mirror of
https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust.git
synced 2024-12-15 06:20:32 +02:00
6db71ebb1a
The translation here comes from @wfranck, I merely resurrected it from #495. * Translated Day 1: Morning * Translated Day 1: Afternoon --------- Co-authored-by: Walter Javier Franck <walterjfranck@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Kevin Islas <kevin.islas.abud@gmail.com>
14069 lines
416 KiB
Plaintext
14069 lines
416 KiB
Plaintext
msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-03-31 17:10+0200\n"
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"Last-Translator: Walter Javier Franck <walterjfranck@gmail.com>\n"
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"Language-Team: Spanish <es@tp.org.es>\n"
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"Language: es\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
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"X-Generator: Poedit 3.2.2\n"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:3
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msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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msgstr "Bienvenido a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:4
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msgid "Running the Course"
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msgstr "Seguir el Curso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:5
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msgid "Course Structure"
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msgstr "Estructura del Curso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:6
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msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
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msgstr "Accesos Rápidos del Teclado"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:7
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msgid "Translations"
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msgstr "Traducciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:8
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msgid "Using Cargo"
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msgstr "Usando Cargo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:9
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msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
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msgstr "Ecosistema Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:10
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msgid "Code Samples"
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msgstr "Ejemplos de Código"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:11
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msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
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msgstr "Correr Cargo Localmente"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:14
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msgid "Day 1: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 1: Mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:74 src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/SUMMARY.md:183
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msgid "Welcome"
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msgstr "Bienvenido"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:19
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msgid "What is Rust?"
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msgstr "¿Qué es Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:20
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msgid "Hello World!"
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msgstr "¡Hola Mundo!"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:21
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msgid "Small Example"
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msgstr "Ejemplo Rápido"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:22
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msgid "Why Rust?"
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msgstr "¿Por qué Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:23
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msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Compilación Garantizado"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:24
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msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garantías en Tiempo de Ejecución"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:25
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msgid "Modern Features"
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msgstr "Características Modernas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:26
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msgid "Basic Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintaxis Básica"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:27
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msgid "Scalar Types"
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msgstr "Tipos Escalares"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:28
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msgid "Compound Types"
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msgstr "Tipos Compuestos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:29
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msgid "References"
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msgstr "Referencias"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:30
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msgid "Dangling References"
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msgstr "Referencias Colgantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:31
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msgid "Slices"
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msgstr "Slices"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:32
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msgid "String vs str"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:33
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msgid "Functions"
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msgstr "Funciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/SUMMARY.md:81
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msgid "Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:35
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msgid "Overloading"
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msgstr "Sobrecarga"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/SUMMARY.md:147
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/SUMMARY.md:225
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msgid "Exercises"
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msgstr "Ejercicios"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:37
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msgid "Implicit Conversions"
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msgstr "Conversiones Implícitas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:38
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msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
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msgstr "Arrays y Loops for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:40
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msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Día 1: Tarde"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:42
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msgid "Variables"
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msgstr "Variables"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:43
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msgid "Type Inference"
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msgstr "Infererencia de Tipo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:44
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msgid "static & const"
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msgstr "static & const"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:45
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msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
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msgstr "Scopes y Shadowing"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:46
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msgid "Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:47
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msgid "Stack vs Heap"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:48
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msgid "Stack Memory"
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msgstr "Stack de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:49
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msgid "Manual Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo Manual de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:50
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msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de Memoria basado en Scope (ámbitos)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:51
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msgid "Garbage Collection"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:52
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msgid "Rust Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de la Memoria en Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:53
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msgid "Comparison"
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msgstr "Comparación"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:54
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msgid "Ownership"
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msgstr "Ownership (dueño)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:55
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msgid "Move Semantics"
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msgstr "Semantica de Transferencia"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:56
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msgid "Moved Strings in Rust"
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msgstr "Mover Strings en Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:57
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msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++"
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msgstr "Frees Dobles en C++ Moderno"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:58
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msgid "Moves in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Transferencia de Objetos en Llamadas de Funciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:59
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msgid "Copying and Cloning"
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msgstr "Copiar y Clonar"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:60
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msgid "Borrowing"
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msgstr "Préstamos (Referencias)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:61
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msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
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msgstr "Préstamos Compartidos y Únicos (Referencias)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:62
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msgid "Lifetimes"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Vida"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:63
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msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Vida en Llamadas de Funciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:64
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msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
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msgstr "Tiempo de Vida de Estructuras de Datos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:66
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msgid "Designing a Library"
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msgstr "Diseñando una Librería"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:67
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msgid "Iterators and Ownership"
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msgstr "Iteradores y Ownership"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:70
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msgid "Day 2: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 2: Mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:75
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msgid "Structs"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:76
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msgid "Tuple Structs"
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msgstr "Estructuras de Tuplas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:77
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msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintaxis Abreviada de Campos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:78
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msgid "Enums"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:79
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msgid "Variant Payloads"
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msgstr "Payloads Variantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:80
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msgid "Enum Sizes"
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msgstr "Tamaños de Enum"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:82
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msgid "Method Receiver"
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msgstr "Método Receptor"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/SUMMARY.md:193
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msgid "Example"
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msgstr "Ejemplo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:84
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msgid "Pattern Matching"
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msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:85
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msgid "Destructuring Enums"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Enums"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:86
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msgid "Destructuring Structs"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Structs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:87
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msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Arrays"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:88
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msgid "Match Guards"
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msgstr "Guardas de Match"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:90
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msgid "Health Statistics"
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msgstr "Estadísticas de Estado de Salud"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:91
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msgid "Points and Polygons"
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msgstr "Puntos y Polígonos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:93
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msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Día 2: Tarde"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:95
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msgid "Control Flow"
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msgstr "Control de Flujo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:96
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msgid "Blocks"
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msgstr "Bloques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:97
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msgid "if expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones if"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:98
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msgid "if let expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones if let"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:99
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msgid "while expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones while"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:100
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msgid "while let expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones while let"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:101
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msgid "for expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:102
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msgid "loop expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones loop"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:103
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msgid "match expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones match"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:104
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msgid "break & continue"
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msgstr "break y continue"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:105
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msgid "Standard Library"
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msgstr "Librería Standard"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:106
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msgid "Option and Result"
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msgstr "Option y Result"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:107
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msgid "String"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:108
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msgid "Vec"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:109
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msgid "HashMap"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:110
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msgid "Box"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:111
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msgid "Recursive Data Types"
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msgstr "Tipo de Datos Recursivos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:112
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msgid "Niche Optimization"
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msgstr "Optimización de Nicho"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:113
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msgid "Rc"
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msgstr "Rc"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:114
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msgid "Modules"
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msgstr "Módulos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:115
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msgid "Visibility"
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msgstr "Visibilidad"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:116
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msgid "Paths"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:117
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msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
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msgstr "Jerarquía del Sistema de Archivos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:119
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msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
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msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:120
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msgid "Strings and Iterators"
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msgstr "Strings e Iteradores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:123
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msgid "Day 3: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 3: Mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:128
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msgid "Traits"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:129
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msgid "Deriving Traits"
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msgstr "Traits Derivados"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:130
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msgid "Default Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos por Default"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:131
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msgid "Important Traits"
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msgstr "Traits Importantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:132
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msgid "Iterator"
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msgstr "Iteradores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:133
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msgid "FromIterator"
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msgstr "FromIterator"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:134
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msgid "From and Into"
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msgstr "From e Into"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:135
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msgid "Read and Write"
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msgstr "Read y Write"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:136
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msgid "Add, Mul, ..."
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msgstr "Add, Mul, …."
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:137
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msgid "Drop"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:138
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msgid "Default"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:139
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msgid "Generics"
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msgstr "Genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:140
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msgid "Generic Data Types"
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msgstr "Tipos de Datos Genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:141
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msgid "Generic Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos Genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:142
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msgid "Trait Bounds"
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msgstr "Límites Trait (Bounds)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:143
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msgid "impl Trait"
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msgstr "impl Trait"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:144
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msgid "Closures"
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msgstr "Cláusulas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:145
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msgid "Monomorphization"
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msgstr "Monomorphization"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:146
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msgid "Trait Objects"
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msgstr "Objetos Trait"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:148
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msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
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msgstr "Una Libraría Simple GUI"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:150
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msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Día 3: Tarde"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:152
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msgid "Error Handling"
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msgstr "Manejo de Errores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:153
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msgid "Panics"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:154
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msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
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msgstr "Catching Stack Unwinding"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:155
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msgid "Structured Error Handling"
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msgstr "Manejo de Errores de Estructura"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:156
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msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
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msgstr "Propagación de Errores con ?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:157
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msgid "Converting Error Types"
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msgstr "Convirtiendo Tipos de Errores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:159
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msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
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msgstr "Derivando Errores Enum"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:160
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msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
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msgstr "Tipos de Errores Dinámicos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:161
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msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
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msgstr "Dando Contexto a los Errores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:162
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msgid "Testing"
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msgstr "Testeando"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:163
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msgid "Unit Tests"
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msgstr "Testeo Unitario"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:164
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msgid "Test Modules"
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msgstr "Módulos de Test"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:165
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msgid "Documentation Tests"
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msgstr "Documentación de Test"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:166
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msgid "Integration Tests"
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msgstr "Tests de Integración"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:167
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msgid "Unsafe Rust"
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msgstr "Rust No Seguro (Unsafe)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:168
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msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
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msgstr "Desreferenciar Punteros Raw"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:169
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msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
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msgstr "Variables Mutables Estáticas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:170
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msgid "Unions"
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msgstr "Unions"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:171
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msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
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msgstr "Llamando Funciones No Seguras"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:172
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msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
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msgstr "Escribiendo Funciones No Seguras"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:173
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msgid "Extern Functions"
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msgstr "Funciones Externas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:174
|
|
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Implementando Traits No Seguros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:176
|
|
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "Wrappers FFI Seguros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:179
|
|
msgid "Day 4: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 4: Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:184
|
|
msgid "Concurrency"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrencia"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:185
|
|
msgid "Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Hilos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:186
|
|
msgid "Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Ámbito de los Hilos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:187
|
|
msgid "Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:188
|
|
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales Ilimitados"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:189
|
|
msgid "Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales Limitados"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:190
|
|
msgid "Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "Estado Compartido"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:191
|
|
msgid "Arc"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:192
|
|
msgid "Mutex"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Send and Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Send y Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Send"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:197
|
|
msgid "Examples"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:199
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "Filosofía de la Cena"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:200
|
|
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Chequeo de Links Multi-hilos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:202
|
|
msgid "Day 4: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 4: Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:206
|
|
msgid "Android"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:207
|
|
msgid "Setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:208
|
|
msgid "Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (Build)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:209
|
|
msgid "Binary"
|
|
msgstr "Binarios"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:210
|
|
msgid "Library"
|
|
msgstr "Librería"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:211
|
|
msgid "AIDL"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:212
|
|
msgid "Interface"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:213
|
|
msgid "Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "Implementación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:214
|
|
msgid "Server"
|
|
msgstr "Servidor"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:215
|
|
msgid "Deploy"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:216
|
|
msgid "Client"
|
|
msgstr "Cliente"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:217
|
|
msgid "Changing API"
|
|
msgstr "Cambiando de API"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:218
|
|
msgid "Logging"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:219
|
|
msgid "Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr "Interoperabilidad"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:220
|
|
msgid "With C"
|
|
msgstr "Con C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:221
|
|
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "Invocar C desde Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:222
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
|
|
msgstr "Invocar Rust desde C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:223
|
|
msgid "With C++"
|
|
msgstr "Con C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:224
|
|
msgid "With Java"
|
|
msgstr "Con Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:227
|
|
msgid "Final Words"
|
|
msgstr "Palabras Finales"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:229
|
|
msgid "Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "Gracias!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:230
|
|
msgid "Other Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Otros Recursos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:231
|
|
msgid "Credits"
|
|
msgstr "Créditos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:235
|
|
msgid "Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "Soluciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:240
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:241
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1 Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:242
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:243
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2 Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:244
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:245
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3 Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:246
|
|
msgid "Day 4 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 4 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenido a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a four day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course covers\n"
|
|
"the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like generics\n"
|
|
"and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on the last day."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un curso de Rust de cuatro días desarrollado por el team de Android. El curso cubre\n"
|
|
"el espectro completo de Rust, desde la sintaxis básica a tópicos avanzados como genéricos\n"
|
|
"y el manejo de errores. Para el último día también incluye contenido específico a Android."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know anything\n"
|
|
"about Rust and hope to:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El objetivo del curso es enseñarte Rust. Asumimos que no sabes nada\n"
|
|
"Acerca de Rust y esperamos que:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language.\n"
|
|
"* Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Show you common Rust idioms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Darte un entendimiento comprensivo de la sintaxis y lenguaje Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Permitirte modificar programas de Rust y escribir otros nuevos.\n"
|
|
"* Brindarte idiomática propia de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:14
|
|
msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:"
|
|
msgstr "En el Día 4, cubriremos cosas específicas a Android como:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Building Android components in Rust.\n"
|
|
"* AIDL servers and clients.\n"
|
|
"* Interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Construir componentes en Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Clientes y servidores AIDL. \n"
|
|
"* Interoperabilidad con C, C++, y Java."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is important to note that this course does not cover Android **application** \n"
|
|
"development in Rust, and that the Android-specific parts are specifically about\n"
|
|
"writing code for Android itself, the operating system. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es importante destacar que este curso no cubre desarrollo de **aplicaciones** \n"
|
|
"Android en Rust, y que las partes específicas a Android son acerca de\n"
|
|
"escribir código para Android en sí, el sistema operativo. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:24
|
|
msgid "## Non-Goals"
|
|
msgstr "## No tiene por Objetivo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few days.\n"
|
|
"Some non-goals of this course are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es un lenguaje extenso y no podemos cubrir todo de él en algunos días.\n"
|
|
"Algo de los No Objetivos es:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Learn how to use async Rust --- we'll only mention async Rust when\n"
|
|
" covering traditional concurrency primitives. Please see [Asynchronous\n"
|
|
" Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) instead for\n"
|
|
" details on this topic.\n"
|
|
"* Learn how to develop macros, please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust\n"
|
|
" Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by\n"
|
|
" Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Aprender cómo usar Rust asincrónico —solo mencionaremos Rust async cuando\n"
|
|
"cubramos las primitivas de concurrencia tradicional. Por favor ver [Asynchronous\n"
|
|
" Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) para más detalles.\n"
|
|
"* Aprender como escribir macros, en cambio por favor ver [Capítulo 19.5 en el Libro de\n"
|
|
"Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) y [Rust by\n"
|
|
" Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:37
|
|
msgid "## Assumptions"
|
|
msgstr "## Suposiciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a statically\n"
|
|
"typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and C++ to better\n"
|
|
"explain or contrast the Rust approach."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso asume que ya sabes programar. Rust es un lenguaje de tipado estático y \n"
|
|
"algunas veces trataremos comparaciones con C y C++ para explicar mejor o\n"
|
|
"contrastar la aproximación de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you know how to program in a dynamically typed language such as Python or\n"
|
|
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si sabes como programar en un lenguaje de tapado dinámico como Python o\n"
|
|
"JavaScript, también podrás seguir el contenido a lo largo del curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:46 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:19 src/cargo/code-samples.md:22
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:68 src/welcome-day-1.md:14 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:19
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:20 src/hello-world/small-example.md:21 src/why-rust.md:9
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:14 src/why-rust/runtime.md:8 src/why-rust/modern.md:19
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:28 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:18
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:25 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:33
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:25 src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:9
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:90 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:15
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:24 src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:46
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:23 src/memory-management/stack.md:26
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:12 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:20
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:18 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:33
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:25 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:23
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:27 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:9 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:35
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:25 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:33 src/methods.md:28
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:33 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:19
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:20 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:9
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:115 src/control-flow/blocks.md:40
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:29 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:19
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:25 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:25
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:16 src/std/string.md:28 src/std/vec.md:35 src/std/hashmap.md:36
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:32 src/std/box-recursive.md:31 src/std/rc.md:29 src/modules.md:26
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:37 src/modules/filesystem.md:24 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:5
|
|
#: src/traits.md:39 src/traits/iterator.md:30 src/traits/from-iterator.md:15
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:24 src/traits/drop.md:32 src/traits/default.md:38
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:23 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:33 src/generics/impl-trait.md:22
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:23 src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 src/error-handling/result.md:25
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:48
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:37 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:34
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:33 src/unsafe.md:26 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:24
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:30 src/unsafe/unions.md:19
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:31 src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:19
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:28 src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 src/concurrency/threads.md:28
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:25 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:27
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:21 src/concurrency/send-sync.md:18
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:12 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:10
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:81 src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:10
|
|
msgid "<details>"
|
|
msgstr "<details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional\n"
|
|
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor should\n"
|
|
"cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un ejemplo de _nota del speaker_. Usaremos esto para agregar información \n"
|
|
"adicional a las diapositivas. Esto puede ser el punto clave en el cual el instructor podría\n"
|
|
"cubrir respuestas a preguntas comunes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:52 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:67 src/cargo/code-samples.md:35
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:74 src/welcome-day-1.md:42 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:29
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:36 src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 src/why-rust.md:24
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:35 src/why-rust/runtime.md:22 src/why-rust/modern.md:66
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:62 src/basic-syntax/references.md:28
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:36 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:54 src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:20
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:48 src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:52
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:39 src/memory-management/stack.md:49
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:18 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:26
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:26 src/ownership/borrowing.md:51
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:29 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:60
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:15 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:103 src/structs.md:41
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 src/enums/sizes.md:136 src/methods/example.md:53
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:39 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:46
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:15 src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:125
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:29
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 src/std.md:31 src/std/option-result.md:25
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:33 src/std/vec.md:49 src/std/hashmap.md:66 src/std/rc.md:66 src/modules.md:32
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:48 src/modules/filesystem.md:53 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/traits.md:54 src/traits/from-iterator.md:26 src/traits/operators.md:38 src/traits/drop.md:42
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:47 src/generics/methods.md:31 src/generics/closures.md:38
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:11 src/error-handling/try-operator.md:55
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:60
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:45 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:41
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:42 src/unsafe.md:32 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:42
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:35 src/unsafe/unions.md:28
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:38 src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:28
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:37 src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:11 src/concurrency/threads.md:45
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:32 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:38
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:60 src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:18
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:16 src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:86
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:15
|
|
msgid "</details>"
|
|
msgstr "</details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Running the Course"
|
|
msgstr "# Ejecutar el Curso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3
|
|
msgid "> This page is for the course instructor."
