
|
msgstr "`std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24
|
|
msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25
|
|
msgid "`NonZeroU8`..."
|
|
msgstr "`NonZeroU8`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26
|
|
msgid "`Option`, `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "`Option`, `Result`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27
|
|
msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..."
|
|
msgstr "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29
|
|
msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..."
|
|
msgstr "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30
|
|
msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31
|
|
msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`"
|
|
msgstr "`Future` og `async`/`await`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32
|
|
msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..."
|
|
msgstr "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33
|
|
msgid "`Duration`"
|
|
msgstr "`Duration`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38
|
|
msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`"
|
|
msgstr "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39
|
|
msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`"
|
|
msgstr "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40
|
|
msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`"
|
|
msgstr "`String`, `CString`, `format!`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45
|
|
msgid "`Error`"
|
|
msgstr "`Error`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47
|
|
msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`"
|
|
msgstr "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48
|
|
msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`"
|
|
msgstr "`File` og resten af `fs`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49
|
|
msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`"
|
|
msgstr "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` og resten af `io`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50
|
|
msgid "`Path`, `OsString`"
|
|
msgstr "`Path`, `OsString`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51
|
|
msgid "`net`"
|
|
msgstr "`net`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52
|
|
msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`"
|
|
msgstr "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53
|
|
msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`"
|
|
msgstr "`spawn`, `sleep` og resten af `thread`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54
|
|
msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`"
|
|
msgstr "`SystemTime`, `Instant`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62
|
|
msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63
|
|
msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1
|
|
msgid "A minimal `no_std` program"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17
|
|
msgid "This will compile to an empty binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18
|
|
msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19
|
|
msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to "
|
|
"avoid an error about `eh_personality`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to "
|
|
"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and "
|
|
"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:25
|
|
msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:31
|
|
msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:33
|
|
msgid "\"A string\""
|
|
msgstr "\"En streng\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy "
|
|
"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or "
|
|
"hook into your existing allocator."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. "
|
|
"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have "
|
|
"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in "
|
|
"the top-level binary crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` "
|
|
"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47
|
|
msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for "
|
|
"Cortex M microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of "
|
|
"abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -"
|
|
"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27
|
|
msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try "
|
|
"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:16
|
|
msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:19
|
|
msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
|
|
msgstr "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:24
|
|
msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n"
|
|
msgstr "// PIN_CNF fields\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:34
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:21
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:25
|
|
msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:37
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:48
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:39
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:29
|
|
msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 "
|
|
"to the first row."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34
|
|
msgid "Run the example with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1
|
|
msgid "Peripheral Access Crates"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust "
|
|
"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/"
|
|
"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by "
|
|
"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, "
|
|
"descriptions, addresses and so on."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects "
|
|
"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated "
|
|
"crates."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55
|
|
msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin "
|
|
"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1
|
|
msgid "HAL crates"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-"
|
|
"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around "
|
|
"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]"
|
|
"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:22
|
|
msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various "
|
|
"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1
|
|
msgid "Board support crates"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific "
|
|
"board for convenience."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, "
|
|
"and a bit of initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the "
|
|
"microcontroller itself."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32
|
|
msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1
|
|
msgid "The type state pattern"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:11
|
|
msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:19
|
|
msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can "
|
|
"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you "
|
|
"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, "
|
|
"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into "
|
|
"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain "
|
|
"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are "
|
|
"caught at compile time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but "
|
|
"not vice-versa."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41
|
|
msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1
|
|
msgid "`embedded-hal`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a "
|
|
"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6
|
|
msgid "GPIO"
|
|
msgstr "GPIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7
|
|
msgid "ADC"
|
|
msgstr "ADC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8
|
|
msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN"
|
|
msgstr "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9
|
|
msgid "RNG"
|
|
msgstr "RNG"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10
|
|
msgid "Timers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11
|
|
msgid "Watchdogs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/"
|
|
"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an "
|
|
"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other "
|
|
"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it "
|
|
"isn't stable yet."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1
|
|
msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, "
|
|
"like OpenOCD but better integrated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
|
|
msgid "SWD"
|
|
msgstr "SWD"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
|
|
msgid "and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
|
|
msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
|
|
msgid "DAP"
|
|
msgstr "DAP"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
|
|
msgid "server"
|
|
msgstr "server"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8
|
|
msgid "Cargo integration"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10
|
|
msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11
|
|
msgid "RTT"
|
|
msgstr "RTT"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your "
|
|
"project directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is "
|
|
"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the "
|
|
"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the "
|
|
"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link "
|
|
"is a range from SEGGER."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin "
|
|
"Serial Wire Debug."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you "
|
|
"want to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-"
|
|
"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any "
|
|
"supported microcontroller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25
|
|
msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug "
|
|
"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3
|
|
msgid "Embed.toml:"
|
|
msgstr "Embed.toml:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13
|
|
msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19
|
|
msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"target remote :1337\""
|
|
msgstr "\"target remote :1337\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27
|
|
msgid "In GDB, try running:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1
|
|
msgid "Other projects"
|
|
msgstr "Andre projekter"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3
|
|
msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)"
|
|
msgstr "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4
|
|
msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6
|
|
msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)"
|
|
msgstr "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7
|
|
msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8
|
|
msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)"
|
|
msgstr "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit "
|
|
"support"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10
|
|
msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)"
|
|
msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, "
|
|
"unprivileged drivers, IPC"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12
|
|
msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)"
|
|
msgstr "[Bindinger til FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs."