|
|
msgstr "> Esta página es para el instructor del curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the course\n"
|
|
"internally at Google."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aquí hay un poco de información de fondo acerca de como nosotros hemos llevado a cabo el curso\n"
|
|
"Internamente en Google."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:8
|
|
msgid "To run the course, you need to:"
|
|
msgstr "Para hacer el curso, necesitas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker notes\n"
|
|
" on some of the pages to help highlight the key points (please help us by\n"
|
|
" contributing more speaker notes!). You should make sure to open the speaker\n"
|
|
" notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker\n"
|
|
" Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. Estar familiarizado con el material del curso. Incluimos notas para el orador\n"
|
|
"en algunas páginas para ayudar a destacar algunos puntos clave (por favor ayúdanos \n"
|
|
"sumando con más notas!). Deberías estar seguro de abrir notas en un popup (click en el \n"
|
|
"link con una pequeña flecha al lado de \"Speaker Notes\"). De esta manera tendrás\n"
|
|
"la pantalla limpia para los oyentes de la clase."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"2. Decide on the dates. Since the course is large, we recommend that you\n"
|
|
" schedule the four days over two weeks. Course participants have said that\n"
|
|
" they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process\n"
|
|
" all the information we give them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"2. Determina las fechas. Debido que el curso es largo, recomendamos que\n"
|
|
"planifiques un calendario de cuatro días en dos semanas. Los participantes del curso \n"
|
|
"deben encontrar útil tener un espacio en el curso ya que ayuda a procesar\n"
|
|
"toda la información que daremos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"3. Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a\n"
|
|
" class size of 15-20 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable\n"
|
|
" asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have\n"
|
|
" time to answer the questions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"3. Encuentra un lugar grande lo suficiente para los participantes. Recomendamos una \n"
|
|
"clase del tamaño de 15-20 personas. Es lo mínimo necesario para estar cómodos \n"
|
|
"respondiendo preguntas ---y también para que un instructor tenga tiempo \n"
|
|
"para responder las preguntas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"4. On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things\n"
|
|
" up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your\n"
|
|
" laptop (see the [installation instructions][5]). This ensures optimal performance with no lag "
|
|
"as you change pages.\n"
|
|
" Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as you or the course\n"
|
|
" participants spot them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"4. En el día del curso, llega al lugar antes para tener las cosas listas.\n"
|
|
" Recomendamos hacer la presentación usando directamente `mdbook serve` corriendo en tu\n"
|
|
" notebook (vea la [instrucción de instalación][5]). Esto asegura la mejor performance si lag al cambiar de página.\n"
|
|
" Usar tu laptop te permitirá corregir errores tipográficos que tú o los participantes encuentren en el curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"5. Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. Make sure to\n"
|
|
" ask people if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When\n"
|
|
" you see that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class\n"
|
|
" and offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant\n"
|
|
" information in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"5. Permite a las personas resolver los ejercicios ellos mismos o en grupos pequeños. Asegúrate de\n"
|
|
" preguntar a las personas si están trabadas o si hay algo en que puedas ayudarlos. Cuando\n"
|
|
" Veas varias personas tienen el mismo problema, háblalo con todos y ofrece una solución, por ejemplo, mostrando a las personas dónde encontrar información de librerías estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"6. If you don't skip the Android specific parts on Day 4, you will need an [AOSP\n"
|
|
" checkout][1]. Make a checkout of the [course repository][2] on the same\n"
|
|
" machine and move the `src/android/` directory into the root of your AOSP\n"
|
|
" checkout. This will ensure that the Android build system sees the\n"
|
|
" `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"6. Si no saltas la parte del Día 4 específica de Android, necesitarás un [AOSP\n"
|
|
" checkout][1]. Haz un checkout del [repositorio del curso][2] en la misma\n"
|
|
" Máquina y moviendo el directorio `src/android/` a la raíz de tu archivos AOSP de ‘Android.bp’ en `src/android/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build\n"
|
|
" all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to see\n"
|
|
" the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" Asegúrate que `adb sync` funciona con tu emulador o en un dispositivo físico y haz pre-build\n"
|
|
" en todos los ejemplos de Android usando `src/android/build_all.sh`. Lee el script para ver\n"
|
|
" los comandos que corren y asegúrate que funcionan cuando lo corres a mano."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun for\n"
|
|
"you as it has been for us!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto es todo, buena suerte haciendo el curso! Esperamos que hacerlo sea tan placentero para\n"
|
|
"ti como lo fue para nosotros!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please [provide feedback][3] afterwards so that we can keep improving the\n"
|
|
"course. We would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made\n"
|
|
"better. Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback][4]!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por favor luego [proporciona comentarios][3] para que podamos mejorar el curso.\n"
|
|
"Nos encantaría saber cómo fue y qué podríamos hacer mejor.\n"
|
|
"Los estudiantes también son bienvenidos para que [nos envíen feedback][4]!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://source.android.com/docs/setup/download/downloading\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/86\n"
|
|
"[4]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100\n"
|
|
"[5]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust#building"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[1]: https://source.android.com/docs/setup/download/downloading\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/86\n"
|
|
"[4]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100\n"
|
|
"[5]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust#building"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Course Structure"
|
|
msgstr "# Estructura del Curso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
|
|
msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:"
|
|
msgstr "Este curso es acelerado y cubre muchos temas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker.\n"
|
|
"* Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Day 4: Concurrency in Rust and interoperability with other languages"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Día 1: Rust Básico, propiedad y chequeo de préstamos.\n"
|
|
"* Día 2: Tipos de datos compuestos, coincidencia de patrones, la librería estándar.\n"
|
|
"* Día 3: Traits y Genéricos, manejo de errores, testing, Rust no seguro.\n"
|
|
"* Día 4: Concurrencia en Rust e interoperatiblidad con otros lenguajes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> **Exercise for Day 4:** Do you interface with some C/C++ code in your project\n"
|
|
"> which we could attempt to move to Rust? The fewer dependencies the better.\n"
|
|
"> Parsing code would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> **Ejecicio del Día 4:** Comunicarte con alegan código C/C++ en tu proyecto\n"
|
|
"> que podrías migrar a Rust? Con menos dependencias es lo mejor.\n"
|
|
"> Parsear el código sería lo ideal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16
|
|
msgid "## Format"
|
|
msgstr "## Formato"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the\n"
|
|
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso tiene la intención de ser muy interactivo y recomendamos dejar que las preguntas lleven a "
|
|
"explorar Rust!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Keyboard Shortcuts"
|
|
msgstr "# Atajos de Teclado"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3
|
|
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
|
|
msgstr "Tenemos varios atajos de teclados útiles en mdBook:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Left</kbd>: Navigate to the previous page.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Right</kbd>: Navigate to the next page.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd>: Execute the code sample that has focus.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>s</kbd>: Activate the search bar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Left</kbd>: Navigar a la página anterior.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Right</kbd>: Navigar a la página siguiente.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd>: Ejecuta el código de ejemplo seleccionado.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>s</kbd>: Activa la barra de búsqueda."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Translations"
|
|
msgstr "# Traducción"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful\n"
|
|
"volunteers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso ha sido traducido a otros lenguajes por una serie de maravillosos\n"
|
|
"voluntarios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Brazilian Portuguese][pt-BR] by [@rastringer] and [@hugojacob].\n"
|
|
"* [Korean][ko] by [@keispace], [@jiyongp] and [@jooyunghan]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Brazilian Portuguese][pt-BR] por [@rastringer] and [@hugojacob].\n"
|
|
"* [Korean][ko] por [@keispace], [@jiyongp] and [@jooyunghan].\n"
|
|
"* [Spanish][es] por [@wfranck]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9
|
|
msgid "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Selecciona el lenguaje en el globo en la esquina superior derecha para cambiar entre lenguajes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions] for how to\n"
|
|
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si gustas contribuir con traducciones, por favor revisa [nuestras instrucciones] para \n"
|
|
"saber cómo. Las traducciones son coordinadas en el [issue tracker]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[pt-BR]: https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/\n"
|
|
"[ko]: https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/\n"
|
|
"[@rastringer]: https://github.com/rastringer\n"
|
|
"[@hugojacob]: https://github.com/hugojacob\n"
|
|
"[@keispace]: https://github.com/keispace\n"
|
|
"[@jiyongp]: https://github.com/jiyongp\n"
|
|
"[@jooyunghan]: https://github.com/jooyunghan\n"
|
|
"[our instructions]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md\n"
|
|
"[issue tracker]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[es]: https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/\n"
|
|
"[pt-BR]: https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/\n"
|
|
"[ko]: https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/\n"
|
|
"[@wfranck]: https://github.com/wfranck\n"
|
|
"[@rastringer]: https://github.com/rastringer\n"
|
|
"[@hugojacob]: https://github.com/hugojacob\n"
|
|
"[@keispace]: https://github.com/keispace\n"
|
|
"[@jiyongp]: https://github.com/jiyongp\n"
|
|
"[@jooyunghan]: https://github.com/jooyunghan\n"
|
|
"[our instructions]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md\n"
|
|
"[issue tracker]: https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Using Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "# Usando Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/), "
|
|
"the standard tool\n"
|
|
"used in the Rust ecosystem to build and run Rust applications. Here we want to\n"
|
|
"give a brief overview of what Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem\n"
|
|
"and how it fits into this training."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando comienzas a leer acerca de Rust, descubrirás [Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/), la herramienta estándar\n"
|
|
"Usada en el ecosistema Rust para construir y correr aplicaciones Rust. Aquí queremos\n"
|
|
"Dar una breve reseña de qué es Cargo y cómo forma parte del amplio ecosistema y\n"
|
|
"como encaja en este curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:8
|
|
msgid "## Installation"
|
|
msgstr "## Instalación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:10
|
|
msgid "### Rustup (Recommended)"
|
|
msgstr "### Rustup (Recomendado)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among other standard ecosystem "
|
|
"tools with the [rustup][3] tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation."
|
|
msgstr "Puedes seguir las instrucciones para instalar cargo y el compilador de Rust, además de otras herramientas estándar con la herramienta [rustup][3], que es mantenida por la Fundación Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line utility that you can use "
|
|
"to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc."
|
|
msgstr "Con cargo y rustc, Rustup por sí mismo se instalará como una utilidad de línea de comando que puedes usar para instalar/cambiar entre herramientas, configurar compilaciones cruzadas, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:16
|
|
msgid "### Package Managers"
|
|
msgstr "### Package Managers"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:18
|
|
msgid "#### Debian"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:20
|
|
msgid "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust formatter][6] with"
|
|
msgstr "En Debian/Ubuntu, puedes instalar Cargo, el código fuente de Rust y el [Rust formatter][6] con"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This will allow [rust-analyzer][1] to jump to the definitions. We suggest using\n"
|
|
"[VS Code][2] to edit the code (but any LSP compatible editor works)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto permitirá a [rust-analyzer][1] saltar a las definiciones. Sugerimos usar\n"
|
|
"[VS Code][2] para editar código (pero cualquier editor LSP compatible funcionará)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains][4] family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but "
|
|
"have their own tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin][5]. Please take "
|
|
"note that as of January 2023 debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A algunos colegas también les gusta usar IDEs [JetBrains][4], que hacen su propio análisis y tienen diferentes ventajas. Si prefieres usarlos, puedes instalar el [Rust Plugin].\n"
|
|
"Por favor tén en cuenta que a Enero 2023 el debugging solo funciona en la versión CLion de JetBrains IDEA."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://rust-analyzer.github.io/\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://code.visualstudio.com/\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://rustup.rs/\n"
|
|
"[4]: https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/\n"
|
|
"[5]: https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/\n"
|
|
"[6]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1
|
|
msgid "# The Rust Ecosystem"
|
|
msgstr "# El Ecosistema Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
|
|
msgstr "El ecosistema Rust consiste en un número de herramientas, entre las cuales contamos como principales:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other\n"
|
|
" intermediate formats."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `rustc`: el compilador Rustque cambia archivos`.rs` a binarios y a otros\n"
|
|
" formatos intermedios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to\n"
|
|
" download dependencies hosted on <https://crates.io> and it will pass them to\n"
|
|
" `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test\n"
|
|
" runner which is used to execute unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `cargo`: la herramienta de manejo y build de Rust. Cargo sabe como \n"
|
|
"descargar dependencias guardadas en <https://crates.io> y enviará ellas a\n"
|
|
"`rustc` cuando arme tu proyecto. Cargo también trae incluida una herramienta de test \n"
|
|
"que es usada para ejecutar test unitarios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to\n"
|
|
" install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is released.\n"
|
|
" In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the standard\n"
|
|
" library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once and `rustup`\n"
|
|
" will let you switch between them as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `rustup`: es la herramienta Rust para hacer instalaciones y actualizaciones. Esta herramienta es "
|
|
"usada para\n"
|
|
"Instalar y actualizar `rustc` y `cargo` cuando salen nuevas versiones de Rust.\n"
|
|
"Además, `rustup` también puede descargar documentación para las librerías estándar.\n"
|
|
"Puedes tener múltiples versiones de Rust instaladas al mismo tiempo y `rustup`\n"
|
|
"te dejará cambiar entre ellas cuando lo necesites."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 src/hello-world/small-example.md:27
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30
|
|
msgid "Key points:"
|
|
msgstr "Puntos clave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out\n"
|
|
" every six weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with\n"
|
|
" old releases --- plus they enable new functionality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust tiene un programa de lanzamientos rápidos con una nueva versión \n"
|
|
"cada seis semanas. Cada nuevo lanzamiento será retrocompatible con \n"
|
|
"viejas versiones --- además que agregan nueva funcionalidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27
|
|
msgid "* There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"."
|
|
msgstr "* Para las raleases tenemos tres canales: \"estable\", \"beta\", y \"nightly\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes\n"
|
|
" \"stable\" every six weeks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nuevas características se testean en \"nightly\" y \"beta\" pasa a \n"
|
|
"\"restable\" cada seis semanas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust also has [editions]: the current edition is Rust 2021. Previous\n"
|
|
" editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust también tiene [ediciones]: la edición actual es Rust 2021. Las ediciones anteriores fueron "
|
|
"Rust 2015 y Rust 2018."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to\n"
|
|
" the language."
|
|
msgstr " * Las ediciones nuevas introducen cambios al lenguaje que no son retrocompatibles."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the\n"
|
|
" edition for your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" Para prevenir romper el código, se elige la versión: seleccionas la edición\n"
|
|
" para tu paquete vía el archivo `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code\n"
|
|
" written for different editions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Para evitar dividir los ecosistemas, los compiladores de Rust pueden mezclar código\n"
|
|
" escrito para diferentes ediciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through `cargo` (most "
|
|
"users never do)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Hay que decir que es raro necesitar usar el compilador directamente y no a travez de `cargo` "
|
|
"(la mayoría de los usuarios jamás lo hace)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and comprehensive tool. "
|
|
"It is capable of many advanced features including but not limited to: \n"
|
|
" * Project/package structure\n"
|
|
" * [workspaces]\n"
|
|
" * Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching\n"
|
|
" * [build scripting]\n"
|
|
" * [global installation]\n"
|
|
" * It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo clippy]).\n"
|
|
" * Read more from the [official Cargo Book]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Vale la pena mencionar que Cargo en sí es una herramienta extremadamente poderosa e integral. "
|
|
"Es capaz de hacer muchas cosas avanzadas y no limitadas a: \n"
|
|
" * Estructura del proyecto/package \n"
|
|
" * [workspaces] \n"
|
|
" * Manejo/Caché de Dependencias de Desarrollo y de Runtime \n"
|
|
" * [build scripting] \n"
|
|
" * [instalación global] \n"
|
|
" * También es extensible con plugins de subcomandos (como es [cargo clippy]). \n"
|
|
" * Lee más en el [Libro Oficial de Cargo]"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55
|
|
msgid "[editions]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/"
|
|
msgstr "[ediciones]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:57
|
|
msgid "[workspaces]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:59
|
|
msgid "[build scripting]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:61
|
|
msgid "[global installation]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install.html"
|
|
msgstr "[instalación global]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install.html"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:63
|
|
msgid "[cargo clippy]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:65
|
|
msgid "[official Cargo Book]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/"
|
|
msgstr "[Libro Oficial de Cargo]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Code Samples in This Training"
|
|
msgstr "# Códigos de Ejemplo en Esta Práctica"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples\n"
|
|
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier and\n"
|
|
"ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para esta práctica, principalmente exploraremos el lenguaje Rust a través de ejemplos\n"
|
|
"los cuales pueden correrse en el browser. Esto hace la configuración mucho mas fácil y\n"
|
|
"asegura consistencia en la experiencia de cada uno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do the\n"
|
|
"exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you how to\n"
|
|
"work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Claro que se sigue recomendando instalar Cargo: será más fácil para tí para hacer los\n"
|
|
"ejercicios. En el último día haremos un ejercicio el cual te mostrará cómo\n"
|
|
"Trabajar con dependencias y para eso necesitarás Cargo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11
|
|
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
|
|
msgstr "Los bloques de código en este curso son totalmente interactivos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Modifícame!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd> to execute the code when focus is in the\n"
|
|
"text box."
|
|
msgstr "Puedes usar <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd> paraejecutar código cuando se hace foco en el text box."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples\n"
|
|
"are not editable for various reasons:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La mayor parte de los ejemplos son editables como se muestra arriba. Unos pocos ejemplos\n"
|
|
"no son editables por varias razones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the\n"
|
|
" code and open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* En los bloques de código embebido no pueden ejecutarse test unitarios. Copia y pega el código y "
|
|
"ábrelo en un entorno real para comprobar test unitarios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate\n"
|
|
" away from the page! This is the reason that the students should\n"
|
|
" solve the exercises using a local Rust installation or via the\n"
|
|
" Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Los espacios de código embebido pierden su estado en el momento que navegas\n"
|
|
"fuera de la página! Eta es la razón por la que los estudiantes deben\n"
|
|
"resolver los ejercicios usando una instalación local de Rust o vía esos\n"
|
|
"espacios de trabajo con código."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Running Code Locally with Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "# Correr Código Localmente con Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will need\n"
|
|
"to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the Rust\n"
|
|
"Book][1]. This should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of\n"
|
|
"writing, the latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres probar código en tu computadora, primero necesitarás \n"
|
|
"instalar Rust. Para esto sigue las [instrucciones en el Libro de \n"
|
|
"Rust][1]. Esto debería darte para usar un `rustc` y `cargo`. Al tiempo que se \n"
|
|
"escribe esto, la última versión estable de Rust tiene estos números de versiones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"% rustc --version\n"
|
|
"rustc 1.61.0 (fe5b13d68 2022-05-18)\n"
|
|
"% cargo --version\n"
|
|
"cargo 1.61.0 (a028ae4 2022-04-29)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With this is in place, then follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one\n"
|
|
"of the examples in this training:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con esto en su lugar, sigue las instrucciones para hacer un build de los binarios de Rust desde\n"
|
|
"uno de los ejemplos de este curso:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18
|
|
msgid "1. Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy."
|
|
msgstr "1. Click sobre el botón \"Copy to clipboard\" en el ejemplo que quieres copiar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20
|
|
msgid "2. Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:"
|
|
msgstr "2. Usa `cargo new ejercicio` para crear una nueva carpeta `ejercicio/` para tu código:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo new exercise\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo new ejercicio\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `ejercicio` package\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:27
|
|
msgid "3. Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:"
|
|
msgstr "3. Ve hasta `ejercicio/` y usa `cargo run` para hacer build y ejecutar tus binarios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cd exercise\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
" Hello, world!\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cd ejercicio\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling ejercicio v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
" Hola Mundo!\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"4. Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For\n"
|
|
" example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"4. Reemplaza el código base en `src/main.rs` con tu propio código. Por\n"
|
|
" ejemplo, usando el ejemplo de la página anterior, haciendo que `src/main.rs` quede como"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```rust\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" ```rust\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Modifícame!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:47
|
|
msgid "5. Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:"
|
|
msgstr "5. Usa `cargo run` para hacer build y ejecutar tu binario actualizado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
" Edit me!\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling ejercicio v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/ejercicio)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/ejercicio`\n"
|
|
" Modifícame!\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"6. Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo build`\n"
|
|
" to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/debug/`\n"
|
|
" for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an optimized\n"
|
|
" release build in `target/release/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"6. Usa `cargo check` para controlar rápido tu proyecto por errores, usando `cargo build`\n"
|
|
"para compilar sin ejecutarlo. Podrás encontrar el resultado en `target/debug/`\n"
|
|
"para un debug de build normal. Usa `cargo build —release` para hacer un release\n"
|
|
"optimizado del build en `target/release/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"7. You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you\n"
|
|
" run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing\n"
|
|
" dependencies for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"7. Puedes agregar dependencias para trueque proyecto editando `cargo.toml`. Cuando corres\n"
|
|
"el comando `cargo`, automáticamente descargará y compilará las dependencias faltantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:66
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a\n"
|
|
"local editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a\n"
|
|
"normal development environment."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Trata de motivar a los participantes de la clase para instalar Cargo y usar un editor\n"
|
|
"de código local. Esto hará que tu vida sea más fácil porque tienen un IDE normal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 1"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenido al Día 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground\n"
|
|
"today:"
|
|
msgstr "Este es el primer día de Comprehensive Rust. Cubririemos un montón de contenido:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs,\n"
|
|
" references, functions, and methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* sintaxis básica Rust: variables, scalar y tipos compuestos, enums, structs, \n"
|
|
" references, funciones, y métodos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based memory\n"
|
|
" management, and garbage collection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Manejo de memoria: stack vs heap, manejo manual de memoria, manejo de memoria \n"
|
|
"scope-based, y garaje collection."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12
|
|
msgid "* Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes."
|
|
msgstr "* Ownsership: manejo semántico, copiar y clonar, préstamos, y tiempo de vida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16
|
|
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
|
|
msgstr "Por favor recuerda a los estudiantes que:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end.\n"
|
|
"* The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much encouraged!\n"
|
|
" * As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e.,\n"
|
|
" keep the related to how Rust does things vs some other language. It can be\n"
|
|
" hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing discussions\n"
|
|
" since they engage people much more than one-way communication.\n"
|
|
"* The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides.\n"
|
|
" * This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. Remember\n"
|
|
" that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as you\n"
|
|
" like."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Deben hacer las preguntas cuando surgen, no las guarden hasta el final.\n"
|
|
"* La clase tiene la intención de ser interactiva y también para abrir espacios de debate.\n"
|
|
" * Como instructor, debes intentar llevar discusiones relevantes, por ejemplo,\n"
|
|
" mantener relación de cómo Rust hace las cosas vs otros lenguajes. Puede\n"
|
|
" costar encontrar un balance adecuado, pero permite llevar un debate\n"
|
|
" que atraiga la atención de la gente por sobre un discurso unidireccional.\n"
|
|
"* Las preguntas deberían ser sobre cosas acerca del contenido de los slides.\n"
|
|
" * Esto está perfecto! Repetir es una parte importante del aprendizaje. Recuerda\n"
|
|
" que los slides son solo un soporte y tienes libertad de saltearlos cuando quieras."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to speak\n"
|
|
"about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a major feature\n"
|
|
"and we should show students this right away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La idea del primer día es mostar _solo lo necesario_ de Rust para permitir hablar\n"
|
|
"sobre el famoso borrow checker. La manera que Rust maneja la memoria es la principal "
|
|
"característica\n"
|
|
"y debemos mostrar a los estudiantes la manera correcta."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the\n"
|
|
"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si estás enseñando esto en una clase, es un buen lugar para repasar el\n"
|
|
"horario. Sugerimos dividir el día en dos partes (guiándose por los slides):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,\n"
|
|
"* Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Mañana: 9:00 to 12:00,\n"
|
|
"* Tarde: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include breaks,\n"
|
|
"we recommend a break every hour!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Claro que puedes modificarlo si es necesario. Por favor asegúrate de incluir breaks,\n"
|
|
"Recomendamos un break cada hora!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# What is Rust?"
|
|
msgstr "# Qué es Rust?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015][1]:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust es un nuevo lenguaje que tiene su [release 1.0 en 2015][1]:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++\n"
|
|
" * `rustc` uses LLVM as its backend.\n"
|
|
"* Rust supports many [platforms and\n"
|
|
" architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):\n"
|
|
" * x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ...\n"
|
|
" * Linux, Mac, Windows, ...\n"
|
|
"* Rust is used for a wide range of devices:\n"
|
|
" * firmware and boot loaders,\n"
|
|
" * smart displays,\n"
|
|
" * mobile phones,\n"
|
|
" * desktops,\n"
|
|
" * servers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust es un lenguaje compilado estático similar a C++\n"
|
|
" * `rustc` usa LLVM como backend.\n"
|
|
"* Rust soporta muchas [platformas y\n"
|
|
" arquitecturas](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):\n"
|
|
" * x86, ARM, WebAssembly, …\n"
|
|
" * Linux, Mac, Windows, …\n"
|
|
"* Rust es usado en muchos dispositivos:\n"
|
|
" * firmware y boot loaders,\n"
|
|
" * smart displays,\n"
|
|
" * mobile phones,\n"
|
|
" * desktops,\n"
|
|
" * servers."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21
|
|
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust encaja en el mismo área de C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* High flexibility.\n"
|
|
"* High level of control.\n"
|
|
"* Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones.\n"
|
|
"* Has no runtime or garbage collection.\n"
|
|
"* Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Alta flexibilidad.\n"
|
|
"* Alto nivel de control.\n"
|
|
"* Puede usarse en dispositivos limitados como teléfonos celulares\n"
|
|
"* No tiene runtime o garbage colector.\n"
|
|
"* Se enfoca en la confiabilidad y seguridad sin sacrificar performance."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:31
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Hello World!"
|
|
msgstr "# Hola Mundo!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World\n"
|
|
"program:"
|
|
msgstr "Vayamos al ejemplo de programa Rust más simple, un clásico Hola Mundo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hola 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:12
|
|
msgid "What you see:"
|
|
msgstr "Qué ves:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Functions are introduced with `fn`.\n"
|
|
"* Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++.\n"
|
|
"* The `main` function is the entry point of the program.\n"
|
|
"* Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this.\n"
|
|
"* Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Funciones agregadas con `fn`.\n"
|
|
"* Bloques delimitados por llaves como en C y C++.\n"
|
|
"* La función `main` que es el punto de entrada al programa.\n"
|
|
"* Rust tiene macros limpios, `println!` es un ejemplo de esto.\n"
|
|
"* Strings Rust son codificados UTF-8 y pueden contener cualquier carácter Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will see\n"
|
|
"a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something familiar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este slide intenta que los estudiantes se sientan cómodos con código Rust. Verán\n"
|
|
"mucho de esto los siguientes cuatro días ase que empezaremos con algo rápido y familiar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is\n"
|
|
" imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless\n"
|
|
" absolutely necessary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust es similar a otros lenguajes tradicionales como C/C++/Java. Es\n"
|
|
"imperativo (no funcional) y no trata de reinventar cosas a menos que\n"
|
|
"sea absolutamente necesario."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:31
|
|
msgid "* Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode."
|
|
msgstr "*Rust es moderno con soporte completo para cosas como Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of\n"
|
|
" arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust usa macros para situaciones donde quieres tener una variable number o\n"
|
|
"arguments (no funciones [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Small Example"
|
|
msgstr "# Ejemplo Rápido"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Aquí tenemos un ejemplo de un programa Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Program entry point\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Punto de entrada del programa\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Variable mutable vinculante\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro para printing, como printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // Sin paréntesis alrededor de las expresiones\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Operaciones matemáticas como en otros lenguajes\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop will\n"
|
|
"always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with different\n"
|
|
"inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El código implementa la conjetura de Collatz: que dice que un bucle\n"
|
|
"siempre termina, pero no siempre se prueba. Modifica el código y prueba\n"
|
|
"diferentes inputs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to trigger\n"
|
|
" type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer overflow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Explica que todas las variables son de tipo estáticas. Prueba removiendo `i32` para\n"
|
|
"que se dispare la inferencia de tipos. Intenta con `i8` y ejecuta un overflow de integer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32
|
|
msgid "* Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr "* Cambia `let mut x` a `let x`, debatan sobre el error de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the\n"
|
|
" format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Muestra como `print!` da un error de compilación si el argumento no es el mismo del\n"
|
|
"formato del string."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an\n"
|
|
" expression which is more complex than just a single variable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Muestra como necesitas usar `{}` como placeholder si quieres imprimir una\n"
|
|
" expresión la cual es más compleja que una simple variable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::fmt`\n"
|
|
" which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important that the\n"
|
|
" students become familiar with searching in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Muestra a los estudiantes la librería estándar, muestra como buscar con `std::fmt`\n"
|
|
" la cual quiene reglas de un mini-lenguaje de formato. Es importante que los\n"
|
|
" estudiantes se familiaricen con las búsquedas en la librería estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Why Rust?"
|
|
msgstr "# ¿Por qué Rust?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Algunas características únicas de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Compile time memory safety.\n"
|
|
"* Lack of undefined runtime behavior.\n"
|
|
"* Modern language features."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Tiempo de compilación Garantizado.\n"
|
|
"* Garantía en Tiempo de Ejecución.\n"
|
|
"* Características Modernas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. Depending\n"
|
|
"on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Asegúrate de preguntar a la clase en qué lenguajes tienen experiencia. Dependiendo\n"
|
|
"de la respuesta puedes destacar diferentes características de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_\n"
|
|
" via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't\n"
|
|
" have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with\n"
|
|
" constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Experiencia con C o C++: Rust elimina todos los _runtime erorrs_\n"
|
|
"vía el _borrow checker_. Puedes obtener misma performance de C y C++, pero no\n"
|
|
"tienes errores con manejo de memoria no seguro. Además, tienes un lenguaje moderno con\n"
|
|
"con constructores como patera matching y manejo de dependencias integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory safety\n"
|
|
" as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In addition\n"
|
|
" you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage collector)\n"
|
|
" as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Experiencia con Java, Go, Python, JavaScript…: Tienes el mismo manejo de memoria\n"
|
|
" seguro en esos lenguajes, más una sensación de performance similar a un lenguaje de alto nivel. "
|
|
"Además\n"
|
|
" tienes la performance de C y C++ (sin garaje colector)\n"
|
|
" Así como acceso de bajo nivel a hardware (podrías necesitarlo)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Compile Time Guarantees"
|
|
msgstr "# Tiempo de Compilación Garantizado"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3
|
|
msgid "Static memory management at compile time:"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo de memoria estático en tiempo de compilación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* No uninitialized variables.\n"
|
|
"* No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes).\n"
|
|
"* No double-frees.\n"
|
|
"* No use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* No `NULL` pointers.\n"
|
|
"* No forgotten locked mutexes.\n"
|
|
"* No data races between threads.\n"
|
|
"* No iterator invalidation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* No hay variables sin inicializar.\n"
|
|
"* No hay memory leaks (_casi siempre_, ver notas).\n"
|
|
"* No hay double-frees.\n"
|
|
"* No use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* No `NULL` pointers.\n"
|
|
"* No puedes olvidar mutexes bloqueados.\n"
|
|
"* No hay race-conditions por datos entre hilos.\n"
|
|
"* No hay iteradores inválidos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples\n"
|
|
"are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es posible hacer memory learks en Rust (seguro). Algunos ejemplos\n"
|
|
"son:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You can for use [`Box::leak`] to leak a pointer. A use of this could\n"
|
|
" be to get runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables\n"
|
|
"* You can use [`std::mem::forget`] to make the compiler \"forget\" about\n"
|
|
" a value (meaning the destructor is never run).\n"
|
|
"* You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle] with `Rc` or\n"
|
|
" `Arc`.\n"
|
|
"* In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory\n"
|
|
" leak and Rust does not protect from those."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Puedes usar [`Box::leak`] para hacer un leak de un puntero. El uso de de esto puede\n"
|
|
"ser para obtener variables inicializadas en tiempo de ejecución o modificando su tamaño.\n"
|
|
"* Puedes usar [`std::mem::forget`] para hacer que el compilador \"olvide\" un valor (así no se corre el destructor).\n"
|
|
"* También accidentalmente puedes crear un [ciclo de referencia] con `Rc` o `Arc`.\n"
|
|
"* De hecho, algunos considerarán cargar datos infinitamente una colección un\n"
|
|
"desbordamiento de memoria que Rust no protegerá."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood\n"
|
|
"as \"Pretty much no *accidental* memory leaks\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para el propósito de este curso, \"No memory leak\" debe entenderse\n"
|
|
"como \"Ningún tipo de memory leak *accidental*\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Box::leak`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html#method.leak\n"
|
|
"[`std::mem::forget`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget.html\n"
|
|
"[reference cycle]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Box::leak`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html#method.leak\n"
|
|
"[`std::mem::forget`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget.html\n"
|
|
"[ciclo de referencia]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Runtime Guarantees"
|
|
msgstr "# Garantías en Tiempo de Ejecución"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3
|
|
msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr "Sin estados indefinidos en runtime:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Array access is bounds checked.\n"
|
|
"* Integer overflow is defined."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Se verifican los límites de acceso a un Array.\n"
|
|
"* Se define el overflow de Integer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Integer overflow is defined via a compile-time flag. The options are\n"
|
|
" either a panic (a controlled crash of the program) or wrap-around\n"
|
|
" semantics. By default, you get panics in debug mode (`cargo build`)\n"
|
|
" and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo build --release`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El overflow en Integer es definido vía un flan en tiempo de compilación. Las opciones son\n"
|
|
"alertas panic (un crash controlado del programa) o una semántica que lo envuelve. Por defecto, "
|
|
"obtienes el alerta en modo depuración (`cargo build`) y envolviéndolo en el modo release (`cargo "
|
|
"build —release`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also\n"
|
|
" not be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However,\n"
|
|
" `unsafe` allows you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked`\n"
|
|
" which does not do bounds checking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El chequeo de límites no puede ser desactivado con el flag de compilador. Tampoco\n"
|
|
" puede deshabilitarse directamente usando `unsafe`. Sin embargo,\n"
|
|
" `unsafe` permite que llames a la función como `slice::get_unchecked`\n"
|
|
" que no brinda chequeos de límites."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Modern Features"
|
|
msgstr "# Características Modernas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years."
|
|
msgstr "Rust está hecho con toda la experiencia ganada en 40 años."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5
|
|
msgid "## Language Features"
|
|
msgstr "## Características del Lenguaje"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Enums and pattern matching.\n"
|
|
"* Generics.\n"
|
|
"* No overhead FFI.\n"
|
|
"* Zero-cost abstractions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Enums y pattern matching.\n"
|
|
"* Genericos.\n"
|
|
"* No overhead FFI.\n"
|
|
"* Abstracciones Zero-cost."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12
|
|
msgid "## Tooling"
|
|
msgstr "## Herramientas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Great compiler errors.\n"
|
|
"* Built-in dependency manager.\n"
|
|
"* Built-in support for testing.\n"
|
|
"* Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Gran compilador de errores.\n"
|
|
"* Manejador de Dependencias integrado.\n"
|
|
"* Soporte de testing integrado.\n"
|
|
"* Excelente soporte al Protocolo de Lenguaje de Servidor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay'\n"
|
|
" for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example,\n"
|
|
" writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level\n"
|
|
" instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Sin costo en abstracciones, similar a C++, quiere decir que no tienes que ‘pagar’\n"
|
|
" por tener un un lenguaje de alto nivel con memoria o CPU. Por ejemplo,\n"
|
|
" escribiendo un loop usando `for` debe resultar a bajo nivel\n"
|
|
" en una instrucción que usa `.iter().fold()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also\n"
|
|
" known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like\n"
|
|
" `Option<T>` and `Result<T, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cabe mencionar que los enums de Rust son ‘Tipos de Datos Algebraicos’, también\n"
|
|
" conocidos como ‘tipos sumados’, los cuales permiten el tipo de sistema para expresas cosas como\n"
|
|
" `Option<T>` y `Result<T, E>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to\n"
|
|
" ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more\n"
|
|
" talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_\n"
|
|
" feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Recuerda a las personas de leer los errores --- muchos programadores olvidan leer\n"
|
|
" la salida del compilador. El compilador de Rust es significativamente más\n"
|
|
" descriptivo que otros compiladores. Y frecuentemente provee un feedback\n"
|
|
" _para tomar acción_, con código listo para copiar y pegar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python,\n"
|
|
" and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard and\n"
|
|
" essential:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La librería estándar de Rust es pequeña comparada a otros lenguajes como Java, Python y Go.\n"
|
|
"Rust no viene con varias cosas que puedes considerar estándar y\n"
|
|
"esencial:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * a random number generator, but see [rand].\n"
|
|
" * support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls].\n"
|
|
" * support for JSON, but see [serde_json]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * un generador de número random, pero mira [rand].\n"
|
|
" * soporte para SSL o TLS, pero mira [rusttls].\n"
|
|
" * soporte para JSON, pero mira [serde_json]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library cannot\n"
|
|
" go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the Rust\n"
|
|
" community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps there\n"
|
|
" isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" Las razones detrás de esta funcionalidad es la librería estándar que no puede\n"
|
|
"separarse, porque este tiene que ser muy estable. Para ejemplos de arriba, la comunidad\n"
|
|
"Rust sigue trabajando en encontrar la mejor solución --- y por ejemplo no hay\n"
|
|
"una única \"mejor solución\" para alguna de esas cosas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this makes\n"
|
|
" it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence of this\n"
|
|
" is that the standard library can be smaller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" Rust trae incluido un package manager en la forma de Cargo y hace\n"
|
|
"trivial descargar y compilador cosas autocontenidas. Como consecuencia\n"
|
|
"la librería estándar puede ser pequeña."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like\n"
|
|
" <https://lib.rs/> help with this by letting you compare health metrics for\n"
|
|
" crates to find a good and trusted one.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* [rust-analyzer] is a well supported LSP implementation used in major\n"
|
|
" IDEs and text editors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" Descubrir paquetes de terceros puede ser un problema. Sitios como\n"
|
|
" <https://lib.rs/> ayudará con esto permitiéndote comparar calidad de\n"
|
|
" paquetes para encontrar uno bueno y seguro.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [rust-analizer] es un LSP bien soportado e implementado usado en los \n"
|
|
" principales IDEs y editores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[rand]: https://docs.rs/rand/\n"
|
|
"[rusttls]: https://docs.rs/rustls/\n"
|
|
"[serde_json]: https://docs.rs/serde_json/\n"
|
|
"[rust-analyzer]: https://rust-analyzer.github.io/"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[rand]: https://docs.rs/rand/\n"
|
|
"[rusttls]: https://docs.rs/rustls/\n"
|
|
"[serde_json]: https://docs.rs/serde_json/\n"
|
|
"[rust-analyzer]: https://rust-analyzer.github.io/"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Basic Syntax"
|
|
msgstr "# Sintáxis Básica"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:3
|
|
msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Mucho de la sintaxis de Rust es parecido a C, C++ o Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces.\n"
|
|
"* Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ...\n"
|
|
" */`.\n"
|
|
"* Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same.\n"
|
|
"* Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Bloques y ámbitos delimitados por llaves.\n"
|
|
"* Comentarios de línea que comienzan con `//`, bloques de comentarios delimitados por `/*…\n"
|
|
" */`.\n"
|
|
"* Palabras claves como `if` y `while` funcionan igual.\n"
|
|
"* Asignación de variables hechas con `=`, comparaciones con `==`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Scalar Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Tipos Escalares"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| | Types | "
|
|
"Literals |\n"
|
|
"|------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| Signed integers | `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize` | `-10`, `0`, `1_000`, "
|
|
"`123i64` |\n"
|
|
"| Unsigned integers | `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize` | `0`, `123`, "
|
|
"`10u16` |\n"
|
|
"| Floating point numbers | `f32`, `f64` | `3.14`, `-10.0e20`, "
|
|
"`2f32` |\n"
|
|
"| Strings | `&str` | `\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\"
|
|
"\"#` |\n"
|
|
"| Unicode scalar values | `char` | `'a'`, `'α'`, "
|
|
"`'∞'` |\n"
|
|
"| Byte strings | `&[u8]` | `b\"abc\"`, `br#\" \" "
|
|
"\"#` |\n"
|
|
"| Booleans | `bool` | `true`, "
|
|
"`false` |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:13
|
|
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "Los tipos tienen una capacidad así:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,\n"
|
|
"* `isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,\n"
|
|
"* `char` is 32 bit wide,\n"
|
|
"* `bool` is 8 bit wide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `iN`, `uN`, and `fN` son _N_ bits de capacidad,\n"
|
|
"* `isize` y `usize` tienen el tamaño de un puntero,\n"
|
|
"* `char` es 32 bit de grande,\n"
|
|
"* `bool` es 8 bit de grande."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Compound Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Tipos Compuestos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| | Types | Literals |\n"
|
|
"|--------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| Arrays | `[T; N]` | `[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]` |\n"
|
|
"| Tuples | `()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ... | `()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ... |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Asignación y acceso a los Arrays:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
|
|
" a[5] = 0;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18
|
|
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Asignación y acceso a Tuplas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32
|
|
msgid "Arrays:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a compile-time constant.\n"
|
|
" Note that the length of the array is *part of its type*, which means that `[u8; 3]` and\n"
|
|
" `[u8; 4]` are considered two different types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Los Arrays tienen elementos del mismo tipo, `T`, y tamaño, `N` que es constante en compilación.\n"
|
|
" Nota que el tamaño del array es *parte del tipo*, lo que quiere decir que `[u8; 3]` y \n"
|
|
" `[u8; 4]`son considerados dos tipos diferentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38
|
|
msgid "* We can use literals to assign values to arrays."
|
|
msgstr "* Podemos usar literales para asignar valores a arreglos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format\n"
|
|
" parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. We\n"
|
|
" could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without specifying the value after the\n"
|
|
" format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* En la función main, la palabra print pregunta por la implementación de debug con `?` para el "
|
|
"formato de parámetro: `{}` que da una salida estándar, `{:?}`. También podemos usar `{a}` y `{a:?} "
|
|
"sin especificar los valores luego del formato string."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45
|
|
msgid "* Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be easier to read."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Agregar `#`, por ejemplo `{a:#?}` invoca un formato para imprimir más lindo, más fácil de leer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47
|
|
msgid "Tuples:"
|
|
msgstr "Tuplas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49
|
|
msgid "* Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length."
|
|
msgstr "* Como los array, las duplas tienen un tamaño fijo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51
|
|
msgid "* Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type."