|
|
"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18
|
|
msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19
|
|
msgid "It doesn't include any HALs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for "
|
|
"scheduling rather than a proper kernel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22
|
|
msgid "Cortex-M only."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing "
|
|
"applications."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
|
|
"serial port."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
|
|
"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or "
|
|
"use the buttons somehow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6
|
|
msgid "Hints:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/"
|
|
"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/"
|
|
"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit."
|
|
"org/hardware/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::"
|
|
"blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/"
|
|
"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi."
|
|
"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for "
|
|
"this exercise."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
|
|
"look in the `compass` directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19
|
|
msgid "_src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_src/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:44
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:32
|
|
msgid "// Configure serial port.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:55
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:56
|
|
msgid "\"Ready.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385
|
|
msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"compass\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n"
|
|
"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n"
|
|
"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n"
|
|
"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"compass\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n"
|
|
"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n"
|
|
"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n"
|
|
"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85
|
|
msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.reset]\n"
|
|
"halt_afterwards = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.reset]\n"
|
|
"halt_afterwards = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985
|
|
msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112
|
|
msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124
|
|
msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1
|
|
msgid "Application processors"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. "
|
|
"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work "
|
|
"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/"
|
|
"virt.html) board."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of "
|
|
"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application "
|
|
"processors do."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each "
|
|
"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real "
|
|
"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global entry\n"
|
|
"entry:\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable "
|
|
"MMU and\n"
|
|
" * caches.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" adrp x30, idmap\n"
|
|
" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
|
|
" msr mair_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
|
|
" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
|
|
" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
|
|
" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" msr tcr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate "
|
|
"any\n"
|
|
" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
" tlbi vmalle1\n"
|
|
" ic iallu\n"
|
|
" dsb nsh\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
|
|
"this\n"
|
|
" * has completed.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
|
|
" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
|
|
" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
|
|
" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
|
|
" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
|
|
" adr_l x30, bss_end\n"
|
|
"0: cmp x29, x30\n"
|
|
" b.hs 1f\n"
|
|
" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
|
|
" b 0b\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n"
|
|
" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
|
|
" mov sp, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Set up exception vector. */\n"
|
|
" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
" msr vbar_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Call into Rust code. */\n"
|
|
" bl main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
|
|
"2: wfi\n"
|
|
" b 2b\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, "
|
|
"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the "
|
|
"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are "
|
|
"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space "
|
|
"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing "
|
|
"them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and "
|
|
"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If "
|
|
"we don't:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-"
|
|
"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler "
|
|
"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this "
|
|
"is not necessarily the case in general."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
|
|
"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, "
|
|
"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host "
|
|
"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache "
|
|
"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache "
|
|
"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, "
|
|
"not VA or IPA.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which "
|
|
"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB "
|
|
"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the "
|
|
"memory layout that QEMU uses."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about "
|
|
"later."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 "
|
|
"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to "
|
|
"modify `entry.S` accordingly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1
|
|
msgid "Inline assembly"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with "
|
|
"Rust code. For example, to make an "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4
|
|
msgid "HVC"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4
|
|
msgid "to tell the firmware to power off the system:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n"
|
|
" // anything with memory.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"hvc #0\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:23
|
|
msgid "\"w0\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"w1\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"w2\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:26
|
|
msgid "\"w3\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:27
|
|
msgid "\"w4\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:28
|
|
msgid "\"w5\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"w6\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:30
|
|
msgid "\"w7\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/"
|
|
"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of "
|
|
"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is "
|
|
"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the "
|
|
"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use "
|
|
"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the "
|
|
"contents of the registers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because "
|
|
"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally "
|
|
"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. "
|
|
"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern "
|
|
"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 "
|
|
"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything "
|
|
"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1
|
|
msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3
|
|
msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4
|
|
msgid "Never hold a reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate "
|
|
"reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent "
|
|
"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the "
|
|
"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just "
|
|
"written, and not bother actually reading memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but "
|
|
"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to "
|
|
"dereference it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the "
|
|
"struct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1
|
|
msgid "Let's write a UART driver"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:9
|
|
msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:29 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:27
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:336
|
|
msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:31 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:29
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:338
|
|
msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:34 src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:37 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:35
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:344
|
|
msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:348
|
|
msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is "
|
|
"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety "
|
|
"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the "
|
|
"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then "
|
|
"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the "
|
|
"necessary preconditions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but "
|
|
"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every "
|
|
"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving "
|
|
"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller "
|
|
"number of places."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "More traits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more "
|
|
"traits too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:16 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:379
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:231
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our "
|
|
"`Uart` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1
|
|
msgid "A better UART driver"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding "
|
|
"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to "
|
|
"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a "
|
|
"structured way."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
msgid "Offset"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
msgid "Register name"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
msgid "Width"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
|
|
msgid "0x00"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
|
|
msgid "DR"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
|
|
msgid "12"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
|
|
msgid "0x04"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
|
|
msgid "RSR"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
|
|
msgid "4"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
|
|
msgid "0x18"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
|
|
msgid "FR"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
|
|
msgid "9"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12
|
|
msgid "0x20"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12
|
|
msgid "ILPR"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
|
|
msgid "8"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13
|
|
msgid "0x24"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13
|
|
msgid "IBRD"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
|
|
msgid "16"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14
|
|
msgid "0x28"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14
|
|
msgid "FBRD"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
|
|
msgid "6"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
|
|
msgid "0x2c"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
|
|
msgid "LCR_H"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
|
|
msgid "0x30"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
|
|
msgid "CR"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
|
|
msgid "0x34"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
|
|
msgid "IFLS"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18