|
|
msgstr "* Las Tuplas es un grupo de valores con diferentes tipos formando un tipo compuesto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Los campos de una Tuplas se acceden con un punto y el índice del valor, por ejemplo: `t.0`, "
|
|
"`t.1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, and\n"
|
|
" the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its value\n"
|
|
" are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a function or\n"
|
|
" expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. \n"
|
|
" * You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other \n"
|
|
" programming languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* A una Tupla vacía `()` se la conoce también como \"unit type\". Ambos son tipos, y\n"
|
|
"la única manera válida de valor de ese tipo es nombrar ambos tipos y sus valores\n"
|
|
"que son expresados como `()`. Se usa para indicar, por ejemplo, que la función o\n"
|
|
"expresión no devuelve valor, como veremos más adelante.\n"
|
|
" * Puedes pensar en este como un `void` de otros lenguajes de programación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:1
|
|
msgid "# References"
|
|
msgstr "# Referencias"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
|
|
msgstr "Como C++, Rust tiene referencias:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n"
|
|
" *ref_x = 20;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14
|
|
msgid "Some notes:"
|
|
msgstr "Algunos comentarios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ pointers.\n"
|
|
"* Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking\n"
|
|
" methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`).\n"
|
|
"* References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over their lifetime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Debemos referencias `ref_x` cuando lo asignamos, similar a los punteros de C o C++.\n"
|
|
"* Rust puede auto-referencias en algunos casos, en particular cuando hace invoca \n"
|
|
"métodos (intenta `ref_x.count_ones()`).\n"
|
|
"* Las referencias se declaran como `mut` y pueden cambiar de valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"Key points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"Presta atención:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x:\n"
|
|
" &mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound to\n"
|
|
" different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Asegúrate de poder diferenciar entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` y `let ref_x:\n"
|
|
" &mut i32`. El primero representa una referencia mutable que puede \n"
|
|
"cambiar de valor, mientras que el segundo representa una referencia con un valor que puede cambiar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Dangling References"
|
|
msgstr "# Referencias Colgantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust estáticamente olvidará las referencias colgantes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &i32;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" ref_x = &x;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to.\n"
|
|
"* Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long\n"
|
|
" enough.\n"
|
|
"* We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Se dice que una referencia \"toma prestado\" el valor al que se refiere.\n"
|
|
"* Rust registra la vida de todas las referencias para asegurar que perduran lo necesario.\n"
|
|
"* Hablaremos más de esto cuando veamos _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Slices"
|
|
msgstr "# Slices"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
|
|
msgstr "Un _slice_ nos da la visión a una colección:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Slices borrow data from the sliced type.\n"
|
|
"* Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Slice toma prestado datos de un tipo _slice_.\n"
|
|
"* Pregunta: ¿Qué pasa si modificas `a[3]`?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending indexes in brackets."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Creamos un slice prestando `a` y especificando el comienzo y final de los índices entre "
|
|
"corchetes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the starting index, "
|
|
"meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are identical.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are identical."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si el slice empieza con índice 0, la sintaxis de rango de Rust nos permite borrar el índice del "
|
|
"comienzo, generando que `&a[0..a.len()]` y `&a[..a.len()]` sean idénticos.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Lo mismo es para el último índice, así que `&a[2..a.len()]` y `&a[2..]` son lo mismo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:26
|
|
msgid "* To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`."
|
|
msgstr "* Para crear fácil un slice de un array completo, podemos usar &a[..]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` (`&[i32]`) no longer "
|
|
"mentions the array length. This allows us to perform computation on slices of different sizes.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain 'alive' (in scope) "
|
|
"for at least as long as our slice. \n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but the answer is that "
|
|
"for memory safety reasons\n"
|
|
" you cannot do it through `a` after you created a slice, but you can read the data from both `a` "
|
|
"and `s` safely. \n"
|
|
" More details will be explained in the borrow checker section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `s` es una referencia a un slice de `i32`s. Tener en cuenta que en el tipo de `s` (`&[i32]`) no "
|
|
"se menciona el tamaño del array. Esto permite realizar cálculos en silces de diferentes tamaños.\n"
|
|
"* Los silbes siempre se prestan de otro objeto. En este ejemplo, `a` tiene que permanecer "
|
|
"\"viva\" (en el scope) durante, al menos, el tiempo que dure nuestro segmento.\n"
|
|
"* La pregunta sobre modificar `a[3]` puede darnos un punto para una interesante discusión, pero la "
|
|
"respuesta es que por razones de memoria segura no puedes hacerlo a través de `a` luego de crear un "
|
|
"slice, pero puedes leer los datos para ambos de `a` y `s` de forma segura.\n"
|
|
"Se verá en más detalle en la sección de chequeo de préstamos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `String` vs `str`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de string en Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: &str = \"Mundo\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hola \");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
|
|
msgid "Rust terminology:"
|
|
msgstr "Terminología Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&str` an immutable reference to a string slice.\n"
|
|
"* `String` a mutable string buffer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `&str` es una referencia inmutable a un slice string.\n"
|
|
"* `String` es un buffer de string mutable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 encoded string data \n"
|
|
" stored in a block of memory. String literals (`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `&str` pone un string slice, que es una referencia inmutable a codificada con datos string "
|
|
"UTF-8 \n"
|
|
"guardados en un bloque de memoria. El literal String (`\"Hola\"`), se guarda en el binario del "
|
|
"programa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a `Vec<T>`, it is owned.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string literal; `String::"
|
|
"new()` \n"
|
|
" creates a new empty string, to which string data can be added using the `push()` and "
|
|
"`push_str()` methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El tipo `String` de Rust es un wrapper para un vector de bytes. Como con un `Vec<T>`, tiene "
|
|
"dueño.\n"
|
|
"* Como con otros tipos `String::from()` crea un string desde un string literal; `String::new()` \n"
|
|
" crea un string vacío, con datos que pueden usarse con métodos `push()` y `push_str()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from dynamic values. It \n"
|
|
" accepts the same format specification as `println!()`.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range selection.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one that always points \n"
|
|
" to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough equivalent of `std::string` from C++ \n"
|
|
" (main difference: it can only contain UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string "
|
|
"optimization).\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El macro `format!()` es una manera conveniente de generar un string con dueño desde un valor "
|
|
"dinámico. Esto\n"
|
|
" acepta los mismos formateo especificados como `println!()`.\n"
|
|
"* Puedes prestar silces `&str` de `String` con `&` y opcionalmente un rango seleccionado.\n"
|
|
"* Para programadores C++: piensa en `&str` como `const char` de C++, pero de una forma que los "
|
|
"punteros siempre son string válidos en memoria. El `String` Rust es un equivalente tosco a `std::"
|
|
"string` de C++ \n"
|
|
"(La principal diferencia: solo puede contener bytes codificados UTF-8 y nunca usar optimización de "
|
|
"small-string).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Functions"
|
|
msgstr "# Funciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) interview "
|
|
"question:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una versión Rust de la famosa pregunta para entrevistas con [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/"
|
|
"wiki/Fizz_buzz):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" fizzbuzz_to(20); // Defined below, no forward declaration needed\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" fizzbuzz_to(20); // Definida abajo, no necesitas declararla antes\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if rhs == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false; // Corner case, early return\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return value\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if rhs == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false; // Un caso extremo, vuelve rápido\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" lhs % rhs == 0 // La última expreción en el bloque es la que devuelve valor\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No return value means returning the unit type `()`\n"
|
|
" match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) {\n"
|
|
" (true, true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"),\n"
|
|
" (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"),\n"
|
|
" (false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"),\n"
|
|
" (false, false) => println!(\"{n}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No devolver valor implica devolver un tipo unit `()`\n"
|
|
" match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) {\n"
|
|
" (true, true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"),\n"
|
|
" (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"),\n"
|
|
" (false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"),\n"
|
|
" (false, false) => println!(\"{n}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` is normally omitted\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=n {\n"
|
|
" fizzbuzz(i);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` por lo general se omite\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=n {\n"
|
|
" fizzbuzz(i);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations nor headers are "
|
|
"necessary. \n"
|
|
"* Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some programming languages), then "
|
|
"a return type.\n"
|
|
"* The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return value. Simply omit the "
|
|
"`;` at the end of the expression.\n"
|
|
"* Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The compiler will infer "
|
|
"this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted.\n"
|
|
"* The range expression in the `for` loop in `fizzbuzz_to()` contains `=n`, which causes it to "
|
|
"include the upper bound.\n"
|
|
"* The `match` expression in `fizzbuzz()` is doing a lot of work. It is expanded below to show what "
|
|
"is happening."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* En `main` invocamos a una función escrita debajo. No es necesario hacer declaraciones para referenciar.\n"
|
|
"* La declaración de parámetros es por tipo (lo contrario a otros lenguajes), y devuelven tipo.\n"
|
|
"* La última expresión en una función (u otro bloque) es el tipo que devuelve. Y omite el `;` al final.\n"
|
|
"* Algunas funciones no devuelven valor y devuelven el `tipo unit`, `()`. El compilador va a inferir `->()` si es tipo a devolver es omitido.\n"
|
|
"* Las expresiones `for` en `fizzbuzz_to()` contienen `=n`, que incluye el límite superior.\n"
|
|
"* Los `match` en `fizzbuzz()` hacen mucho. Se detalla debajo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:42
|
|
msgid " (Type annotations added for clarity, but they can be elided.)"
|
|
msgstr " (Las anotaciones dan claridad, pero se pueden omitir)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let by_3: bool = is_divisible_by(n, 3);\n"
|
|
" let by_5: bool = is_divisible_by(n, 5);\n"
|
|
" let by_35: (bool, bool) = (by_3, by_5);\n"
|
|
" match by_35 {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:52
|
|
msgid " "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 src/methods.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Methods"
|
|
msgstr "# Métodos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has methods, they are simply functions that are associated with a particular type. The\n"
|
|
"first argument of a method is an instance of the type it is associated with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust tiene métodos, pero simplemente son funciones que están asociadas a un tipo particular. El "
|
|
"primer argumento de un método es una instancia de un tipo asociado con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" width: u32,\n"
|
|
" height: u32,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" self.width * self.height\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n"
|
|
" self.width += delta;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
" rect.inc_width(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
|
|
msgid "* We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's class."
|
|
msgstr "* Observaremos mucho más acerca de métodos en la clase de hoy a la tarde."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Function Overloading"
|
|
msgstr "# Sobrecarga de Funciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
|
|
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
|
|
msgstr "La Sobrecarga no es soportada:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Each function has a single implementation:\n"
|
|
" * Always takes a fixed number of parameters.\n"
|
|
" * Always takes a single set of parameter types.\n"
|
|
"* Default values are not supported:\n"
|
|
" * All call sites have the same number of arguments.\n"
|
|
" * Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cada función tiene una implementación simple:\n"
|
|
" * Siempre tiene un número fijo de parámetros.\n"
|
|
" * Siempre tiene un único conjunto de tipos de parámetros.\n"
|
|
"* Los valores por defecto no están soportados:\n"
|
|
" * Todas las llamadas tienen el mismo tipo de parámetro.\n"
|
|
" * Algunas veces como alternativa se usan macros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
|
|
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
|
|
msgstr "Sin embargo, los parámetros de funciones pueden ser _generics_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn pick_one<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn elegir_uno<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"arrojar la moneda: {}\", elegir_uno(\"cara\", \"cruz\"));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"premio: {}\", elegir_uno(500, 1000));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* When using generics, the standard library's `Into<T>` can provide a kind of limited\n"
|
|
" polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cuando usas genéricos, la librería estándar `Into<T>` puede dar un limitado \n"
|
|
" polimorfismo con tipo de parámetro. Lo veremos en detalle más adelante."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:30
|
|
msgid "</defails>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 1: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Día 1: Ejercicios de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "En estos ejercicios, exploraremos dos partes de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "* Implicit conversions between types."
|
|
msgstr "* Conversiones implícitas entre tipos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "* Arrays and `for` loops."
|
|
msgstr "* Arrays y loops `for`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
|
|
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
|
|
msgstr "Algunas cosas a considerar mientras resolvemos los ejercicios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get\n"
|
|
" auto-completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo] for details\n"
|
|
" on installing Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Usar una instalación de Rust local, si es posible. De esta manera puedes tener\n"
|
|
" auto-complete en el editor. Puedes ver la página [Usando Cargo] para más detalles\n"
|
|
" en la instalación de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17
|
|
msgid "* Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
|
|
msgstr "* Como alternativa, puedes usar el Rust embebido."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose\n"
|
|
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los scnippets de código no son editables a propósito: el código de snippets inline pierden\n"
|
|
"su estado si navegas fuera de la página."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:12
|
|
msgid "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions] provided."
|
|
msgstr "Luego de ver los ejercicios, puedes ver las [soluciones] que se brindan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:24 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:13
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:14
|
|
msgid "[solutions]: solutions-morning.md"
|
|
msgstr "[soluciones]: solutions-morning.md"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:26
|
|
msgid "[Using Cargo]: ../../cargo.md"
|
|
msgstr "[Usando Cargo]: ../../cargo.md"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Implicit Conversions"
|
|
msgstr "# Conversiones Implícitas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types ([unlike\n"
|
|
"C++][3]). You can see this in a program like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust no aplicará automáticamente _conversiones implícitas_ entre tipos ([como \n"
|
|
"C++][3]). Puedes ver esto en programas como este:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n"
|
|
" x * y\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i8 = 15;\n"
|
|
" let y: i16 = 1000;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From<T>`][1] and [`Into<T>`][2]\n"
|
|
"traits to let us convert between them. The `From<T>` trait has a single `from()`\n"
|
|
"method and similarly, the `Into<T>` trait has a single `into()` method.\n"
|
|
"Implementing these traits is how a type expresses that it can be converted into\n"
|
|
"another type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tipo integer de Rust implementa el [`From<T>`][1] y [`Into<T>`][2]\n"
|
|
"y trata de dejarnos para dejarnos convertir entre ellos. El `From<T>` se trata como un simple \n"
|
|
"método `from()` y similar, el `Into<T>` se trata como un simple método `into()`.\n"
|
|
"Implementando esto es como expresamos un tipo que puede convertirse a otro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The standard library has an implementation of `From<i8> for i16`, which means\n"
|
|
"that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by calling \n"
|
|
"`i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From<i8> for i16`\n"
|
|
"implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into<i16> for i8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La librería estándar tiene una implementación de `From<i8> para i16`, que significa\n"
|
|
"Que podemos convertir la variable `x`de tipo `i8` a una `i16` llamando \n"
|
|
"`i16::from(x)`. O, más simple, con `x.into()`, porque la implementación `From<i8> para i16`\n"
|
|
"crea automáticamente una implementación de `Into<i16> para i8`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so it is\n"
|
|
"sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` implementation automatically."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo mismo aplica para tu propia implementación `From` para tus propios tipos, así es\n"
|
|
"suficiente solo implementar `From` para obtener la respectiva implementación automática `Into`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33
|
|
msgid "1. Execute the above program and look at the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr "1. Ejecuta el programa de arriba y mira el error de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35
|
|
msgid "2. Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion."
|
|
msgstr "2. Actualiza el código de arriba usando `into()` para hacer la conversión."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"3. Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`,\n"
|
|
" `i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try\n"
|
|
" converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the\n"
|
|
" [standard library documentation][1] to see if `From<T>` is implemented for\n"
|
|
" the pairs you check."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"3. Cambia los tipos de `x` e `y` para otras cosas (como con `f32`, `bool`,\n"
|
|
"`i128`) para ver qué tipos puedes convertir a otros tipos. Intenta\n"
|
|
"convirtiendo tipos pequeños a grandes y a otros tipos disponibles. Revisa la\n"
|
|
"[documentación de la librería estándar][1] para ver si `From<T>` se puede\n"
|
|
"implementar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/implicit_conversion"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "# Arrays y Loops `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
|
|
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Vimos que un array puede ser declarado así:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
|
|
msgid "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes imprimirlo para verlo y depurar código con `{:?}`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for`\n"
|
|
"keyword:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust permite iterar sobre cosas como array y arreglos usando `for`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n"
|
|
" for n in array {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterando sobre el array:\");\n"
|
|
" for n in array {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" print!(\"Iterando sobre el rango:\");\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix and\n"
|
|
"a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa lo de arriba para escribir la función `linda_impresion` que es una matriz y\n"
|
|
"una función `trasponer` que trasponerá una matriz (cambia filas a columnas):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n"
|
|
"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n"
|
|
" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47
|
|
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
|
|
msgstr "Hardcodea ambas funciones para operar con matrices 3 x 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the\n"
|
|
"functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia el código debajo para <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e implementa las\n"
|
|
"funciones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:20
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: borra esto cuando termines de implementarlo.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:71 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80
|
|
msgid "## Bonus Question"
|
|
msgstr "## Preguntas Bonus"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your\n"
|
|
"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional\n"
|
|
"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes usar silbes `&[i32]` en vez de hardcodear matrices 3 x 3 para tus\n"
|
|
"parámetros y devolver tipos? Cosas como `&[&[i32]]` para dos dimensiones,\n"
|
|
"slices de slices. Por qué sí o por qué no?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality\n"
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mira el [ crates `ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) para implementación con calidad de producción\n"
|
|
"de calidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the \n"
|
|
"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las soluciones y respuestas a la sección bonus están disponibles en\n"
|
|
"la sección [Solución](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Variables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable by\n"
|
|
"default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust provee tipos seguros por tipado estático. El enlace a variables es inmutable\n"
|
|
"por defecto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" // x = 20;\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the types less and less as "
|
|
"the course progresses.\n"
|
|
"* Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the function like syntax of "
|
|
"`println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dado a la inferencia de tipos `i32` es opcional. Poco a poco veremos los tipos a medida que "
|
|
"avance el curso.\n"
|
|
"* Nota que a partir que `println!` es una macro, `x` no se mueve, incluso usando una función como "
|
|
"`println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Type Inference"
|
|
msgstr "# Tipo de inferencia"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust verá como _es usada_ la variable para determinar el tipo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 10;\n"
|
|
" let y = 20;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" takes_u32(x);\n"
|
|
" takes_i8(y);\n"
|
|
" // takes_u32(y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on constraints given by variable "
|
|
"declarations and usages.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not of some sort of "
|
|
"dynamic \"any type\" that can\n"
|
|
"hold any data. The machine code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit "
|
|
"declaration of a type.\n"
|
|
"The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este slide demuestra cómo el compilador de Rust infiere tipos basados en constrainst dadas por la "
|
|
"declaración de variables y los usos.\n"
|
|
"Es importante enfatizar que las variables declaradas como esta no son un conjunto dinámico de "
|
|
"\"cualquier tipo\" que puede contener todo tipo de datos. El código generado por esa declaración "
|
|
"es idéntica a la declaración explícita de un tipo.\n"
|
|
"El compilador hace el trabajo por nosotros y nos ayuda a escribir código más conciso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic container without the code "
|
|
"ever explicitly specifying the contained type, using `_` as a placeholder:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El siguiente código dice al compilador que copie en un contenedor genérico determinado sin que "
|
|
"explicitar específicamente el tipo contenido, usando `_` como un placeholder:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push((10, false));\n"
|
|
" v.push((20, true));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let vv = v.iter().collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.collect) relies "
|
|
"on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
|
|
"implements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.collect) se basa "
|
|
"en `FromIterator` que lo implementa el [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait."
|
|
"FromIterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Static and Constant Variables"
|
|
msgstr "# Variables Estáticas y Constantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
|
|
msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables."
|
|
msgstr "El estado global es manejado con variables estáticas y constantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5
|
|
msgid "## `const`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7
|
|
msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes declarar constantes en tiempo de compilación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n"
|
|
"const ZERO: Option<u8> = Some(42);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n"
|
|
" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n"
|
|
" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE].wrapping_add(b);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" digest\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hola\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27
|
|
msgid "According the the [Rust RFC Book][1] these are inlined upon use."
|
|
msgstr "De acuerdo con [Rust RFC Book][1] eso está en línea del uso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29
|
|
msgid "## `static`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
|
|
msgid "You can also declare static variables:"
|
|
msgstr "También puedes declarar variables estáticas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book][1], these are not inlined upon use and have an actual associated "
|
|
"memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and the variable lives through the "
|
|
"entirety of the program execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Como se ve en [Rust RFC Book][1], esto no está en línea del uso y puede estar asociado a una "
|
|
"locación de memoria. Es útil para código no seguro o embebido, y las variables viven enteramente "
|
|
"dentro de la ejecución del programa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44
|
|
msgid "We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../unsafe.md)."
|
|
msgstr "Veremos cambiar datos estáticos en el [capítulo Rust No Seguro](../unsafe.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`.\n"
|
|
"* `static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable global variable in C+"
|
|
"+.\n"
|
|
"* It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but it is helpful and "
|
|
"safer than using a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Aclaremos que `const` semánticamente se comporta similar a `constexpr` de C++.\n"
|
|
"* `static`, por lo contrario, es mucho más similar a `const` o una variable mutable global de C+"
|
|
"+.\n"
|
|
"* No es muy común que necesitemos evaluar contantes en runtime, pero ayuda y es más seguro que "
|
|
"usando un _static_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:54
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Scopes and Shadowing"
|
|
msgstr "# Scopes y Shadowing"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from the\n"
|
|
"same scope:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes hacer seguimiento de variables, esto se puede hacer para variables dentro y fuera del scope actual:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"before: {a}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let a = \"hello\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let a = true;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both variable's memory "
|
|
"locations exist at the same time. Both are available under the same name, depending where you use "
|
|
"it in the code. \n"
|
|
"* A shadowing variable can have a different type. \n"
|
|
"* Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values after `.unwrap()`.\n"
|
|
"* The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory locations when "
|
|
"shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type does not change."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Definición: Shadowing es diferente de mutación, porque luego de shadowing ambos espacio de "
|
|
"memorias de las variables existen al mismo tiempo. Ambas están disponibles bajo el mismo nombre, "
|
|
"dependiendo donde uses el código.\n"
|
|
"* Un shadowing de variable puede tener un tipo diferente.\n"
|
|
"* El siguiente código demuestra por qué el compilador no puede simplemente reutilizar las "
|
|
"locaciones de memoria mientras hacemos shadowing a una variable inmutable en un cope, incluso si "
|
|
"el tipo no cambia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 1;\n"
|
|
" let b = &a;\n"
|
|
" let a = a + 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Manejo de memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
|
|
msgstr "Por lo general, los lenguajes caen en dos amplias categorías:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ...\n"
|
|
"* Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Control total manual del manejo de memoria: C, C++, Pascal, …\n"
|
|
"* Total Seguridad vía manejo automático de memoria en tiempo de ejecución: Java, Python, Go, "
|
|
"Haskell, …"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:8
|
|
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust ofrece un nuevo mix:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> Full control *and* safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory\n"
|
|
"> management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Control total y seguro vía tiempo de compilación con aseguramiento del correcto\n"
|
|
"> manejo de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:13
|
|
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
|
|
msgstr "Esto da el concepto concepto explícito de _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:15
|
|
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
|
|
msgstr "Empecemos refrescando cómo funciona el manejo de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
|
|
msgid "# The Stack vs The Heap"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables.\n"
|
|
" * Values have fixed sizes known at compile time.\n"
|
|
" * Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer.\n"
|
|
" * Easy to manage: follows function calls.\n"
|
|
" * Great memory locality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Stack: Es un área de memoria continua para variables locales.\n"
|
|
" * Los valores son de tamaño fijo conocidos en tiempo de compilación.\n"
|
|
" * Extremadamente rápido: solo mueve un puntero de Stack.\n"
|
|
" * Fácil de manejar: sigue funciones de llamada.\n"
|
|
" * Mucha memoria local."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls.\n"
|
|
" * Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime.\n"
|
|
" * Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed.\n"
|
|
" * No guarantee of memory locality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Heap: Guardar valores fuera de llamadas de funciones.\n"
|
|
" * Los valores tienen tamaños dinámicos determinados en tiempo de ejecución.\n"
|
|
" * Algo más lento que Stack: son necesarios algunos índices.\n"
|
|
" * No se garantiza memoria local."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Stack Memory"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically sized\n"
|
|
"data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Crear un `String` pune datos de tamaño fijo en el stack y con tamaño dado dinámicamente en el heap:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and length and can grow if "
|
|
"mutable via reallocation on the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Ve que un `String` es respaldado por un `Vec`, así tiene capacidad y tamaño que puede "
|
|
"incrementarse si la mutable por relocalicación en el _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap allocated using the "
|
|
"[System Allocator] and custom allocators can be implemented using the [Allocator API]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si los estudiantes preguntan sobre esto, puedes mencionar que por debajo la memoria es colocada "
|
|
"por _heap_ usando el [Sistema de Colocación] y la colocación personalizada puede ser implementada "
|
|
"usando la [Allocator API]"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should point out that this is "
|
|
"rightfully unsafe!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Podemos inspeccionar el layout de memoria con la cláusula `unsafe`. Sin embargo, debes aclarar "
|
|
"que esto no es seguro!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" s1.push(' ');\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
|
|
" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
|
|
" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead to\n"
|
|
" // undefined behavior.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::transmute(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" s1.push(' ');\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
|
|
" // NO HAGAS ESTO EN CASA! Sólo con propósitos educativos.\n"
|
|
" // El String no provee garantías en su layout, esto puede derivar en\n"
|
|
" // comportamientos no deseados.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::transmute(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[System Allocator]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html\n"
|
|
"[Allocator API]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Sistema de Colocación]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html\n"
|
|
"[Allocator API]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Manual Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Manejo Manual de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
|
|
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
|
|
msgstr "Tú mismo puedes asignar o desasignar pilas (_heap_) de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si no lo haces con cuidado, puede derivar en crasheo, errores, vulnerabilidad de seguridad, memory "
|
|
"leaks."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
|
|
msgid "## C Example"
|
|
msgstr "# Ejemplo en C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
|
|
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
|
|
msgstr "Debes llamar a `free` en cada puntero que pongas usando `malloc`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
|
|
" int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // ... lots of code\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" free(int_array);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: the\n"
|
|
"pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La memoria es _leaked_ si la función vuelve rápido entre `malloc` y `free`: se pierde el puntero y "
|
|
"no podemos desasignar la memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Scope-Based Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Ámbitos de Manejo de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
|
|
msgid "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
|
|
msgstr "Los constructores y destructores te permiten mantener en _lifetime_ un objeto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is\n"
|
|
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception is\n"
|
|
"raised."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Envolviendo un puntero con un objeto, puedes liberar memoria cuando el objeto es\n"
|
|
"destruido. El compilador garantiza que eso pase, incluso si se alcanzó una excepción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and gives\n"
|
|
"you smart pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A menudo se dice que la adquisición de recursos es inicializada ó, _resource acquisition is "
|
|
"initialization_ (RAII),\n"
|
|
"y brinda punteros inteligentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
|
|
msgid "## C++ Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Ejemplo C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hola \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to\n"
|
|
" memory allocated on the heap.\n"
|
|
"* At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run.\n"
|
|
"* The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El objeto `std::unique_ptr` se ubica en el stack, y los punteros a \n"
|
|
" memoria apuntando a el heap.\n"
|
|
"* Al final de `say_hello`, correrá el destructor `std::unique_ptr`.\n"
|
|
"* El destructor libera el objeto `Person`que apunta a él."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
|
|
msgid "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
|
|
msgstr "Un movimiento especial de constructor es usado cuando se pasa la propiedad a una función:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::unique_ptr<Person> person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
|
|
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Automatic Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Manejo Automático de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic memory\n"
|
|
"management:"
|
|
msgstr "Una alternativa al manejo manual es el automático:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly.\n"
|
|
"* A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the programmer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El programador nunca asigna o desasgan memoria explícitamente.\n"
|
|
"* Un garbage collector encuentra memoria sin usar y la libera para el programador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
|
|
msgid "## Java Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Ejemplo Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
|
|
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
|
|
msgstr "El objeto `persona` no se libera luego que vuelva `sayHello`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hola \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Memory Management in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Manejo de la Memoria en Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
|
|
msgstr "El manejo de memoria en Rust es una mezcla:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector.\n"
|
|
"* Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, can be a single "
|
|
"unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference counted.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence.\n"
|
|
"* A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even have no cost at "
|
|
"runtime like C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Segura y correcta como en Java, pero sin un Garbage Collector.\n"
|
|
"* Dependiendo qué abstracción (o combinación de abstracción) eliges, puedes ser un puntero simple, "
|
|
"referencia contada, o atómicamente referencia contada.\n"
|
|
"* El ámbito basado en C++, pero que el compilador fuerza a incluirlo por completo.\n"
|
|
"* Un usuario de Rust puede elegir la abstracción correcta para la situación, algunos incluso no "
|
|
"tienen costo en runtime como C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
|
|
msgstr "Esto se logra modelando el _ownership_ explícitamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually handled by RAII wrapper "
|
|
"types such as [Box], [Vec], [Rc], or [Arc]. These encapsulate ownership and memory allocation via "
|
|
"various means, and prevent the potential errors in C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si en este punto preguntas, puedes decir que Rust usualmente es tomado por tipos wrapper RAII "
|
|
"como [Box], [Vec], [Rc], or [Arc]. Esto encapsula el _ownsership_ y la ubicación de memoria con "
|
|
"varios significados, y previene potenciales errores en C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16
|
|
msgid "* You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop] trait is the Rust equivalent."
|
|
msgstr "* Puedes preguntar acerca de destructores, el [Drop] es el equivalente de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Box]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html\n"
|
|
"[Vec]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html\n"
|
|
"[Rc]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html\n"
|
|
"[Arc]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html\n"
|
|
"[Drop]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Comparison"
|
|
msgstr "# Comparación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques."
|
|
msgstr "Aquí una rústica comparación de técnicas de manejo de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5
|
|
msgid "## Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "## Ventajas de las Diferentes Técnicas de Manejo de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Manual like C:\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
|
|
" * Fully automatic.\n"
|
|
" * Safe and correct.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
|
|
" * Partially automatic.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Enforced by compiler.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
" * Safe and correct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Manual como en C:\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Automático como en Java:\n"
|
|
" * Totalmente automático.\n"
|
|
" * Correcto y Seguro.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based como en C++:\n"
|
|
" * Parcialmente automático.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced y scope-based como en Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Asgurado por el compilador.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
" * Correcto y Seguro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20
|
|
msgid "## Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "## Contras de las Diferentes Técnicas de Manejo de Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Manual like C:\n"
|
|
" * Use-after-free.\n"
|
|
" * Double-frees.\n"
|
|
" * Memory leaks.\n"
|
|
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
|
|
" * Garbage collection pauses.\n"
|
|
" * Destructor delays.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
|
|
" * Complex, opt-in by programmer.\n"
|
|
" * Potential for use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Some upfront complexity.\n"
|
|
" * Can reject valid programs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Manual como en C:\n"
|
|
" * Use-after-free.\n"
|
|
" * Double-frees.\n"
|
|
" * Memory leaks.\n"
|
|
"* Automático como en Java:\n"
|
|
" * Pausas en Garbage Colletion.\n"
|
|
" * Destructor delays.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based como en C++:\n"
|
|
" * Complejo, a elección del programador.\n"
|
|
" * Potencial de use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced y scope-based como Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Alguna upfront complexity.\n"
|
|
" * Puede denegar programas válidos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Ownership"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error to\n"
|
|
"use a variable outside its scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Todos los enlaces de variables tienen un _scope_ donde son válidas y es un error\n"
|
|
"usar la variable fuera de este _scope_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed.\n"
|
|
"* A destructor can run here to free up resources.\n"
|
|
"* We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Al final del _scope_, se borra la variable y se liberan los datos.\n"
|
|
"* Un destructor puede correr aquí y liberar los recursos.\n"
|
|
"* Podemos decir que la variable es dueña del valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Move Semantics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
|
|
msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:"
|
|
msgstr "Una asignación transferirá su propiedad entre variables:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hola!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership.\n"
|
|
"* The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership.\n"
|
|
"* When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed.\n"
|
|
"* There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La asignación de `s1` a `s2` transfiere el _ownership_.\n"
|
|
"* Los datos se mueven de `s1` y `s2` si no se accede más.\n"
|
|
"* Cuando `s1` sale del ámbito, no sucede nada: no tiene dueño.\n"
|
|
"* Cuando `s2` sale del ámbito, el dato del string es liberado.\n"
|
|
"* Allí siempre hay _exactamente_ una variable enlazada que es dueña del valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by value unless you use "
|
|
"`std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Hay que destacar que el contrario de los defaults en C++, que copia por valor a menos que uses "
|
|
"`std::move` (y el movimiento del constructor está definido!)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:24
|
|
msgid "* In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
|
|
msgstr "* En Rust los clones son explícitos (usando `clone`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Moved Strings in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Mover Strings en Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La pila (heap) de datos de `s1` es rehusado para `s2`.\n"
|
|
"* Cuando `s1` sale del scope, no sucede nada (se movió de)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Antes de mover a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30
|
|
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Luego de mover a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Double Frees in Modern C++"
|
|
msgstr "# Liberar Doble en C++ moderno"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
|
|
msgstr "El C++ moderno lo resuelve diferente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplica los datos en s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La pila de datos de `s1` duplicada en `s2` obtiene su copia de datos independiente.\n"
|
|
"* Cuando `s1` y `s2` salen del scope, cada uno liberan su propia memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Antes de la asignación-copia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
|
|
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Luego de la asignación-copia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s2 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Moves in Function Calls"
|
|
msgstr "# Movimientos en Llamadas de Funciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function\n"
|
|
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando pasas un valor a una función, el valor es asignado al parámetro de la\n"
|
|
"función. Esto transfiere el ownership:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
" // say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. Afterwards, `name` "
|
|
"cannot be used anymore within `main`.\n"
|
|
"* The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the `say_hello` function.\n"
|
|
"* `main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and if `say_hello` "
|
|
"accepts a reference as a parameter.\n"
|
|
"* Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name.clone()`).\n"
|
|
"* Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move semantics the "
|
|
"default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Con la primer llamada a `say_hello`, `main` da propiedad de `name`. Después de todo, `name` no "
|
|
"puede usarse meas dentro de `main`.\n"
|
|
"* La pila de memoria se asigna para `name` y será liberada al final de la función `say_hello`.\n"
|
|
"* `main` puede mantener la propiedad si pasa `name` como referencia (`&name`) y si `say_hello` "
|
|
"acepta una referencia como un parámetro.\n"
|
|
"* Alternativamente, `main` puede pasar un clon de `name` in la primer llamada (`name.clone()`).\n"
|
|
"* Rust hace esto más duro que C++ para crear copias automáticas mediante mover semánticas por "
|
|
"defecto, y forzando a los programadores a hacer clones explícitos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Copying and Cloning"
|
|
msgstr "# Copiar y Clonar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
|
|
msgid "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
|
|
msgstr "Mientras mover semántica es por defecto, en otros casos los tipos son copiados:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 42;\n"
|
|
" let y = x;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14
|
|
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
|
|
msgstr "Esos tipos implementan el trato de `Copia`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16
|
|
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes elegir tu propio tipo para usar copias semánticas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data.\n"
|
|
"* We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Luego de la asignación, ambos `p1` y `p2` obtienen su propio dato.\n"
|
|
"* También podemos usar `p1.clone()` para explícitamente copiar datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35
|
|
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
|
|
msgstr "Copiar datos y clonar no es la misma cosa:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on arbitrary objects.\n"
|
|
"* Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++).\n"
|
|
"* Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by implementing the "
|
|
"`Clone` trait.\n"
|
|
"* Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Copiar refiere a copias bit a bit de regiones de memoria y no funciona con objetos arbitrarios.\n"
|
|
"* Copiar no permite por lógica personalizada (como copiar constructores en C++).\n"
|
|
"* Clonar es una operación más general y también permite estados personalizados implementando el "
|
|
"trato de `Clon`.\n"
|
|
"* Copiar no funciona en tipos que implementan el trato `Drop`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29
|
|
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
|
|
msgstr "En el ejemplo de arriba, intenta lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` is not a `Copy` "
|
|
"type.\n"
|
|
"* Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the `println!` for "
|
|
"`p1`.\n"
|
|
"* Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Agrega el campo `String` a `struct Point`. Esto no compilará porque `String` no es un tipo de "
|
|
"`Copia`.\n"
|
|
"* Remueve la `Copia` de el atributo `resultante`. El error del compilador es ahora `println!` para "
|
|
"`p1`.\n"
|
|
"* Muestra que en cambio funciona si clonas `p1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way to generate code in "
|
|
"Rust\n"
|
|
"at compile time. In this case the default implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are "
|
|
"generated.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si un estudiante pregunta sobre `derive`, es suficiente decir que esta es la forma que se genera "
|
|
"el código en Rust\n"
|
|
"en tiempo de compilación. En este caso la implementación del trato por defecto de `Copiar` y "
|
|
"`Clonar` los genera.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Borrowing"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a\n"
|
|
"function _borrow_ the value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En vez de transferir la propiedad cuando llamamos a una función, puedes _prestar_\n"
|
|
"el valor a una función:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point.\n"
|
|
"* The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El `add` de la función presta dos puntos y devuelve uno nuevo.\n"
|
|
"* El llamador mantiene la propiedad de sus inputs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notes on stack returns:\n"
|
|
"* Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can eliminate the copy "
|
|
"operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses and run it on the [Playground]. In the "
|
|
"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while the stay the same when changing "
|
|
"to the \"RELEASE\" setting:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Notas acerca de la pila devuelta:\n"
|
|
"* Demuestra que el return de `add` es adecuado porque le compilador puede eliminar la operación de "
|
|
"copia. Cambia el código de arriba para imprimir una pila de direcciones y corre esto en "
|
|
"[Playground]. En nivel de optimización \"DEBUG\", las direcciones pueden cambiar, mientras que se "
|
|
"mantienen igual cuando se cambia el seteo a \"RELEASE\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Point(i32, i32);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n"
|
|
" p\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"* The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO).\n"
|
|
"* In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because constructors can "
|
|
"have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If RVO did not happen, Rust will always "
|
|
"performs a simple and efficient `memcpy` copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"* El compilador de Rust puede devolver optimización de valor (RVO).\n"
|
|
"* En C++, la copia elisión tiene que estar definida en la especificación porque los contructores "
|
|
"pueden tener efectos secundarios. En Rust, esto para nada es un issue. Si no sucede RVO, Rust "
|
|
"siempre hará que corre de forma simple y eficiente con una copia `memcpy`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:53
|
|
msgid "[Playground]: https://play.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Shared and Unique Borrows"
|
|
msgstr "# Shared y Unique Borrows"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust restringe la forma que puedes estar calores:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_\n"
|
|
"* You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* A lo largo del tiempo puedes tener diferentes valores `&T`, _o_\n"
|
|
"* Puedes tener exactamente el mismo valor `&mud T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let b: &i32 = &a;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
|
|
" *c = 20;\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:18 src/std/rc.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through `c`) and as "
|
|
"immutable (through `b`) at the same time.\n"
|
|
"* Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` to make the code "
|
|
"compile.\n"
|
|
"* After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before the new mutable "
|
|
"borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow checker called \"non-lexical "
|
|
"lifetimes\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El código de arriba no compila porque `a` es prestado como mutable (a través de `c`) y es "
|
|
"inmutable (a través de `b`) al mismo tiempo.\n"
|
|
"* Mueve el `println!` para `b` antes del scope que dice a `c` hacer que el código compile.\n"
|
|
"* Luego de ese cambio, el compilados hace que `b` sea usado solo antes de un préstamo mutable de "
|
|
"`a` a través de `c`. Esta es una característica para chequear los préstamos llamada \"non-lexical "
|
|
"lifetimes\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes"
|
|
msgstr "# Tiempo de Vida"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
|
|
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
|
|
msgstr "Un valor prestado tiene un tiempo de vida:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The lifetime can be elided: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`.\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`.\n"
|
|
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
|
|
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime\n"
|
|
" yourself.\n"
|
|
" * Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is\n"
|
|
" a valid solution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* El tiempo de vida puede ser otorgado: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`.\n"
|
|
"* El tiempo también puede ser explícito: `&’a Point`, `&’document str`.\n"
|
|
"* Leer `&’a Point` como un \"`Point` prestado\" que es válido para al menos el tiempo de `a`\".\n"
|
|
"* Los tiempos de vida siempre son inferidos por el compilador: no puedes asignar uno tú mismo.\n"
|
|
"* Las anotaciones de tiempo de vida crea dependencias; el compilador verifica que allí haya una "
|
|
"solución válida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes in Function Calls"
|
|
msgstr "# Tiempo de Vida en Llamada a Funciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed value:"
|
|
msgstr "Además, para prestar estos argumentos, una función puede devolver un valor prestado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler.\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name.\n"
|
|
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
|
|
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
|
|
" * The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `’a` es un parámetro genérico, inferido por el compilador.\n"
|
|
"* Los tiempos de vida empiezan con `’` y `’a` es el nombre típico por default.\n"
|
|
"* Lee `&’ un Point` es \"un `Point` prestado que es válido por al menos el ciclo de vida de "
|
|
"`a`\".\n"
|
|
"* El _al menos_ es importante cuando los parámetros están en diferentes scopes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a a new scope (`{ ... }`), resulting in the following "
|
|
"code:\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Point(i32, i32);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Mueve la declaración de `p2` y `p3` a un nuevo scope (`{ … }`), resultando en este código:\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Point(i32, i32);"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" Nota como no compila desde que `p3` persiste `p2`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, "
|
|
"p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile because the relationship between the lifetimes "
|
|
"`'a` and `'b` is unclear.\n"
|
|
"* Another way to explain it:\n"
|
|
" * Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function returns\n"
|
|
" another reference.\n"
|
|
" * It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable).\n"
|
|
" * Which one is it? The compiler needs to to know, so at the call site the returned reference is "
|
|
"not used\n"
|
|
" for longer than a variable from where the reference came from."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Resetea el workspace y cambia el signo de la función a `fn left_most<‘a, ‘b>(p1: &’a Point, p2: "
|
|
"&’a Point) -> &’b Point`. Esto no compilará porque la relación entre los ciclos de vida `’a` y "
|
|
"`’b` no es clara.\n"
|
|
"* Otra forma de explicar esto:\n"
|
|
" *Dos referencias para dos valores son prestados por una función y la función devuelve otra "
|
|
"referencia.\n"
|
|
" * esto debe venir desde uno de esos dos inputs (o de una variable global).\n"
|
|
" * Cuál es esta? El compilador necesita saber, que la llamada para volver al sitio de referencia "
|
|
"no se usa más que como variable de donde viene la referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes in Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr "# Ciclos de Vida y Estructura de Datos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
|
|
msgid "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
|
|
msgstr "SI un tipo de datos presta data, debe ser anotado como un ciclo de vida:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\");\n"
|
|
" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
|
|
" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
|
|
" // erase(text);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data underlying the "
|
|
"contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of `Highlight` that uses that data.\n"
|
|
"* If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), the borrow checker "
|
|
"throws an error.\n"
|
|
"* Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This can be useful for "
|
|
"creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them somewhat harder to use.\n"
|
|
"* When possible, make data structures own their data directly.\n"
|
|
"* Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime annotation. This "
|
|
"can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime relationships between the references "
|
|
"themselves, in addition to the lifetime of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases.\n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* En el ejemplo de arriba, las anotaciones `resaltadlas` fuerzan que los datos contenidos en "
|
|
"`&str` viven al menos a lo largo de todas las instancias `resaltadlas` que usan esos datos.\n"
|
|
"* Si el `texto` es usado antes del final del ciclo de vida de `fox` (o `dog`), el chequeado de "
|
|
"préstamos arrojará error.\n"
|
|
"* Los tipos que prestan datos fuerzan a los usuarios a mantener el dato original. Esto puede ser "
|
|
"útil para crear vistas ligeras, pero generalmente hace que sea difícil de usar.\n"
|
|
"* Cuando sea posible, haz estructuras de datos tengan su dato directamente.\n"
|
|
"* Algunas estructuras con múltiples referencias dentro pueden tener más de una anotación de ciclo "
|
|
"de vida. Esto puede ser necesario si allí quiere describir un a relación de ciclo de vida entre "
|
|
"las referencias, ademas del ciclo de vida de las estructuras en sí mismo. Aquellas son casos de "
|
|
"uso más avanzado.\n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at two things:"
|
|
msgstr "Veremos todas estas cosas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "* A small book library,"
|
|
msgstr "* Un pequeño libro de biblioteca,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid "* Iterators and ownership (hard)."