|
|
msgid "0x38"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18
|
|
msgid "IMSC"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
|
|
msgid "11"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
|
|
msgid "0x3c"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
|
|
msgid "RIS"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20
|
|
msgid "0x40"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20
|
|
msgid "MIS"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
|
|
msgid "0x44"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
|
|
msgid "ICR"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
|
|
msgid "0x48"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
|
|
msgid "DMACR"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
|
|
msgid "3"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26
|
|
msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for "
|
|
"working with bitflags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:9
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:238
|
|
msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:13
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:242
|
|
msgid "/// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:15
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:244
|
|
msgid "/// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:17
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:246
|
|
msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:248
|
|
msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:21
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:250
|
|
msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:252
|
|
msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:25
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:254
|
|
msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:27
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:256
|
|
msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:29
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:258
|
|
msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along "
|
|
"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1
|
|
msgid "Multiple registers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-"
|
|
"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, "
|
|
"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a "
|
|
"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to "
|
|
"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3
|
|
msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:6
|
|
msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:32
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:55
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:341 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:364
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:352
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
|
|
"received.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
|
|
"received.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:49
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:358
|
|
msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
msgstr "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual "
|
|
"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1
|
|
msgid "Using it"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, "
|
|
"and echo incoming bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:19
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:18 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:41
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:33
|
|
msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:25
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:24 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:47
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:29
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:35
|
|
msgid "b'\\r'"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:36
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:27
|
|
msgid "b'\\n'"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:38
|
|
msgid "b'q'"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:44
|
|
msgid "\"Bye!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` "
|
|
"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker "
|
|
"notes there for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]"
|
|
"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the "
|
|
"`Log` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:28 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:190
|
|
msgid "\"[{}] {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"[{}] {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:37 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:199
|
|
msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling "
|
|
"`set_logger`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3
|
|
msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:38 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:69
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:121
|
|
msgid "\"{info}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46
|
|
msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of "
|
|
"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with "
|
|
"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). "
|
|
"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before "
|
|
"calling into Rust code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:15 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:101
|
|
msgid "\"sync_exception_current\""
|
|
msgstr "\"sync_exception_current\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:21 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:107
|
|
msgid "\"irq_current\""
|
|
msgstr "\"irq_current\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:27 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:114
|
|
msgid "\"fiq_current\""
|
|
msgstr "\"fiq_current\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:33 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:120
|
|
msgid "\"serr_current\""
|
|
msgstr "\"serr_current\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:39 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:126
|
|
msgid "\"sync_lower\""
|
|
msgstr "\"sync_lower\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:45 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:132
|
|
msgid "\"irq_lower\""
|
|
msgstr "\"irq_lower\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:51 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:138
|
|
msgid "\"fiq_lower\""
|
|
msgstr "\"fiq_lower\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:57 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:144
|
|
msgid "\"serr_lower\""
|
|
msgstr "\"serr_lower\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64
|
|
msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current "
|
|
"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't "
|
|
"expect any of them to actually happen."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or "
|
|
"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync."
|
|
"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For "
|
|
"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the "
|
|
"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap "
|
|
"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3
|
|
msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4
|
|
msgid "\"coreboot without the C\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5
|
|
msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6
|
|
msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
|
|
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, "
|
|
"exception handling, page tables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not "
|
|
"necessarily a good example to copy for production code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12
|
|
msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13
|
|
msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are "
|
|
"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with "
|
|
"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler "
|
|
"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not "
|
|
"necessarily the case in general."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
|
|
"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, "
|
|
"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host "
|
|
"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache "
|
|
"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is "
|
|
"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no "
|
|
"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal "
|
|
"programming."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1
|
|
msgid "`zerocopy`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides "
|
|
"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other "
|
|
"types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), "
|
|
"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by "
|
|
"DMA, or sent over some external interface."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is "
|
|
"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because "
|
|
"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not "
|
|
"all byte patterns are valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
|
|
"dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1
|
|
msgid "`aarch64-paging`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets "
|
|
"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System "
|
|
"Architecture."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:14
|
|
msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:16
|
|
msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:21
|
|
msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should "
|
|
"be straightforward to add."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android."
|
|
"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/"
|
|
"pvmfw/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware "
|
|
"or under QEMU."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1
|
|
msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) "
|
|
"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can "
|
|
"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/"
|
|
"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use "
|
|
"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for "
|
|
"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO "
|
|
"space for PCI BARs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26
|
|
msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
|
|
"dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1
|
|
msgid "`tinyvec`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without "
|
|
"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides "
|
|
"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically "
|
|
"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used "
|
|
"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:13
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:15
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"{numbers:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{numbers:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for "
|
|
"initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1
|
|
msgid "`spin`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` "
|
|
"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or "
|
|
"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based "
|
|
"equivalents of many of these primitives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:15
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"count: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"count: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23
|
|
msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, "
|
|
"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some "
|
|
"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to "
|
|
"`spin::once::Once`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a "
|
|
"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` "
|
|
"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` "
|
|
"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```soong\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_static {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\n"
|
|
" \"idmap.S\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" linker_scripts: [\n"
|
|
" \"image.ld\",\n"
|
|
" \":vmbase_sections\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"raw_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n"
|
|
" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n"
|
|
" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" enabled: false,\n"
|
|
" target: {\n"
|
|
" android_arm64: {\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android."