|
|
msgstr "* Iteradores y propiedad (difícil)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:13 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:9
|
|
msgid "[solutions]: solutions-afternoon.md"
|
|
msgstr "[soluciones]: solutions-afternoon.md"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Designing a Library"
|
|
msgstr "# Diseñar una Librería"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec<T>` type tomorrow. For now,\n"
|
|
"you just need to know part of its API:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mañana aprenderemos mucho mas acerca de estructuras y tipos `Vec<T>`. Por ahora,\n"
|
|
"solo necesitas conocer parte de esta API:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n"
|
|
" vec.push(30);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[vec.len() / 2]);\n"
|
|
" for item in vec.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use this to create a library application. Copy the code below to\n"
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa esto para crear una librería de aplicación. Copia el código debajo a\n"
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> y actualiza los tipos para hacer que compile:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:28 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" year: u16,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:33 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // Este es el constructor, usado debajo.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}.\n"
|
|
"impl std::fmt::Display for Book {\n"
|
|
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Esto hace posible imprimir valores del libro con {}.\n"
|
|
"impl std::fmt::Display for Book {\n"
|
|
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:76
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"// Esto muestra el estado deseado. Descomenta el código debajo e\n"
|
|
"// implementa el método que falta. Puedes necesitar actualizar el \n"
|
|
"// signo del método, incluyendo el parámetro \"self\". También\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" //println!(\"Our library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"My oldest book is {book}\"),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"My library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"Our library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:99
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Iterators and Ownership"
|
|
msgstr "# Iteratoradores y Propiedad"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the\n"
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and\n"
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html)\n"
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El modelo de propiedad de Rust afecta muchas APIs. Un ejemplo de esto es\n"
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) y\n"
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8
|
|
msgid "## `Iterator`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The\n"
|
|
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` back:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Estos son como interfaces: ellas describen un estado (método) para un tipo. El\n"
|
|
"`Iterador` simplemente dice que puedes llamar al `siguiente` hasta que se devuelve `ninguno`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait Iterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
|
|
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes usar lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
|
|
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
|
|
msgstr "Cuál es el tipo devuelto por el iterador? Testea tu respuesta aquí:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:41
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:78
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
|
|
msgid "Why is this type used?"
|
|
msgstr "Por qué es usado este tipo?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
|
|
msgid "## `IntoIterator`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an\n"
|
|
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El `Iterator` te dice cómo _iterarP una vez que creas un\n"
|
|
"iterado. La relación `IntoIterator` dice cómo crear un iterador:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait IntoIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" type IntoIter: Iterator<Item = Self::Item>;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must\n"
|
|
"declare two types:"
|
|
msgstr "La sintaxis aquí dice que cada implementación de `IntoIterator` debe declarar dos tipos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,\n"
|
|
"* `IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Item`: el tipo que iteramos, como `i8`,\n"
|
|
"* `IntoIter`: el tipo `Iterator` devuelto por el método `into_iter`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same\n"
|
|
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nota que `IntoIter` e `Item` están linkeados: el iterado debe tener el mismo\n"
|
|
"tipo `Item`, que quiere decir que retorna `Option<item>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
|
|
msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?"
|
|
msgstr "Como antes, qué es el tipo devuelto por el iterador?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
|
|
msgid "## `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "## Loops `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` loops.\n"
|
|
"They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the resulting\n"
|
|
"iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ahora que sabemos de ambos `Iterator` y `Intolterator`, podemos hacer loops `for`.\n"
|
|
"Ellos llaman `into_iter()` en una expresión e iterados sobre el iterado resultante:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::from(\"bar\")];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:93
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for word in &v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:97
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for word in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
|
|
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
|
|
msgstr "Qué es el tipo `word` en cada loop?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl\n"
|
|
"IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"&Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"and [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"to check your answers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Experimenta con el código de arriba y luego consultas por [`impl\n"
|
|
"IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"&Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"y [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"para verificar tus respuestas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 2"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenido al Día 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
|
|
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
|
|
msgid "* Structs, enums, methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7
|
|
msgid "* Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and\n"
|
|
" `continue`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
" and `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15
|
|
msgid "* Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Structs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" peter.age = 28;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let jackie = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n"
|
|
" ..peter\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"Key Points: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Structs work like in C or C++.\n"
|
|
" * Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type.\n"
|
|
" * Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs.\n"
|
|
"* Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following slides.\n"
|
|
"* This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of structs. \n"
|
|
" * Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a trait on some type "
|
|
"but don’t have any data that you want to store in the value itself. \n"
|
|
" * The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are not important.\n"
|
|
"* The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the old struct without "
|
|
"having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Tuple Structs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(17, 23);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
|
|
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct PoundOfForce(f64);\n"
|
|
"struct Newtons(f64);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundOfForce {\n"
|
|
" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n"
|
|
" set_thruster_force(force);\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:33 src/traits/default.md:36 src/generics/trait-objects.md:86
|
|
msgid "```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in a primitive type, "
|
|
"for example:\n"
|
|
" * The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above.\n"
|
|
" * The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have to validate it "
|
|
"again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`.\n"
|
|
"* Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the single field in the "
|
|
"newtype.\n"
|
|
" * Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or for instance "
|
|
"using booleans as integers.\n"
|
|
" * Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics). \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Field Shorthand Syntax"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the\n"
|
|
"struct using a shorthand:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6 src/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n"
|
|
" Person { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is interchangeable with the "
|
|
"struct type name"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Enums"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few\n"
|
|
"different variants:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" Heads,\n"
|
|
" Tails,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
|
|
" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"Key Points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type\n"
|
|
"* This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and `Tail`. You might note "
|
|
"the namespace when using variants.\n"
|
|
"* This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:\n"
|
|
" * In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one with different "
|
|
"types of fields (variant payloads). \n"
|
|
" * In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block.\n"
|
|
" * You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate structs but then they "
|
|
"wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were all defined in an enum. \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Variant Payloads"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use the\n"
|
|
"`match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum WebEvent {\n"
|
|
" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n"
|
|
" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n"
|
|
" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n"
|
|
" match event {\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n"
|
|
" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n"
|
|
" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" inspect(load);\n"
|
|
" inspect(press);\n"
|
|
" inspect(click);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* In the above example, accessing the `char` in `KeyPress`, or `x` and `y` in `Click` only works "
|
|
"within a `match` or an `if let` statement.\n"
|
|
"* `match` and `if let` inspect a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`.\n"
|
|
"* It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::discriminant()`\n"
|
|
" * This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where comparing field "
|
|
"values doesn't affect equality.\n"
|
|
"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::Click(Click)` with a top level "
|
|
"`struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version cannot implement traits, for example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Enum Sizes"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into account:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n"
|
|
" ($t:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n"
|
|
" stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"enum Foo {\n"
|
|
" A,\n"
|
|
" B,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
|
|
"enum Bar {\n"
|
|
" A, // 0\n"
|
|
" B = 10000,\n"
|
|
" C, // 10001\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(Foo);\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(Bar);\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(bool);\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(Option<bool>);\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(&i32);\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(Option<&i32>);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:37
|
|
msgid "* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"Key Points: \n"
|
|
" * Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum variant.\n"
|
|
" * `Bar` enum demonstrates that there is a way to control the discriminant value and type. If "
|
|
"`repr` is removed, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, becuase 10001 fits 2 bytes.\n"
|
|
" * As a niche optimization an enum discriminant is merged with the pointer so that `Option<&Foo>` "
|
|
"is the same size as `&Foo`.\n"
|
|
" * `Option<bool>` is another example of tight packing.\n"
|
|
" * For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/#representation), Rust guarantees that "
|
|
"`size_of::<T>()` equals `size_of::<Option<T>>()`.\n"
|
|
" * Zero-sized types allow for efficient implementation of `HashSet` using `HashMap` with `()` as "
|
|
"the value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation *may* look like in practice.\n"
|
|
"It's important to note that the compiler provides no guarantees regarding this representation, "
|
|
"therefore this is totally unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::transmute;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:55 src/enums/sizes.md:94
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
|
|
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, $bit_type>($e));\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(true, u8);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<bool>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<bool>, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<Option<bool>>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(None::<bool>), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<Option<bool>>, u8);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:87
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more than 256 `Option`s "
|
|
"together."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:92
|
|
msgid "use std::mem::transmute;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" signs.\n"
|
|
"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n"
|
|
"macro_rules! many_options {\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @) => {\n"
|
|
" Some(Some($value))\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n"
|
|
" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:112
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:120
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:124
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:128
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::<bool>, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with an\n"
|
|
"`impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hola, mi nombre es {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" peter.say_hello();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Key Points:\n"
|
|
"* It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions.\n"
|
|
" * Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the first parameter "
|
|
"represents the instance as `self`.\n"
|
|
" * Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver syntax and to help "
|
|
"keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep all the implementation code in one "
|
|
"predictable place.\n"
|
|
"* Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. \n"
|
|
" * Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show how the struct name "
|
|
"could also be used. \n"
|
|
" * Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and can be used "
|
|
"elsewhere in the block.\n"
|
|
" * Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to refer to individual "
|
|
"fields.\n"
|
|
" * This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` by modifying the "
|
|
"code and trying to run say_hello twice. \n"
|
|
"* We describe the distinction between method receivers next.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Method Receiver"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. There\n"
|
|
"are other possible receivers for a method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable\n"
|
|
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* `&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable\n"
|
|
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* `self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The\n"
|
|
" method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped (deallocated)\n"
|
|
" when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly\n"
|
|
" transmitted.\n"
|
|
"* `mut self`: same as above, but while the method owns the object, it can\n"
|
|
" mutate it too. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability.\n"
|
|
"* No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to\n"
|
|
" create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also\n"
|
|
"[special wrapper types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html)\n"
|
|
"allowed to be receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". These constraints always "
|
|
"come\n"
|
|
"together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to\n"
|
|
"reference a struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Example"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Race {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" laps: Vec<i32>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Race {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n"
|
|
" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n"
|
|
" self.laps.push(lap);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n"
|
|
" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n"
|
|
" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, total);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(70);\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(68);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(71);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.finish();\n"
|
|
" // race.add_lap(42);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"Key Points:\n"
|
|
"* All four methods here use a different method receiver.\n"
|
|
" * You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the variable values and if/"
|
|
"how it can be used again in `main`.\n"
|
|
" * You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice.\n"
|
|
"* Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static functions are called the "
|
|
"same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling "
|
|
"methods. Rust automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method "
|
|
"signature.\n"
|
|
"* You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated over. We describe "
|
|
"vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Pattern Matching"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. The\n"
|
|
"comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
|
|
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let input = 'x';"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" match input {\n"
|
|
" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n"
|
|
" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n"
|
|
" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
|
|
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"Key Points:\n"
|
|
"* You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a pattern\n"
|
|
" * `|` as an `or`\n"
|
|
" * `..` can expand as much as it needs to be\n"
|
|
" * `1..=5` represents an inclusive range\n"
|
|
" * `_` is a wild card\n"
|
|
"* It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a wildcard character with "
|
|
"a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`.\n"
|
|
"* You can demonstrate matching on a reference.\n"
|
|
"* This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, as the term can show "
|
|
"up in error messages.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Enums"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is how\n"
|
|
"you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple `enum` type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(i32),\n"
|
|
" Err(String),\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n"
|
|
" if n % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let n = 100;\n"
|
|
" match divide_in_two(n) {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first\n"
|
|
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second arm,\n"
|
|
"`msg` is bound to the error message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Key points:\n"
|
|
"* The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with a `match`.\n"
|
|
"* You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the errors when running "
|
|
"the code. Point out the places where your code is now inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to "
|
|
"give you hints."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Structs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Foo {\n"
|
|
" x: (u32, u32),\n"
|
|
" y: u32,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n"
|
|
" match foo {\n"
|
|
" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"<details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns.\n"
|
|
"* Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed.\n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Arrays"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match triple {\n"
|
|
" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
|
|
msgid "* Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed length."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match slice {\n"
|
|
" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. \n"
|
|
"* Add more values to the array.\n"
|
|
"* Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of elements.\n"
|
|
"* Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Match Guards"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary Boolean\n"
|
|
"expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pair = (2, -2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match pair {\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Key Points:\n"
|
|
"* Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when we wish to concisely "
|
|
"express more complex ideas than patterns alone would allow.\n"
|
|
"* They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. An `if` expression "
|
|
"inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the match arm is selected. Failing the `if` "
|
|
"condition inside of that block won't result in other arms\n"
|
|
"of the original `match` expression being considered. \n"
|
|
"* You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression.\n"
|
|
"* The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern with an `|`.\n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 2: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "* Simple struct which tracks health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "* Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Health Statistics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, you\n"
|
|
"need to keep track of users' health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a `User`\n"
|
|
"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods on the\n"
|
|
"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing\n"
|
|
"methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct User {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u32,\n"
|
|
" weight: f32,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl User {\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_weight() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_set_age() {\n"
|
|
" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n"
|
|
" bob.set_age(33);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Polygon Struct"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code below\n"
|
|
"to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing methods to make the\n"
|
|
"tests pass:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:40 src/testing/test-modules.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:44 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:165
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:48 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:169
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:54 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:175
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:61 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:182
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:68 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:189
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:73 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:194
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:79 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:200
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:84 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:205
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:88 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:209
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:111 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key part\n"
|
|
"of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify the tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Other interesting parts of the exercise:\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes don't borrow their "
|
|
"arguments.\n"
|
|
"* Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable via \"+\". Note that "
|
|
"we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Control Flow"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally\n"
|
|
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then becomes\n"
|
|
"the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions work similarly\n"
|
|
"in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Blocks"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A block in Rust has a value and a type: the value is the last expression of the\n"
|
|
"block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = {\n"
|
|
" let y = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
" let z = {\n"
|
|
" let w = {\n"
|
|
" 3 + 4\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
|
|
" y * w\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
|
|
" z - y\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the\n"
|
|
"return value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x + x\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:38
|
|
msgid "However if the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Key Points:\n"
|
|
"* The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in Rust. \n"
|
|
"* You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in the block. For "
|
|
"instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `if` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid "You use `if` very similarly to how you would in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:16
|
|
msgid "In addition, you can use it as an expression. This does the same as above:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its branch blocks must have "
|
|
"the same type. Consider showing what happens if you add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `if let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid "If you want to match a value against a pattern, you can use `if let`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
|
|
" if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:16 src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns in\n"
|
|
"Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is interesting. In contrast, "
|
|
"`match` requires all branches to be covered.\n"
|
|
" * For the similar use case consider demonstrating a newly stabilized [`let else`](https://"
|
|
"github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/93628) feature.\n"
|
|
"* A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`.\n"
|
|
"* Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `while` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid "The `while` keyword works very similar to other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `while let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with `if`, there is a `while let` variant which repeatedly tests a value\n"
|
|
"against a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option<i32>` on every\n"
|
|
"call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which it will\n"
|
|
"return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all items."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value matches the pattern.\n"
|
|
"* You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if statement that breaks when "
|
|
"there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the "
|
|
"above scenario.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `for` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `for` expression is closely related to the `while let` expression. It will\n"
|
|
"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for x in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:20
|
|
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case.\n"
|
|
"* `(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. \n"
|
|
"* `step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other element. \n"
|
|
"* Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change vector `v` to be "
|
|
"mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `loop` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, there is a `loop` keyword which creates an endless loop. Here you must\n"
|
|
"either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" if x == 1 {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `match` expressions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In\n"
|
|
"that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
|
|
" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last\n"
|
|
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Save the match expression to a variable and print it out.\n"
|
|
"* Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error.\n"
|
|
" * `std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option<String>`, but we cannot match against "
|
|
"`String`.\n"
|
|
" * `as_deref()` transforms an `Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, this turns "
|
|
"`Option<String>` into `Option<&str>`.\n"
|
|
" * We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`.\n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `break` and `continue`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to exit a loop early, use `break`, if you want to immediately start\n"
|
|
"the next iteration use `continue`. Both `continue` and `break` can optionally\n"
|
|
"take a label argument which is used to break out of nested loops:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" let mut i = 0;\n"
|
|
" while i < x {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" i += 1;\n"
|
|
" if i == 3 {\n"
|
|
" break 'outer;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:25
|
|
msgid "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Standard Library"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common types\n"
|
|
"used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work together\n"
|
|
"smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:7
|
|
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional values\n"
|
|
" and [error handling](error-handling.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:12
|
|
msgid "* [`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:14
|
|
msgid "* [`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing\n"
|
|
" algorithm."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:19
|
|
msgid "* [`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:21
|
|
msgid "* [`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" * In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, `alloc` and `std`. \n"
|
|
" * `core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on `libc`, allocator or\n"
|
|
" even the presence of an operating system. \n"
|
|
" * `alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, `Box` and `Arc`.\n"
|
|
" * Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Option` and `Result`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:3
|
|
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let idx: Result<usize, usize> = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* `Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`.\n"
|
|
"* `Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on Day 3.\n"
|
|
"* `binary_search` returns `Result<usize, usize>`.\n"
|
|
" * If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found.\n"
|
|
" * Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be inserted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:1
|
|
msgid "# String"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:3
|
|
msgid "[`String`][1] is the standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::new();\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(&s1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push('!');\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n"
|
|
" s3.chars().count());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`][2], which means that you can call all\n"
|
|
"`str` methods on a `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `len()` returns the size of the `String` in bytes, not its length in characters.\n"
|
|
"* `chars()` returns an iterator over the actual characters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Vec`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:3
|
|
msgid "[`Vec`][1] is the standard resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v1.push(42);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n"
|
|
" v2.push(9999);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
|
|
" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Retain only the even elements.\n"
|
|
" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
|
|
" v3.dedup();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`][2], which means that you can call slice\n"
|
|
"methods on a `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-[T]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data it contains is "
|
|
"stored\n"
|
|
" on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't need to be known at compile time. It can "
|
|
"grow\n"
|
|
" or shrink at runtime.\n"
|
|
"* Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` explicitly. As "
|
|
"always\n"
|
|
" with Rust type inference, the `T` was established during the first `push` call.\n"
|
|
"* `vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it supports adding initial\n"
|
|
" elements to the vector.\n"
|
|
"* To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. Alternatively, using\n"
|
|
" `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will remove the last element.\n"
|
|
"* Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value:\n"
|
|
" `for e in &mut v { *e += 50; }`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `HashMap`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
|
|
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), 207);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n"
|
|
" page_counts.len());\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" match page_counts.get(book) {\n"
|
|
" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string()).or_insert(0);\n"
|
|
" *page_count += 1;\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope.\n"
|
|
"* Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the hashmap and if not "
|
|
"return an alternative value. The second line will insert the alternative value in the hashmap if "
|
|
"the book is not found."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let pc1 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(&336);\n"
|
|
" let pc2 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n"
|
|
" .or_insert(374);\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"* Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro.\n"
|
|
" * Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`][1], which allows us to "
|
|
"easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n"
|
|
" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n"
|
|
" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n"
|
|
" ]);\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-value tuples.\n"
|
|
"* We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make examples easier. "
|
|
"Using references in collections can, of course, be done,\n"
|
|
" but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker.\n"
|
|
" * Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still compiles. Where do you "
|
|
"think we might run into issues?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-"
|
|
"From%3C%5B(K%2C%20V)%3B%20N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK%2C%20V%2C%20RandomState%3E"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Box`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:3
|
|
msgid "[`Box`][1] is an owned pointer to data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let five = Box::new(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": five : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call methods\n"
|
|
"from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`][2]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++. \n"
|
|
"* In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` statement thanks to "
|
|
"`Deref`. \n"
|
|
"* A `Box` can be useful when you:\n"
|
|
" * have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust compiler wants to "
|
|
"know an exact size.\n"
|
|
" * want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large amounts of data "
|
|
"on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` so only the pointer is moved.\n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Box with Recursive Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
|
|
msgid "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum List<T> {\n"
|
|
" Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),\n"
|
|
" Nil,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:12 src/std/box-niche.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // | :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If the `Box` was not used here and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the `List`,\n"
|
|
"the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory, it would look infinite."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and just points at the "
|
|
"next\n"
|
|
"element of the `List` in the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. \"Recursive with "
|
|
"indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or reference of some kind, instead of storing "
|
|
"a value directly. \n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Niche Optimization"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This\n"
|
|
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null | :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Rc`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`][1] is a reference-counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer\n"
|
|
"to the same data from multiple places:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::Rc;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n"
|
|
" let mut b = a.clone();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the data in\n"
|
|
" a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`][2].\n"
|
|
"* See [`Arc`][3] if you are in a multi-threaded context.\n"
|
|
"* You can *downgrade* a shared pointer into a [`Weak`][4] pointer to create cycles\n"
|
|
" that will get dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/index.html\n"
|
|
"[3]: ../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md\n"
|
|
"[4]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`.\n"
|
|
"* `clone` is cheap: creates a pointer to the same allocation and increases the reference count.\n"
|
|
"* `make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") and returns a "
|
|
"mutable reference.\n"
|
|
"* You can `downgrade()` a `Rc` into a *weakly reference-counted* object to\n"
|
|
" create cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with\n"
|
|
" `RefCell`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n"
|
|
"use std::cell::RefCell;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Node {\n"
|
|
" value: i64,\n"
|
|
" parent: Option<Weak<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
|
|
" children: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
|
|
" value: 42,\n"
|
|
" parent: None,\n"
|
|
" children: vec![],\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
|
|
" value: 43,\n"
|
|
" children: vec![],\n"
|
|
" parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root))\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Modules"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:3
|
|
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod foo {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"mod bar {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" foo::do_something();\n"
|
|
" bar::do_something();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that describes how to build a "
|
|
"bundle of 1+ crates.\n"