|
|
"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/"
|
|
"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the "
|
|
"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"Hello world\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hej verden\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` "
|
|
"entry point."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a "
|
|
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "RTC driver"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, "
|
|
"you should write a driver for it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the "
|
|
"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given "
|
|
"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by "
|
|
"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://"
|
|
"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12
|
|
msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::"
|
|
"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
|
|
"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:37
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:29
|
|
msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:52
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:49
|
|
msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:54
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n"
|
|
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
|
|
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:60
|
|
msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:62
|
|
msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of "
|
|
"the exercise):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:80 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:154
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:215 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:415
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:108
|
|
msgid "\"No pending interrupt\""
|
|
msgstr "\"No pending interrupt\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:109
|
|
msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"IRQ {intid:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149
|
|
msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:167
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
msgstr "// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210
|
|
msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:233
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n"
|
|
msgstr "// ANCHOR: Flags\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:261
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n"
|
|
msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:265
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:269
|
|
msgid "/// Framing error.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Framing error.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:271
|
|
msgid "/// Parity error.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Parity error.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:273
|
|
msgid "/// Break error.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Break error.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:275
|
|
msgid "/// Overrun error.\n"
|
|
msgstr "/// Overrun error.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:279
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n"
|
|
msgstr "// ANCHOR: Registers\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:311
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n"
|
|
msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:313
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Uart\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Uart\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:322
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:368
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n"
|
|
msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"rtc\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n"
|
|
"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n"
|
|
"log = \"0.4.17\"\n"
|
|
"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n"
|
|
"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[build-dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410
|
|
msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:433 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:435
|
|
msgid "\"linux\""
|
|
msgstr "\"linux\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:434 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436
|
|
msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\""
|
|
msgstr "\"CROSS_COMPILE\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:434
|
|
msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\""
|
|
msgstr "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436
|
|
msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\""
|
|
msgstr "\"aarch64-none-elf\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439
|
|
msgid "\"entry.S\""
|
|
msgstr "\"entry.S\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:440
|
|
msgid "\"exceptions.S\""
|
|
msgstr "\"exceptions.S\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:441
|
|
msgid "\"idmap.S\""
|
|
msgstr "\"idmap.S\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:442
|
|
msgid "\"empty\""
|
|
msgstr "\"empty\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446
|
|
msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n"
|
|
"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n"
|
|
"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n"
|
|
"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n"
|
|
".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n"
|
|
"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation "
|
|
"fault instead. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate "
|
|
"write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate "
|
|
"write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ."
|
|
"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ."
|
|
"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n"
|
|
"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n"
|
|
"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n"
|
|
"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << "
|
|
"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ."
|
|
"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ."
|
|
"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations "
|
|
"required to prepare the\n"
|
|
" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using "
|
|
"registers x25 and above,\n"
|
|
" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception "
|
|
"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n"
|
|
" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global entry\n"
|
|
"entry:\n"
|
|
"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU "
|
|
"and caches. */\n"
|
|
"\tadrp x30, idmap\n"
|
|
"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
|
|
"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
|
|
"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
|
|
"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any "
|
|
"potentially stale\n"
|
|
"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\ttlbi vmalle1\n"
|
|
"\tic iallu\n"
|
|
"\tdsb nsh\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
|
|
"this has completed.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
|
|
"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
|
|
"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n"
|
|
"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n"
|
|
"\tb.hs 1f\n"
|
|
"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
|
|
"\tb 0b\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
|
|
"\tmov sp, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n"
|
|
"\tbl main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
|
|
"2:\twfi\n"
|
|
"\tb 2b\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595
|
|
msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 "
|
|
"instructions\n"
|
|
" * left.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 "
|
|
"respectively,\n"
|
|
" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent "
|
|
"call.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n"
|
|
"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n"
|
|
"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving "
|
|
"18\n"
|
|
" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n"
|
|
" * instructions to spare.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
|
|
"using\n"
|
|
" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, "
|
|
"doing\n"
|
|
" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n"
|
|
" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can "
|
|
"implement\n"
|
|
" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #1\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #0\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
|
|
"using\n"
|
|
" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores "
|
|
"volatile\n"
|
|
" * registers, then returns.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n"
|
|
" * non-volatile registers.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n"
|
|
" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the "
|
|
"whole\n"
|
|
" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
".balign 0x800\n"
|
|
"vector_table_el1:\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780
|
|
msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Access flag. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/* Not global. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner "
|
|
"shareable\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n"
|
|
".global idmap\n"
|
|
".align 12\n"
|
|
"idmap:\n"
|
|
"\t/* level 1 */\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829
|
|
msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```ld\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" * image.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"ENTRY(entry)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"MEMORY\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"SECTIONS\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.text : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.text.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\ttext_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.got : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.got)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\trodata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n"
|
|
"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.data.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n"
|
|
"\t\t * bytes long.\n"
|
|
"\t\t */\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n"
|
|
"\tbin_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n"
|
|
"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(COMMON)\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n"
|
|
"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.interp)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n"
|
|
"\t}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940
|
|
msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:945
|
|
msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC"
|
|
msgstr "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:959
|
|
msgid "$(shell uname -s)"
|
|
msgstr "$(shell uname -s)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:961
|
|
msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu"
|
|
msgstr "aarch64-linux-gnu"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:978
|
|
msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s"
|
|
msgstr "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:981
|
|
msgid "cargo clean"
|
|
msgstr "cargo clean"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995
|
|
msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Velkommen til Concurrency i Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and "
|
|
"channels."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs "
|
|
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since "
|
|
"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr "Tråde (eng: _threads_) i Rust virker på samme måde som i andre sprog:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:12
|
|
msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Tæller i tråden: {i}!\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hovedtråden: {i}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
|
|
msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tråde er alle dæmontråde (eng: _daemon threads_), hvilket vil sige at "
|
|
"hovedtråden ikke venter på dem."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25
|
|
msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other."
|
|
msgstr "Hver tråd kan gå i panik uafhængigt af andre tråde."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26
|
|
msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
|
|
msgstr "En panik kan have en nyttelast som kan udpakkes med `downcast_ref`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is "
|
|
"not waiting."
|
|
msgstr "Bemærk at tråden stopper før den når 10 --- hovedtråden venter ikke."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for "
|
|
"the thread to finish."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Brug `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` og senere `handle.join()` for at "
|
|
"vente på at tråden afsluttes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38
|
|
msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`."
|
|
msgstr "Skab en panik i tråden, bemærk hvordan dette ikke påvirker `main`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the "
|
|
"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/any/index.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Bruge `Result`\\-returværdien fra `handle.join()` til at få adgang til "
|
|
"panikkens nyttelast. Dette er et godt tidspunkt til at snakke om [`Any`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
|
|
msgstr "Normale tråde kan ikke låne fra deres omgivelser:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:30
|
|
msgid "\"Length: {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Længde: {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/"
|
|
"fn.scope.html) for this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Du kan dog bruge en [tråd med virkefelt (eng: _scoped thread_)](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.scope.html) for at opnå dette:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all "
|
|
"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Grunden er, at `thread::scope`\\-funktionen garanterer at alle trådene er "
|
|
"blevet forenet med hovedtråden når kaldet afsluttet. De vil således "
|
|
"returnere det lånte data."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one "
|
|
"thread, or immutably by any number of threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De normale låneregler for Rust gælder: du kan enten lade én tråd låne data "
|
|
"for at ændre på det, eller du kan lade flere tråde låne data uden at ændre "
|
|
"på det."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two "
|
|
"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:16 src/concurrency/channels.md:17
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"Received: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Modtaget: {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` "
|
|
"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does "
|
|
"not."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the "
|
|
"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
|
|
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:16
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"Message {i}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Besked {i}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:17
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: sendte Besked {i}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:19
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: færdig\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:24
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Hovedtråden: modtog {msg}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the "
|
|
"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there "
|
|
"is nobody who reads from the channel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) "
|
|
"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". "
|
|
"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Send` and `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "`Send` og `Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in "
|
|
"two traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` "
|
|
"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` "
|
|
"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The "
|
|
"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only "
|
|
"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
|
|
"you know it is valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-"
|
|
"safety properties."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21
|
|
msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Send`"
|
|
msgstr "`Send`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) "
|
|
"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will "
|
|
"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one "
|
|
"thread and deallocate it in another."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from "
|
|
"a single thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "`Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) "
|
|
"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
|
|
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
|
|
msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is "
|
|
"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it "
|
|
"across threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across "
|
|
"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization "
|
|
"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type "
|
|
"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can "
|
|
"be accessed from any thread safely."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
|
|
msgid "`Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "`Send + Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
|
|
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
|
|
msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..."
|
|
msgstr "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8
|
|
msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..."
|
|
msgstr "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9
|
|
msgid "`String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ..."
|
|
msgstr "`String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10
|
|
msgid "`Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11
|
|
msgid "`Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12
|
|
msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are "
|
|
"`Send + Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
|
|
msgid "`Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "`Send + !Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. "
|
|
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
|
|
msgid "`mpsc::Sender<T>`"
|
|
msgstr "`mpsc::Sender<T>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23
|
|
msgid "`mpsc::Receiver<T>`"
|
|
msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver<T>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24
|
|
msgid "`Cell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr "`Cell<T>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25
|
|
msgid "`RefCell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr "`RefCell<T>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
|
|
msgid "`!Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "`!Send + Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`MutexGuard<T>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the "
|
|
"thread which created them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
|
|
msgid "`!Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "`!Send + !Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
|
|
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a non-"
|
|
"atomic reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency "
|
|
"considerations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is "
|
|
"primarily done via two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic "
|
|
"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to "
|
|
"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures "
|
|
"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Arc`"
|
|
msgstr "`Arc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared "
|
|
"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:21
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:17
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"v: {v:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` "
|
|
"that uses atomic operations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` "
|
|
"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but "
|
|
"after that the use of the `T` is free."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect "
|
|
"them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36
|
|
msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help."
|
|
msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` kan hjælpe."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Mutex`"
|
|
msgstr "`Mutex`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures "
|
|
"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only "
|
|
"interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:11
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:18
|
|
msgid "\"v: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"v: {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket "
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the "
|
|
"protected data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the "
|
|
"protected data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The "
|
|
"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` "
|
|
"implements `Send`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36
|
|
msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37
|
|
msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes "
|
|
"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an "
|
|
"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a "
|
|
"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). "
|
|
"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:6
|
|
msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
msgstr "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
|
|
msgid "Possible solution:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
|
|
msgid "Notable parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are "
|
|
"orthogonal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state "
|
|
"between threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another "
|
|
"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as "
|
|
"possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to "
|
|
"download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3
|
|
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has "
|
|
"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish "
|
|
"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each "
|
|
"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can "
|
|
"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two "
|
|
"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, "
|
|
"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put "
|
|
"down both forks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill "
|
|
"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:36
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:31
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:24
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:41
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:36
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:30
|
|
msgid "// Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:42
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:37
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:33
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:37
|
|
msgid "\"{} is eating...\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"Socrates\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Sokrates\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"Plato\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Plato\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"Aristotle\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Aristoteles\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"Thales\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Thales\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45
|
|
msgid "\"Pythagoras\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Pythagoras\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:51
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:47
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:49
|
|
msgid "// Create forks\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:53
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:49
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:53
|
|
msgid "// Create philosophers\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:55
|
|
msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:57
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:53
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:88
|
|
msgid "// Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61
|
|
msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It "
|
|
"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It "
|
|
"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this "
|
|
"until all pages have been validated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the "
|
|
"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs."
|
|
"rs/scraper/) for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]"
|
|
"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-"
|
|
"tls\"] }\n"
|
|
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-"
|
|
"tls\"] }\n"
|
|
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://"
|
|
"www.google.org/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53
|
|
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:64
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:95
|
|
msgid "\"request error: {0}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:66
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:97
|
|
msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:77
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:108
|
|
msgid "\"Checking {:#}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:95
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:126
|
|
msgid "\"href\""
|
|
msgstr "\"href\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:133
|
|
msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:111
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:246
|
|
msgid "\"https://www.google.org\""
|
|
msgstr "\"https://www.google.org\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:114
|
|
msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:115
|
|
msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120
|
|
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a "
|
|
"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google."