|
|
"* Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and a library crate "
|
|
"compiles to a library.\n"
|
|
"* Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Visibility"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Module items are private by default (hides implementation details).\n"
|
|
"* Parent and sibling items are always visible.\n"
|
|
"* In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all the\n"
|
|
" descendants of `foo`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod outer {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::private\");\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::public\");\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" mod inner {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n"
|
|
" super::private();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" outer::public();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
|
|
msgid "* Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope of public visibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-privacy.html#pubin-"
|
|
"path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)).\n"
|
|
"* Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern.\n"
|
|
"* Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path.\n"
|
|
"* In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of its descendants)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Paths"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:3
|
|
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. As a relative path:\n"
|
|
" * `foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,\n"
|
|
" * `super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"2. As an absolute path:\n"
|
|
" * `crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,\n"
|
|
" * `bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Filesystem Hierarchy"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
|
|
msgid "The module content can be omitted:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"mod garden;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
|
|
msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
|
|
msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:19
|
|
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)\n"
|
|
"* `src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of submodules in Rust "
|
|
"2018.\n"
|
|
" (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:29
|
|
msgid " The following is valid:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```ignore\n"
|
|
" src/\n"
|
|
" ├── main.rs\n"
|
|
" ├── top_module.rs\n"
|
|
" └── top_module/\n"
|
|
" └── sub_module.rs\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, which can be hard\n"
|
|
" to distinguish in IDEs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but this can be changed\n"
|
|
" with a compiler directive:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" #[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n"
|
|
" mod some_module { }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module in a file named\n"
|
|
" `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Luhn Algorithm"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used to\n"
|
|
"validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and does the\n"
|
|
"following to validate the credit card number:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7
|
|
msgid "* Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number `1234`,\n"
|
|
" we double `3` and `1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which\n"
|
|
" becomes `5`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:15
|
|
msgid "* Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:17
|
|
msgid "* The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the\n"
|
|
"function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:36 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:44 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:49 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:54 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Strings and Iterators"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. The\n"
|
|
"server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched against\n"
|
|
"_request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character which\n"
|
|
"matches a full segment. See the unit tests below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests\n"
|
|
"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:26 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:146
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:31 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 3"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenido al Día 3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3
|
|
msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library\n"
|
|
" traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait\n"
|
|
" objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11
|
|
msgid "* Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13
|
|
msgid "* Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern\n"
|
|
" functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Traits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Greet {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self);\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct Dog {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:14
|
|
msgid "struct Cat; // No name, cats won't respond to it anyway."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Greet for Dog {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Wuf, my name is {}!\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Greet for Cat {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Miau!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pets: Vec<Box<dyn Greet>> = vec![\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Cat),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" for pet in pets {\n"
|
|
" pet.say_hello();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users are required to "
|
|
"implement themselves. Methods with default implementations can rely on required methods.\n"
|
|
"* Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it impossible to have "
|
|
"things like `Vec<Greet>` in the example above.\n"
|
|
"* `dyn Greet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that implements "
|
|
"`Greet`.\n"
|
|
"* In the example, `pets` holds Fat Pointers to objects that implement `Greet`. The Fat Pointer "
|
|
"consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object and a pointer to the virtual method "
|
|
"table for the `Greet` implementation of that particular object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Compare these outputs in the above example:\n"
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::<Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::<&Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Greet>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Greet>>());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Deriving Traits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Player {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" strength: u8,\n"
|
|
" hit_points: u8,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Player::default();\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1.clone();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n"
|
|
" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Default Methods"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
|
|
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equal(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Centimeter(i16);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n"
|
|
" fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.0 == other.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Centimeter(10);\n"
|
|
" let b = Centimeter(20);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Important Traits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Iterator`][1] and [`IntoIterator`][2] used in `for` loops,\n"
|
|
"* [`From`][3] and [`Into`][4] used to convert values,\n"
|
|
"* [`Read`][5] and [`Write`][6] used for IO,\n"
|
|
"* [`Add`][7], [`Mul`][8], ... used for operator overloading, and\n"
|
|
"* [`Drop`][9] used for defining destructors.\n"
|
|
"* [`Default`][10] used to construct a default instance of a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html\n"
|
|
"[4]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html\n"
|
|
"[5]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html\n"
|
|
"[6]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html\n"
|
|
"[7]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html\n"
|
|
"[8]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html\n"
|
|
"[9]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html\n"
|
|
"[10]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Iterators"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can implement the [`Iterator`][1] trait on your own types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" curr: u32,\n"
|
|
" next: u32,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" type Item = u32;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {\n"
|
|
" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.curr = self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.next = new_next;\n"
|
|
" Some(self.curr)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n"
|
|
" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by collection types "
|
|
"such as\n"
|
|
" `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it.\n"
|
|
"* The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming operations over collections \n"
|
|
" (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is the trait where you can find all the "
|
|
"documentation\n"
|
|
" about them. In Rust these functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent "
|
|
"imperative\n"
|
|
" implementations.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:41
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
|
|
msgid "# FromIterator"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid "[`FromIterator`][1] lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`][2]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n"
|
|
" let prime_squares = primes\n"
|
|
" .into_iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Iterator` implements\n"
|
|
"`fn collect<B>(self) -> B\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" B: FromIterator<Self::Item>,\n"
|
|
" Self: Sized`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an\n"
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `From` and `Into`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
|
|
msgid "Types implement [`From`][1] and [`Into`][2] to facilitate type conversions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n"
|
|
" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n"
|
|
" let one = i16::from(true);\n"
|
|
" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
|
|
msgid "[`Into`][2] is automatically implemented when [`From`][1] is implemented:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n"
|
|
" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n"
|
|
" let one: i16 = true.into();\n"
|
|
" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get `Into` implementation "
|
|
"too.\n"
|
|
"* When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be converted into a "
|
|
"`String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`.\n"
|
|
" Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ implement `Into`.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Read` and `Write`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
|
|
msgid "Using [`Read`][1] and [`BufRead`][2], you can abstract over `u8` sources:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn count_lines<R: Read>(reader: R) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n"
|
|
" buf_reader.lines().count()\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
|
|
msgid "Similarly, [`Write`][3] lets you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{Result, Write};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn log<W: Write>(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Add`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:3
|
|
msgid "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`][1]:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:9 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:26 src/traits/drop.md:34
|
|
msgid "Discussion points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? \n"
|
|
" * Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are\n"
|
|
" overloading the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading\n"
|
|
" the operator for `&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the\n"
|
|
" call site.\n"
|
|
"* Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter?\n"
|
|
" * Short answer: Type parameters are controlled by the caller, but\n"
|
|
" associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a\n"
|
|
" trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:40
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:1
|
|
msgid "# The `Drop` Trait"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:3
|
|
msgid "Values which implement [`Drop`][1] can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Droppable {\n"
|
|
" name: &'static str,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Drop for Droppable {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n"
|
|
" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" drop(a);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Why does not `Drop::drop` take `self`?\n"
|
|
" * Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of\n"
|
|
" the block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack\n"
|
|
" overflow!\n"
|
|
"* Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:44
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:1
|
|
msgid "# The `Default` Trait"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:3
|
|
msgid "[`Default`][1] trait provides a default implementation of a trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Derived {\n"
|
|
" x: u32,\n"
|
|
" y: String,\n"
|
|
" z: Implemented,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Implemented(String);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Default for Implemented {\n"
|
|
" fn default() -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n"
|
|
" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let nothing: Option<Derived> = None;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`.\n"
|
|
" * Derived implementation will produce an instance where all fields are set to their default "
|
|
"values.\n"
|
|
" * This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too.\n"
|
|
" * Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. `0`, `\"\"`, etc).\n"
|
|
" * The partial struct copy works nicely with default.\n"
|
|
" * Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and provides convenience "
|
|
"methods that use it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:49
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Generics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract an algorithm (such as sorting)\n"
|
|
"over the types used in the algorithm."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Generic Data Types"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" x: T,\n"
|
|
" y: T,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n"
|
|
" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Generic Methods"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T>(T, T);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl<T> Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n"
|
|
" &self.0 // + 10\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(5, 10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* *Q:* Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that redundant?\n"
|
|
" * This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. They are "
|
|
"independently generic.\n"
|
|
" * It means these methods are defined for any `T`.\n"
|
|
" * It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. \n"
|
|
" * `Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods in this block will only "
|
|
"be available for `Point<u32>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Trait Bounds"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement\n"
|
|
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T: Clone>(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Syntactic sugar for:\n"
|
|
"// fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into<i32>) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x.into() + 42_000_000\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:19
|
|
msgid "// struct NotClonable;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{pair:?}\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many}\");\n"
|
|
" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T>(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Clone,\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters.\n"
|
|
"* It has additional features making it more powerful.\n"
|
|
" * If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can be arbitrary, "
|
|
"like `Option<T>`.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `impl Trait`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function\n"
|
|
"arguments and return values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:6 src/generics/trait-objects.md:5 src/generics/trait-objects.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Display;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `impl Trait` cannot be used with the `::<>` turbo fish syntax.\n"
|
|
"* `impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:24
|
|
msgid "The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a trait bound.\n"
|
|
"* For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that implements the "
|
|
"trait,\n"
|
|
" without naming the type. This can be useful when you don't want to expose the concrete type in "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" public API."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to explain that\n"
|
|
"nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` type. If we used a single \n"
|
|
"`T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint that input `T` and return `T` type are the same "
|
|
"type.\n"
|
|
"It would not work for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not\n"
|
|
"what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd need two\n"
|
|
"independent generic parameters.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Closures"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, they\n"
|
|
"implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html),\n"
|
|
"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and\n"
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n"
|
|
" func(input)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n"
|
|
" let mul_5 = |x| x * 5;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"mul_5: {}\", apply_with_log(mul_5, 20));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:25
|
|
msgid "If you have an `FnOnce`, you may only call it once. It might consume captured values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `FnMut` might mutate captured values, so you can call it multiple times but not concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `Fn` neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or perhaps captures nothing at all, so it "
|
|
"can\n"
|
|
"be called multiple times concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. I.e. you can use an\n"
|
|
"`FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or "
|
|
"`FnOnce`\n"
|
|
"is called for."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/closures.md:36
|
|
msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Monomorphization"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
|
|
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
|
|
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Option_i32 {\n"
|
|
" Some(i32),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"enum Option_f64 {\n"
|
|
" Some(f64),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had\n"
|
|
"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Trait Objects"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:3
|
|
msgid "We've seen how a function can take arguments which implement a trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn print<T: Display>(x: T) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Your value: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" print(123);\n"
|
|
" print(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:18
|
|
msgid "However, how can we store a collection of mixed types which implement `Display`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let xs = vec![123, \"Hello\"];\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:26
|
|
msgid "For this, we need _trait objects_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let xs: Vec<Box<dyn Display>> = vec![Box::new(123), Box::new(\"Hello\")];\n"
|
|
" for x in xs {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:39
|
|
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `xs`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": xs : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | :\n"
|
|
" : | | | +-------------------------+ :\n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<str as Display>::fmt\" | :\n"
|
|
" : | | +-------------------------+ :\n"
|
|
" : | | :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
" : | '-->| 7b | 00 | 00 | 00 | :\n"
|
|
" : | +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
" : | :\n"
|
|
" : | +-------------------------+ :\n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<i32 as Display>::fmt\" | :\n"
|
|
" : +-------------------------+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similarly, you need a trait object if you want to return different types\n"
|
|
"implementing a trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn numbers(n: i32) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item=i32>> {\n"
|
|
" if n > 0 {\n"
|
|
" Box::new(0..n)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Box::new((n..0).rev())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/trait-objects.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(-5).collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", numbers(5).collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 3: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
|
|
msgid "# A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and\n"
|
|
"trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
|
|
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets.\n"
|
|
"* `Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the\n"
|
|
" button is pressed.\n"
|
|
"* `Label`: has a `label`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
|
|
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, fill in the missing\n"
|
|
"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:26 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:29 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
" fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:37 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub struct Label {\n"
|
|
" label: String,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:41 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Label {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
|
|
" Label {\n"
|
|
" label: label.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:49 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub struct Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label,\n"
|
|
" callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:54 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Button {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
|
|
" Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
|
|
" callback,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:63 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub struct Window {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:68 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Window {\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
|
|
" Window {\n"
|
|
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:76 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:87 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:97
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:107
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:102
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:112
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo.\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:123
|
|
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:125
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n"
|
|
"========"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
|
|
msgid "This is a small text GUI demo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Click me! |\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:135
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the\n"
|
|
"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment)\n"
|
|
"formatting operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different\n"
|
|
"characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:140
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let width = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/<width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"centered: |{:/^width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:149
|
|
msgid "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n"
|
|
"+================================+\n"
|
|
"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"| | Click me! | |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,\n"
|
|
"* There are no exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Panics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,should_panic\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors.\n"
|
|
" * Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program.\n"
|
|
"* Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Catching the Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3
|
|
msgid "By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be caught:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::panic;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"hello!\");\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"assert!(result.is_ok());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"assert!(result.is_err());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single\n"
|
|
" request crashes.\n"
|
|
"* This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Structured Error Handling with `Result`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors are\n"
|
|
"expected as part of normal operation:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::File;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n"
|
|
" match file {\n"
|
|
" Ok(mut file) => {\n"
|
|
" let mut contents = String::new();\n"
|
|
" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the developer to\n"
|
|
" explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the case where an error should never "
|
|
"happen,\n"
|
|
" `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too. \n"
|
|
" * `Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it is worth "
|
|
"mentioning. \n"
|
|
" It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions that help functional-style "
|
|
"programming. \n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Propagating Errors with `?`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you turn\n"
|
|
"the common"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match some_expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13
|
|
msgid "into the much simpler"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"some_expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19
|
|
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handing code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fs;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(file) => file,\n"
|
|
" Err(e) => return Err(e),\n"
|
|
" };"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:33
|
|
msgid " let mut username = String::new();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
|
|
" Err(e) => Err(e),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`.\n"
|
|
"* Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty file, file with "
|
|
"username."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Converting Error Types"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously indicated:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "works the same as"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the\n"
|
|
"type returned by the function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" IoError(io::Error),\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:15
|
|
msgid "impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {}\", e),\n"
|
|
" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username in {}\", filename),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl From<io::Error> for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
"`Display`. It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where possible, to "
|
|
"make\n"
|
|
"life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In this case we can't easily do so, because\n"
|
|
"`io::Error` doesn't implement them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Deriving Error Enums"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create an\n"
|
|
"error enum like we did on the previous page:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:28 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and optionally `Display`\n"
|
|
"(if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is "
|
|
"added).\n"
|
|
"It also works for structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
|
|
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Dynamic Error Types"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing our own enum covering\n"
|
|
"all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` makes this easy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different error cases differently "
|
|
"in\n"
|
|
"the program. As such it's generally not a good idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` in the public API of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
"library, but it can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error "
|
|
"message\n"
|
|
"somewhere."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Adding Context to Errors"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add\n"
|
|
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer\n"
|
|
"custom error types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)\n"
|
|
" .context(format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n"
|
|
" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n"
|
|
" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`.\n"
|
|
"* `anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such it's again generally "
|
|
"not\n"
|
|
" a good choice for the public API of a library, but is widely used in applications.\n"
|
|
"* Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary.\n"
|
|
"* Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go developers, as it provides\n"
|
|
" similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, error)` from Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Testing"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:5
|
|
msgid "* Unit tests are supported throughout your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:7
|
|
msgid "* Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Unit Tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
|
|
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
|
|
" None => &text,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_multiple_words() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Test Modules"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the\n"
|
|
"[Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"pub fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_helper() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This lets you unit test private helpers.\n"
|
|
"* The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Documentation Tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code.\n"
|
|
"* The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`.\n"
|
|
"* Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Integration Tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"use my_library::init;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_init() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(init().is_ok());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
|
|
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Unsafe Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* **Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible.\n"
|
|
"* **Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are violated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know\n"
|
|
"what Unsafe Rust is."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be carefully\n"
|
|
"documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:14
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Dereference raw pointers.\n"
|
|
"* Access or modify mutable static variables.\n"
|
|
"* Access `union` fields.\n"
|
|
"* Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions.\n"
|
|
"* Implement `unsafe` traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see\n"
|
|
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html)\n"
|
|
"and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers have\n"
|
|
"turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code by\n"
|
|
"themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety rules."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
|
|
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut num = 5;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n"
|
|
" let r2 = &num as *const i32;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are guaranteed to be non-null "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // properly aligned, the objects underlying the references from which they were obtained are\n"
|
|
" // live throughout the whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n"
|
|
" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n"
|
|
" *r1 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write a comment for each\n"
|
|
"`unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe\n"
|
|
"operations it is doing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be\n"
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * The pointer must be non-null.\n"
|
|
" * The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single allocated object).\n"
|
|
" * The object must not have been deallocated.\n"
|
|
" * There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location.\n"
|
|
" * If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object must be live and no\n"
|
|
" reference may be used to access the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:40
|
|
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Mutable Static Variables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
|
|
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable\n"
|
|
"static variables:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" add_to_counter(42);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases where it might make "
|
|
"sense\n"
|
|
"in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Unions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
|
|
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"union MyUnion {\n"
|
|
" i: u8,\n"
|
|
" b: bool,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n"
|
|
" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They are occasionally "
|
|
"needed\n"
|
|
"for interacting with C library APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want\n"
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) or a safe\n"
|
|
"wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy) crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions you\n"
|
|
"must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n"
|
|
" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:18
|
|
msgid " println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..7) }));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular conditions to avoid "
|
|
"undefined\n"
|
|
"behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
|
|
"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n"
|
|
" let temp = *a;\n"
|
|
" *a = *b;\n"
|
|
" *b = temp;\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = 42;\n"
|
|
" let mut b = 66;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Safe because ...\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
|
|
msgid "We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely with references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an `unsafe` block. We can\n"
|
|
"prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Try adding it and see what happens."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Calling External Code"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling\n"
|
|
"them is thus unsafe:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with pointers which might\n"
|
|
"violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have undefined behaviour under "
|
|
"any\n"
|
|
"arbitrary circumstances."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI;\n"
|
|
"[other ABIs are available too](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation must guarantee\n"
|
|
"particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks\n"
|
|
"[something like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n"
|
|
"use std::slice;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// ...\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n"
|
|
" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, size_of_val(self))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining the requirements for\n"
|
|
"the trait to be safely implemented."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
|
|
msgid "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more complicated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
|
|
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution] provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:9
|
|
msgid "[solution]: solutions-afternoon.md"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function\n"
|
|
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc`\n"
|
|
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
|
|
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`] module, particular for [`CStr`]\n"
|
|
"and [`CString`] types which are used to hold NUL-terminated strings coming from\n"
|
|
"C. The [Nomicon] also has a very useful chapter about FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`std::ffi`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/\n"
|
|
"[`CStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html\n"
|
|
"[`CString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html\n"
|
|
"[Nomicon]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing\n"
|
|
"functions and methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:32 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:39 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_char,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:49 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:56 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
|
|
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:88
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 4"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenido al Día 4"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3
|
|
msgid "Today we will look at two main topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:5
|
|
msgid "* Concurrency: threads, channels, shared state, `Send` and `Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Android: building binaries and libraries, using AIDL, logging, and\n"
|
|
" interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-4.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to\n"
|
|
"> find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code to\n"
|
|
"> Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something that\n"
|
|
"> parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Fearless Concurrency"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and\n"
|
|
"channels."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs\n"
|
|
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since you\n"
|
|
"can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Threads"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them.\n"
|
|
"* Thread panics are independent of each other.\n"
|
|
" * Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is\n"
|
|
" not waiting."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for\n"
|
|
" the thread to finish."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38
|
|
msgid "* Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the panic\n"
|
|
" payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:43
|
|
msgid "[`Any`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:8 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17
|
|
msgid "However, you can use a [scoped thread][1] for this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
|
|
" scope.spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:33
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.scope.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all the threads are "
|
|
"guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data.\n"
|
|
"* Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one thread, or immutably by "
|
|
"any number of threads.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Channels"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two parts\n"
|
|