|
|
"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up "
|
|
"being blocked by the site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:1
|
|
msgid "Async Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed "
|
|
"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to "
|
|
"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a "
|
|
"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the "
|
|
"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide "
|
|
"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work "
|
|
"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they "
|
|
"signal that they are complete."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are "
|
|
"available."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:17
|
|
msgid "Comparisons"
|
|
msgstr "Sammenligninger"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is "
|
|
"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", "
|
|
"similar to a runtime in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language "
|
|
"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise "
|
|
"resolution are hidden."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:1
|
|
msgid "`async`/`await`"
|
|
msgstr "`async`/`await`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential "
|
|
"code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:10
|
|
msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long "
|
|
"running operation or any real concurrency in it!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:30
|
|
msgid "What is the return type of an async call?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:31
|
|
msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return "
|
|
"type with a future. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the "
|
|
"compiler on how to use the returned future."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread "
|
|
"until the provided future has run to completion. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. "
|
|
"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are "
|
|
"introduced later). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a "
|
|
"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be "
|
|
"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but "
|
|
"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the "
|
|
"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow "
|
|
"joining to it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function "
|
|
"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the "
|
|
"links to show the implementations in the docs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async "
|
|
"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an "
|
|
"event occurs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into "
|
|
"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain "
|
|
"valid after an `.await`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a "
|
|
"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust "
|
|
"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of "
|
|
"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://"
|
|
"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes "
|
|
"a basic runtime in `async::task`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:12
|
|
msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]"
|
|
"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-"
|
|
"async/src/lib.rs) already has one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust "
|
|
"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting "
|
|
"async things can't run in the playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O "
|
|
"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS "
|
|
"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never "
|
|
"used."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4
|
|
msgid "Tokio provides: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6
|
|
msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7
|
|
msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8
|
|
msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:15
|
|
msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"Main task: {i}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33
|
|
msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35
|
|
msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37
|
|
msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39
|
|
msgid "**Further exploration:**"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async "
|
|
"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait "
|
|
"until it finishes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45
|
|
msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47
|
|
msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make "
|
|
"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` "
|
|
"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a "
|
|
"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer "
|
|
"and an I/O operation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"127.0.0.1:6142\""
|
|
msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:6142\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:17
|
|
msgid "\"listening on port 6142\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:25
|
|
msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:26 src/async/tasks.md:37 src/async/tasks.md:43
|
|
msgid "\"socket error: {e:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with "
|
|
"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a "
|
|
"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, "
|
|
"similar to an `async fn`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling "
|
|
"using `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:13
|
|
msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"ping_handler complete\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:25
|
|
msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:35
|
|
msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the "
|
|
"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:40
|
|
msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that "
|
|
"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient "
|
|
"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to "
|
|
"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control "
|
|
"flow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:1
|
|
msgid "Futures Control Flow"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. "
|
|
"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of "
|
|
"execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:6
|
|
msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)"
|
|
msgstr "[Join](control-flow/join.md)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:7
|
|
msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)"
|
|
msgstr "[Select](control-flow/select.md)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns "
|
|
"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in "
|
|
"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:21
|
|
msgid "\"https://google.com\""
|
|
msgstr "\"https://google.com\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:22
|
|
msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\""
|
|
msgstr "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:23
|
|
msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\""
|
|
msgstr "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:24
|
|
msgid "\"BAD_URL\""
|
|
msgstr "\"BAD_URL\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:30
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78
|
|
msgid "\"{:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but "
|
|
"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is "
|
|
"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would "
|
|
"cause your program to stall. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all "
|
|
"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a "
|
|
"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a "
|
|
"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but "
|
|
"demonstrates `join!`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and "
|
|
"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise."
|
|
"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio."
|
|
"FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, "
|
|
"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is "
|
|
"ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to "
|
|
"the `future`'s result."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:40
|
|
msgid "\"Felix\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Felix\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:42
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Kunne ikke sende katten.\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:47
|
|
msgid "\"Rex\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Rex\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:49
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Kunne ikke sende hunden.\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:54
|
|
msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Kunne ikke modtage vinderen\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:56
|
|
msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Vinderen er {winner:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. "
|
|
"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick "
|
|
"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat "
|
|
"that take 500ms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed "
|
|
"to receive only one `send`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts "
|
|
"of futures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. "
|
|
"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but "
|
|
"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1
|
|
msgid "Pitfalls of async/await"
|
|
msgstr "Faldgruber ved async/await"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent "
|
|
"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes "
|
|
"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this "
|
|
"chapter:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5
|
|
msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:6
|
|
msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)"
|
|
msgstr "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7
|
|
msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8
|
|
msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1
|
|
msgid "Blocking the executor"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that "
|
|
"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from "
|
|
"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where "
|
|
"possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:14
|
|
msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:19
|
|
msgid "\"current_thread\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than "
|
|
"concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This "
|
|
"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-"
|
|
"threaded flavor."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual "
|
|
"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most "
|
|
"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is "
|
|
"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, "
|
|
"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific "
|
|
"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such "
|
|
"situations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause "
|
|
"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be "
|
|
"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current "
|
|
"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those "
|
|
"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't "
|
|
"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future "
|
|
"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n"
|
|
"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:24
|
|
msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:31
|
|
msgid "// Pretend to work.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"failed to send response\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:37
|
|
msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:41
|
|
msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:51
|
|
msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:52
|
|
msgid "\"failed waiting for response\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:61
|
|
msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically "
|
|
"call `select!` in a loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your "
|
|
"time with it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to "
|
|
"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the "
|
|
"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::"
|
|
"pin`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every "
|
|
"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset "
|
|
"`timeout_fut` every time it expires."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently "
|
|
"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, "
|
|
"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that "
|
|
"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An "
|
|
"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid "
|
|
"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-"
|
|
"nightly.html))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) "
|
|
"provides a workaround through a macro:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:30
|
|
msgid "\"running all sleepers..\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"slept for {}ms\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to "
|
|
"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and "
|
|
"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of "
|
|
"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/"
|
|
"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in "
|
|
"digging deeper."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of "
|
|
"time and adding it to the Vec."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called "
|
|
"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to "
|
|
"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For "
|
|
"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:35
|
|
msgid "\"not UTF-8\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:51
|
|
msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:57
|
|
msgid "\"tick!\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API "
|
|
"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs "
|
|
"error-handling)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78
|
|
msgid "The example loses parts of the string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are "
|
|
"dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the "
|
|
"struct:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:95
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval."
|
|
"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a "
|
|
"tick has been 'delivered'."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
|
|
"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either "
|
|
"returns or doesn't read data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
|
|
"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ "
|
|
"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time "
|
|
"you are going to implement it with Async Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you "
|
|
"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the "
|
|
"problem."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-"
|
|
"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/"
|
|
"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:51
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:77
|
|
msgid "// Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. "
|
|
"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", "
|
|
"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module "
|
|
"from the `tokio` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77
|
|
msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast "
|
|
"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and "
|
|
"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard "
|
|
"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message "
|
|
"that it receives to all the clients."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/"
|
|
"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]"
|
|
"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/tokio_websockets/) for the "
|
|
"communication between the client and the server."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13
|
|
msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15
|
|
msgid "_Cargo.toml_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"chat-async\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.28\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n"
|
|
"http = \"0.2.9\"\n"
|
|
"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n"
|
|
"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.4.0\", features = [\"client\", "
|
|
"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32
|
|
msgid "The required APIs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and "
|
|
"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.4.0/"
|
|
"tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the "
|
|
"API. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/"
|
|
"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for "
|
|
"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/"
|
|
"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for "
|
|
"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines."
|
|
"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the "
|
|
"standard input."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/"
|
|
"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46
|
|
msgid "Two binaries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main."
|
|
"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one "
|
|
"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, "
|
|
"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. "
|
|
"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` "
|
|
"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-"
|
|
"targets.html#binaries)). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/"
|
|
"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as "
|
|
"described below. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59
|
|
msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_src/bin/server.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:78
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:125
|
|
msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:86
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:149
|
|
msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\""
|
|
msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:2000\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:87
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:150
|
|
msgid "\"listening on port 2000\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:91
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:154
|
|
msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:94
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:157
|
|
msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:103
|
|
msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_src/bin/client.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:117
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:178
|
|
msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\""
|
|
msgstr "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130
|
|
msgid "Running the binaries"
|
|
msgstr "Afvikling af binære filer"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:131
|
|
msgid "Run the server with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:137
|
|
msgid "and the client with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:145
|
|
msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a "
|
|
"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts "
|
|
"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:149
|
|
msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:150
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently "
|
|
"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and "
|
|
"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and "
|
|
"displaying them for the user."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:154
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all "
|
|
"clients, but the sender of the message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and "
|
|
"that it was useful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Tak for at tage Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ Vi håber du har nydt det og at det "
|
|
"har været hjælpsomt."
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not "
|
|
"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, "
|
|
"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:1
|
|
msgid "Other Rust Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Andre Rust-resourcer"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources "
|
|
"online."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:6
|
|
msgid "Official Documentation"
|
|
msgstr "Officiel dokumentation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:8
|
|
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the "
|
|
"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a "
|
|
"few projects for people to build."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the "
|
|
"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. "
|
|
"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code "
|
|
"in the examples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation "
|
|
"of the standard library for Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete "
|
|
"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:22
|
|
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, "
|
|
"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages "
|
|
"(FFI)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): "
|
|
"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the "
|
|
"Rust Book was written."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): "
|
|
"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating "
|
|
"system."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:33
|
|
msgid "Unofficial Learning Material"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:35
|
|
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust "
|
|
"from the perspective of low-level C programmers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/"
|
|
"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write "
|
|
"firmware in C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): "
|
|
"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other "
|
|
"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help "
|
|
"you learn Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-"
|
|
"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic "
|
|
"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, "
|
|
"and async/await are also covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-"
|
|
"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs."
|
|
"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at "
|
|
"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of "
|
|
"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial."