"are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:10 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" tx.send(20).unwrap();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` implement `Clone` "
|
|
"(so\n"
|
|
" you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does not.\n"
|
|
"* `send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the counterpart `Sender` "
|
|
"or\n"
|
|
" `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
|
|
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:13 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {}\", msg);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
|
|
msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Shared State"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is\n"
|
|
"primarily done via two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Arc<T>`][1], atomic reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and\n"
|
|
" takes care to deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,\n"
|
|
"* [`Mutex<T>`][2]: ensures mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Arc`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
|
|
msgid "[`Arc<T>`][1] allows shared read-only access via its `clone` method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" for _ in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" let v = v.clone();\n"
|
|
" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:25
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` that uses atomic\n"
|
|
" operations.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` and `Sync` iff `T`\n"
|
|
" implements them both.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but after that the use of "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" `T` is free.\n"
|
|
"* Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect them.\n"
|
|
" * `std::sync::Weak` can help."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Mutex`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`][1] ensures mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T`\n"
|
|
"behind a read-only interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Mutex;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" guard.push(40);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`][2] blanket\n"
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* `Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the protected data.\n"
|
|
" * It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the protected data.\n"
|
|
"* You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The `MutexGuard` ensures that "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff `T` implements `Send`.\n"
|
|
"* A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`.\n"
|
|
"* Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? \n"
|
|
" * If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes \"poisoned\" to signal "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
" the data it protected might be in an inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned "
|
|
"mutex\n"
|
|
" fails with a [`PoisonError`]. You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data\n"
|
|
" regardless."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`PoisonError`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html \n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" v.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Possible solution:\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let v2 = v.clone();\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v2.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:43
|
|
msgid " handle.join().unwrap();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"Notable parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are orthogonal.\n"
|
|
" * Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state between threads.\n"
|
|
"* `v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another thread. Note `move` "
|
|
"was added to the lambda signature.\n"
|
|
"* Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as possible.\n"
|
|
"* We still need to acquire the `Mutex` to print our `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Send` and `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
|
|
msgid "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in two traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Send`][1]: a type `T` is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread\n"
|
|
" boundary.\n"
|
|
"* [`Sync`][2]: a type `T` is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread\n"
|
|
" boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits][3]. The compiler will automatically derive them for your "
|
|
"types\n"
|
|
"as long as they only contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
"know it is valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html\n"
|
|
"[3]: ../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-safety properties.\n"
|
|
"* They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"</details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Send`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
|
|
msgid "> A type `T` is [`Send`][1] if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will run\n"
|
|
"in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one thread\n"
|
|
"and deallocate it in another."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:9
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> A type `T` is [`Sync`][1] if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple\n"
|
|
"> threads at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
|
|
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
|
|
msgid "> `T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:10
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is thread-safe for shared "
|
|
"use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it across threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across multiple threads without "
|
|
"the risk of data races or other synchronization issues, so it is safe to move it to another "
|
|
"thread. A reference to the type is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it "
|
|
"references can be accessed from any thread safely."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Examples"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
|
|
msgid "## `Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
|
|
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking.\n"
|
|
"* `AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are\n"
|
|
"`Send + Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
|
|
msgid "## `Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe.\n"
|
|
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `mpsc::Sender<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `mpsc::Receiver<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `Cell<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `RefCell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
|
|
msgid "## `!Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
|
|
msgid "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `MutexGuard<T>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the\n"
|
|
" thread which created them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
|
|
msgid "## `!Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
|
|
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a\n"
|
|
" non-atomic reference count.\n"
|
|
"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special\n"
|
|
" concurrency considerations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:1 src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "* Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to\n"
|
|
" download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:3
|
|
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has their\n"
|
|
"> own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish served is\n"
|
|
"> a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each philosopher can\n"
|
|
"> only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can only eat their\n"
|
|
"> spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two forks will only\n"
|
|
"> be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, not eating. After\n"
|
|
"> an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put down both forks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) for\n"
|
|
"this exercise. Copy the code below to `src/main.rs` file, fill out the blanks,\n"
|
|
"and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:23 src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:28
|
|
msgid "struct Fork;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:46 src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // Create forks"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:52
|
|
msgid " // Create philosophers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:54
|
|
msgid " // Make them think and eat"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/dining-philosophers.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It should\n"
|
|
"start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It should\n"
|
|
"recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this until all\n"
|
|
"pages have been validated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`][1]. Create a new\n"
|
|
"Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cd link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the\n"
|
|
"> `Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:20
|
|
msgid "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`][2] for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add scraper\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`][3] for\n"
|
|
"that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add thiserror\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:33
|
|
msgid "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-tls\"] }\n"
|
|
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as\n"
|
|
"`https://www.google.org/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:45
|
|
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::Url;\n"
|
|
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum Error {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result<Vec<Url>, Error> {\n"
|
|
" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n"
|
|
" let document = response.text()?;\n"
|
|
" let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n"
|
|
" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" for element in html.select(&selector) {\n"
|
|
" if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n"
|
|
" match base_url.join(href) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: {err} (ignored)\",);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" Ok(valid_urls)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match extract_links(response) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:90
|
|
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:96
|
|
msgid "## Tasks"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a\n"
|
|
" channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel.\n"
|
|
"* Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the\n"
|
|
" `www.google.org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you\n"
|
|
" don't end up being blocked by the site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/link-checker.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://docs.rs/reqwest/\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://docs.rs/scraper/\n"
|
|
"[3]: https://docs.rs/thiserror/"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Android"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means that\n"
|
|
"you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as extending\n"
|
|
"existing services."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you have\n"
|
|
"access to one or create a new one with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n"
|
|
"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n"
|
|
"$ acloud create\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Android Developer\n"
|
|
"Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Module Type | "
|
|
"Description "
|
|
"|\n"
|
|
"|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| `rust_binary` | Produces a Rust "
|
|
"binary. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_library` | Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` "
|
|
"variants. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_ffi` | Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
|
|
"and shared variants. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
|
|
"plugins. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_test` | Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test "
|
|
"harness. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_fuzz` | Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging "
|
|
"`libfuzzer`. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_protobuf` | Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
|
|
"a particular protobuf. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_bindgen` | Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
|
|
"libraries. |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
|
|
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Rust Binaries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, create\n"
|
|
"the following files:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
|
|
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
|
|
"Hello from Rust!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Rust Libraries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
|
|
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `libgreeting`, which we define below,\n"
|
|
"* `libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in\n"
|
|
" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:11
|
|
msgid "[crates]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/crates/"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
|
|
"use textwrap::fill;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Greeting library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Greet `name`.\n"
|
|
"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
|
|
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
|
|
"nice to meet you!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:1
|
|
msgid "# AIDL"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Interface Definition Language\n"
|
|
"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,\n"
|
|
"* You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Interfaces"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
|
|
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl*:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7 src/android/aidl/changing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp*:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"aidl_interface {\n"
|
|
" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
|
|
" unstable: true,\n"
|
|
" backend: {\n"
|
|
" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the vendor\n"
|
|
"partition."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Service Implementation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/lib.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
|
|
"pub struct BirthdayService;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:15
|
|
msgid "impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" Ok(format!(\n"
|
|
" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"\n"
|
|
" ))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 src/android/aidl/client.md:37
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/Android.bp*:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Server"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/server.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
|
|
"BnBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:13 src/android/aidl/client.md:12
|
|
msgid "const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n"
|
|
" birthday_service,\n"
|
|
" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder.as_binder())\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n"
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Deploy"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_server\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
|
|
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n"
|
|
"Service birthdayservice: found\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18
|
|
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n"
|
|
"Result: Parcel(\n"
|
|
" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Client"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/client.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n"
|
|
"pub fn connect() -> Result<binder::Strong<dyn IBirthdayService>, binder::StatusCode> {\n"
|
|
" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Call the birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(1)\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n"
|
|
" let years = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(2)\n"
|
|
" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::<i32>().ok())\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(42);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n"
|
|
" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\");\n"
|
|
" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{msg}\");\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
|
|
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_client\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
|
|
"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Changing API"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients specify a\n"
|
|
"list of lines for the birthday card:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Logging"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) or\n"
|
|
"`stdout` (on-host):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:6
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"liblog_rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"liblogger\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
" host_supported: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:22
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust logging demo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:27
|
|
msgid "use log::{debug, error, info};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Logs a greeting.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" logger::init(\n"
|
|
" logger::Config::default()\n"
|
|
" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n"
|
|
" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n"
|
|
" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:50
|
|
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb logcat -s rust\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going fine.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went wrong!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This means\n"
|
|
"that you can:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Call Rust functions from other languages.\n"
|
|
"* Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a\n"
|
|
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability with C"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention.\n"
|
|
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = -42;\n"
|
|
" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper\n"
|
|
"exercise](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for\n"
|
|
"> production."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
|
|
msgid "We will look at better options next."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Using Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) tool\n"
|
|
"can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
|
|
msgid "First create a small C library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"typedef struct card {\n"
|
|
" const char* name;\n"
|
|
" int years;\n"
|
|
"} card;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include <stdio.h>\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card) {\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
|
|
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this\n"
|
|
"example):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
|
|
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_bindgen {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n"
|
|
" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Bindgen demo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:84
|
|
msgid "use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let card = card {\n"
|
|
" name: name.as_ptr(),\n"
|
|
" years: 42,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" print_card(&card as *const card);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_test {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n"
|
|
" auto_gen_config: true,\n"
|
|
" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n"
|
|
" lints: \"none\",\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Calling Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "use std::os::raw::c_int;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n"
|
|
" if x < y {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"#define ANALYSE_H"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#endif\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
|
|
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"analyze.h\""
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"int main() {\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n"
|
|
" return 0;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol will just be the name "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
"the function. You can also use `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "# With C++"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [CXX crate][1] makes it possible to do safe interoperability between Rust\n"
|
|
"and C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
|
|
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:8
|
|
msgid "<img src=\"cpp/overview.svg\">"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid "See the [CXX tutorial][2] for an full example of using this."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[1]: https://cxx.rs/\n"
|
|
"[2]: https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability with Java"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface\n"
|
|
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni`\n"
|
|
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
|
|
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
|
|
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
|
|
"use jni::JNIEnv;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n"
|
|
" env: JNIEnv,\n"
|
|
" _class: JClass,\n"
|
|
" name: JString,\n"
|
|
") -> jstring {\n"
|
|
" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n"
|
|
" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n"
|
|
" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" output.into_inner()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"class HelloWorld {\n"
|
|
" private static native String hello(String name);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" static {\n"
|
|
" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
|
|
" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(output);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"java_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
|
|
" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
|
|
" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
|
|
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the last exercise, we will look at one of the projects you work with. Let us\n"
|
|
"group up and do this together. Some suggestions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:6
|
|
msgid "* Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:8
|
|
msgid "* Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/afternoon.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone in\n"
|
|
"the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and that it\n"
|
|
"was useful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not perfect,\n"
|
|
"so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, please get in\n"
|
|
"[contact with us on\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love\n"
|
|
"to hear from you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Other Rust Resources"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources\n"
|
|
"online."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:6
|
|
msgid "## Official Documentation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:8
|
|
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the\n"
|
|
" canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a\n"
|
|
" few projects for people to build.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the Rust\n"
|
|
" syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. Sometimes\n"
|
|
" includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code in the\n"
|
|
" examples.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation of\n"
|
|
" the standard library for Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete book\n"
|
|
" which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:22
|
|
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust,\n"
|
|
" including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages\n"
|
|
" (FFI).\n"
|
|
"* [Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/):\n"
|
|
" covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the\n"
|
|
" Rust Book was written.\n"
|
|
"* [The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): an\n"
|
|
" introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating system."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:33
|
|
msgid "## Unofficial Learning Material"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:35
|
|
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust\n"
|
|
" from the perspective of low-level C programmers.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust for Embedded C\n"
|
|
" Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/rust_for_c/): covers Rust from\n"
|
|
" the perspective of developers who write firmware in C.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/):\n"
|
|
" covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other languages\n"
|
|
" such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help\n"
|
|
" you learn Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [Ferrous Teaching\n"
|
|
" Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-material/index.html): a\n"
|
|
" series of small presentations covering both basic and advanced part of the\n"
|
|
" Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, and async/await are also\n"
|
|
" covered.\n"
|
|
"* [Beginner's Series to\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-series-to-rust/) and\n"
|
|
" [Take your first steps with\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two\n"
|
|
" Rust guides aimed at new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the\n"
|
|
" second is a set of 11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs.\n"
|
|
"* [Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked\n"
|
|
" Lists](https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth\n"
|
|
" exploration of Rust's memory management rules, through implementing a few\n"
|
|
" different types of list structures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) for\n"
|
|
"even more Rust books."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Credits"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust documentation.\n"
|
|
"See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a full list of useful\n"
|
|
"resources."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache 2.0\n"
|
|
"license, please see [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:10
|
|
msgid "## Rust by Example"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by\n"
|
|
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the\n"
|
|
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license\n"
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:17
|
|
msgid "## Rust on Exercism"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on\n"
|
|
"Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the\n"
|
|
"`third_party/rust-on-exercism/` directory for details, including the license\n"
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:24
|
|
msgid "## CXX"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section uses an\n"
|
|
"image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` directory\n"
|
|
"for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Solutions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3
|
|
msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know\n"
|
|
"if you have a different or better solution than what is presented here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> **Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label`\n"
|
|
"> comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to\n"
|
|
"> re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 1 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "## Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:102 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7 src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: transpose\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n"
|
|
" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" for j in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" return result;\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_transpose() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], //\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" transposed,\n"
|
|
" [\n"
|
|
" [101, 201, 301], //\n"
|
|
" [102, 202, 302],\n"
|
|
" [103, 203, 303],\n"
|
|
" ]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```\n"
|
|
"### Bonus question"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-of-slices "
|
|
"(`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our function handle any size of matrix. "
|
|
"However, this quickly breaks down: the return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the "
|
|
"data you return."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can attempt to use something like `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, but this doesn't work out-of-the-box "
|
|
"either: it's hard to convert from `Vec<Vec<i32>>` to `&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use "
|
|
"`pretty_print` either."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::AsRef`][1] trait to "
|
|
"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::convert::AsRef;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Debug;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:90
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn pretty_print<T, Line, Matrix>(matrix: Matrix)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Debug,\n"
|
|
" // A line references a slice of items\n"
|
|
" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n"
|
|
" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n"
|
|
" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:103
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // &[&[i32]]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n"
|
|
" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n"
|
|
" // Vec<Vec<i32>>\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of the same length, so "
|
|
"such variable could contain an invalid matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:115
|
|
msgid "[1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 1 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "## Designing a Library"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}.\n"
|
|
"impl std::fmt::Display for Book {\n"
|
|
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Library_new\n"
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n"
|
|
" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n"
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n"
|
|
" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" self.books.len()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:66
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.books.is_empty()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" self.books.push(book)\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" fn print_books(&self) {\n"
|
|
" for book in &self.books {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", book);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:95
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:113
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" //println!(\"Our library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"My oldest book is {book}\"),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"My library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"Our library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:129
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_len() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:135
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:141
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:146
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:150
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_print_books() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n"
|
|
" // method to start with.\n"
|
|
" library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:160
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:165
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n"
|
|
" );"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:171
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 2 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "## Points and Polygons"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point\n"
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point\n"
|
|
" x: i32,\n"
|
|
" y: i32,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point { x, y }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (self - other).magnitude()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x + other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y + other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x - other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y - other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n"
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n"
|
|
" points: Vec<Point>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n"
|
|
" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n"
|
|
" self.points.push(point);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option<Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter()\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:93
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" if self.points.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return 0.0;\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let mut result = 0.0;\n"
|
|
" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n"
|
|
" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n"
|
|
" last_point = *point;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n"
|
|
" result\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:109
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle\n"
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n"
|
|
" center: Point,\n"
|
|
" radius: i32,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:116
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n"
|
|
" Circle { center, radius }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:123
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:127
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" self.center.dist(other.center)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:132
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Shape\n"
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Shape"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:139
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl From<Polygon> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:145
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl From<Circle> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"impl Shape {\n"
|
|
" pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:160
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:213
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:233 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:174
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 2 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "## Luhn Algorithm"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: luhn\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n"
|
|
" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n"
|
|
" let mut sum = 0;\n"
|
|
" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ').enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n"
|
|
" Some(d) => {\n"
|
|
" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n"
|
|
" let dd = d * 2;\n"
|
|
" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" d\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" digits_seen += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" if digits_seen < 2 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" sum % 10 == 0\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"Is {} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n"
|
|
" cc_number,\n"
|
|
" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:98
|
|
msgid "## Strings and Iterators"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:100
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
" let prefixes = prefix.split('/');\n"
|
|
" let request_paths = request_path\n"
|
|
" .split('/')\n"
|
|
" .map(|p| Some(p))\n"
|
|
" .chain(std::iter::once(None));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:126
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for (prefix, request_path) in prefixes.zip(request_paths) {\n"
|
|
" match request_path {\n"
|
|
" Some(request_path) => {\n"
|
|
" if (prefix != \"*\") && (prefix != request_path) {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:139
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"));"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:166
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 3 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "## A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
msgid "// ANCHOR_END: setup"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n"
|
|
" std::cmp::max(\n"
|
|
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:94
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let mut inner = String::new();\n"
|
|
" for widget in &self.widgets {\n"
|
|
" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:102
|
|
msgid " let window_width = self.width();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n"
|
|
" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n"
|
|
" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<window_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:^window_width$} |\", &self.title).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+={:=<window_width$}=+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in inner.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:window_width$} |\", line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<window_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Button-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n"
|
|
" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:124
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let width = self.width();\n"
|
|
" let mut label = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:131
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in label.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"|{:^width$}|\", &line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:139
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Label-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n"
|
|
" self.label\n"
|
|
" .lines()\n"
|
|
" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n"
|
|
" .max()\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(0)\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:150
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:157
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo.\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 3 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "## Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: ffi\n"
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: ffi"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: {err}\"))?;\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" if dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n"
|
|
" if dirent.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n"
|
|
" return None;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n"
|
|
" // terminated.\n"
|
|
" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n"
|
|
" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:97
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Drop\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n"
|
|
" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n"
|
|
" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:111
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 4 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "## Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
|
|
" left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender<String>,\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n"
|
|
" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n"
|
|
" let tx = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:76
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n"
|
|
" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx,\n"
|
|
" left_fork,\n"
|
|
" right_fork,\n"
|
|
" };"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:90
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" philosopher.eat();\n"
|
|
" philosopher.think();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-4/solutions-morning.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" drop(tx);\n"
|
|
" for thought in rx {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thought}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|