|
|
"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management "
|
|
"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) "
|
|
"for even more Rust books."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust "
|
|
"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a "
|
|
"full list of useful resources."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache "
|
|
"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-"
|
|
"rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:12
|
|
msgid "Rust by Example"
|
|
msgstr "Rust by Example"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by "
|
|
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the "
|
|
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license "
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:19
|
|
msgid "Rust on Exercism"
|
|
msgstr "Rust på Exercism"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://"
|
|
"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` "
|
|
"directory for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:26
|
|
msgid "CXX"
|
|
msgstr "CXX"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section "
|
|
"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` "
|
|
"directory for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3
|
|
msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
|
|
msgstr "Du til finde løsningerne til opgaverne på de næste sider."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a "
|
|
"different or better solution than what is presented here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 1 formiddagsøvelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](for-loops.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:20
|
|
msgid "\"{row:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:27
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:35
|
|
msgid "//\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:57
|
|
msgid "Bonus question"
|
|
msgstr "Bonusspørgsmål"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-"
|
|
"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our "
|
|
"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the "
|
|
"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can attempt to use something like `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, but this doesn't work "
|
|
"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec<Vec<i32>>` to "
|
|
"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::"
|
|
"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to "
|
|
"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:72
|
|
msgid "// A line references a slice of items\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:74
|
|
msgid "// A matrix references a slice of lines\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:83
|
|
msgid "// &[&[i32]]\n"
|
|
msgstr "// &[&[i32]]\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:85
|
|
msgid "// [[&str; 2]; 2]\n"
|
|
msgstr "// [[&str; 2]; 2]\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:87
|
|
msgid "// Vec<Vec<i32>>\n"
|
|
msgstr "// Vec<Vec<i32>>\n"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of "
|
|
"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](luhn.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:34
|
|
msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\""
|
|
msgstr "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:36
|
|
msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Er {cc_number} et gyldigt kreditkortnummer? {}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:80
|
|
msgid "Pattern matching"
|
|
msgstr "Mønstergenkendelse"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:205
|
|
msgid "\"expr: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"expr: {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:206
|
|
msgid "\"result: {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"result: {:?}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 2 formiddagsøvelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Designing a Library"
|
|
msgstr "Design af et bibliotek"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](book-library.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:54
|
|
msgid "\"{}, published in {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Using a closure and a built-in method:\n"
|
|
" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:62
|
|
msgid "// Longer hand-written solution:\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:127
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n"
|
|
" // method to start with.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:153
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](health-statistics.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](health-statistics.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:10
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:12
|
|
msgid "'/'"
|
|
msgstr "'/'"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:16
|
|
msgid "\"*\""
|
|
msgstr "\"*\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over "
|
|
"prefix\n"
|
|
" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all "
|
|
"request\n"
|
|
" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and "
|
|
"chain()\n"
|
|
" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern "
|
|
"segments,\n"
|
|
" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "Dag 3 formiddagsøvelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:77
|
|
msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n"
|
|
" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n"
|
|
" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:92
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:98
|
|
msgid "\"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\""
|
|
msgstr "\"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:93
|
|
msgid "\"| {:^inner_width$} |\""
|
|
msgstr "\"| {:^inner_width$} |\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:94
|
|
msgid "\"+={:=<inner_width$}=+\""
|
|
msgstr "\"+={:=<inner_width$}=+\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:96
|
|
msgid "\"| {:inner_width$} |\""
|
|
msgstr "\"| {:inner_width$} |\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:104
|
|
msgid "// add a bit of padding\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:112
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:116
|
|
msgid "\"+{:-<width$}+\""
|
|
msgstr "\"+{:-<width$}+\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:114
|
|
msgid "\"|{:^width$}|\""
|
|
msgstr "\"|{:^width$}|\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:147
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:226
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as pairs\n"
|
|
" // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last "
|
|
"point\n"
|
|
" // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as "
|
|
"one of \n"
|
|
" // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine "
|
|
"Iterator::cycle\n"
|
|
" // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and "
|
|
"using map \n"
|
|
" // and sum to calculate the total length.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:77
|
|
msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:78
|
|
msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:81
|
|
msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:91
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:95
|
|
msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n"
|
|
" // terminated.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:110
|
|
msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:112
|
|
msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:131
|
|
msgid "\"no-such-directory\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:139
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:154
|
|
msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:143
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:158
|
|
msgid "\"..\""
|
|
msgstr "\"..\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:150
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:158
|
|
msgid "\"foo.txt\""
|
|
msgstr "\"foo.txt\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:150
|
|
msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:151
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:158
|
|
msgid "\"bar.png\""
|
|
msgstr "\"bar.png\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:151
|
|
msgid "\"<PNG>\\n\""
|
|
msgstr "\"<PNG>\\n\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:152
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:158
|
|
msgid "\"crab.rs\""
|
|
msgstr "\"crab.rs\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:152
|
|
msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "Bar metal formiddagsøvelser"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](compass.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:40
|
|
msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:41
|
|
msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:49
|
|
msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:59
|
|
msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:67
|
|
msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:103
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all "
|
|
"LEDs on.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](rtc.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid "`main.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`main.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:36
|
|
msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:38
|
|
msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:62
|
|
msgid "\"RTC: {time}\""
|
|
msgstr "\"RTC: {time}\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:70
|
|
msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:74
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:95
|
|
msgid "\"Waiting for {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:78
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:86
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:102
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:110
|
|
msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:90
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:114
|
|
msgid "\"Finished waiting\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:92
|
|
msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:127
|
|
msgid "`pl031.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`pl031.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:134
|
|
msgid "/// Data register\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:136
|
|
msgid "/// Match register\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:138
|
|
msgid "/// Load register\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:140
|
|
msgid "/// Control register\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:143
|
|
msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:146
|
|
msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149
|
|
msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:152
|
|
msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:156
|
|
msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:164
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:178
|
|
msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:180
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:188
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:196
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:207
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:219
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:226
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:185
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n"
|
|
" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:193
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or "
|
|
"not\n"
|
|
" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:202
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n"
|
|
" /// interrupt is masked.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:213
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// interrupt is disabled.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:224
|
|
msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:29
|
|
msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:77
|
|
msgid "\"{thought}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
msgid "Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Linktjekker"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](link-checker.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:155
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:163
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n"
|
|
" /// been visited.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:189
|
|
msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:230
|
|
msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:248
|
|
msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n"
|
|
" // to transfer to another task\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:40
|
|
msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:74
|
|
msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:90
|
|
msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:97
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([tilbage til øvelsen](chat-app.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:99
|
|
msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/bin/server.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:117
|
|
msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n"
|
|
" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n"
|
|
" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:130
|
|
msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:166
|
|
msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/bin/client.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:185
|
|
msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:192
|
|
msgid "\"From server: {}\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|